Pgs, Pts. NGUYEN VAN QUANG Te, PHUNG BUC LONG. GIA CUGNG MONG HigU BINH: Gs Ps Le Qug An (Fit bin tf ta ns) fb.com/ebook.sos NMA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HANOI 198‘b.comlebook sos Chart nhieu Pt, P10 Ding Ha pu don 6, Pu. wsauy An an op ls enh Om, Quang Hing Tinh bay bie rg ton A UAT RAW KHOA HOC VA KP THUAT TeTRANWUNE DAO - HANG (iy pep mutt bin 56 290-80-16/858. Inxong v8 np ks chu thang & nm 1998 1h 7000 bin id 13x70 i aha m NX Basho ge, 161 G11 THiEU én ming tng cong tk sin chs A i tao ong tinh 98 mim tong chueng tinh “Nghia cv ming cao mie ng agp hia xay cg cong nghip a din dang 26.0" 30 Vien khoa hg ky tht xy cng chit DE ti my Gg kt, pn ch va din pf che nguyen hn gly ht hing cng tinh do nn ming va ee phe tp a cha. Ket ul ca a i At i i ding Khoa oe thus xy dmg in the lo aust se Nit ge ép tng doan -ege tea - do ti ngin ctu 6 xu dg dp dg thd cong &Khdch sn La Thin, Viea rghit cine itn wi, NA KA qutn dh Gln dy, trong on kh ciachuemg tinh 268, Vign KHKTXD di nghion «ita ng cao them mot bus kj thu sta ch vito én ng dang eet ign hg dng thin cong yo rh Ong Wb, trong 4, dt “Gia cud ming ng coe Ep” ca Ts. Phing Di Long di de Cac sing eh UBKHKTNN fp ‘log ing ee.[Lc nig va egg te Wien ca 8 i, es, Ps. Nw Van Quang vi Ts. Ping Die Long di vit cua “Gia cng dag” ten eo sk qu nghien et ving dng tong tye 16, ding tht 6 thar Ko rong wife Kink nghign cha ‘nae agi tong Tinh we iy. “Tuy odin Mngt KY thu mi mé at, ng do in age quan ten tig ong te Ay dg ha nay. V7 vy cuca seh nly cle 9 dip ng de yeu ef cn ban de trom vi goal nghah xay dmg. ‘Vign KHKCTXD xin got tiga v6 ban doe vA mang nan si, IBN KHOR HOC KP THUAT XAY ONG: fe.comfebook sos LOiNd1 KU Trg hig ne gn day, sup wi aban ca 60 co Doe it nf ming, 86 gg cc vO nn mg sien hi nhumg vn ong, es 26 ye we in ‘una kde na, Gi than gn még chim mgt ing fo 30 cng rn, hime san tol. cia ong Anh lat py huge chy vio na mag. Vige cu cha ci cong ‘anh by nr Wing do ee nguyen nhtn ne meg dang 8 thank mt mi quan tm 16m enh toa ge 8 ni ie ten {hs eG. Vite gi gn vA ti oe cong a, thin paso ring 1m ep ach en mgt XA dk twin Qu inh 6th bo dang din ra ngy cng mash mi Bi i ‘bt Khos ge phi ume dfs ving oat ve 8 nan gi ‘i cha cS cong tah tong cde Khu WE Ong Ion bj a sy do ha mac nue ng; ching 49 ch cong Win Bhi xy hn, ‘ic he hing cng nh nde, kg Xe die nim He. a Ino @ ce eng tn ed Khi xy cme ec tg tah a ben jh it go nn ming eh cng inh ex ng ai Og Ta nh dia 461 dg. Ig de dy su pa tin ba ee that ga cutng dig.ely nay, miu KF chute ga ewe ming ttn sn rad phat ign miu re on ne gi, ig a Lite Xo (o, My, Tiny in, Ilia, Horgan, fy Lan, Anh, CHLB ic, Mehico... Mi mot phase php dd dim gin nin bien Php mi seg aang hay ph ap hu KF thut eae 8 cy, oe peg... dba 6 ning ww dies eng. vo nny phar vi ng dung vieng cia n6. Vigc I chon gi pip gia exe ring age guyt dint bik hig yl 6, King ning We at ky that (nguyen nan bs ng, Ki thi, wt.) in dv mat kin x8. (Cong te ga cutmg ming tne ph gp v8 Ks Khan hon hi sow vig xy cme nf ming cho mot cng nh Xian chita ming mt cog rn by ing, do meng da, i quan tog hing dia a phd xe nh de nguyen hn Faring, i hom na en pi bit rng iu cng nc in ‘ho da din ehi ng gia cudng ming hay’ im phi ga cag cba li ben tr, thc bop due we ign tang ecg ti 6, it hip gia cuomg mong thutng phi sng. to va link hot. DO May REM ki ep ahOng ebag hop of pit psp gia xing ng han toin sag hau Mye dich cia ewn sich my 18 cung. cp cc Kn ti bin 8 fe ky hua acum ming cng ecw by cu thé trong nh we ny. Sich dura ee eh ln tg tifn cho 1 sur tit KE ding tha cung ep cc mgt ia tham Kho ‘4h chon nine “Tong chung di in sé gil thew ede KS gm ein hat wong Bn wep eng na ne, Me pn cua rang, nha cia chung ny 98 inh cho cong. ie Ko st chun bj ho thie gia cig ang ‘Chung tht hak nh bay oe nguyen ada a ng. an még cong tinh. Cie nguyen nh the niet 8 dye ch § Bt va de min hos hing ee tc LK gui ong ta do ce tg a ah, Hal chuong ep theo id thigu oe hy Oke gia cadmg rng tng dng ag 1 aia ra tnt ih ‘Ghamg tt nae nh hy sae nguyn Ij in a eng test ke gia cud rng, md bit cng te it eing ‘Gury cu dng dn 68 tigu ee Ket gud nghien su ng dang eve 6p mgs tong. vig cise gk #8 og ‘en bj nghien in nein og a HN (Ce seg hy vo. cotn ssh ny 38 gp fh cho ee ban og nghigp Wong cong Kc thik KE vi ng cd rng Hah (Cc te gd in chan thin fn om Gs, PR L2 QA, ss, Pls. Naya BA KE dng pid ih gu Bho cash, chm om Gs, Ps. Nguyen Man Kim vB Ban chi hig cfc chuomg tn ign bo KHKCT 26-09 i 268 45 90tu Ken tute echo cong Ae nghion ctv ng dang cc 1 thst gia cudng ming mn on cee quan vi cic ban diy rnghip, dc bet acdc edn bo ela Vigo Kho hoc ky thu xy dang, png ds KY that (Vign KHKTXD) vi Vigo di bY thugt They Dignd cong te vip eS eg tong qu ‘nh noha thin cui sh ny Do nig han eb, nt ec ty koe tn SE {Bia 6, 8 mong nn ha ¥ hi ng 9 ha do fo:comlabook so crane 1 GIA CUONG NEN MONG LA $a. uo oA Gin eng nln ming ecg th wife it hn cic “pt war ti va bing ing c0 & tg om hinge cn mg ty tng ae it soe ng te i cxtng ming he eng tenh ch a tin bank shim mgt ong ve chan © gi eng nla ohn chin ng by len im auto nein ng tah 1 gin cag 2 ping + 6 gin ngde tite ok Song mit cing inh mit a ch ate bn at ala caine oo: rade lng of thé mang thom tot ti tong th ode ny OA tp ting Wb hing Ging tie gin ong ming Mt de wh cing te gn cong sh hm, song. tng png a dog Pb bin nh hg my, gn Hen vt gi telah pat tiga db Iki va ny dog che MY thing dog gh tra th Mic di gay 12 an stn vot shew cng tin tn tye tay hgh hg va nagetap ning. Kbtng of nBt cing Uc ga extng aa cha nn ing. io duge thue igs. ‘Thép oghidng Pl n6t figeg ta mt vi dy Kinh ifn. Ging toh €& vi dang Yin W600 nim nay va m6 KR6og doe eta a6 a6 ap 46 trong ving, 60 mh dn 100 nim nda, RAL meu ole sh thd ln xay- yng trong thot teung ef bey 06 guia ahin adn méng aby ahs thy Winchester dé vao thé kj 12 ba tho Gloucester vio nam 160, ahi {the Worcester nim 1222, nha th Ely 1822 wh nh thd Norwich nam 1961, Me trong. aie cing trinh doe gis cving sta chia mong lon diy ‘ign la nha the ‘Winstester aude Anh, Cong tinh nay di b hin trong 900 natn Cong tinh dice gin ez ming wo av th 19 20 do mgt thy Tan da d8t ode th nb6I HeOng who hing hi dio dudt nue que ele lop dat yéu dén e4n Mg ot a Ch LD. Cong tic gin cling ming dune dink du bing vite ngwoi La Ma va spit Php on cha ose sal sot trong ing. tac sty vag ming vi mit oS ong tia, etc {kn thtah eng ay cin bo io the Kj 1. Nhung’ pha fsa the Kj 20 hy thott gle cng mong mol thie ey tage phat trign Rai ahuag be thing dung agi Yon (duce sly dung nbd 9 New York. Tat diy, cing the gl Gling ming cds thet df xhy dng dug ts den nin Shu trong tng tm. Kha Manhattan, npay nh abun ati ahh li, nang Do ele dung phs bep vi dit nén inte tgp rit Kh ha me nie gsm, nt vige dio h6 feo thong ely ut Ib dit ke rat Ks khan. Do wy fn hai oF shag AY thuat gia cng nn mdng. thick Dep, Nily nay, mida ky that gla extn még. ten tito (as mv doi va ge phil tin @ mhity nude trén thE 6h su dje Bi6e TA Thay Di, Litn XO (co, MY, Hi, Ba Lan, CHLB Bae, tla, An, Mébics.. Nai cOng te wa cha mang dge tie Minh teen quy md lan nb @ Chieagd (9, Kracow (Ba Le), Helsinki (Pha Lan, Mexicovty (fthics) vi dje WH TA 9 hu this 6 Stockholm (Thy Di. VE sui xty dng, Ong trib duge cia thm ba oa a) cing trink 6 + hom 150 nam KE i Wht Ase ay song 5 cng tinh ct 80 dn 150 nam tng tlnh mot dye ty dung + 60 nam ted ah ayVige biéu ro ket ou cng tvinh fn duge in mA ‘ride hit 1a tabi cong tah at hip rt abu cho Ong ie gin eunag ming. Voi cis cdng ten ed th oh vat iu thudng Bt but hing theo thi gan, do voy Aa ‘fn duge gia exOng ching dB tric Kh sa, Nh cong trinh ny thing duge bom phut simang vao ing, cot rude Ki gia catng mong Che iy thutt gia cwing ming ai chung of thé si hung ge cho ba me dich = gin extng aia chin, in evng di phing vb. gla cubng chi t30, Tay nhitn vil rméi mye dich, cong vige a of mhimg die did rag tng the gia ev chin meng nkdin st chia fe sal st trong cOng te may dum nin ming, Coan 6 cS thd sinh ra trong cic. Hat, khto att eh be i cbng hoge do khong tlsh ia mot af ye tS. chil guia va Khdch quan trong qué tinh at ding. O-chucng. 2 0 tri ly chi tet hom v6 ate nguyin. nh iy. Cong tie sta chia of thé bao 6m ch gia cut ming vi gla xing bet ofa bin i'm ie bieh nda bet fu bj nghieng hay co chuyéa dich ngung ding ké. Cong the gin cung sda chia ming néi chung nhl mye dich ‘it ming vio Wop dst hich bop oi kind nag tie shin {Wi trvmg vol chuyén nd mbit. Cie tng Gh ecu i, cit bgt, ft etng — duae coi la nintne op If fudng nit att vit etng t4e gla cung ming. Cat 1 it bal va Mt nblén hing Wop bin yee Khéng Bao gi duge st dung tim cde ting chiv Ive 2 Cong tie gin cwing dé phong cn this trong aig 8) sy dng clo cOng tinh mt qui gn cic cong teinh ot, ofa 6 fe bidm php gla cutmg ming dé al Ign ce chuyén dich ela ditnén va ho vé oft cong te ed Waly dung cle ting him mat ben trong cle tng ‘oink shoyip se titin, a tga a 48 tte Wat ra soe sls, Thi hog deeb Ohh©) aty dung ole cing telah ngim mol abu ote hing natin, dang Sng & ge bay on dud cing tinh in os ty yng, Up dat thttn oe thst bf aim xt rat, pty ea wining ha ng Anh budng Ban msg ng teint ‘Vite aly dung cic cong tink mt trong Khu we dé to dong. die thudng tao gm ong He dio BS mong fin hous bin dui oie cong trink sla of: Ki dfn len hanh cfc bg tac Io ¥# + gia cubng mang bode ching d0 Xo clu cle ong tah el trudc Kl xy dog (ie ing tinh mt Ki thi eng cde Mo atu df dat ote dvong Sng ofp host mide gn oie cng toh of, 65 thC nly rae Shape ich ding KE cia nin. dst xung-quanh. Chard ‘Symone (1982) di quan st mgt a idm ering. a Pas cae hte dvge dio atu oh 3 ae 5m trong alt at ong London, Su phan BM cic chuyén dich mageng. ei That’ nfm trong cf gal dogn Khe ha dase és ds hig thi ninyen trong Bigu 6 hind 12, ‘Mot trong ning nguyin nhan hu hing cong srs a Rh thi cong le meng mol trong Kaw we dong tn Th fe dah hudg do chan dng cla qua tinh 460g cor by cae Rost dng Rhae cla may méc ady dg, Cloozh 2 Chamear, (1960) #8 theo” doi dn hifg. cla chin ing do gut trish tl cong je et én chuyér dich hing ding én nén At tal mét 36 hign tug. Vite (na coe at Ming bia rong di gly ra alt nf clo cOng dak oa dabng pO mung quanh. TH bj bua rung 1am Mer d'un aS 19 He oh nguth tm do doe gia te tO ‘ide etn ke tute co my. TH Ret guh theo abi, fe te adh it rw coe bo lan sav diy 4 oie cong trinh nim cich vi tr ding coe rung twin 26'm a6 thing hw Bong RE oe 1) rang ding vi fag én tong Rhakng 24 — 48 m ich vi tt ding. coe of thE nin thy rd #8 trong sO Sf trubog hap fay hd chlo wh ew dn wang quan ©) vie ding oge wo Mag. gph vO lam gia tc vi vn 16 nda dat tang ep ao vol dia bia inh ‘hue 12) dnb budng do qed trinh ding oe rung oft rt ninanh theo Khoing ich eof tof dong a8 wt mol Ll 1) trong a ye to gin Me gem han hom trong dt ohat (7 Gili php gia exong ming a6 phong edn phAl thin san yt ofa din tA tng Ong tinh tik oe ting dt this igo thish hop, Khtng ehju dah hung cin cic cong a ut cing née"adng cio cing trak malt lan cho. Gil hip iia cing a8 phone pos es Kh nang cg la Shc chuydn dick thing Ging v8 gang obs én. ey ma do vite iam th, rung dong hay ting tal do Omg te Sly ding tdng mh si ot ows ot ing Me chi t20 che cOng tinh im of mht tang them ditm eh ad dong vk tiny Gi be most a than Pins Ta mat bo phn quan trong trong qui tinh. phat fhiéa 0 thi Ve oki tao ming ld him Iam cho aot Inng ct of Usk ming chia thm ti trong mai. Cong, Gh th dé edt tao" mt cong tink, nqvet ta Bm thm ‘otf Kit of moi Bing van ben trong bet edu ca va Ad vty cing of cd mt he ming met din vio tong be mong ctCiti phip nde ming 4 Kes yeu 1 quye dn guy mo cll tw VON dieu Kin ait én od mot Mp af Sex Eh atu ten di mgt cong tinh, no duge. ning 2foon Ie Ung ca thé ding ming ning, nhwng vol aS tng fing themida hon a thf phil en dn mong sia wor dieu fide Alt én tuong bY, n60 ming tng tho mpe vai cing trinh én ld, gal phap gia ing ming Bo don Bin, Noung no ning og cho mol cng tisk rong tin kk, ht ofn ofl yo Joa cd Kho vue, tl gi hap gin cutng ming se phic tap han mhi6y do tai Tiong tang thtm ef dign ion bon. Dé v6l cic kha phs Soh che che ctng tinh thing ef tong chung. nha, Die aay cong ting ah phde top cia cOng tc (30 ‘D6 vo cle ming mong, sat mite tdi glan di ch tai, mgt vai chve mas hoge hom, KA mang chi tl cla (4 ném tang len do. dat UL née chpty Un eh co Ij (in Gat aga thay dt theo shiGu budge lol v8 pong ‘Bien ehje Ives Khi da vin vai Bf mang ci cd the nfng tng (trong) ma Khong cfn da bn php a. ox to Nhung van 46 nly a@ duge 46 cap din cl tet om trong pian 13. § 12. knAO SA PHUC VU CONG TAC GIA CUONG MONG ho sit phyo ve cing tde gla cng ming Kine hl ino. gm vige Hho aft ft na oh wi ee cong lok ely dung. mii ma cin bao. gin vite nghitn 04 hia ten, Trude KAi tite hank gin cubng meng du fa in chun dé phng bay cto, of pho nhimg Ko ae diy Gh v6 du Wen Kendo vi inh ik thue (trang thi nén anng, wt gu vi et es cg rin Nat chung cong the Kho st hie teving ahi cong 8p Gi nhing thing tn nthe sa ty toh ot dung. igo tring ide Win de nga v8 nude agin 5 = tang tht ing tinh of duse gin sng 5 flak lo cong teinh vt mak ervtng ning quan Vide tim biéw lich att at yng hitn trubag nbd aie dinh cic vit mgm trong Ehu we aly dung. Cing wife niy dude fa nk lag ch nghioa emu et hd oI tro, png vin din ov ung quaah, vy (Cac thing tin cfin iG. v6 dt néa va cong trinh fn die ia eng méng IA 09 98 dE phan Hck nguyen thin bu hing cing tah vi Iya chon. gil phdp va chit 1s gin eg mong, iat phép gla ewig thieb bop nhs ng edn phil Aah hung fable ol ede eOng tinh sung quan, 1 vA ode cong trnh bj bu ing do nguyen mtn ‘néa ming, cong tde Kit wit phve vi WR 6 gin eng cua mang thudng g6m cle bude ss 1 tie a theo ded Kin wh we mat cOng sinh 5 2 = Kio sit nén dft vA thn hie dang méng = Rata ait ke es hon tet vi inh gi i trang cla a6 5 4 phin ch nguyén ahi ply Kin vA he hng tog teak 15 ~ xe inh oe yl eu Ay Unugt PAL that 5 6 = Iva chon phuang am ata chin ming124, 961 9 Lm vA vr wr Ket qud do lin cong telah Ik mot trong hing = ja quan tring abt cho cdng te sia chan mong MGC tng telah duge qujet dinh ola chda mong hy Rhong fe pha ya teen 6 liu do lan, New mgt ong trnh tay ) mit, hv Ring nu do nguyen han nn mong ting. Jo lon da bat die én dink, to do lim cn ot ‘nbs thi chi cin gia ovong KA oy dom gid, mh King fa gia oatng wa chow meng. Naw lal, mot eng tah fay Ket ofa tren fe bj het Mag bung qua tein in vin tigp tye tée dp hin 3 mae db dang Io ng, de dea mat Gn dj ehl cd som xt ng te Wh ning ota cho én méng cong tah. Tong thie {6 co nhing ong fvinh ngay Whi mat 6a dak, Ist ughiing, ket cfu ben ttn via He hu hing do dd cng bet ofr got in. Vite fin ho eda thdn’ of on thiet sla chon mong. hay udng o6 thé dua dep hing hie gut Kinh W bd ng ‘Qué tah do lon 16t abst néa dure ted ish agay {ABI xay dung cing teinh. Dat wi ese cong telah cha 5 ote ta Ue ny, a6 chutn cho cng te an chon ‘dog, vige lim dau tion Ia pial djt mo vi a nh do la oes ‘Cing vl cong te theo Jol do la cong ef thé Ihiah theo dal ay phét tin cla te ot nut vA che hi ng Khe bong hing 3 cong tak cin duge aia ela mi ch © fe cing teinh xung quan nda of diy hin (Cha chs § dhe Bit din cée vot nat at ifs trom Ket cu chiv ie + dim, cot, tm tate dt cto vot mit thing uf hin @ ofc Ket cfu pha: twing chon, tng bao oe 16 Cong tie theo 36: vs nit thudng im hal bute hla wi tl va tah nh 'nat tah thal dm bat du ‘theo db, thoo dal ey ms ning vi phi trién cla vee ‘out. Vio ght Il Unk hinh dt thsbeg dive” thé hen ing cic 20 46'trin dé os ghi nO cléu ring. chu dh Vi inh dang vet dt Cac wf nat hose bit hing die ist mn due chyp Anh lai DE theo doi chinh xo oy ht frm ela wt mit v6 chia roog wh chia dl, cae ¥® dt ofa. duoe dink fu tye ep ttm ite ef" kim theo mgly thing do. Vol nbing hat ofa bf alt qu ning, ‘5 phit rin cla ching os thé con thé higa © 26 lung YER nt, Khi do cin thdng Ke oA 6 luong ke woh nt rot xe ito then, Cong te theo 26 Ian vd a pA fom cla ie ve net edn duge thar hitm Uhtog nhing tribe Khi ain cha ‘ma eh trong vA sau KA! Rit thic sige ala chin mong cing tah sea. ahr ad va Mona Vige Kido sit Ini néo meng him ung ofp ligucho ong tie Uh ke ta eh ming mab Jn 46 phin ich aguyén aban he Ring nén mdng twinh, Cong vee nay 8 duge gitm bp rit shies hong tea Kako sat din chit tng tinh trie vi BB eo this KE vi thi cong én ming cn hong ngsy ei Whi con ele tl lige nly, cong tc st Il eng en thie dé inh gi cht long Igy Wblo ait trde diy, hate din gis ay thay chi teu co ly ola i ans mone that gan dal chie hate do cae nguyén nbn hse SRPER Eoseiee 8B ERE‘TW liga io at bung phat Khng din due ay Phin 5 cle lop dit cing nh ote de tem cd If con hing. Diéu len nude agin cing ofa dae lim sing 18 DE os thé dank git dye me d) nn chat cia 69 46 du6i trong ong eOng trink, nyo nhtng ifm ‘oan ify mba bén ngoai cing tinh, tn 6S tt nt vl ifm ben trong cing tah va tt mbit kate iy moe 36 my trong ving Anh hidng dust ming DE a thé phan teh lin Whtng da as thé xiy-m fn ph xe ah tj a6 mbdun Bin dang Eq cis kc lop Alt fe oh tai be ifm doe theo chide da mba. No ohn sta chit, Sv Ang saga mi (46 om) Lae ei csrmana mene a £5 nha ten rong of eh do thou My be rméng bing eqe thl cle dim Kio ait ein di stu vio top dt chia We dy tah dt ma exe vio theo ding ete gy pam en beak [DS of hing thing tin chinh wie WE oy thay a5 ity Ain die nén cong mhu ofc tinh chfe es Wy ct ke lp dat nfm inh git chinh xic trang that cdog tah ing nh Iva chon ding cfc gill phip ia ext ng, fen a dong cde phuong phap Iiy mls eng tin oy ¥2 fc phuong phap tht nghigm hign trvong. Cén han they ring mpy cic 16 Kioan Hy miu hign trutng cing o {he gly ra ohdag xo dong dat nén ding ks. Nang 16 Iihoan nay OS SHE gay shast te mgm ay gy Spt 1b edge rol Hinh 18 ho thiy. hing anh hudng nghiem trong din €) chit twing dS cin oie lop at do ee 0 sie 16 khan ify miu ding Kin 150mm den dp at boing 20m bing mbt trong cde phuong php My mf cf ifm. Sy thay &ft ade king xayén dG mii an chi 1, do Ify di mot lang ait qua Yn, Hop cit diy © by Ri ra, Mot dida th vf Ik ngay ch @ nhing lap tong 44 ming A vA B cong x4y ra hlgn tumng omg ty. ign nay, phuomg php yma piston duge cot 8 mot trong ede phuong phap My miu king phi oat tt ne, Phiong php may de bit thich hyp i oe lea 4 ink tir 60 den cong, (che pong php 1h nahitm Bien tung duce inh se cao do tinh trie tgp vi khdch quan cin ching. Ning phuong phip due ott dyng pbs biso abst itm ray IA: xyyon dah (CPT), euyén dong teu chun (TT), ‘et ciah bien trang (vane tat), nén ngang tong bs Rhoan (presulemeter est) aCie pong php xayéa tinh (CPT), edt cd ign fraimg vA nénmgang trong 16 khoan rit thich bop wa 6 vk thong duge at dung dade dinh de tng Khong thot mute Cae shuong phip may gi php 46 loa tri ce oi st ea KA ud thi gig trong hong do aso ding dit néa ii ky ak bn Ah voi dt ri ht hi che thong tin ding tin ‘ty v6 ida Rlén it nfn of thé nht dase AY tht ‘ght (SPT) edng she (CPD). ee ie it ‘oe HOM OLA ga dng dng Bing coe nt a dng A th nghit i teBog 1h chlnk, ma ge ‘fe thi nghigm ayn, (Cong nhs cong tae thi cong fia cvOng ming, vite Kindo ait tt nén phic wy gia cum méng ust chung tuge thue hign trong fe Khdng inn chat hep. Do vay fe th bi Unio sit cing of nhs nip dS oh thé vam inh dice gay ei ben trong eng ih, thay di ce dig nude ng thing thing rang hI tht cing fla cudng mong’ thé ly 1a ung ay fe cing tinh bén can Cong tic hn mie nude mgm 4 thi ing gia ewdng ming. cho df hay” au hte ngfim do cong tse thi song my vi mit Wf do nko Wed hE Mm cho ng suse Ou iow thing tng trong én tang lon ding ke lam chp ci cing teinh sung quaah Wi, Do viy, Kai Kido age tt-néa edn xe din dita rude gin cing abu” ch dd thay J6i thoo mia 1. Vide nie dinf ch xto eh do mide, nga gi Mtl at dupe gia cng mag cba tng tinh Iai lo tht. Cae tal paw nh inh Go gin ‘dp ngubl THI Re Iya. chon che. gdh php ik = citing, ming thich hop abit dim Bo a6 thay Ath ché de nube natin Mit let ado a vl ede cone ‘lah ung) quan Voi nhitng cong tinh of hate ot Khan con BiB Ks ming. vige Kho at Int mong tal in trang 1 in hit, Cong te mty hung daae thie him bing fio tham do phy hate who tinh chat vi dah trang eda ‘ng ernh. Qua efe bé tham db cn phi bis due dong ‘dng cong tein cic dic dim Ay thugt + db st dit ming, chida day, vat lige ming. efng nh mat blag tong toi cong tah Nepdi mofo tak leu v6 dung gn, nude ngiim duol mat Gt eéng fn d¥de ghi I rod okt xt eu mtn mtn Gal phép sim chia én ming én phAl phi hop Hoag abing Wl diy kitn de nén cy thf ma cha cin Pi phi hop Ol dang kit of bin te, Gili php nly ‘ein dim bio Hing gly bi hing them cho sing tink ‘ong lie thi cOng va sau Ki bt thie cing tic. ga ‘ng ming. Do vy, tA Mou ¥6 RS fu bin tet gum. trong 461 vii etng tHe thet A sta cht, ‘Ta leu ny phil bao gm + dang ket eu chiv Ie, ich thude oi fa kign, oo 6 kat oft vA phn Bt trong. su phtn BS vi cfu tgo ele et cfu. phy (tng ‘gin, tlm tao che) eh hing chi tt Khd fn thi cho thi AS. VAL liga sly dung va chit luong ea cong ‘wiob, nt Ia dol vol cic ong teh of, of, cane Ie hing 6s 6 quan trong in duge ke‘TA liga v6 Kt ca btn inte cing dope at dong Kat pin ich nguyen ahi hu hing cong trinh ‘tk Kh pibin teh eis hy hing do Ida hing dé pay va. Cong hu 46 yOl mang, vibe bho adt inl kt ofa ben en Al cf thet cho cde cing tah cd, of Ong om Ul Tigu thet ke ‘on ROUEN WN HU HG DA ed gill php ada chu ming thlek: hap vk hie dq cho mat cing sinh bj bu hing do aghing Hin ohn RAL ade dinh ding cic opuyén nhtn cia sv of. Trong hung 2 96 tinh bay ede nzwyén btn Khse mhaw dn dig hw hing Ong txinh. KB tht lt sia chin mcng true bet cin dy ign chon ith phip nén mys nto nimy tr du a6 cong tinh long’ bh hue hing. Vi de, at mge cong tinh trim mong bing dang Mun do mgt Pia meng cong tinh dupe dae trem mde Ung AME ys, tng teinh my da 6 thé da dah Ga ming cla nS th ‘mot hp dm true giao duge djl tren cdo try bétdng os 4 atu hfe hau due susng wing See 23e bim due Ngubi thie KE cng én nght ‘gd che bien pap sia ita be 28 veh cde di Kis cn minh hi sic dinh mea ata hu bing cng ta nen ‘ir bb quan nfm et cho ring ago, ming va bot cl ‘bn trén li nhing bY phtn long re, doe lap md’ nén it din ay the ding twong Ih i0s ching nhs mite théng abit, Hu hing eda cong tah mang cic tinh chit py thuge vio se digm cia ong trnh cing mu cia én ming, ghia Ik dae did ein oA bi. Dua vAo Hla ang. en cng tinh nhs It cing os thé haan re due nguyta-nhin hu hing. Cée inh thi bléa ding ela cong ™ tole th a+ cong tx bi ula vO0g, tng tinh bi tin ving, cing tinh bj xudn, céng tinh ay phn cofng tinh i nghieng. Vi dy hi cOng tein ef nia vt nit phét tién ci mal ausng. doh 98 long vA oy ‘md ring vat nd gi dn v6 Thin dui, Kh € cone friah thuag oS dang bite dang ving md nguyin,nhda Uhudng do tink ém cla dat nén Mhong ding. nib, moun Digs dang ela dat én 0) kb we pith aha ln Iban ao v6i ha dad, 128: Cone the enn oy eae Trude KAI dl dia ay Iya chon cuit cing che gi Pihip sta cha én ming cho mbt ong tinh, ngoti dog thong tin dy di vé nfo, ming, kit of Hen tren, 6 ligu theo doi lin mit’. cfm phi tim hiéa eda thin rol yeu of Af thust wi phi Ap thust. Khde. Dat gi tht Le ede y8u ohn hj that thvng #0 eng bt nd la cd sd 06 quyet doh phuong aa. Sng clo yeu ch phi ky thust thang fe dye df ¥ hose bi be gum, do 4s gly hs Khan vi lam chil tidy dp th cing’ mu nig. Vi-dy, ef. phat tan higu Ky ho thtng exp that ‘nite cing she hp thing dign tong tng ‘tlak dc thé tsp tue et dung ching newy trong thi gian hi f6ng. Chi hin eda sing trnh cing of th yeu fu age st dng mpt pha Bosc toin bp cing tein Ebi thi cong, Cis you cf my edng IA nhing 38 US quan trong {46 chon phdong a thet kd th cong. Cing tae thi cong nhléu Kat BY gin dogn boi ee Wf do mhu thot fit Khong thich op, tal gn od ch xy ea Hoge many ch dong hige nai v6 mat luge phip. Cée y6u 8 may ofng nen ftuge cam mhic yongMot yeu cfu cong kong hem phn guys dink 1 phil bio’ ve cle dug nét Ki tric ban du ch cong fink. Yeu efv nly luda lube la diy Riga tm quytt 46 Te chon phutng aa gia ovOng mang cic dt tich vin a Yih ot Mot vy ding cha # vige iva chon phoong 4s fa chta méng cing Potenst trong dia Kroml, Mozkes Vise sia chin ming cing ‘rink use sem ast 1 dia hog nan 00. Nhiéw ial phap die Kish nghi ahung Tit tgp bi loei bs chil yt Ik do Hhtng dim bio i rguyén dtc dim kin trse ola cong trinh. Vi eh ti fam 1078, gl php thd nas, Kién mph gin cudng ng bing exe sp dag thép dung kink S61 mm, mdi duoc fp abn, Nbd vy vite Iga chon pong da ala chs wo A trong gin 20 nam (28) $12. QUAN NitM VE KHA NANG Lim vigc COA D&T NEN TRONG SUA CHUA NEN MONG VA CAI TAO CONG rn DE eli tao, mb rong cong trinh thug. phat gi uy hai vin dé = 9 bin cba hot fy ben trén va KAA tng mang ti eta nfm méng. rong pham vi cin ein fick iy, chi ain G6 4p deo yn 6 th hal Kak fing mang tA cia nén ming hic vii cde lost tt sty dyng thong thuong mi do bin va madun bit dong it thay 46 theo that gen, fbn, dust tle dng ein td trong, Hin dang Ol oo (he eng. Kh tA trong ches wut qua dn a tric fea dit tl bin dang chi yes In dang din hoi, Kh aL trong wot qu ning nd trén, Més dang mang tinh chit ela ey nén chi nu thi trong lon ban nia, dng suit trong nf dit 9 aking vi tof abit dich 9& wine Gut tong thal di han, Rnb ehanh cde wing biga dang, Ai, ving Hen dang do lin din thoo ey ting lén cia {Ai trong va din dn mit 6n dinh toto bp a. Vai hong ng mba ols dace Ai 90 mb eng ph 6ai quyét vin 48 md rong ming hose tang ste hla tA ‘Sin nda. Trong thy xAy dung, HAI én hh ei ta, tnd rong ting tA trong cho nim cing tinh, da vio sv ‘hay dl tinh cht on hoo cin dt néa sau AOL due nén ily ngwoi tw cho dit nga lam vibe st Al trong. Ion bon ele mang tal tan dau cia nén. 8 Lien Xo (es), EAXArteran eh lu.Dvorkin (52) ad aghién cits vn my 8 thin inh théng Le & Imbt of cng tinh due cAl to mA Rhone pha gla oo in hofe m® ring ming, VOL st obng trick oe Me git (4s tng he cho Bid, HA chun m8 vem, ol go, tong ‘ing tanh tho dng len nm ei dat 05 — 06 tA tong tink tn cho php cia nén theo CHARI ~15°~ 74 (srg ‘ng vf 20 TON 45 ~ 78). Sau KL ci tao, ti trong 2h duce mfg Mn 12 21 di 2,72 Mk ti trong ban de 4A bling 122 dia 88 tal trong th tas cho phep cia hin Trong a cde cong trinh 4, 05 cOng tinh da ton (Gi hing tlm nam wh duce ell ton, md rag 8 ~ 4 ll ai mt of itn trang cla he cng trinh néu tn, oe tie git di tin hob tht nghem nén 8 trong 9 ee v1 tel nn tha én vi db duce én ih ht trong ng trinh, Kot gu th( nghiem cho thfy moun len dang. cia nén db duge én tang tH 1,6 din 42 In 0 vol6 ide ta, vide edi igo mb rine duge tn hah ks shiéa @ cfc hw ph din cu tap trang Nhiéu gti ahd bi ng tng 4 kong phat a2 ag ming bay el Yao nény Cie. gol nhb ning tang thi2ag de ming thir 1 2 edag tin ee aha 2 —— 3 tng eta trong ting Wen 15 ~ 2 lia. Cie ngbi nbd dupe nang ting sy md bong Ah nbd, chi 2" 3 can bp cho mdi tng, ing es mot sé ngoi'nhd dfn tich tung dem nine ngii whi 96 10 Trin Hung Dag 87 Quang Trung, Ha Nol © day a ign anh Kho sit dia cht, Kon My mndu Aid tra tinh ehit co Weim dt nhitng dia ‘Al pam vi Anh hung ela mig a suy on th ci ln dit nem trwse kit a8 vag. Nh ning Ung Hhoag es ait I ne tng wa cla sich ay the hin es tlt trong bg Khong 1,5 nt trong tah tain cho php cia dit mém nag: db lin them cia sing tinh thing it ahd wh cng tah 6 inh DS gf thick ve nA nang chs tA cia non dit tang len sus Ki adn duge gn ths me thot an A, ed ‘thé dua vao eu phan tch sau: mhu dd rink biy 2 tren nfa cing trinh xty shimg 6 gal dogn dw o tA tong dag uot qué tai tong tinh tasn cho phep eka dit taong nén chia suft Hien nhng ving bin deny deo tht trong én chi ya didn ra bin dang nn chy hi 36 ring cin dit nén glam, moden bise dong tang vi Khh ning cho til cla ném tng. Qué ‘rink néa chat dit ‘4agc didn ra theo tho gan, th plan lt. age ne chat 46a én inh toy thuge loi ft va dia Men those ode fin dit més. DSi vate Khu ph od tip trang din ca shu ele ku ph cd con HEA NOM, Hai Phing .. ede nett nh thing duge sty: yng ke llém nbas theo she lb at, Kodng oteh ita oie méng ela shing ngtl ahh ay ft hd. rong. img tung hep hy sy ng eu toong née cla mot: ngi nh duge my. sinh kag pa ‘hi do tAitryng cia nghi nh fy mah cn do ch tal tong fia nbong ng nha bén coh, Tai trong te Ung lon ‘én it Kiting phi Ia tA! trong ope HO trong pham vi ring cia ngoi ahi md te déng erém mit den. rOng sng quash gl ahi. Khi difo ei til tk Khé mong oo voi eida day chiu nn ci dng aft chi at trong nea iw ign dng nén chat 18 chi 96, Trang thi Ung su va biga dang’ ela nén trong seutmg boyy gn ging voi yng thal nén moe trye king cho ppm rng, Ibi lem fa tA dit chi os thé dase rim cht lal ho a6 ng lm, medun Bim dang tang vi Kh dng chu ea ang ting le,cHUONG 2 CAC NGUYEN NI HU HONG NEN MONG CONG TRINIL Ging te gla evong én ming oi thé nhim vio m0 trong ba tie dich ga vOng sia chon, a6 phing va tao Cae do. im din cing t4o gia esdng ming ‘ho ch ba me deh tnén dX doe tinh bay tm tit 3 thuong 1. Trong chaong nay af tsink bay chi Wt on fac nguyen ain bu hong én ming sting frinh Bt Bit RAI tin Minh tng tic gla eng ala cha. Han Chay 4 Tdm ch) ba Hage ng telah rust gid th han cho php mo ds, nhing bi Ie mguy Wim a6 aut hen trong Bet cfu ben trén, cic vel nat 8 phat ish va mo 20ag ahanh Tm hu hing cOng tinh, fin tnt vie at dung blah thadng, them chi do dom ph oui cing tinh Kh d cng tac gin cutng aim chia i mng cing teiah 1b cfm thle, Neon ain dus din db fin cia cong teh rft da dang, bung not chung ph ign mht do dat én ein cng tein chiy quk TAI MOL of dy didn Ninh 1a cng im hu gh hist a Mexico, Cong trinh nay se Tay ding 1 nim 1904, cho dm mam 1955 9 Ion as diye kn toi tron 9200 m. ML trudng hop dice ght vio hiéa cua sich giéo Khon Uh ay of aay mm vio nam1913 cin mgt silo cht Kia mi 8 Traneoona (Conn Newy Whi d8 diy kin mi vio sil, di ot ifn 9 Kin lng dng 11-30 em trons mle the pln kong gu ripe XO nghltng wf pala tay va emu. gin 24 gi, i nghieng di dat 104 25°. Phin ty ald opt aang 178 m trong Hl ple ding tei len 1,5 m 90 vai exo dd ban du, (124) DAL Mot truing hop eke deze Toohebotario ghi nbn Ia ay phi hy etn team eda snot sd cla simang 4 Mg va0 nam 1940 do mde lop Trong chung miy chi difm rm nhing nguyen nhin ths Bing ném méng cing toh phd Wis ait do cc ex sot mle pha trong ede Whtu Mhée mhau tong gas tinh say dgng! vf dung eng tinh. Cs anh ait ny of thé tam duce chia thash fe nhs as ~ al sot tong Mo eal sit trong etn = al 26k trong it yng vA ole nguyen hin ich Thing sic nguyen nin hd hing 6a ming cing wink thing gap @ mute ta ai de bite duge nha mga A dave mish hos King oe ai c6 thye tf rit su A he, uh cig the die tee che cong trith Whit hing do 1980 dén 1985, Ket qué cing tic digu tra ny duge tm tit trong bing 1 § 2.1. sar sOr THONG KHAO SAT Trade Whi thi A me mings che img tvinh xty hong of phai tgs anh Kio ait dA nm. Gt doe idm Kido. sét_phu thuge truce ht win mics ding nt elie hip dot Cong te to ait ef dune ee Inia ea than 9 ahung Rha we of din hinh nbsp ho at nén bong dng abit i Ube bgt Ik nbtng ving od hing ding onsets. Sal ast thiong xhy m trong cing tic io ait tk kong pAst hen ra hose cong sip eal ve ing dt you : v6 chigu diy, the nm, ev phtn BS che chi teu co Wy". bong pit hig mofo hang ding caceta trong nf dé, khong phst higa ra cdc ¥8t tn Tom trong én nhy mong coda hye .. Da cd mhiy truly. hop cng tah bj hut hing do ctng the Kho att si diye ghi abdn. Dé Ik ting bgp mbt gi nbd 3NewYork lin nghitm tng va sau dé cong te Khan ao ait MS ung 4X phat ion ma mot lop bam yeu chido day thay ii 1 06 dim 105 m ma true ds hong duge phat hign. Mot beab vign & Budapest (unger duge say dyng tt mam 1902, dén nam 1630 Wy hu hing ning. Khi him 2 Toh gu ta thy lp ot dust day mcg cht day abit ch tit 75 om va bin duch (95 mt lp bim mim 36a diy 120 ~ 150 em, tong EBL Pi thist Me tin ring lop eft teem day e# 2 den Sm 4, ‘Vite pin tch ail Meh fe hit qui Kibo ait cong ln 6a ce bu hing nghiéen trong. Cae af lie a ve ‘Al tifa co Wy cin én thing Ta do mia dst by xh0 tepm HAi My mu, ARI vn chug miu vi ngay ch hl huts bj miu dg" thi nghitm, Ik do hist by Khao ast va 1g thoge tM nghitm lac haa, do t6O cham trong HRI {iim ham ‘hte sat ti gl Nam 1950, Mai xty dng mae cfu wut 9. Vail Gtungat vite Kkhdo ait vol v8 cho thiy mexy an. me AG ra lop act chs, chia th ene, phan EAL php meng dng di uve lus chon. Nhung psy aa AL via hot thanh, met tong hal m6 cfu da Tin t61 10 crm va db lin aa 46 hip too phat tim val te 9 ry cing ln Tee 0 kin thay Aft thio vj toa ng trinh, Vite Kado sit Iai fs thin bom cho thiy tay be goal lop ait dung nh ding du nhung db dim, a9 ott Wi eA 0 rg Int Wate hou eit nhiga Nhing thay dt ry Umble Mg dge bet rude RAE thie he v8 la newin hin ov of aia eng tenh bi ty dng ofng teah teen oi hu wye true ia 4 ting nly ding (wi dy cde ke we By phd ho do thie tranb, cle Ht phi 06.) trong kh Uo st fn fic Diet chi en Idp dat Up va pose Min cde ming fo cin oot Ink O cde think pbs ed, ol hi mguoi ta tip cde ting hisn nim dit sh, thim ch toi hal hay Sorting by ph Kin, bung ming ca cin lol king duse pit hign 66 ing val i uh mot pA wa cng gol Ay igo vi of thé of IA nguyen ban ca ay phi host cong ‘enh 130) (Cé tring hop ce 6 Khoan thir db tuy x40 din tg di cae tah chit co WY cin dst nén aing hotn toda khing Kho eit digy én nutc ngim. Te dng fn nude agi nbiéu Wht al chinh tA nguyen han ph frei née meng cng tinh, vi dy tng bop aA any thay din Kesigeten (Hangar) CCang na KE din ay phi hop Kong chat che gia rub Kho eat nn v8 ngui tide LE abu pt Lgl si Ss C5 ning tridog bop mg te nde sat dupe ign Tat htm hao, hung TAAL v0 leh ns ese hat qua may hing duge mgvii thigh KE bist din Sw e6 aly ra Omdag etn teve (rong mot BA méy doc thép 9 Borvodnadsad Ih mot vi dy [24]. Chinh vi vay gu te thing di hil trong to cio kibo sit én dt ln of nhiing rbto xt aha men cfc dia ki de itt vd edn tah Kin chink xde bay on biga pap host made mit, cing ab ke hide gh) gi pip fn mong thich hop wi hi tring © ude ta cho dn nay vi fe 66 diy ki im te Ini mae do chin abe ea ofc 5 fa dja chet cOng tiskung cp cho ngubl tise KE nén chin 6 nbing dénh ii chi Use vé van dE dy, nhung chéc ring cong tae ho sst nda dit cing dacs ahing sul wit din deh hing nén ming eng tri khich som la Thaah (ia Nol, Iki thio it bS sung lun chon phuong. nit ‘sting sta chan ming th phat hign ra ting lop at SS i m8t_d du phla' ty cing trinh hl ay 2am che ioog phi 144.5 m nh trong eA) bu ban da Cag ‘lo xfe inh chigu diy ke lop dit khdng chink xe nee 9 moe sf edng wish) ah ES Qufnh Lal (ia Nol, C Thanh Cong ia Noi, mai ece da bat. vao, lop’ det Su. Trong khiu thi nghiem ade dinh cle chl iu co if ce dit no cing o6 ahitu win de Thi dy 6 kw Vou Phuc (Ha NOD, fo 26 Wu trong cfc Mate ns hy full vA ho att BF sung fe hic shaw, NaGag thong Ain ani Tech v6 tfah chit eda dit én con mde whl de ong shuse difm cin ese shuimg php thi nghibm of ifn die Witt trong ky thutl My ma vin ehuydy male hong dam io th nyen dang ein mf. (28) $22. sai sor ThoNG THIET KE RE hidu cong tinh BY bu ing do phuong én a ‘ing king thich hop. Ly do chi yee Is 18 do khong tin, Es ein than va chink xe du ign la che cong feinh cng hw diu bien dia chit thiy an cla Hoe ge why dmg; Bhing can nbc Hy ting Liga phap th 80g do. 45. chon cdc gill phap néa ming Kido thick hop va ht la me phat nzng ea on ding tee nh (BY das 40 hn ei (3H). Bem onnh ds, vige de east dang ‘kit eau hen tn hong thick bp aon lin vé tAtrong bo bing thn Wiéu yk ofa Ren frémnhida KM cong 1a ning nguyen ahtn ding tie gy hu hing cong tints hing sal sot thidng gip abit trong thet kW Qu #8 de mea, cic 94 edo qu tA it nén ida ray Rha it vot ee ag trib dn dev eho ‘it dia chit vd iy mu tht nghiem clo thon. Che ay 5 thuge le! my thug ifn tm trate ty Hh Iau end vi du ifm tah IQ wil chda Toa mi Transcon (Canada) nam 1918 Du doan hong wit dp bin cing teak, do dé ton chon sal gal phdp née ming, Nhung aal et thing wtp nt trong kd dy téah dp Ton Ta ite Iya chon thong bop ly mOdun bia dang’ néo, king Ae din nh hung cia clo méng Iam can =. DF dy tinh chinh sed) Ion Meh cia cong tein, fn pha Ke den do cng cin het cfu ben trong Ki tinh idm BS th whidu dong ming dust cing cing tein, ming Gat 0 mbiéa cao dp Khe nhau, ming coe co chidu di Mise nhaw Gidi Phép ct t00 Bhong hep Wy de Dike do chia hose 6 ‘taal Khe Min gia ce phn cong tah od chiéa co, tal trong hay dato dat mcg be nha Du hidn bhing het xh dng ee tdi trong tho ‘tong nh cha dng ein tit iy mde, cng tae gm dn trong cong telah, Ai trong Gi lin stn Ung tae, 68 ast eA trong di kite tong tang ll, tt trong him do lép dit san nép, hoge ma aft am len ene Theo AB qui diéu tr méng ofc oOng tinh bi hu hing do. ngigén niin nm ming @ mo 26 thinh ps Yon @ nude ta do cic te gt tidn hin, 8 TOR oy ‘6 1k do che sal ct trong Khaw this KE (95). Day Tk mat 18 Khi ono ofn duse tng KE vt rit Minh ngian mbt eich aghitm te,Git phip dng tg etm nf tho itn ds ot dung any bop Ij cho et hie cong tinh nh @ nh ting DY Th trvong bap eda Rich san La Thank (hi2) (Cong toh ob dan 1 sag gneh ea Ive nar ng, 4 ety ding 1D eubi 1977 Ae 1978. Cong tinh bf nghleng Tin nahiém trong. Cho din cui nam 1986, do hin tuyet {i oe nhat do ge dgt 161 500 mm seoag hi do JO Vin lech ion nb khodag 460 mm, De tin tuyet 46 lon shit thus tf ede chin in hoa biéy, Kboing 800 én 1000 mm do cing te theo det lin whong duve tin ‘inh dy md ekl 0 Kat phat ign thay cong tein 4a bj Hin nghitm trong. Ding lo ngsi hem aa 1k t6e 44 lan @ digm lun manb mhse vin udp tye 0 mic 3-4 sumthing. Nevpén. nbn bin cia cong telah TA do Bil pap nm mdng khong hyp Wy. Voi tai trong cla mot cing trinh aay gach nam Ung trong ving dat hag thin Ki cho ay dng, vite dang 86 ring blag d8t tre tip Ten én then nbién 08 ly dD Tn faytt 48 len. Bin oak 45, db Tan teh cia cong {alah cng Whi ln In do @ bb lop ft 18 bt met meng htt thd) she chin ming lal Ion nha, do 46 diu Tien cuing 4d king thin min tai bE mst lop dt yea ‘in dugis Tal diy inén ft Bh ph Boal va lop teem kh mash Mot trang hop Kise A oing tinh BT Tinh Gong (Om Nod, Cong trnh of dang Mp ghép tim lan vot gil pihip. ming bang tn aga thién nhién. Tuy shige do {ha kigo ast nf 9 diy gus t, duot mat lop dst to toe mat day trang blak Khning 30m 1A mt Hop bus yeu iba dhy ma Ini khing duge xi Wf, chi Khodng ibén atm sow kh aay dung, cong trinh da bj hin eo 00 mom, DOL ckS én nha by ut xuSng dudi mgt dt thign hide, Nauyte mhin mo 1A kt r0 rong, lin fein cong tsnh chi. yu do. lp bin gy ea cong twin AI Gitng Vo (HA NQD, dong itp eép tm lam hm tng cong IA mgt tring. hep ding Mu 9. Pyal dy pit phap eodag b2 dat ere ep tm a noth’ dno HE a nS ‘en en eed hie ay thay 8 ot. Hm Ch wen ‘dén 10,0 m. Két qua 1a cong trinh bj lin lich ta ag Cho 8m 1964 ta om enh mil abt He aoa eee aan nga snk ach ra wh bm 3D em Me ee can cong tink od thé thly ro Ding mbt thnog as cog trnh Ay Ay » Avy Ay ki Phang Phin ia, Basen of hat ke Aheng ip hep nam lg Se aaa rane ha mang bang tr gan eat ttn nds At By 2008 soe bg eo tn cag nig ten gin i al hap wen ming dug a dang @ ky TA Kh ga An at 9 gos pe hen Ga tp a eee iat rt mg thar ea cd ifm Eig of te aa ep ban ast yu diy Bang chy ma Do vay ng ats EA ue syn. some oO ST We Ree “Shve cena Tinh inh tong 1 ong a eee ee cing tak el Kho cs 2 Teanh BY Thanh yas HO Chi Bah). Cac cing tah nly eo eevhene bang et thep ak ng vO dg bang Mo event yoo diy hang chvc mde TA cl ae ee bhng ems tem Che v de v6 of cla ef a? i ad Geng ofe il pap még mine tro ote aka ahem the tm thy ib 3 HAN a nh pho H6 Chi Minh vt nh dl phasng ic 8 mde oe enact Who Kh ph. ida tong. ey Moab oS dg ‘itn ams vite cia. mt 3S 1 OE fog meu it ek a sp dong 6D TY Pa tng be hing Ging Hecht bap OA ly ra vib ming coe ntm. Hoong (19TH da 1976, Jing oot ita Gage nf dang hs pas Mr eth phe Edo ah me tn 89 ken Boo yh. Diy In gh pip ope Kd inh tf dave ap ding tet ho kh’ aie cg inn Song Hhtng cag tiny Wp dong Lou ng my oy 06 ym. Du A ha gun do ma dt cha nguth Eh dbo Si tah db lin. Trang bap i ta bat 16 cg tin ©, Thanh Cong la Ref kt cfu Abwng chon each Vang wh din 10m abst 40d dt tl tin 150 mm chm Ke db hin tng ia doen xy Vag cong tink Bo lun lech do duge cong nit ldn, kholng 360mm vt do say cing ti by ait mgt tone ing tind BE Guyab La (Hh NBD cing 9 trong Bah trong tung i 49 in oe at st 89 Mg 1900 ge thing @1080). Day mot teng BENE ns tah cd lan bg nht Ht Neh "rong 8 cle SONG top dong coe nim lp oc cing nen BE den io sng tah TA'TD, 10 Von Phe (Ha NOD Met bal wn rit ra hve ap dong che i pp hate tos tfc ty tid, hia ed. abe wu KM bs Sha Tlhte ten be Khon hoe hy thant mit Mgt logic wt Kase gip AL 9 khong it cle trang hap ot ob ki eh he, Wl tiyng do tog ip san of ua Dp tino 186 tro my ya tang ding Ke doin Ue dng cin né thuong Btn, teen tain hw ote aly dung, © Boh vt oki Wigt Nom thy Dio, so cng tenho nude goa thi vk at ay dun oan ble cb ti hip tng ge st renaming tog, Toots fom Ain tr, 2 hin ek tome hn tho ce cae ing ish ab bon shit, ch Hing Khang 20%, 20 00 hin do Mp cat fan nen gy‘Trong tht ks, vite chon aul ote gl pap cu to Ke lin Ong gly BV ing cho Wha iéu coag tah Tei Cu Ine BO thie nitn HA NOW, do Rhéng 03 he Ian fla by mba chink nam tag v8 honk ng ef thing Stk wh Khu nb od, Khu we may dab mit aé nghiém trong. ngny aaa Kh xhy dng. Tinh hinh tung tw cng iy ru 9 Benh vig ahi Vite Nam ~ They Dign do bong ff ihe lin gh Khfl nh cao tm tag vO ete Rh eae {hep ting O dy tai me a6 yng myo dmg tink dat ‘him eh 12 bal trim mt cong Khtng 6 ihe Tin chia lt Dty cing la mot nguyen mhén pip pha ding be vio a cf cha tan ong tinh $23, sa SOT DO THI CONG (Chit lugng én ming cing trish dng chi phy thuge vio vite tinh ton The Ki ding. in, wife do ita cang efp chiah nic cde thing tin vf nén de mi fn phy thuje elt nbiéu vio phuong psp va chit. lg, fa Ong tde thi cing én ming. Dim php. th cong dng al tay aghé cin cng than vi sy ehfp ink qu {rink tht cong déu nh hung tc isp dn cht heoes ia cong tsinh vA ahléw Kh cn tr wide thys ibe y (a hie ke Lae chon mgt pong PMP xy dung ding (Abn chlo the Mit qu cia mg Badu Be v6 1 choy ae hop 18h Rid geen pom phe Trong qué tinh phit rida vi md sag cde db th cng tae aay. dung trong cfc Khu ye dong din ding fot val tne quan trong, trong d3 cong tac xy Aung thin méng Ia Kid Khan phe lap nt Vige hi cong Eng che tng telah aol of th Tam ele eng tah Gh sung gunnh by he hing do mét trong cic minyén nam sa dy = AS mang mol duge thi cing Khtng ding qty ofc, sy ovt 1 dat nén sung quanh, tham chi lm Ip eh che ‘ng e0, hoe dA du nang ca Hy din ru Khi BO mang mol cao tinh thep bos, dge biet Ki dub dy mong, of ct bt hat nhs hay et ‘bo hen nue ch) = hmong moi gy en hha mye muse ngim, dhe te Kh fe BS do at, os ie phap hot mude 46 Tam AB ifn teh ht cong Boge Kal ay dyng fo dong afin ben duat ose Khu phd ef; do dé gy hin thom ing AE cho Ge ome HNN yn 23. sy 6 a ~ vite déng exe gta ‘ing tvinh ct boge cde hoot dng cia ate log my xy yng gy hong. chin dong ney Dim dén cic’ cong tein aung quan Trong nhimg trubag hap hu vty nlx khong oo tt uy tinh tht cing hop Ij ote Khng echo bien php fn culmg 4 phog hu di trioh ba tong mayo 1.1.2 {hi ec cong trnh sung quanh at bs de doa ngs trong Moe 46 dn chide KE hotn tot e6 cng of thE wha due t01 ay 06 neu phuong hap th cOng Abas hop boc ‘chink cde you cf kp thust ela d6 an thie ke Mv pinam. Cie Who lin thong ding quy céch Hhong dian bho tye hia duce chic ning ota ching M lich ri cbcisin cia cing tinh. Vie ding ge Khong dim bo ding Biel ke nh = one Khtng dupe dng den do saw thet Ke, Khntng ofch pf0a oe coe king ing coe WS tt sal ik hang sal et dang cho ¥ trong qua tink th cing Vi dy, kit déng efe coe gia ohau nit a8 lam cfc cx diige dng true bf ning en, che ope ahy_ KROME iige ding v6 lai ching a Khdog a ace chu tl thet edo by Anh hung Ging Kt d6n chit hom ong stink Trong oie 46 dn thie kde HE Kit ve ay hing cde tinh tain thadeg duge ted hinh 8 mi, om thin thins t4n dung KAA nang ea wit leu. Tuy nh, tit cong tie nghita ee this ME trong phng dn vite hye hen txén cong tring oda os mgt bhotng cach Chat Iuong ti cing Kem trong ahung tevoag hop aby iy: akiéu Kal rly ra wd. in lp cin ay of nln ming hong sai ct ching gap 1a belong mong Mong, in, ‘Mo quy oft, Khong dae dim én ‘St do ds. kbong dim Mo eing db CMA him biting Eating dim Dao i dua dn chyo thing ming ct, ply mdng Nog hone (Bo v0 ope. je Diet ehft Idong Ming ci ope hos hii eang mot vin 8 ding chs 3, C9 mhing tring hep do ain thiy de chi thi ofa Soe qu Up 30 vo tinh sadn agul ta di nh thil mat a6 ope lon a ko sit tht thfy sing pin lon ei Ai 09, ie chip Rhéng 6 betong tao boe ch of ak dé bao quamh, edn nue Nimang di iii eang nén dit xing quanh, Mén”Khoan tal day Koen nu king dage xd ue cng anh dng i chit hung ox Roan bol vt gly lin. ‘Tie msde chiu Ui ola nén ot w#t lita ming iy tage rat abide vio tay nghé vA ay ein than lt cong he. Nigubl eM cong shutng ft quan then da oe twang dla elu Wie ke, cho nda ngubi thie hE cn 1m tem chit ché omg tho thi ong, th I act abt ich, ding tie ofc you oft Kj thust cla U6 hE Vi ds, do Uboug: dim chas 1st oie lip 1st ming, dd dn ‘pe ol ming’ co INE Xft hfs DD Kin eye BO may ng of the’ sh mm hi che Hp dt y6u abu bin bay than bin gip phi KAI dio ming” Khdng doe noo vet ach tide Whi dS betong Ise meng. Cong do king fn han, dst bio a nc othe ch qua cde Kho cla vin’ khutn gly te nhingdifm ide. doen trong rndng betong os hip. Chiga diy khing 6 ela lp lat ing aby bp bie v8 cing ply m hn. tong ht bing © nude ta, abu sy 06 nda ming di aly ra ki xy dyng ofc ing trinh mdi gin cbng tinh i, Mot vt Gy ign hinh Ta try 3 Bo xay dung Cong ‘sinh gm hai Sha Wéa tag due ty dmg am 1960 vk thi chink ay Ung duge’ ay ehon vo pie, duge hodn thinh wae ptm 1074 Sau lst sy dung xong tng tht ti cin ohh hinh thi @ ai ab bin tng bai bin thy att hia fic Wt nit nko. Che vet dt nly chg gy chng phe {wisn vi eho’ de Whi Hast hay tng duce nly" xong thd cde ve it dy pit trim alt manh. O Wu me tigp itp voi nha bay Ung, 6 hing vét nut rong tot 5° 10. mm hose Ton bao, phit trim ti mai rung rng. Qua telah lan net may phat tfn trong Ot thot fan aa} ng KOng dope theo dS Hu hong ghiéin trong cong aay ra 9 Ty od thdong vy Litt Xo (e tat HA NOL 6 33 Hang Viong) khi dio hho thi cing ding Sng many bém canh vio naps 1975 va 8 Tring di he rap chest Ha Nol a6 42 Ye Kio) do thi cng mbt becha si cing Isla mi Khdag of bit, pha bdo wf, to ‘pam 1080. Name 1982, mje ttn oie nth nha cin Dab ft quan CHDC Die ta Ha Nol (81 Trin Phi) cing bi hie hing do nguyén mhan tong ty. Gn day hom, vio mim 1984 wige nly dung Try nO ng ove hl tong ty win (G7 Ngwyén Dy, HAN) lam bu bing moe ome ‘Sink hai ting bin canh Bing aking do Khong eo Bien hip bo vf ming song tinh ci mi obn do gil Shap faa tg0 Kaen op IY tai kha wep gisp Ol OME {lah ci. Cang Rhotng tho glam nay, may dune cong ‘oink hao tm tng B) ao dong va TKI sd 40° pho Tf Thbng Kite, ty 06 Bien php tao ve hung Rong 4 nde ce otag telah xung quanh vin by ht bing ang (2). Nei chung trong nbung nam gn diy, cdng te sy img tong hho we dong dan ® che think ph lon fala nude ta due tga hinh ngky cing nhiés, do. vay hing av of nda mang thupe Ina miy om duye eddy ae bit §24, sa sor D0 st oUNG vA cho NaUYEN HAN Kitkon ua KC Khtog phi sau ki vibe xy dung nem mag mot ng trinh dge Ket thic hia bio la ed thé yen tm ‘at dung cong trinh vinh win. Clin phat dun ra cle dy sn oo thé blo vg cdng tah va ban tn ong va lin udeg "4.10). "rong tng hep Ia ving hin Th chigs'cong cia cdng tinh hutng lem trin, hii a it thiong phat trite ei toid-auing, ing gia cag ‘tt ea cao tinh mal se hou qd nb. Gidng gia eng 8 thé Ia batong 6 thip, at thep hay thep MahPhuong tiga thi cing das Pynfond at dom plan, ch (3.12) Cae dat thep due ko eae Bing engts. Tron sim dong ca do FPryke wing cht Dang ex aay 6m. teving hp lin véng, chu cong sie cing tinh ing ai Kaci blog oft thip hinh chi U va al bay’ nhiéa uéng di, ging d8t tai exo tinh ming a6 1k the mht ado vy cin m8 ring tong, dst them oft thep mag Tiny dat ahing dies mot @ gm cao teak mong od uh. phuswg piip Pyoford trong nhng nim gain dy de f'deng kad thanh cong’ @ Anh ‘nem psn. 25) ‘rong truing hop trang lan, nea Be Rong os feleu cong 3 ring, cfm phSt dat ging 8 ch ono rid Tit ehinh ate eho nga tht 98 6 de Khi gi bal Bilig din ip vb a fosimet [aes me ton v6 oy hm vide déng this gin bb ab cu bon tron = mong ~ nbn, Tuy theo made > hu ing cia kis mango thidt AE quyet dink tang euong a eong mot pila hay tin) Att ofa 18, 5 {$35 PHUONG PHAP PYNFORD Day Ia moe phuomg pep den thom fe dim betong 08 hep ma ‘i Lb don Pynford, vio. ode ttre chi ve ain of, dang BAS ay ech ogee. Phong php nay thing chi ing cho otng te ga tng ming sma cha cho cong te chdag 62, tng ling cong kit cu hay trong mt link wye sty dng se. Tron hong mam gin diy, 3 Anh hing trim cong (anh di dpe ga ane ning bing phuing phip my vd mang Is ida qe Kin to 25) wore fe ke Bias Dengce Pyptrd Wag BEE aatng ne | 2 ori cone i van tig et hep 1D, Tab 1 van te Pg Php my 3 hae | ie tng ey Pyar oof Hs dng ae ee Stn a co se an 57 Se cn ag tne de hg ap ce ng i’ ne 1 ang th don =n te tp v8 Og St et ae ba dng Pyne te Cie aes fone tm bog hem To hp tut ny rang co ae tn arian 3 ln sem yn te ty {o.comfebook sos cHuoNe + CAC PHUONG PHAP GIA CUONG MONG BANG CoC Tromg abide trang hop, dé chgn dang bay lam iim dng Ke qua tinh lin, thi tng ela cong tinh fa duge dun wudng Ung dit cing dvd atu blag coe Tei dy, HAE méog Blin do qué tah of het ola moe lip it yéu bin duot mong th oko Bite phsp pia exe ing ahd m8 ring ming I v0 Sch Big phap en exe ong chk cho phép travén mie ap Me aty bin thay bo din cing lop dit 364 nay hung la le ving bigs dang oi ming dim mot do stu 10m hos, do dé qua tenh hin vin tep didn (hla). Khi a6 vife gin oving ming hing oge Rn tht (h.4.1) Coe AE in cwng, Hike vit oge ding cho cle cong taieh mot 2 ebb Vike thi ong hotn tots khong duge sty ra aie ci ding nguy bide bay Ash ing bat Wj cho cing tah Cong the ain cate thibng phat eh cdng trong oe hong lan chit hep, thim ch ben auth meng, do. dé hist 8 thi obng cla phAl nh by, ef Kiga exe ofa ab Mp ax.1 = ewe age thi cong sayén gus mdng et Ohh, 2 ore dye eh cng debi Aly mang ob (2A | 3 on dug thi cing da che dim dt trong 8G rméng at hai mage mide ng gud cao (heh coe due lien et wi dim ginh xayOn 10g (48) hope mong m0 rong 6p ming ch Che | ——ossssses— ata ” 5 = cee de ln ket vO lim hate Be gmk tan nha (430 6 = si dung dim giah md rng df thi cong tri khong gas gud hip (4.96) 5 7 = st dung dim “ol Hog’ Ubi kong gan trong find hong di a df tht cOng, Hh €6 voi abl cap fee mbt eye che né, mgt coc chu blo (hSh). Tang tf vi ope cho cOng telah moi, mat coc wie ceding 06 he ce ta "an nt dung Minh danb nga D> 750 mm vil ogo al va D> 600 mm vOl ene (ting Mot edge eat Ik "nhs" age D < 900 mm vot ee ahi wh D 150 mm vt one dng. Nim exe e6 hign dit 1 > 20D Bowe L > 20 m duge ext I ove Cd it nbi6u hy ho la cag meng Bing coe ‘rong pats dud diy oo talon ay ole KY hott thong dung va hits qua ahat § 41. coc Ep meGA oe Gp Ta lal one fm mbiéa dann dge ép x¥6na re dit tng doga mot bing Web thiy Ive, My cons friah bin ttm Bim i trong, C60 Kign ego od thE bing thép hate bling BSting oS thép. Vol qe het bt thép Tie dtm ogo of thé 1k yutng v8l comb thay 36 1 25 (Sq B5 cm hago of thE 1 tron vel dng inh cet gn {25 én 40 em, Chiéy dab mbt down exe thubng $2 08 déa 10 m. TNét chung, qua telah thi cng ow p_mégn e6 the (auge tm tit Ming che bude eau day 4A) 1 = dio hs chug te dsl déy ming2 = ait dogn mi ope who va p xutng én bing ich thiy Ive, ens anh mgt Bam tela, Ald dupe bp ta sm ofe tam dem duce dat them va0 3 = sau KA dean mai coc agi het vio nn df ogn than eve tgp theo duge dst vo vA duce en Kat wer doen tues, Qu telah dp pe dug lip I abe Bude Breho dn Khi eye duge ép Ala dd anu Tet AS 5 4 = Men at ope vel diy ming 0. eee hi cre tegen 0 Coe ép magn ef nhtng so dif chink enw ay KO thi cing ‘ge kbéng hy Uéog én va chin dong. Anh hnvdng ti cle cOng tinh xung quanh vA tif chink Ong triah cin duge sia chia, ote chia tl oda coe ibé 10, Ce the dat tol 40 ~ 60 ¢ (¥6i coc ee dign ruong 30 £80 em), thi nghian néo dah exi nh dvce thye hit 8 moi eve, do. dS o6 thé sit dung mgt he 36 an fon thy tong Rai Hah toan, Uhong efi biga php be mgs aoe mgt nf chon 66 Ap coe hop WY) ‘Nhwge ifm cba png phAp nly 10+ cc doan oe ving bh ing (Wl oge 30 x 30 em, trang 9A coe tihoseg 250 Gf) do di cing te eM cOng Kh nang ‘ne abit th trong Kong glan chit hep + do sie chiv tat (oe eve Won, Me ép Kn Uhl ong a gty phi hoo! eve bi cho it cd ben tnt j Ri gp fc vt chm Ion trong ‘bem nine dé ting, ming ct, oo hong thé dl qua Aor Wa do 46 kong di ee civ AF dy tah 28 th 65.© Lien Xb (co), bp thust coe 6p dove ap dung ti edu hi eve Ong thep, ml bie kin eo dung Minh 27a mm va 802 mm, chide dai mS down tir 0 din 10 m. Cae doan ene duge lien ket hin vOl_nbau ta cau khi sp xong, long coe duge dé ddy va butong (26), 0 MF coc Sng thép hé mal dudng Kinb 008 mm va. 457 mm duge ép rang nén blag Tat kich cing mot Ie, Me dosn oe Jat 12m. Tong Ih ép dat trong Tong pe len tye age nga” vet v8 Jong fo slag duge 68 betong KAI ege dat d6n 0) ts thiet ve ha), Diy ta mob by thust ra dBf adm vt digo Ong dng bg phd bin do Hi6e bh th dng” Khong hte tap vA fa Kige cor a8 ch tao. Ky tbugt my dB. due dng fiyng 9 mhige nude = Thuy Dién, Hungae, Phin, Anh, Bata Xs (oo, Ms ‘rong chung & 28 gibt hide vite Ung dune coe 6p mega tat muse ta §42. coc ons Nieng abuge difm atv ttn cin om 6p még im dey ns a cn ft «6 bj Chai a a Be st i he pp om it cng Sine hp. Troy cle phn 2, $43, 44 of inh by feo oy ht ce ni aes vk pat itm 8 They Ds Cee Sag got dung Had ing ri do KML ning ‘ain neh wo oe Kg Gan cht bp. 6. sleo toto dag doves dong, hung hme dog ah Ik tal tons te dg sh bne aha nh ope Gog angee 6g thep boe hua ht 6) tng os dung inh geil 76 mm think day 4 mm, ben agodl dwwe phi mot Wop abya do day 18 mm d6 cng an min Chit abt mft dann eye o6 thé th 1,0 én 20 m. (Che doan eve duge nit vol mhau Ding cic Ong thép me 6 dvbng hinh nga 85 mn day 4mm. Ma) oe va fu oc dive bit Bing oko mii aft dso Bigt dé tayén tA 16e, Cong os loal mal eye ate bige dF ing vio da Ope due ing Bing oni bia hoi xSch tay hase tnt bia thiy Me nhe lu Mostabert cage gn tren, mt thigt Hy co gi nb Kida Minima Seu Kat duge ding 10 a atu thie Kone duge hun day via bitdng vio trong Hing vi due iin oi be tren tthe), Coe 6 th6 duce ding 101 a hu 20 bm vb of ale chju th cho phép lon mht 1 14 a Nipbiiy Wimilege MA | ALeni coe Sng thép tong ta es v8 nga age ma avong, Kah 62,5 rm hate 750 mim cang duge ot dang phd hin 3, 8, 18, 20) Coe Sng pang dic (BAB) cing 18 mit loa coe Sng avang’ Ki, thiting « date inh ngpat 118 mn think éng_diy 84 mm. Hal da ooo od ofa tno dang fn de Dit 06 a8 dang lip Wilt ce doan vol ahan mA ing edn. Sng nA dks Bist MAI doom ge thudng od ‘hie da ti 1 daa 2 m AM ding cho cong tae ia eons, tng, hoge ti Sm Khi ding cho mdng md. Gre dvce fd itu ch goal lin trong ling coe ching an min, ge es thé duce ding td tu 20 m va cing 6 thé (ing dine vie nén dé wél lat mt cg de Mkt Se this ti cho php cba one of thi dat tat 25 — 40 tay theo ida Kign tt nén. Lagi eye Ong gang dic thong Gung 2 Toy Din do hing Gintaaberg eh a0, nguyen thy duge et dung lim ding Sag thast awe vp sia Coc oni nay thing age dng Wing On they Ie age ele Teal bia bet song’ dang BSP 900 hay Alas Cepco PHS ‘Tinh tf th cng cia cA ha lol coc my nt chung fm che bie a 1 = gia 06 tung ming oo 2 = thi etng BS do cho hf tryén {Ai mit 5 8 = ing op dla dp obs this bE 4 pun vie bag oe 5 6 beng bt trata tA (Ea coe Us ifm cia phuong phép my 1k St teh hop wt te Kitnggian chit hep ao thie W)C eng va abet Ta cfu tn coe hd be, chi 8 KGlm coc vdl coe Ong fp bre nha va 20 KGim vit coe Gag gang dtc, Nhuse Ae lige cia log ege nay W Kh mln do d6 vol 48 neo (get 9a, doe ive KN gy Ot Kom cla pa Ke dem i tosm mie Gn dinh- Rain doe. Hon ma ao voi moe oS phuong pap triyén thing, phuong php nay 160 ism Tan do" te vat leu eye cao (5, 12, 18) $43. coc THEP sw (COC THEP TIET DIEN CHO THAP (3, 200 Diy Ib Toa coe use dong ting doen xuing nin det ‘Ming ia hot len mang hay ng Kc thy he. Klch the et tien ope thug Ih 100 x 14 mm, 165 3 21mm va 80 x 24 mm. Chiév dai mi dogn coc boing 1,0 m je Wn hon. Ci doan ope duge not wot mhaw Bing lisa kit buldng mat bch Gh49) a‘DE ching An ibn, think coe dpc phi bing som epmy bofe ma Kitt diy 0,1 mm Cpe ef thé ding +t ® stu hm 25 em, So vit coe ép mtgn, leah exe mdy UA gon abe taong lugng eye Khong 206 fm 639 KGim. Sie chia {aT cm ge Kid cao co thE dst 8 56 € tap thute Kick hide Ga den coc va didu Kign dit néa. Trong bing 1 va 42 toinh bay mgt 26 gu dive it dung trong thie We tat They Dit Th ae [haw iare |S Wi elo A tec | tom | — l eo he ste co, | | rie 2 [= Ei $44 coc Lor THEP Leal coe mty bao gm mot 16 thép chia ie nim bin trong. Sng chéng thank (h10), TW troag len exe fh y6u do mot at thep dung Rink 70 ~ 220mm, at Tilak th cog lagi oe my mh sa 1 = Moan va dit Gag chin 6a Un mit ge 2 bp loi thép ting dogn va en Att ee dogs I bing mat hia2 ding lok thép vio mat dt Bing Gua rt lal he 4 ap ehst quy dink 4~ Mo WO gia 16 thép va thanh Gog cog dure hun dy via imag. Cong tic thi cong be trapén eA dag tla sang oe duge He hidn tong ey nh of log pe Udo, Loa fe my c6 mhitng ws dim suv : of thé suyen ofc vt fon lim in tracing te aa cha j ade chju tal mb toe EM Ion of thé ti 40 dfs 50° ¢ VI de vi ope 05 1a thap dung inh 5 mm, ale cn tht cho php ton hit cia coe of thé toi TI twong tng wl tl trong Wen. nén di gfe kotng 1000 kOjem™ ‘Tuy nhlen, phusmg pip wy 8 khong kink (60 i ste gap 44. pie qt Men (hon 20m). NgeAl ea hong. glan cho cing tée elt cha thing chat hep ting cho phép oe this beng Kénh hort ong (820) § 45. 00 RE CAY (COC KHOAN NHI OUONG KINH NH) (Coe of ely 18 loi one haan abt dung Kioh nbd thay df ti 6 ln 25 cm. Kai dung inh eye nd hon 12 em, ere digo dat mgt oft thép chink ie, cdn Kh coe ed ding kink Ian han gui ta dit thm mg oot ‘hep aan, Coe duge thi eng Bing this bi koan quay et hop +0k phun pvt bitOng. Sau Ril 60g ching thinh duge th cing, newb ta gt ee Up, bom bitong vd rt ‘Ade Gag ching lin. Qué tinh lor phit bitOng Blng Kh én cong tro dida Wm cho vige rt Ong ching dB ding hm, Minh 4.1 tolah bay tinh ty tht cdg, lal oe ly Se chiv tdi cia oge rf ely chi 60 In ma ait tinh coc. °Gié tx} ede Ban ha ma att thin ope pia thude ‘vo tng log dit, O CHLB Dus, qua ehye nghigm ng a rit m git th miy bing 20 dn 25 KGlem? wor (tt cubt st 5 1,8 Glen! Oi dit edt v8 10 KGlem? vt 4% dish (00)83 dong ego 1 oly of thé trdmh dpe cde Hs an pat sinh Kia cng madng bang cic Tol hc en ng cing trinh of hoje i MS do bin duds cong SSN tein Doig eft hip a tal eb v6 eho Moan th ing duge bi trl theo cle pe dic hau sf tao ra fon mel cho tein BO chia rag mong. Ky thet gin Sling niy Haag di bik bob Ky cing the Aho Inyo Ship chdng, dd no va cre dace Hen Ket vol tokn DO bat bet cfu bin tn BO ofe mal Roun 2ayén goa ch et ofa, Cgc 26 chy cing of thé xuytn qua cfc vat fin lim diga ma eke log pe déag, op khdng Am 6h (hill), Tay ahién cdng ts thi cing ein due ia hank that cin thin 36 chft kemg batOng dim to, dtc bit Sot co trong tt oi vi dll in Gu, Do vy cin phi Te oe dit thi ctng ie bist os bia Kinh nghis Sr te sue qua akong kbs Man king Mog. te 848 coc cew! (Coe pew IA mbt lal ope dug inh hd gm mot tanh thep ehio Ive dung Hib 50mm dit @ 0a vce Imuo quan bing wea ximing (b4.10 ‘Timh ty th tng coe a amt 1 oan vi d8t og cing think 2 ait 1B thép bu Iye tig dows 5 ‘3 ~ phun phot via Ike tht mbt déng tht rit 6g endng eis {4 phun phot them (tung dit ih i thep cin coe Gow dye ché tao HE thip Ong dy cao. whoo abing ding ron Hin chay trim thinb, faghia 1a'la thép. ew gidng nhs mQt bulOmg dit Cou Eo nay cho phep let thdp df dog duge oft npn & bit Ip wi tel na oh dB dang dupe dl ll bing oie 8 06h Rb ving day 1a mbt tt dim lon Hi vin choyén wd ane bite phi yp Ol cing te gin cing mang trong Khng glan chat bp hi the, ngubl ta thug chi ki én ae chin {ai ola thép 18, Se chin ti a Wi thép Gow dung inh 60 mm Hi ehiy Ib 8234. i Bf a an todn 1,79, {a8 trong cho phép 1h 47 Xvi phon won lin thd abe, ap We wa due git suit trong qui tri rit Gag ching Diéu nay se nang cao ma sit thinh ola ope. Yeu ef v6 vu v8 ép Wve hw tude chi yéu vio Unb chit dit én, do vty trom Feat th cong oft theo dt lin tue Ki ae én qa yy, thang pai ed dung biga phip hun thm ding no hom nt moa sit think, Ns {a thy ring vi dit nh, ch bom plum mot lin khtng 48 46 tao ra mu sit thinh ofa tht cgo va dat ffm Do vay Kh cfn, ngul ta ya mtb Ying bm thom vio spe Gewi df dua then mot fume xing vo én dit sau Kal véa bom Ion de nink ke. Vige bom. fhm nly Tam 6 kat dat nn aung_quank, el thie th ‘int dt nda vada vay mang eo se chit tA cla coe Quit teh bom them ‘ite win hm. Ceng oo thi home ‘them cho mgt eae Gewi maki tht ong ae nh thy ring Wh ning chin tai eta ove dd 1a chua a (1).cians 5 PHUONG PHAP GIA CUONG MONG BANG COC EP nese Gin cing ming HA mt cong ve hs hem siéu so we aay dung mie ming mil Gili php a chim és dun dus ru etn phis chan ding due bode lm idm Fn ge dp lin cit cing tah, ding #1 dim bio 6 toca cho kat os ben ten khong gay bi ng thm Tiong Eh Gi hinh sa cha. Hon 0s, gli psp sim SSur dam rm cing, phat ehde win mal yeu cfu vi dia thon ou thf cla cng tsinh. Chinh vt vay. mk gi php Tie ta cho ede cing trinh Hhtng bao i hod tots ‘eng nha ‘Cong gideg shi thet ke ming cho moi chog teak nok srong thi gia evng ng ohn phAl gi8t gaye The ba nin vé cing dO va bign dang. Mong ga cing ing wii méng ed tao think be thing mdng, mot pbAl {nde nko ie yu fu vd cng 4) vb bién dang Do MMOL pia eat trong due trapén Jon pha ming sin ‘tong, mot pha vin do mdng ei chis ném bai toss ‘hide kf cutng ming phe tap han mis 90 vi thi 1 moe mag mi Tinh phe tap cing tng Yen niu Go phil xi I igo trang o# #86 co cOng tinh dé One TaeTTMt cong et thé tive Wien duge trong Ong gin ‘Gut bep cn o6ag tinh of it nguyen duae de diém aitn tric o8, dng thi tha min hing leat fe’ yeu of 1p thait va ph kp hush ci tewtng hop cy thé nb {2 seu trong phfn, 1.2. ‘Tong inh ve gn cxng mn ong uc gla cing bing coe nol chung 1a Kh khan wh hoe typ hat. Do vty chwong nay o@ chi d6 chp Vite thi ke gn cdg, még bing ce. anerte, te Kas ta chita ming ftng oe, met gd te ks tong dong hign may tain bp trong cla ebay telah fat dupe tayén Tem eve gia cwlomg Theo gi thet ny, 6 lugng eve gin eng s© duoc xée dioh theo biéw thde su thS). on trong dn ~ a6 tuong one gia eving 3 @ ~ ei rong hing ding cia cag tah cf bao pm ch ming et ‘SQ tdi tong tang them, boo 6m ch be trwyéa ta Py = ede ohio tA tah ttn cin nti ove uy wha, eA thie: ttn dun ma Tk chia cbf ic, Gqei an tan vA do. vfy khong nh 16 ‘Thue ra, mot ho tA trong cla ing tinh via do még ct chin, vA Tong oye tht gia outng my do a sO ahd hon fit i'm Ch) lah theo (6:1) ghia Io @ +89 @y ™ 62 Pe trong dQ, ~ tH rome tra mg Tay nhien, 4 tx Q, Hing dB xe dink. DS dah ff phn til trong trayé len mag cd Qy cfm pha gil thi toin vf ev Mm wc dng that gta bp méng co va rong mi ngoal 1m pha! tinh Go vige meng c0. pial chu ti moe eh glam dal tue RAL dun thém phn oe ‘Bn cximg mdi. CS nhléw phuong phap len MA coe gla fag v6l ‘ket cy bGn tein hu da trinh iy trong ‘hiong 4, nhung nguyen i chang Ia ti Seng tng tak diye trayéaabag oe que He trwyén HA Do & trongthi i ga eng mg lng eget nig ait vw hi i echlah ens ty 9) thik coe 1) ict hee troy. tA ©) Kiém ten d@ én kt ofa bon ten § 5.1. THIET KE coc (Qui trnh hide RE owe gin Gutmg tute Bao T= thu thep va tm itu oe thong tin vé len song, tinh trang ce kh ois em of wh iu ign 2 — tile hah Kho ait nm ae 6 oung 5 2 = ifn nh Kho att oF nfm duge dong KE of 4 bin va ign tring ca cong find ein du9> gin cuts fing abst bit ky ong tink xung quanh no of thé finn dng do cing tde ga dng 4 = a chon dang coe thlch hyp vot Aida Kien cu th, Khong. dave ot ding coe déng neu vie thi bmg ‘Ghdng 6 An bOng nguy Bal wi ro trvmg bate ese tng tsi ung. quash = tinh tok hist be (Cong shu trong cing te thi KG ming coe cho snot cong tink md hb wo, Ge As gia cud mong bing toe m8 bao gm c&e bin vg trong 0s dinh 0 dang oe tga eng. mit Ding B6 tel cp, c4c Kich thule oo bin He dior chita di 9 nghitng (alu 1A coe alin) cing thu fe’ chi ti tinh toan ebe cre. Cle chi Gt tone. fin cing edn phAl tinh bay 10 fu coe duge boda (aera ano wh mu 6 ug en A ve Be tr shu thé nto. Ding thoi trong bh so thet i cng cf {ty Gah ro chit higng wa ahng tht neha anh i hit Iuong vit Hen coe, quy tein thi nghié thi oe {al bign tevong. ks ck nhing thi nghiton coo a khng inh ete ch tA dy tnh la op ‘Tuy eheo dléu Blea ex thé cde cong tinh mi tua hon lot on ela extng. Vige lym chon lat ope gia cutng 4a. phil dupe quyét ih hing vite so sinh nh t@ hy hatte phuong. de ‘Trong this KE, vite d4nh gl sde chu th cls coe a mpt trong nhing kaw quan tryog what Ste cu tal fin coe dase My ang gia tel mb ast tong eho gt nlc chiu ei cl coe theo nf Ait: nde ehju el cin coc iso vat hu coe {al wong eve han BAL ws. de, Vike tinh tok ope theo db Mn vHt foe dase tiga hinh ga tron oe Hida chude tht KS, vi dy bu “Tida chudn thie KE KR eG beiOng oft thip TEXD 41. 70" cia nude tm, be theo CH I~ 21 ~ 5 cia Lita Xo (ea). KL dah tn ge theo da cha et trong na ding tim es cht ¥ den dt ech ttm apy nhién ola tal trong trong Kh thi cong Ni chung, adc chiu ti cba ege theo nn At thug hd hon slo chi tdi cia ope theo vt ita, Néo_ dit ibm bY pad host trite. Trong be cor ~ nin de th 90 duge col W cing hon, st tring ep coe 8 ding io tng coli a, hose ege biting dng vio ting a ing, Hi dé ene 1 oi Mk phn th ya hoo, RO ring,vito dy Aah. sde chin th} a ope theo néa dit 1k phe Tap bin ‘ohigu ya 18 8 tong hd y€a cl cfc oh fhebitn cfu tong tinh wo ming coe. Trong ching may ccang shu v6 emu ta at gpl tdt nd I ae chiu ti cia Sic ehiu tl ofa ojo os Skt duge tah toss. dyn erin oe tide chads tht ke ng “Hee cud ti ming oe ‘TEXD 21 — 72 cia mide ta, hay theo CHAN It ~ 17 ~ 77 tn Lita X6 (0) hate thoo fe phuong phép Hhéc whi She phwong php dva trém AB qué cde thi nghlm i fruveg + muyén tinh, suyén dag, cit cénb, nn mexbg trong bé ihoan .. ede Ket quA tk toan fn age cis fine hea Mog esc thi nghlem nda inh tal ign tevlne Troe hose trong qué tah tht cng theo fe tt chu thi nehitm, vi yb ifs: chun “Phuong phsp thi Deh oo tal Mim trdng 20 TCN 88 ~ 82 ota nude Tip ehube dia Kita at én ca thE, ene oF OM Tima vige abt ope cing bate mi ope ma ait, Tong tring Top tdng quft oe chio tl oye han cin co 7, due tinh nh tdng cla ede chs tA) AA moi ewe baw Py oh thank ove hen Py Ppt RR GAT fod, 6m) trong 45 9p v8 f= ale King da mk don vf wt ave King think don ; A wa A, ~ didn teh tft dito fat coe wh dign deb xang quanh exe: ‘Ste chlo tA th ton et ge duge a! dong tring he Us Py dive My bing te chu (Ai me mn oa trong dF = hp 0 an toe ‘Trogg mél quy pham, be a8 an toan due kis. nghi 446 46 don edo you Unghie niin vs die Ken ft ns, ‘Phuong phép thi cing, cht Iuong i cong. Hb a an fon cing e6 thé ch riéng thin Fy va Fy cho thinh Pika ote tat dia mai wade chia tl moa ast thin ‘Theo CHufl II 17 ~ 17, adc chu ui cba coe mm mit (4uge sie inh theo cong thie r= Bim + eTmit) 9 trong 4m, mgs my = Min lugt Boe Be a a itn lm vite cia ope trong At, ote dt duh mal ope viola lop dit tha t 8 mit ben ope; A, w= dt eh {UR dln mal coc vi chu vd thin coe y 0 ~ chi6u dy 1p dst tha i tgp xc wo thin ogo — he 06 tin chy | Rovh fy ~oftng Ap tinh tad cla ait uth ma ee vA cabag d® ch6ng oft: tinh takin odm Wop le thd Che git ts} Rv f age tra 8 Bing, piv thube vio > sot edu at dink hose dp ehgt tuony €5 cl Str ‘py ehuge wo. d9 ata Phong php ay phy thube rfl ida vio ole kee ql th nghitn trong pking mA a a nat a cl do su phd hos! cla miu tag gut tla 1iy mis, van hug ro Igo muh aghipn do wish db tay” nee fa ie th ngs te cing abu cht ong eh th fghitm bate tin oly cba phuimg php hl ng. Do ay trong nhlso tng Map ea A a Ho ore hte aa vil che kat qul én tah oe i hia trutng. 7its ding Yaw yO mde ta chum leh tay vA xt 1y due ay ai edo of gu ofa thi cho és bat het we ta con Ref, mk, — ela pit mon ding. ei oe nent do vay nhing WAL qué tinh Dang tinh Teas cing kh phi hep vol kat qui én tn DE ed dase whting ROL Gud ding tin ety, ale chi ai ci soe nen duge Gi ti ing mite 96 phuong psp inie nba, Theo Brom B(108!, ae King dw mth dom vty 6 thé due tinh gio nth ma it a At vor va da; v8 Ui G8 inh ba dat dinh (4), Se hing ve mat tog edt nal chang an tayen lah theo d® Stu oho 161 chu wt tar han (041. VoL ft ot, ote Thing déa mii don cng im gin nie myo tinh thos ekiong Wink eoe (12). Com trong At t,o hing fae mul don vf thuing duge aac dink theo cong. trong a6 6, ~ ale Waing oft Hong thot Se hing kos goh engin ching to ring ste khng tw ml don oy 26 wih de it cung, py. thote, vBo seee tinh ne ‘Nout rm phsons pap th cbme eve aa}ee trong 46 9, - nie Khing xuyen du mi rung Dinh Mot ob the git Vigt Nam cing 6h gh cong thie (hax Vor dst i te Khéng thin don vj f, thang doe ly bing 0 din 1% cba gi ti ge ‘Trg quy laum ela Phip FOND-2, nyu ta cing sia mg he Ming thin do. off, theo mbt ea 100 he (i + a Ol sit yy than bin 5 te [ids + ale mt ome f= [igs * ag) : fo= [Bera ot me i n= (ie eo 1, Whtng, ah hon tot sam om a we Con we King dé mei don vi g thi thubog, duce site ink theo Bs ede oy ~ hate om trong 5 he ~ No wf hide cab, thug due ny Bing 145 én 1,0 cho dit oft v8 bling’ .33 cho dit aft. Tuy hid, Kerisl (1961) Kia nghi + Wl ow ding An ahd ow 50 em, of thf ol dung trye ep git tl gg nehla 1 My & bing 1,0 oh Brome (1978) cing Kién neh My fi bing 10 KA se Khang xuyen fu mdi trang tinh hong age gus 100 ken Phuong phip sayin ding titu chuén (SPT) cong thutag die at dung dS dinh gia se chiu thi eve baa flim ge bing oleh thi. Mbp tuong quan lia do Xing fuytn N, age nh bing 36 nhat dap trén mot fut Anh Ife ~ 90,8 em), 0h mde Khgog xuyen g dug tinh blag Glen?. Twang quan 0a bai thinghim hy pho thage trade ht van oD gt. Mon (1981) di thy xing wl cit aN om 10Phuong phop_ruyén trong iwgng. Che the id Berggren (1981) [2] vi Brome (1985) cong ign gh {wong quan gita de Hing xen (MPa) voi o6 na wang quny tein 20 cm xuyen Mf cho Alt 15) wong quan nh vy cho at dink chun dupe Kim ahitm, hung qua rait sé Aién tradog 6 Viet nam, Nauytn Tuomg Ten (1984) Ke nghi (162 ‘Tong Mu hot ci tity Chaim ty dung cin rn ade hie tA cho phep ea ope Ki win. doe. dug Sie dich Dang didn teh tee diem oqo nn vel ung et Thu pen cho pep cin vit ts oe wih mot he sb gi, trong mol quy pham cing neu Tr ring cing. thie tinh ttn then ap nen dds trea gid thet col ope nh mot coe ngin vd de vl Lid) = 20, Theo Fellnins (1970) ‘Bl gn som xe bi todn: So djnh aye Ki wn doc Sho ‘che coe cb mt nn dal hms to ong Os hi, tong nude hate trong dft haw eo eft ya. Vi dy, vag ese hye nghig cia minh Ong di thi nigh Shed coe Eng thep ming ding kink SE mim di 121 [Om trong dit 22 yeu ty = O15 Gk tat Ung sult hay cia vat Hou thep cla ope mB WhOng iy ca mt fan met coe nto [9h Thao Brome (1961), hong cn see dea Dai tain ny chi tet HRS dt pin rat ya wa ‘ee rit mah, vf cing ebl wi exe Sag thi. minb bode ai ding ese thaah thép hae ray lam ene TAH trong tH han Py, cho mt ewe thing of thE duge xe dinh theo bia thie Py = VeDEgly trong 46 hy — hE of nn tho phucag neNn ding inh wos, Eyly ~ a2 fag cde ox id ti etn Ay duge Kim neh IY bing 20-6, woh tat trong dai han vt 8D 6, 961 tL trong gn han 4 Theo exe aghitn city gin’ dy 2 Thay Dién, bai tole imi Gn diah Ki un doc cia epe chi nén duge xét den ai én of, mh hon 0,1 EG! § 52, THIET KE HE TRUYEN TAL Hp tro tdi ob chic ning chi y6u IB inte ta ti cong tinh lin coe gia eving. NB cing of hung chic fang kde nv lim din ty 4 Uep &6 ép oe trong fatten thi cing vi eS lam tang do lng tng je mi BE agen tal fn duge BiG AS a0 cho me let cfu bin tra. Han pis he truyén ti cin phil ety i bidn dang abs cho ket of bin tron trong HA thi ng, gh dém Ui thw vite dye ese 16 trong ket cfu fan nd thing 48 Bi bss ng gh trong ait BL ‘it ede tng ming cd. Do vty, tay the. phuong phip Pie evng mong dude chon, ek edu ben trem eo the en hid duce gin 6 wk ott mde dp Khe aba AL Bf truyén tal of chi ning lim tang ng Agog thé cia cng tenh, th) bas toan v6 st Lim vite tng thi ca bo A cic cing trinh ~ mang ~ née cia (tuge ki in tong tise BE