1. How many types of construction equipment categorized ?

How many types of heavy

equipment's are used in construction

Answer Construction equipment can be categorized into 4 main sections based on purpose and use,
They are:

 1.Earth Moving equipment.

 2.Construction vehicle.

 3.Material Handling Equipment.

 4.Construction Equipment

16 types of heavy equipment's are used in construction. They are following.

 Excavators

 Backhoe

 Dragline Excavator

 Bulldozers

 Graders

 Wheel Tractor Scraper

 Trenchers

 Loaders

 Tower Cranes

 Pavers

 Compactors

 Telehandlers

 Feller Bunchers

 Dump Trucks

 Pile Boring Machine

 Pile Driving Machine

2. Outline the common duties of employees ?

Answer:

 Reasonable care : To take reasonable care of themselves and others safety

 Reporting of hazards : To report to the supervisor regarding imminent hazards, if any found

 Co-Operate with employer : To cooperate with the employer to fulfill the legal duties

3.What are mechanical equipment?

Answer Mechanical equipment ”Equipment Mechanical” means HVAC or other mechanisms that are
fixed in a location for uses associated with structures. Mechanical equipment means all motor or
human propelled wheeled equipment used for roofing work, except wheelbarrows and mopcarts

4.Explain about an energy isolation device?

Answer- Energy isolation device is a mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or
release of energy, including but not limited to the following:

 A manually operated electrical circuit breaker;

 a disconnect switch

 a manually operated switch by which the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from all
energy sources

Note Some are also energy isolation device but I do not know

4.Why Cannot we use normal sand for sandblasting?

Answer we cannot use normal sand for blasting. Abrasives which contain more than 1% free silica
are forbidden. In the past, blast cleaning operations were done with silica sand. The term sandblasting
originates from those days. Silica sand contains 90% or more

These particles, smaller than 5 microns, are inhaled and become embedded in the lung, causing
respiratory problems, pulmonary silicosis and eventually even death

5. what is blinding and what are safety requirements? What are safe procedure of blinding and
deblinding?

Answer Blinding means stopping a process flow by placing a properly rated obstruction in a line.It
is the preferred method of positive isolation by stopping the process flow line.

As a safety check the following before starts Blinding

 Check the permit is correct for blinding.

 Get the checklist in which mentioned that the particular line which has to be blind that is
properly isolated, drained & depressurized. If not then go for it.

 Check CTRA that is Critical Task Risk Assessment.

 The most important thing is the blind list.

Note - Always do blinding according to the list provided by plant Operator or Process Engineer
Do some safety Arrangements

 Always barricade the particular area where you are going to do maintenance activities or
Spading & Despading Procedure.

 Always keep water hose & Fire extinguisher for emergency if some hazard happened during
Spading & Despading Procedure.

 Keep drip tray for collection of fluid which comes during Spading & Despading Procedure.

 Check your tools properly. Always use brass hammer.

 Use breathing apparatus if required.

Note- Breathing apparatus is used for safety of dangerous gases like H2S. If H2S gas is more than 15
ppm then you should use Breathing apparatus.

PROCEDURE of blinding and deblinding

 For blinding & Deblinding procedure always loose bottom side bots of flange. So that if any
fluid present in that line that will drained or depressurized properly

 Always loose bottom side bolt first.

 Clean the gasket area properly. So that gasket will fix in proper way.

Note. Only be use copper or brass made tools, means non sparking tools because blinding is mostly
done in flow line.

6. what are number identification of fuse?

Answer For example in fuse, if the voltage ratings is G, which means the fuse should be used in a
circuit where the voltage is 250 volts or less. After this is a set of three numbers and the letter "R,"
which represent the current rating of the fuse. The "R" indicates the decimal point

7. what are the hazards from vibration of tools?

Answer

Vibration means rapid movement to and fro or oscillating movement.

The following hazards can occur from using vibration tools

It could damage joints, muscles, circulation and sensory nerves. If not take control measures then

This could lead to considerable pain, time off or even disability.

The vibration transmitted from the tools or materials to the hands and arms could damage sensory
nerves, muscles and joints which is called hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)

8. what are the safety precautions for opening line, which is a part of existing/closed system,
containing Hydrocarbon?

What are safety requirements to use Equipment Opening/Line Break (Release) permit, for a

Hydrocarbon line?

Answer Prior to opening/line break, all associated systems shall be isolated (LOTO).
Remove all ignition sources within 23 m (75 ft) of the point of opening.

Notify activities downwind of the point of opening.

Designate a fire watch and/or standby man.

Use appropriate PPEs for the potential hazard as per Chemical Hazard Bulletin (or MSDS)

Use proper type of respiratory protection, specific for the hazard of material during the initial

opening line/break. Until gas test shows normal results.

When unbolting/disconnecting any flange, suppose/consider line as pressurised.

Perform atmospheric test after the initial opening of line.

Obtain a cold or hot permit to use tools and/or equipments involved (as applicable).

Drainage or collection system must capable to hold the flow and/or pressure of potential liquid.

Simply:

When opening equipment or breaking a line always:

Beware of the chemical/substance involved in equipment or line and take precautions as per

relevant CHB or MSDS

Check wind direction

Drainage

Source of ignition

9. What is a hot stick used for electrical power distribution industry? How often do hot sticks need to
be tested?

Answer. In the electric power distribution industry, a hot stick is an insulated pole, usually made of
fiberglass, used by electric utility workers when engaged on live-line working on energized high-
voltage electric power lines, to protect them from electric shock.

OSHA requires that all hot line tools be tested every 2 years by third party.

10.what is the purpose of vent in hydrotest?

Answer Purpose of hydro high point or vents is to expel air during hydro test. Hydro testing required
that all air must be expelled and pipe must be completely and absolutely fill with water. After hydro
test is done pipe is drained thru low points (drains) by gravity.

When you fill water in pipe .you should open vent or Do not give pressure till there is bubble in water
or air free.

11. What is the difference between be safety equipment and be personal be protective be equipment?
 Answer Personal Protective Equipment is something that is designed to protect the workers from any
physical hazards in the workplace. Personal protective equipment are worn to minimize the exposure
to hazards that cause serious illness and injuries. Generally, safety equipment is the protection that is
used by workers to avoid injuries, casualties, life threatening situations etc.. Different types of safety
equipment are used by workers depending upon the nature of risk involved in the work. For example,
in a welding operation the dark welding helmets are used as a piece of safety equipment. Helmet
safety shoes safety glass cover all etc all come in categories of PPE

12. What is the minimum requirement for welfare on site?

Answer There is a legal duty under The Workplace Health, Safety and Welfare Regulations 1992, as
amended by The Construction Design and Management to ensure that appropriate and adequate
welfare facilities are provided at most workplaces that the minimum welfare facilities required
includes: Sanitary conveniences. Washing facilities. Drinking water.

13. what is meant by pipeline spaded in oil and gas?(shut down interview question) Or what is
Spading?

Answer Inserting a plate of appropriate pressure rating, into a pipeline between two flanges. It gives a
positive isolation of the downstream side. Spectacle blinds are also used, (which are usually in place
all the time) and can be turned into the closed or open position. Both these terms mean 'spading

14. what are the safety devices of scaffolding? What are special safety equipment's, those have been
designed to help scaffolders for erecting scaffold?

Answer Before you hire scaffolding and send your crew up to work, you need to ensure you have the
right safety elements in place. Depending on the work your crew are doing, they need a range of
personal safety equipment such as hard hats safety b shoes, safety harness etc, but beyond that, you
need safety equipment that's specifically designed to help people on scaffolding.

seven items you need for scaffold

 Level

Even if you set up the scaffolding correctly, it may be uneven if the ground underneath it isn't even.
This risk is the largest when the scaffolding is placed on grass or dirt A small pocket level can help
you assess whether or not the scaffolding is level so you can adjust it accordingly.

 Locking Caster Wheels

Caster wheels offer you a convenient way to move the scaffolding from spot to spot, but to ensure the
scaffolding doesn't move when you don't want it to, you need locking caster wheels.

 Ladder

In most cases, the scaffolding is too high for the workers to just step onto it. It's dangerous for the
workers to climb up the sides of the scaffolding, and a detached ladder risks falling to the side. To
make mounting the scaffolding as safe as ladder is must.

 Railing
Once your workers are on the platform, you don't want them to accidentally step off the sides. So that
isn't a risk, you should look for scaffolding that comes with a railing. Check the safety regulations in
your area as well. In some cases, the scaffolding is only required to have a railing if the platform is a
certain height above the ground.

 Fall Arrest System

Even with a railing, falls can happen sometimes. Your workers need a fall arrest system to be safe.
That should consist of a body harness, a cord and an anchoring system.

 Spots for Tools

Tool storage may not sound like a safety device, but it indirectly helps to keep your employees safe. If
tools and other supplies are scattered around on the platform of the scaffolding, those items are a
tripping hazard. Storage helps avoid that risk.

 Bracing and Guy Ropes

Finally, you need to ensure the scaffolding is steady. To that end, it should be braced to a building,
supported by guy ropes or stabilised in some other way.

Note point no 6 is not considered safety device in scaffold so you can write only 6 safety device

15.what should we do in and what shouldn't do in an emergency?

Answer To take appropriate actions in any emergency, follow the three basic emergency action steps
— Check-Call-Care. Check the scene and the victim. Call the local emergency number to activate the
EMS system. Ask a conscious victim's permission to provide medical assistance

Somethings You Shouldn't Do In An Emergency

1Panic. Donot panic in an emergency

2,Assume that you're not in danger. .

3,Avoid calling Emergency Services in means Donot hesitate to call emergency contact.

4,Ignore directions to evacuate or shelter-in-place.

5,Use emergency generators or barbecues inside.means never use generator in emergency

6,Tie up phone lines.

7,Use elevators..

8,Forget your neighbors.

If you have elderly neighbors or those that require special assistance, take the time to check in on them
following a storm or power outage, to make sure that they’re safe. If a storm is impending, and you are
able to safely move them, you might want to have them stay with you until everything passes,
especially if they require special care or need a generator to operate medical or life-saving equipment

16.What is spading and despading?(Most of the time this question is asked in shut down)

Answer In short it's Pneumatic pressure testing of lines and equipment Or Spading and de-spading of
systems under pressure or which contain substances which are flammable, toxic or corrosive
17. What's the use of pressure gauge in fire extinguisher?

Answer Except CO2, most fire extinguishers have a pressure gauge that shows the current pressure of
the fire extinguisher and that it hasn’t been used or damaged and is within the proper psi range for that
particular fire extinguisher. The Pressure gauge is one of several indicators of the condition of the fire
extinguisher. It is divided into three parts.

o RECHARGR Zone: If the arrow is pointing to the left, in the “recharge” zone, then
the fire extinguisher has either been used or the pressure is leaking from the canister
and needs to be fixed. This area of the pressure gauge is red.

o GREEN Zone: If the pressure gauge arrow is pointing in the middle of the green zone
then the fire extinguisher is properly pressured and is ready to be used if needed.

o Overcharged Zone: If the arrow is pointing to the right, in the “Overcharged” zone
then the fire extinguisher needs to be reserviced because the fire extinguisher won’t
work properly under that kind of pressure.

18.what should we do in and what shouldn't do in an emergency?

Answer. To take appropriate actions in any emergency, follow the three basic emergency action steps
— Check-Call-Care. Check the scene and the victim. Call the local emergency number to activate the
EMS system. Ask a conscious victim's permission to provide medical assistance

Somethings You Shouldn't Do In An Emergency

1Panic. Do not panic in an emergency

2,Assume that you're not in danger. .

3,Avoid calling Emergency Services in means Donot hesitate to call emergency contact.

4,Ignore directions to evacuate or shelter-in-place.

5,Use emergency generators or barbecues inside.means never use generator in emergency

6,Tie up phone lines.

7,Use elevators..

8,Forget your neighbors.

If you have elderly neighbors or those that require special assistance, take the time to check in on them
following a storm or power outage, to make sure that they’re safe. If a storm is impending, and you are
able to safely move them, you might want to have them stay with you until everything passes,
especially if they require special care or need a generator to operate medical or life-saving equipment

19.What is the exposure limit for h2s?

Answer OSHA defines Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) to H2S gas as follows: General Industry
Ceiling Limit: 20 ppm. General Industry Peak Limit: 50 ppm (up to 10 minutes if no other exposure
during shift) Construction 8-hour Limit

If anything wrong correct in comments, please. May be I forgot some BN points

20. What are the exceptions or example where work at height regulation are not applied?

What are example of working at heights?

Answer Examples of where these regulations do not apply would include:

 Walking up and down a staircase in an office

 Working in an office on the upper floors of a temporary accommodation building

 Sitting in a chair

 Work carried out by private individuals on their own homes where this is not for the purpose
of business or trade

 Sitting on JCB or any heavy equipment

NOTE It means no need to wear safety harness

Examples of work activities that are classified as working at height

 Working on trestles

 Working on a flat roof

 Erecting false work or formwork

 Working on a ladder

 Working at ground level adjacent to an excavation;

 Working on formwork within an excavation

 Working near or adjacent to fragile materials

21.What does it mean when a gas cylinder is marked MT?

Answer MT means Empty. Clearly mark or label the cylinder "empty" or "MT." Place the cylinder in
a storage area separate from that used for full cylinders

22.which grease is used in electrical?

Answer. Dielectric or Tune up grease is often used to seal the connection between spark plugs and
spark plug wires. Dielectric grease, or tune-up grease, is a silicone-based grease that repels moisture
and protects electrical connections against corrosion.

23. what is an emergency evacuation?

Answer Emergency evacuation is the urgent immediate egress or escape of people away from an area
that contains an imminent threat, an ongoing threat or a hazard to lives or property. Evacuations may
be carried out before, during or after disasters such as:
1.

Natural disasters

eruptions of volcanoes,

tropical cyclones

floods,

earthquakes

tsunamis or

wildfires

2.Other reasons include:

industrial accidents,

chemical spill

nuclear accident

transport

road accidents

train wreck

emergency aircraft evacuation

fire

Chemical Fire

military attacks,

bombings,

terrorist attacks

military battles

imminent nuclear war

structural failure

viral outbreak

24. why need a tripod/winch if my confined space has a ladder? Does the depth of the confined space
matter?

Answer. Upon initial inspection and evaluation of the confined space, if it is determined that a person
could be injured in such a way that he/she would not be able to self-rescue (e.g., climb a ladder), then
a retrieval system is necessary. If entering a confined space where the potential for a fall could occur
(i.e., a person could slip or lose control climbing a ladder), then fall protection must be included in the
confined space entry system. A self-retracting lifeline with a winch retrieval system provides rescue
retrieval for a worker entering a confined space should he/she become incapacitated.
It is the responsibility of the employer to evaluate EACH space separately, and develop entry and
rescue procedures for EACH individual space, according to 29 CFR 1910.146. Generally speaking,
according to the Preamble to the Confined Space Standard, at a depth of 5 ft. or greater, some form of
mechanical means is needed to extract the worker from a vertical confined space

24.How many types of scaffolding?

Answer. There are two main types of scaffolding:

1. Freestanding scaffolds, such as Independent towers,

2.Independent tied scaffolds, such as frameworks tied to an adjacent structure.

Note. Answer cannot be similar. Above I wrote only for knowledge.

In interview you can define as such

1. Supported scaffold

2. Suspended scaffold.

3.Rolling scaffold

4.Aerial lift scaffold

5.Cantilever scaffold.

6. Brick scaffold or single scaffold.

7.single scaffold.

8. double scaffold

9. Stell scaffold

25. How much safe distance should maintain between space heater and flammable material?
Answer space heater, keep it at least three feet away from anything flammable, including bedding,
mattresses, clothing, and upholstered furniture

26. Explain safety devices and operational aids of crane?

Answer SAFETY DEVICES AND OPERATIONAL AIDS

SAFETY DEVICES

1.Crane Level Indicators

2.Boom Stops

3. Jib Stops

4. Foot Pedal Brake Locks

5. Hydraulic Outrigger Integral Check Valves

6. Rail Clamps on Rail-Mounted Devices

7. Horn

No 1 OPERATIONAL AIDS / CATEGORY

• Boom Hoist Limiting Device

• Luffing Jib Limiting Device

• Anti-Two Block Device

OPERATIONAL AIDS / CATEGORY 2

• Boom Angle or Radius Indicator

• Luffing Jib Angle Indicator

• Boom Length Indicator

• Load Weighing and Similar Devices

• Outrigger/Stabilizer Position Sensor/Monitor

• Hoist Drum Rotation Indicator

If any safety device listed is not in proper working order, then equipment must be taken out of service
until the device is working properly. Alternative measures are not permitted to be used.

If any operational aids in category 1 stop working properly, then the operator must safely stop
operations until temporary alternative measures are implemented or the device is again working
properly.

If any operational aids in category 2 stop working properly, then the operator must safely stop
operations until temporary alternative measures are implemented or the device is again working
properly.

Repairs must be completed no later than 30 calendar days.

27. Should you rely on emergency services to carry out work at height rescue? What should we do
when working on height?

Answer When using fall arrest systems, you are obliged by law to have a rescue plan in place, which
ensures that a worker can be retrieved as soon as possible should he fall. Do not rely on the emergency
services: it is not their duty to rescue a fallen worker

Risk assessment is the first step you need to take before starting any kind of work at height. This
should be carried out by surveyors prior to the work starting. If the existing rescue procedures are not
considered safe enough, work should not be carried out before a safe solution is found.

28. what should we include in effective rescue plan?

Answer Effective rescue plans should include the following procedures for:

 1.Limiting the time the casualty is suspended.

 2.Rescuing the casualty, either self-rescue or by another person / persons.

 3.Emergency treatment during and after the rescue.

 4.Quickly identifying the symptoms and signs of orthostatic intolerance, orthostatic syndrome,
harness induced pathology or suspension trauma

29. What is OSHA?

Answer The federal agency that creates and enforces safety-related standards and regulations in the
workplace

30. What does the term PAT signify when referred to in the construction industry?

a. Professional Appliance Test

b. Portable Appliance Test

c. Portable Application Tested. Professional Aptitude Test

d. Professional Aptitude Test

31.If you discover a child wondering around on a construction site, what should you do?

a. Just ignore it as it’s not your problem

b. Escort the child to safety immediately

c. Find your site manager and report it

d. Find your supervisor and report it

32. Disposable masks should be used no more than?

a. Seven working days

b. Nine working days

c. One day or one shift

d. Ten working days

33. Hand-arm vibration syndrome or vibration white finger can be described as?

a. An airborne disease that can affect your breathing

b. A sign that your hands are on the way to becoming permanently injured

c. Frostbite that can lead to permanent damage to your arms and fingers

d. A severe rash on your arm that‘s caused by exposure to hazardous substances

34.What is percentage of co2 in atmosphere?

Answer The concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is currently at nearly 412 parts per
million (ppm) and day by day rising. This represents a 48 percent increase since the beginning of the
Industrial Age, when the concentration was near 280 ppm, and an 11 percent increase since 2000,
when it was near 370 ppm

35.what are the classification of scaffolding?

Answer Scaffolding can be classified into various types which are listed below:

1.Single Scaffolding or Brick Layers Scaffolding

2.Double Scaffolding

3. Steel Scaffolding

4.Needle or Cantilever Scaffolding

5.Trestle scaffolding

6.Suspended scaffolding

36. What are the examples of Eliminate, Substitute engineering control and administrative control of
hierarchy

Ans Eliminate is the best tool for hazards. Example of eliminating a hazard is a situation in which
employees are working at a height above the ground level. Moving the work to ground level
eliminates the fall hazard.

Means move the workers on ground level then there will not be fear of falling.

Substitutes means use easy or nonhazardous materials

For example Substitution involves replacing something that is hazardous, with something that is not
hazardous. example is replacing a solvent-based paint with a water-based paint.

When a hazard cannot be removed through elimination or substitution, the next best option is to use
engineering controls. In this case the hazard is not eliminated, but workers are protected from the
hazard. The basic idea is to design the work environment, and the work to be done, such that exposure
to hazards is eliminated or reduced. For example, if a machine has moving parts, a guard may be
added to prevent physical access to the moving parts.
Guarding moving parts is often referred to as “enclosure and isolation.” Other examples of enclosure
and isolation include:

a).Using curtains around locations where welding is taking place – protects workers from the intense
light.

b).Placing barriers around fans and other noisy equipment reducing sound levels.

C)Fencing around electrical switch gear – prevents access to high voltage equipment.

Engineering controls are also used to remove a hazard. A common example of this is using a fume
hood to contain and remove airborne hazards.

Administrative controls are used to direct people to work in a safe manner. They include procedures,
warning signs and labels, and training. Administrative controls do not eliminate hazards, but restrict
access to those hazards through the use of procedures and rules. In
administrative controls include be but no not limited.

1Limiting the amount of time someone is exposed to hazards means give break to workers

2,Written operating procedures.

3,Standards for safe work practices.

4,Safety and health rules for employees.

5,Alarms, signs, and labels.

6,Training (and refresher training).

Stretching and warm-up exercises

36. How much Co2 concentration in indoor?

Ans- Carbon dioxide concentrations indoors can vary 400ppm to over 1000 ppm in areas with many
occupants present for an extended period of time and where outdoor air ventilation is limited.

37. Is n95 better than surgical mask?

Answer When worn correctly, N95 respirators block out at least 95% of small airborne particles. So
the respirators can filter out some droplets carrying coronavirus. So N95. Is better than other mask if
we wear correctly.

According to renowned dermatologist, Kari Bauce, face masks generally expire one to two years after
the manufacturing date.

Surgical mask will not be effective after 8 or 10 hours using continuously.

One famous American surgeon tweet like below..

Seriously people — STOP BUYING MASKS!" U.S. Surgeon General Jerome Adams said via Twitter
over the weekend.

"They are NOT effective in preventing general public from catching coronavirus, but if healthcare
providers can't get them to care for sick patients, it puts them and our communities at risk!
38. what are the ABC's of Fall Protection? What are the components of a personal fall arrest system?

Answer. A personal fall arrest system (PFAS) is comprised of three vital components: 1 An
anchorage, 2.body wear (full-body harnesses), and 3 a connecting device (a shock-absorbing lanyard
or self-retracting lifeline

39. Outline the differences between Audit and inspection? ( Not on Nebosh basis )
Answer Both are essential, proactive monitoring techniques .

1. A safety audit examines hazards but through a degree of removal. It looks at your organization’s
processes and procedures related to safety and health.

Inspection mean just visit to the respective place or things for verifiction and justification of the
incident.

But Audit is a wide range whcih verfy & justify with sources of document as per the certain rules &
regulations

2.Audits generally serve two purposes:

1.To determine whether your company is compliant with current safety regulations

2.To identify weaknesses in your safety programs Both are structured processes of examination used
to promote workplace safety. Both may be conducted internally or externally, though safety audits are
often conducted externally

3.Safety inspections focus on the hazards in your work environment, as well as hazard
communication. Safety audits, on the other hand, focus on the processes your organization uses to
address these hazards and protect workers.

4.Inspection is an observation. while Audit is an actual consultation, verification of items, goods and
documents. Inspection is to examine closely any equipment or facility. It may be formal(with a plan
and a check-list) or informal.Examples:1. Inspection of a Fire Tender with a checklist for its
operability, worthiness of its fire water pump , fire monitor etc.2. Inspection of the tank shell for
finding any deformity, thinning etc. Audit is a process of evaluation and to measure performances that
is based on Standards & Guidelines, identifies the compliance & non-compliance based on Standards
and is neutral. Audits are based on a set of predetermined guidelines and standards and are more
formal and planned out.

5. Audits are usually carried out once a year, whereas inspections are done frequently than that and
could be weekly or monthly

39. Is reporting near miss a legal requirement? Give one example of near miss?

Answer. Reporting of near misses is not usually a legal requirement (with the exception of dangerous
occurrences under RIDDOR). However, it is good safety management to report them internally.
Reporting of near misses can reduce accidents and improve safety.

EXAMPLE OF NEAR MISS

A site operative is coming back from lunch when he sees a delivery vehicle reversing off the site, a
woman with a pushchair is on the pavement. He shouts out and waves at the driver to get his attention.
The driver stops, the woman continues walking, and the operative then waves the driver on.

The operative reports the near miss to the site manager, who implements a one-way system on site to
prevent reversing off the site. He enforces this with signage, barriers, and by ensuring all delivery
vehicles are escorted on and off the site with the assistance of a banksman.

40.what is fire? what are the causes and prevention of fire at home?

Answer Fire

Fire is the product from a chemical reaction between oxygen in the atmosphere and some sort of fuel
(wood or gasoline, for example).

"The combustion or burning, in which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air and
typically give out bright light, heat, and smoke.

CAUSES of accidental fires- Cooking equipment (also the number one cause of deaths and injuries)

#2 cause of accidental fires- Heating equipment

#3 cause of accidental fires- Electrical distribution systems

#4 cause of accidental fires- Intentional

#5 cause of accidental fires- Smoking

Prevention:

•Always stay in the kitchen or by the grill when you're cooking. Never leaving cooking food
unattended is the single best way to prevent fires, especially if you're frying, boiling, or broiling.

•If you have to leave the room, turn off the burner.

•Keep flammable materials like towels, curtains, oven mitts, wooden utensils, and food packaging
away from the cooking areas.

•Keep a metal lid handy to smother grease fires - never put water on a grease fire, it will explode!

•Get out of the house as fast as you can if there is a fire - then call 911. More than half of non-fatal
cooking fire injuries occur when homeowners try to put out the fire on their own.

•Keep your fire alarm on while you're cooking - never disable it. Make sure you have a fire
extinguisher in your kitchen.

41. WHAT ARE THE ABCs that should be considered in assessing fall risk? Or what are ABCs
reducing harm from fall?

Answer.

1.Age over 85.

2.Bone disorders (e.g., metastasis, osteoporosis)

3.Coagulation disorders (e.g., bleeding, anticoagulant use)

4.Surgery (specifically thoracic or abdominal surgery or lower limb amputation

42. What necessary steps should be taken before you begin an excavation?

Answer The employer or supervisor is responsible for the work, and must take the necessary steps to
identify all the hazards and risks before beginning any work. Following steps should include before
doing excavation .They are as written below.

1.Identify the soil type(s) related to the excavation or trench you are going to dig. Soil

Look for the legislative requirements that apply in your jurisdiction and the type of protective
measures to be taken. Legislative requirements means follow procedure as per your country or
company rule.

2.Locate all buried services. Contact the owners of any underground utilities/services that may be in
that location and ask them to identify and mark the location.

3. Identify and locate overhead power lines.

Make sure these services are de-energized as necessary.

4. Know all of the contact numbers of these services if there is an emergency.

5Check areas adjacent to the site for potential hazards and sources that can impact the stability of soil.
Be aware that nearby vehicles and equipment can cause the soil to vibrate and then collapse.

6.Determine if nearby buildings or structures and their foundations may put pressure on the soil and
affect the walls of the trench.

Test for hazardous gas, vapours, and dust before entering.

Test for oxygen levels in the space before entering, and during the work as required.

7.Plan appropriate organization of the work site, and good housekeeping practices including moving
debris and excavated soil far enough away from the excavation site.

Remove water from the excavation.

Protect workers from falling into the excavation.

8.Identify appropriate personal protective equipment including high visibility apparel for vehicular
traffic and make sure every worker wears them as required.

Have a worker above ground when a worker is working in the trench to warn those in the trench of
danger and to provide emergency help.

9.Prepare work permits for work in confined spaces, as appropriate.

10.Have a means of exit provided from the inside of the trench, usually no more than 7m (25 ft) away
than any worker in the trench.

Plan for adverse weather conditions

Prepare an emergency plan and rescue procedures.

Keep first aid boxes at the site.

Educate and train workers about all existing and potential hazards and risks and appropriate safety
measures

43. what is ABC stands for first aid?

Answer ABC stands for ilr Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. In first aid.

1AIRWAY means, Opening the airway with a head tilt-chin lift maneuver

2. Breathing ,Looking, listening and feeling for breathing

3. circulation.

Perform chest compressions to support circulation in those who are non-responsive without
meaningful breaths

44. what documents we need to keep record in site all the times

Answer As per International standard at least minimum we need to keep those below mentioned
records in site all times.

1,Safety plan (Its includes all plans only site specific plans)

2,Training records

3,MSDS inventory records

4,Hazardous material list

5,Checklist for equipment and site inspection log.

6,Reference documents ie OSHA 1926 hard copy or electronic copy if its a electronic copy all
employees need to get access all times.

7,Accident/Incident/Nearmiss records

8,Manhour reports etc..,,,

45. What are hazards b of excavation and what precaution should be taken to save accident or
incident ?

Answer I explain b you some hazards below..

1.Collapse of the sides of the excavation.

2.Materials falling onto the people working in the excavation.

3.People and vehicles falling into the excavation.

4. The undermining of nearby structures causing their collapse into the excavation.

5.Damage to underground services during excavation work causing electrocution, explosion, gas
escape, flooding etc.

6.Ingress of water causing flooding

The works should be carefully planned and carried out. Ensure that equipment and materials needed
are available on site before work starts. Ensure that the work is directed by a competent supervisor and
the works are inspected daily by someone who understands the risks and precautions to be taken. At
least once a week the excavation should be thoroughly inspected and also after any event which may
affect the temporary support. Such inspections should be documented.

Follow following precautions to save injuries. accident or incident.

Trench collapse should be avoided by battering the sides to a safe angle or by supporting them with
sheeting or proprietary support systems. Support should be installed without delay as the work
progresses. Ensure the workers are competent and experienced as far as possible and that they have
clear instructions.

Excavated spoil, plant or materials should not be stored close to the sides of excavations as loose
material can fall in. The extra loading can make the sides of the excavation more likely to collapse.

Prevent people from falling into excavations by substantial barriers around the edges. This must be
done if the depth exceeds 2 metres but is recommended for excavations of lesser depths.

Prevent vehicles from falling into excavations or surcharging and causing the collapse of the sides of
the excavation by keeping them out of the area. Baulks and barriers can be provided for this purpose
and should be painted to be easily visible. If vehicles have to tip materials into excavations then they
should be prevented from over-running into the excavation by using stop blocks.

Provide safe access in and out of the excavation.

Hazardous fumes should be considered. Diesel and petrol engined equipment should not be allowed
into excavations without arranging for exhausts to be ducted away or forced ventilation to be used.

Cable and / or pipe plans and service plans should be used to locate underground services which
should be marked on the ground and where practicable digging should take place as far as possible
from them. Use cable and pipe locators during the course of the excavation work. Great care should be
taken to ensure that mechanical means of digging are not used within 0.5 metres of underground
services and spades and shovels should be used instead of picks and forks which are more likely to
pierce cables. Once services are located and exposed they should be supported. Both new and existing
services should be permanently marked by the use of appropriate tapes over the service and by placing
permanent markers above ground indicating the service type, depth, route etc.

Precautions should be taken against flooding by installing efficient means of pumping out the
excavations ensuring that the outflow from the pump does not cause flooding problems