WELLS AND PUMPS - Usually used in digging wells with existing foundations near the

Wells are holes on the earth from which a fluid may be vicinity
withdrawn using manual (i.e. draw bucket) or mechanical means - Advisable only where ground is relatively soft.
(i.e pumps) ● Driven Well:
- Driven using steel drive-well point which is fitted on one end of
General Types of Well (General): the pipe section.
● Shallow Well - Usually screened in the end section to filter the sediments during
● Deep Well the driving well.
● Drilled Well:
Individual Well Springs (types according to the method of - Use for drilling oil
construction) - Can reach up to 1000m
● Dug Well: - Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology
- Can be constructed by manual means of the site.
- Usually dug within a depth of 15 meters (50 ft)
- Most common type of well (in rural areas) - A.k.a Shallow Well Locating a well: Should be located in an area having the smallest
● Bored Well: risk of contamination
- Almost similar to dug well but is constructed using an earth
auger. Common sources of contamination:
- Driven within 15m to 30m (50 ft to 100 ft) ● Septic tank disposals
● Jetted Well: ● Leach fields/disposal fields
- Use of extreme water pressure to create a hole underneath the ● Livestock feedlots
earth surface. ● Flood contamination
Solutions to prevent contamination: ● Has a vertical turbine located below groundwater level and a
● Locate on higher ground driving motor located at ground.
● Follow the required distance from pollution sources Submersible Pumps:
● The deeper the well the better (allows natural filtration ) ● A centrifugal pump with electric motors which are positioned
underwater that delivers the water to the surface.
Pumps
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases) or Jet (ejector) Pumps:
sometimes slurries by mechanical action. ● Are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up from
a well.
Basic Classification of Pumps: ● Usually used in deep wells

Piston Pumps: Sump Pumps:

● Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston/plunger. ● Are used in applications where
● Operated by a manually or mechanically working head by excess water must be pumped
moving the plunger backward and forward or upward and away from a particular area.
downward movement. ● A pump that is used to remove
water that has accumulated in a
Centrifugal Pumps: water collecting sump pit.
● Water is drawn into the pump and discharged with a centrifugal
force. WORKING DIAGRAMS
● It contains impeller mounted on a rotating shaft.
Piping Symbols for Plumbing
Turbine Pumps:
 SEWER-CLAY TILE
DRAIN OR WASTE ABOVE GROUND
SEWER-PLASTIC
DRAIN OR WASTE BELOW GROUND
VENT
STORM DRAIN
COLD WATER
SOFT COLD WATER
HOT WATER
SPRINKLER MAIN
SPRINKLER BRANCH AND HEAD

GAS

COMPRESSED AIR

VACUUM

SEWER-CAST IRON
 SP SOIL PIPE
SS SOIL STACK

CWR
CWL FLOOR CLEAN OUT
HWL COLD WATER RISER
SD COLD WATER LINE
HB HOT WATER LINE
GV SHOWER DRAIN
WC WATER CLOSET
LS HOSE BIB
LAV LAVATORY
KS KITCHEN SINK GCO GATE VALVE
FD FLOOR DRAIN
SHO LAUNDRY SINK
FCO FLOOR CLEANOUT
VP VENT PIPE
WM GROUND CLEAN OUT
VSTR
WP
VENT STACK THRU ROOF
WASTE PIPE ACUD SHOWER
DS DOWN SPOUT WASHING MACHINE
∅ DIAMETER
☐ FLOOR DRAIN
A/C UNIT DRAIN
CV CHECK VALVE
SMH SEWER MANHOLE
DMH DRAINAGE MANHOLE
Private Sewage and Disposal System
Private Sewage Disposal
The system should consist of a septic tank with effluent
discharging into;
● Sub-surface disposal field,
● One or more seepage pits’
● Or combination of subsurface disposal fields and seepage pits.
Area of Disposal Fields and Seepage Pits Disposal Fields:
● Trench bottom - minimum of 14 m2
● Side Wall - 304.8mm to 914.2mm below the leach line.
● No excavation for a leach line or leach bed shall extend within
1.5m from the water table (3m for Seepage Pit)
Capacity of Septic Tank
The liquid capacity of all septic tanks shall be determined by:
● Number of bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling
occupancies.
● The estimated waste/sewage design flow rate, or
● The total number of plumbing fixture units in other building
occupancies. Whichever is greater.
Septic Tank Construction
● Shall be made of solid durable material, non-corrosion
material, not subject in decay and shall be watertight.
● Shall have at least 2 compartments;
- Inlet Compartment (Digestive Chamber) shall not be less than ⅔
of the total capacity of the tank nor less than 2m3 . Shall be at
least 0.9m in width and 1.5m in length. Liquid depth shall not be
less than 0.6m nor more than 1.8m.
- Secondary Compartment (Leaching Chamber) shall have a
minimum capacity of 1m3 and a maximum capacity of ⅓ of the
total capacity of tank.
● Septic tank having over 6m3 capacity shall have its secondary
compartment not less than 1.5m in length.
● Shall have two manholes 508 mm in minimum dimension.
● One manhole each over outlet and inlet chambers. An
additional manhole shall be provided over the baffle wall
wherever the first compartment exceeds 3.7m.
● The vertical leg of the inlet and outlet fittings should be not
less than the connecting sewer pipe nor less than 104.6mm.
● Inlet and outlet pipe or baffle shall extend 101.6mm (4”) above
and at least 304.8mm (12”) below the water surface.
● The side walls shall extend at least 228.6mm above the liquid
depth. The cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8mm above the
back vent openings.
● An inverted fitting shall be placed in the inlet side of the baffle
wall with the bottom of the fitting placed midway in the depth of
the liquid (d/2).
● Wooden parts in septic tanks are prohibited.
● Septic tank covers shall have a strength not less than 14.4 kPa
capable to resists earth loads.
Gases that are produced inside the septic tank:
● Methane Gas (CH4) - is a combination of hydrogen and carbon,
a principal component of natural gas.
● Carbon DIoxide (CO2) - is a combination of carbon and oxygen.
It is the simplest oxide of carbon.
● Carbon Monoxide (CO) - is a by-product of methane, classified
as poisonous gas. Odorless and colorless.
● Hydrogen (H2) - Evolves as a moist gas from organic waste.
● Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) - is a colorless gas with offensive odor. It
smells like rotten eggs.
● Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) - is a colorless gas having an irritating odor.
Seepage Pits:
● Shall be circular in shape.
● Excavated diameter not less than 2.2m.
● Shall have a minimum sidewall of 3m below the inlet.
● Shall be made of brick, block, or concrete with a compressive
strength not less than 17.23 kPa (f’c).
● Shall be provided with 228.6mm minimum inspection hole.
Cesspools:
● Shall be considered as temporary structure prior to construction
of a public sewer.
● Can function within 2 years if the soil and groundwater
conditions are favorable to its disposal.
● Shall have a sidewall between 3.1 m to 6.1 m below the inlet.
● Shall be made of brick, block, or concrete with a compressive
strength not less than 17.23 kPa (f’c).
● Shall be provided with 228.6mm minimum inspection hole.
Designing a septic tank
Digestive Chamber
⅔ liquid capacity
Min 0.9m x 1.5m Liquid depth: 0.6m - 1.8m
 B.P 344 - Accessibility Law
Leaching Chamber
r ⅓ liquid capacity Revised Fire Code of the Philippines
Max 1.5m length if total ST capacity > 6m3 Min width: 0.9 Fire Code
Considers the density in the locality and the flammability of the
Standards from the code on Septic Tank: structures and its contents.
Min width: 0.90 m Fire Exits
Min liquid depth: 0.60 m Door on buildings having four storeys and above should be
Max liquid depth: 1.80 m provided with re-entry mechanism every four floors that provide a
way out of the stairways.
Combination of Standards from the Code and actual situations on
site: Water and Water Supply
Range of width: 0.9 m - 3 m ● Number one enemy of fire
Range of liquid depth: 0.6 - 1.8 ● Essential requirement in combating fire
● One high rise building water is supplied through:
Pertinent Laws, Rules, and Regulations Affecting Plumbing - Elevated Water Tank
Work - Underground Reservoir/Cistern
P.D. 856 - The Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
P.D. No. 1096 - The National Building Code of the Philippines Standpipe
P.D. No. 1185 - The Fire Code of the Philippines ● The design, installation and maintenance of standpipe systems
R.A 9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Philippines shall be in accordance with NFPA 14
R.A 1378 - Plumbing Law ● NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private
P.D. 1067 - Water Code of the Philippines Hydrant and Hose Systems

Class of Standpipe:
● Class 1 System - This system is provided with 64mm (2.5 in) hose
connections for full-scale firefighting.
● Class 1 System - Designated Locations:
- At each intermediate landing between floor levels in every
required exit stairway;
- On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit openings of
horizontal exits;
- In each exit passageway at the entrance from the building areas
into the passageway;
- In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each exit
passageway or exit corridor, and at exterior public entrances to
the mall;
● Class 1 System - Designated Locations:
- At the highest landing of stairways with stairway access to a roof
and on the roof where stairways do not access the roof. An
additional 64mm (2 ½ in) hose connection shall be provided at the
hydraulically most remote riser to facilitate testing of the system;
- Where the most remote portion of a non-sprinklered floor or
storey is located in excess of 40m of travel distance from a
required exit containing or adjacent to a hose connection, or the
most remote portion of a sprinklered floor or storey is located in
excess of 61m of travel distance from a required exit containing or
adjacent to a hose connection, additional hose connections shall
be provided, in approved locations, where required by the BFP
● Class 2 System - This is a hose connection provided with 38mm
hose or within thirty seven meters (37 m) of a hose connection
system shall be provided with 38mm (1 ½ in) hose connections for
first aid fire fighting, so that all portions of each floor level of the
building are within forty meters (40 m) of provided with lwaa
38mm (1 ½ in) hose. Distance shall be measured along a path of
travel originating at the hose connection.
● Class 3 System - This system shall be provided with hose
connections as required for both Class I and Class II System.
Dry Standpipe System
● Piping installations where there is no water standing in the
distribution pipe.
● A fire service connection is placed in the exterior of the building
connected to the distribution pipe.
● Doesn’t usually used nowadays
● Shall be used for Class 1 Systems
Dry Standpipe Requirements:
 Fittings and connections to withstand 300 psi (21 kg/cm) Size of
Standpipe:
- At least 102mm (4 in) diameter if the highest outlet is 23mm or
less above the fire service connections.
- At least 153mm (6 in) diameter if the higher outlet is higher than
23mm above the fire service connections.
Dry Standpipe System Fire Service Connection
- All 102 mm dry standpipes shall be equipped with a four way fire
service connections.
- Shall be equipped with an approved straight way check valve and
plugs
- Shall be installed within 46cm - 122cm above grade located on a
street front.
Outlet:
- Shall be installed on every floors of the building.
- Shall be equipped with an approved 64mm diameter outlet
placed within 61
cm to 122cm above the floor of each storey
- All dry standpipe shall be equipped with a two way 64mm outlet
above the roof line of a building when the roof has a slope of less
than thirty centimeters (30cm long) wrench on all sides of the
outlet.
Signs:
- 25mm in height permanently attached to all fire service
connections cast on a plate that reads “DRY STANDPIPE”.
Wet Standpipe System
● Piping installations wherein both the mains and the distribution
pipes are constantly filled with water.
● Wet standpipe with Siamese connection is one of the common
types of fire protection.
Wet Standpipe Requirements:
Size of Standpipe: - The size of the standpipes shall be not less
than 64mm diameter.
Location: - Shall be located that all portions of the buildings are
within 6m of a nozzle attached to 22m of hose.
Wet Standpipe System Fire Service Connection
- All interior wet standpipe shall be equipped with 38mm valve in
each storey.
 - Shall be located not less than 91cm nor more than 182cm above Sprinkler System
the floor. Coverage of one sprinkler heads:
- 20 m2 for light hazard occupancy
Combination Standpipe System Size: - 10 m2 for extra hazard condition
- Combination standpipe systems shall not be less than 150mm in The spacing of sprinkler heads depends upon the following
diameter. conditions:
Fire Service Connections - Fire rating of the building
- All combination standpipe systems shall be equipped with a 4- - Construction of the ceiling
way fire service connections. - Types of occupancy
- Shall be equipped with an approved straight way check valve and - Total Area
plugs - Shall be installed within 46 cm to 122 cm above grade.
Sprinkler System Two common types of sprinkler heads:
Combination Standpipe System Outlet: - Pendent Type - used in areas with architectural ceiling (i.e.
- Shall be installed on every floors of the building. gypsum boards)
- Shall be equipped with an approved three-way 64 mm diameter - Upright Type - used in areas with exposed ceiling (i.e. parking
outlet placed within 61 cm to 122 cm above the floor of each areas)
storey. ● At 136 ℉ the bulb breaks and automatically releases a water
stream.
Signs:
- 25 mm in height permanently attached to all fire service
connections cast on a plate that reads “COMBINATION
STANDPIPE AND TEST CONNECTION”

R.A 1378 - An Act to Regulate the Trade of Master Plumber
Section 3:
Within thirty days after the approval of this Act, there shall be
created a Board of Examiners for Master Plumbers, hereinafter
referred to as the Board, to be composed of a:
A Chairman and 2 members who shall be appointed by the
President of the Philippines with the consultation of a duly
registered NAMPAP.
The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of 3 years.
The first members of the Board appointed under this Act shall hold
office for the following terms: One member for one year; one
member for two years; and one member for three years.
Section 6:
Each member of the board shall. At the time of his appointment:
Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;
Be at least 30 years of age and of good moral character;
Has been actively engaged in the trade of Master Plumber for at
least 5 years.
Section 12:
All applicants for registration as master plumber shall be required
to pass an examination as hereinafter provided,
Persons applying for admission to the examination as herein
provided,
shall, prior to the date of the examination, establish to the
satisfaction of the Board of Examiners, that be:
Is at least twenty-one of age; ● Is a citizens of the Philippines;
Is of good moral character;
Is at least a high school graduate; and
Has at least five years experience in actual plumbing work under
the supervision of a registered master plumber.
Section 13:
Applicants for registration as master plumbers shall be examined in
the following subjects:
Plumbing Arithmetic, 10%;
Plumbing Code, 10%;
Sanitation, Plumbing Design and Installation, 40%; and
Practical Problems, 40%
BP 344 Accessibility Law
Enforcement on Accessibility Law for Disabled Persons
Whenever and wherever possible, sidewalks should have a
gradient no more than 1:20 of 5%
Sidewalks should have a minimum width of 1.2m and cross
gradient of 1:100
In lengthy or busy sidewalks, spaces should be provided at some
point along the route so that a wheelchair may pass another or turn
around;
These spaces should have a minimum dimension of 1.5m and
should be spaced at a maximum distance of 12m between stops.
Enforcement on Accessibility Law for Disabled Persons
Signs on walls and doors should be located at a max height of
1.6m and min height of 1.4m.
Signages labeling public rooms and places should have raised
symbols, letters or numbers with a minimum height of 1mm.
Washrooms and Toilets
Accessible water closets stalls shall have a minimum are of 1.70m
x height of the lip should be 0.48m.
1.80m. One movable grab bar and one fixed to the adjacent wall
shall be installed at the accessible water closet stall for lateral
mounting;
Fixed grab bars on both sides of the wall shall be installed for stalls
for frontal mounting;
The minimum number of accessible water closets on each floor
level or on that part of a floor level accessible to the disabled shall
be one (1) where the total number of water closets per set on that
level is 20; and two (2) where the number of water closets exceed
20.
Washrooms and Toilets
The signage for men’s washroom door shall be an equilateral
triangle with a vertex pointing upward and those for women shall
be circle; the edges of the triangle should be 0.3m long and should
be as the diameter of the circle. Theses signages should be at least
7.5 mm thick with an appropriate stick figure with a word of
“men” and “women”.
Max height of water closet should be 0.45m; flush control
should have a max height of 1.2m
MAx height of lavatory should be 0.80m with a knee recess of
0.6 to 0.7m with vertical clearance and a 0.5m depth.
Urinals should have an elongated lip or through type; the max
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW)
Definition of Terms
Acceptability - Physical or chemical quality of water conforming
to the safety of drinking water.
Aerobic bacteria - Bacteria that occur only with the presence of
oxygen.
Anaerobic bacteria - Bacteria that occur even with the absence of
oxygen.
By product - Secondary/incidental product deriving from
manufacturing process of the primary product.
Chlorination - The process of adding chlorine for water
disinfection.
Contact tiem - The length of time water supply is held in direct
contact with a treating agent.
Definition of Terms
Effluent - An outflowing of water from a natural body of water or
from sewage treatment facility.
Leaching - Loss of soluble substances form ores, rock formations
or plumbing materials into groundwater.
Solvent - A substance in which other material dissolve to form a
solution (i.e. water - universal solvent)
Turbidity - A cloudiness or haziness (or other liquid) caused by
individual particles that are too small to be seen without
magnification. Unit of measure NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity
Unit).
Community Water Sources
Level I ( point source) - A protected well without distribution
systems.
Generally adaptable in rural areas.
Serves 15 to 25 households and not more than 250 meters from the
farthest user.
Level II (Communal faucet system or standposts)
Composed of a source/reservoir with piped distribution networks
and communal faucets.
Located no more than 25 meters from the farthest house.
Suitable for rural or urban areas densely clustered to justify a
simple pipe network.
Level III (Waterworks system or individual house connections)
Composed of a source/reservoir with piped distribution networks
with household taps.
Suited for densely populated areas.
Sources of Water From springs and wells (principal source of water in most rural
areas)
Rain Water From underground deposits - aquifers (water-bearing soil
Collection formation)
Roofs and special watersheds.
Stored in cisterns or ponds. Advantages
Usually comes in an abundant supply
Advantages Requires less treatment because of natural filtering
Water is soft and pure
Suitable for hot water supply systems Disadvantages
Can be used for drinking when boiled, chlorinated, or May have organic matter and chemical elements, usually
sterilized. treatment is suggested.
Usually have the characteristics of hardness of water
Disadvantages depending on the condition of the soil where it percolates.
Available only during wet season
Storage can be a breeding place for mosquitoes if not properly Natural Surface Water
protected. Collection
Roofs may not be clean. Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers, and impounding reservoirs
Mixture of surface runoff and groundwater

Ground Water Advantages

Collection Easy to acquire
Obtained from underground by means of mechanical and Usually in large quantities
manual equipment
Used for irrigation, industrial purposes, and when treated for Rain water has a naturally acidic pH of about 5.6
community water supply. Universal solvent
It is able to dissolve a large number of different chemical
Disadvantages compounds
Can be easily contaminated
Contains a large number of bacteria, organic and inorganic Water Quality Problem and Treatments
substances; purification and treatment is necessary. Objectionable Element and their effects
Properties of Water Calcium and Magnesium - produces hardness
Sulfur - bad taste and odor, highly corrosive to plumbing,
Physical Properties of Water stains clothing
Cohesion/Surface Tension ● Salt - bad taste, highly corrosive
Elastic tendency of a fluid surface Iron - stains clothing and plumbing fixtures, interferes with
Act of uniting/sticking together of its molecules water softeners, iron bacteria can clog pipes.
Heat Absorption/Capacity Pathogenic germs - unhealthy, can cause poliomyelitis
The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer. Second to Acid - highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains clothing
mercury. Algae - Bad taste and odor
Capillary action
Due to interplay of cohesion and surface tension, water exhibits Objectionable Element and method of treatment
capillary action whereby water rises in a narrow tube against the Calcium and Magnesium - addition of water softeners
force of gravity. Sulfur - chlorination
Bacteria - chemicals and sand filtration
Chemical Properties of Water Iron - iron filters
Neutral pH, 7.0 Pathogenic germs – disinfection
A pure water is neither acidic or basic Acid - marble or limestone filtration
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide - aeration A general set of standards intended to apply where better local
Suspended Material - coagulation and settling process, standards are not implemented
coagulants
Water treatment process for municipal drinking water
Water Purification Process treatment:
Any process that makes water more acceptable for a specific end Aeration - Coagulation
use may be: Flocculation - Sedimentation
Drinking Filtration - Chlorination
Industrial Water Supply Disinfection - Fluoridation
Irrigation
Water recreation or many other uses Aeration
Substances that are removed during the water treatment Water is exposed to air by spraying it into the atmosphere
include: Removal of entrained gases such as carbon dioxide and
Suspended Solids hydrogen sulfide and absorb additional oxygen for better taste
Dissolved elements and odor.
Bacteria Coagulation
Algae Chemical process in which the coagulant reacts to the sediment
Viruses to make it capable of combining into larger particles.
Fungi Iron and aluminum salts (alum) are most widely used
Minerals such as iron and manganese coagulants.
Flocculation
Water Purification Process Physical process in which the sediments particles collide with
World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines: each other and stick together.
Process wherein colloids come out of suspension in the form of
floc or flake after applying the coagulants.
Coagulation and flocculation are water treatment process
applied prior to sedimentation and filtration.
Sedimentation
Suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity
settling and deposition.
Water is passed through a continuous sedimentation basins
through a period of time.
Filtration
A physical process in water treatment
Water is passed through a thick layer of granular media (i.e
sand) that remove the contaminants and particles.
Chlorination/Disinfection
Method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the
water in order to attain a desired degree of disinfection
Essential in removing bacteria present in water.
Water Fluoridation
Adding of controlled amount of fluoride to a public water
supply to reduce tooth decay.