Finishing Materials

Building Technology 1

Submitted by:
Arthur Bryant S. Manubay

Submitted to:
Ar. Romeo Camacho
 Concrete Surface Finishes
Cement Plaster Finish or Stucco
- Exterior cement plaster (stucco) is an exterior
finish consisting of portland cement, sand, mixed with
water to form a workable plaster. Admixtures may be
added to for various purposes including workability. It’s
advantages include utility, relatively low first cost, and
minimum need for maintenance. Plaster can be a desirable
facing material: hard, strong, and most of all, fire-resistant.

Rubbed Finish
-The surface of the concrete is grinded a day or
two after it has set using a brick of carborundum, soft
natural stone or emery. Then a thin grout of cement and
sand is applied to the surface in a circular motion
rubbing it in to fill in the surface imperfections.
Afterwards, the work is washed down with clean water.
A sand-float finish is a method using fine sand instead of
grout.

Brushed Finish
-A brushed concrete finish is created by
dragging a brush over the surface of a
new concrete floor once it has been levelled to create a
textured appearance. The texture of the brush finish will
depend on the size and rigidity of the brush bristles used
and the shape and length of the tufts.
Tooled Finish
-Tooling is more aggressive than grit blasting
(see separate entry Grit blasted surface finish) and
produces a rougher texture. It can be undertaken using
a variety of pneumatic or electric hand-held
equipment, ranging from needle guns to bush
hammers and chisel-point tools.

Sand-Blast Finish
-Commonly known as abrasive blasting, sand or
grit blasting is used to expose the aggregates within a
hardened concrete, giving it a rustic and attractive look,
by eroding the surface layer.

Exposed Aggregate Finish

-A method of finishing concrete which washes
the cement/sand mixture off the top layer of
the aggregate - usually gravel. Often used in driveways,
patios and other exterior surfaces.
 Concrete Floor Finishes

Wood Float Finish

-Float finishes. Prior to the introduction of
power tools, a floated finish was that produced by a
large, generally wooden or sometimes metal,
hand float moved over the surface when the concrete
was still plastic.

Steel-Trowelled Finish
-Steel trowelled finish: After machine floating,
use power trowels to produce a smooth surface
relatively free from defects. Then, when the surface has
hardened sufficiently, use steel hand trowels to produce
the final finish free of trowel marks and defects, and
uniform in texture and appearance, to tolerance class A.

Integral Colored-Cement Floor Finish

-One of the most popular methods for coloring
newly placed concrete is integral coloring admixtures. These
admixtures infuse concrete with rich, long-lasting, fade-
resistant color. Stamped concrete contractors often use this
coloring medium to produce a backdrop for contrasting
accent or antiquing colors, such as pigmented release
agents and stains or dyes. This layering of color is what
enables them to so closely replicate the variegated, multi-
tonal appearance of natural stone.
Granolithic Finish
-Granolithic screed, also known
as granolithic paving and granolithic concrete, is a type of
construction material composed of cement and fine
aggregate such as granite or other hard-wearing rock. It
is generally used as flooring, or as paving (such as for
sidewalks).

Terrazzo Finish
-Terrazzo consists of chips of marble, granite,
quartz, glass, shell or other suitable materials. It uses
either a cement or epoxy matrix as the binder. Metal
strips divide sections, make color transitions, design
decorative patterns or logos and allow for movement or
crack mitigation.
 Tile Finishes
Cement Tile
-Cement tiles or hydraulic tiles are handmade colourful
tiles used as floor and wall tiling. They appeared in Catalonia in the
1850s, and have been widely used in Europe and America

Ceramic Tile

-Ceramic tile is a type of tile that is typically made from red

or white clay. Ceramic tile can be used in several areas throughout
the house. Ceramic tile is made of clay that has been fired in a kiln.
Ceramic tile is similar to porcelain tile, and while some companies
use the terms interchangeably, they are actually very different.
Ceramic tile is not as dense and has a higher absorption rate. This
means that it is not frost-proof, and it may chip or damage more
easily than porcelain tile.

Glazed Weatherproof Tiles

-Glazed tiles are known to be clay-bodied tiles. This is
seen in its characteristic as a floor tile installation. The main
component of glazed tiles is called frits—a ceramic material
combined with raw materials, pigments, salts, etc. After they
have been added to the mixed, they produce a glass-like quality.
Pavers
- is an outdoor floor or superficial surface covering.
Paving materials include asphalt, concrete, stones such as
flagstone, cobblestone, and setts, artificial stone, bricks, tiles, and
sometimes wood. In landscape architecture, pavements are part
of the hardscape and are used on sidewalks, road surfaces, patios,
courtyards, etc.

Quarry Tiles
-Quarry tile is a building material, usually ¹⁄₂ to ³⁄₄ inch
thick, made by either the extrusion process or more commonly by
press forming and firing natural clay or shales. Quarry tile is
manufactured from clay in a manner similar to bricks. It is shaped
from clay, and fired at a high temperature, ~2,000 F°.

Faience Tiles
-Faience or faïence is the conventional name in English for
fine tin-glazed pottery, at least when there is no more usual
English name for the type concerned.
Ceramic Trim Tiles
-Trim tile refers to the tiles that are placed along
the edge of a project or design. They can appear in several areas
of the house, including in the kitchen, bathroom and living
room. Trim tiles are often used to complete a tiled design, such
as a backsplash or a counter-top.

Resilient Floor Finishes

Asphalt Tile
-Asphalt tile, smooth-surfaced floor covering made from a
mixture of asphalts or synthetic resins, asbestos fibres, pigments,
and mineral fillers. It is usually about 1/8 or 3/16 inch (about 3 mm
or 4.8 mm) thick, and is nonporous, nonflammable, fairly low in
cost, and easily maintained.

Vinyl Tile
-Vinyl composition tile (VCT) is a finished flooring
material used primarily in commercial and institutional
applications. Modern vinyl floor tiles and sheet flooring and
versions of those products sold since the early 1980s are
composed of colored polyvinyl chloride (PVC) chips formed into
solid sheets of varying thicknesses (1/8" is most common) by
heat and pressure. Floor tiles are cut into modular shapes such
12" x 12" squares or 12" x 24" rectangles.
Rubber Tile
-Rubber flooring tiles can be made from a
virgin rubber material, synthetic rubber material, or
recycled rubber material. They are typically available in
squares, but can be easily cut into different sizes and
shapes to perfectly fit your space. ... The most
common rubber tile thickness is 8 mm.

Linoleum Tile
-Linoleum, commonly abbreviated to lino, is a floor
covering made from materials such as solidified linseed oil
(linoxyn), pine resin, ground cork dust, sawdust, and mineral
fillers such as calcium carbonate, most commonly on a burlap
or canvas backing.

Laminated or Engineered Flooring

-Laminate flooring is a multi-layer synthetic
flooring product fused together with a lamination
process. Laminate flooring simulates wood with a
photographic applique layer under a clear protective
layer. The inner core layer is usually composed of
melamine resin and fiber board materials.
 Wood Flooring Finishes

Strip Flooring
-Strip flooring is a type of wood flooring that is
generally milled from lumber that is cut from less
desirable parts of the tree, such as large limbs and the
upper portion of the trunk

Plank Flooring
-True wide plank wood flooring was originally
sawn to size at a sawmill, then further scraped or
planed by hand to smooth out the roughness. This
gives the flooring an attractive, rough-hewn texture
that is missing from much of today's wood flooring.

Parquet Tile Flooring

-Parquet is a type of wood flooring made by arranging
small slats of wood in distinct, repeating patterns. ... Parquet tile
flooring is installed by gluing, nailing, or stapling the tiles to the
subfloor.

Floating Flooring
-A floating floor is a floor that does not need to
be nailed or glued to the subfloor. The term floating
floor refers to the installation method, but is often used
synonymously with laminate flooring. It is applied now
to other coverings such as floating tile systems and
vinyl flooring in a domestic context.
 Ceiling Finishes

Ceiling Board
-These are ship lapped boards with a
bead running along the center of the board
and along the joint, hence it is often referred
to as beaded ceiling board (B.C.B). The
thicknesses are 3/8” and ½” and widths of 4”
and 6”.

Acoustic Tile
-Acoustic tile is used for ceiling and wall
finishes in rooms where it is required to control
sound absorption.it is made in various sizes and
textures from soft, usually fibrous, sound-absorbing
material, as wood, cork, or metal, and typically
applied to ceilings or walls.

Asbestos Cement Tile

-a perforated tile made of asbestos wool fibers. Not in
use anymore because of health hazards. Asbestos was a silicate
mineral and practically indestructible. Asbestos tiles stood up in
high traffic areas nearly as well as ceramic and stone tiles.
Most asbestos tiles had glossy surfaces, making them easy to
clean and maintain.
 Paint Finishes

Transparent Finishing Materials

Wood Stains
-Wood stain is a type of paint used to colour wood. Wood
stain consists of colourants dissolved and/or suspended in a
'vehicle' or solvent. Vehicle is the preferred term, as the contents
of a stain may not be truly dissolved in the vehicle, but rather
suspended, and thus the vehicle may not be a true solvent.

Wood Fillers
-Wood putty, also called plastic wood, is a substance used
to fill imperfections, such as nail holes, in wood prior to finishing.
It is often composed of wood dust combined with a binder that
dries and a diluent, and, sometimes, pigment.

Opaque Finishing Materials

Paint
-Paint is any pigmented liquid, liquefiable, or solid
mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a
thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to
protect, color, or provide texture to objects.
Types of Paints:

Oil Paint
-Oil paint is a type of slow-drying paint that
consists of particles of pigment suspended in a drying
oil, commonly linseed oil. The viscosity of the paint may
be modified by the addition of a solvent such as
turpentine or white spirit, and varnish may be added to
increase the glossiness of the dried oil paint film.

Alkyd-Resin or Oil-Resin Emulsion Paints

-oil and resin emulsified in water makes a
heterogeneous finishing material by an emulsifying
agent such as casein. A great advantage of oil-resin
paint is that its viscosity can be easily reduced by the
addition of water.

Synthetic Latex (Rubber-Base) Paints

- paints made from synthetic latex which acts
as the pigment binder and the film forming material for
the paint. A careful balance of synthetic latex and
alkyd resins gives a solution that can thinned with
water for application as a continuous film with
excellent adhesion and wash ability. Latex paint is the
preferred paint for plaster, cement, concrete and
masonry.
Portland Cement-Base Paints
-Cement paint is water based paint and is applied
to either exterior or interior including brick work and
concrete. It is used for painting exterior wall surface
mainly for preventing water penetration and reductions of
dirt collection. It is suitable for coating concrete as well as
decorating indoor and outdoor walls.

Enamel Paints
-Enamel paint is paint that air-dries to a hard,
usually glossy, finish, used for coating surfaces that are
outdoors or otherwise subject to hard wear or variations
in temperature; it should not be confused with decorated
objects in "painted enamel", where vitreous enamel is
applied with brushes and fired in a kiln.

Rust-Inhibiting Paints
- it creates an impermeable layer that blocks moisture
and oxygen from reaching metal surfaces; without that
interaction, rust doesn’t develop. Another thing it is known to do
is it slows down the rate of corrosion since it possesses
chemical compounds that stop moisture and oxygen from
corroding any metal it comes into contact with.
 Paint Behavior and Defects

Excessive or premature chalking

-Chalking is the formation of powder on the
painted surface. This is due to the use of insufficient oil in

the primer. It can be prevented by using sufficient oil in

the primer, applying paint at recommended spreading

rate, etc.

Sagging and Running

-When a surface is to be painted with a thick layer

of paint, the thick paint film may run downwards and

forms sagging of paint. It is similar to running but here the

sag of paint is very thick.

Stains
– are surface discolorations which often
disappear gradually as the paint film wears. Sometimes,
however, they go through the film necessitating its
removal and subsequent repainting. Metal stains are
sometimes caused by water dripping from exposed metal.
Prevention involves the coating of the metal. Galvanized
iron should be painted while metallic zinc dust in spar
varnish or paint containing zinc oxide. Mildew stains are
caused by air-borne fingi that feed on oil and multiply
rapidly. They cannot be easily removed.
Checking
-It is similar to alligatoring but here cracks are
limited to a small area, unlike alligatoring cracks. It is caused
when the paint is applied during very cold weather or due
to the application of paint prior to drying of undercoat.

Alligatoring
-Alligatoring is pattern cracking similar to the scales
of an alligator. It occurs when the hard coat of paint is
applied over the soft coat or existing coat of paint. To
prevent this, a high-quality oil-based primer should be used
as a prime coat.

Cracking and Scaling

-The detachment of paint film from the surface is
called flaking. It occurs when the bond between surface and
paint film is poor. To prevent this, the surface should be
cleaned and rubbed with abrasive paper before applying
paint.

Blistering and Peeling

-Blistering and peeling are defects in which swelling
of the paint film occurs. The swelling is caused by the
formation of an air bubble under the paint film due to the
presence of moisture or oil or grease matter. If it is due to
moisture then it is called peeling and if it is due to oil and
grease matter then it is called blistering.
Spot Fading
-Fading is the discoloration of the paint surface. This is
mainly due to atmospheric agencies such as sunlight,
moisture, etc. To prevent fading or discoloration, weathering
resistant pigments should be used in the paint.

Wrinkling
-Wrinkling occurs when a thick layer of paint is to be
coated on the surface. In this case, the paint film gets shrinks
and develops crawls on the surface as shown in the picture.
It can be prevented by allowing the undercoat to dry
completely prior to the application of the final coat.