Site Construction,

Cement and Concrete

Building Utilities

Submitted by:
Arthur Bryant S. Manubay
 MATERIAL DIVISIONS

SITEWORKS

AASHTO

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

classifies inorganic soils for suitability as subgrade materials in terms of good drainage and bearing
capacity.

AASHTO defines particle sizes as:

•Boulders –above 75mm

•Gravel –75mm to No.10 sieve
•Coarse Sand –No.10 to No.40 sieve
•Fine Sand –No.40 to No.200 sieve
•Silt-Clay Particles –passing No.200 sieve

FILL MATERIALS

any solid or semi-solid material, including rock, sand, soil, clay, plastics, construction debris, wood chips,
overburden from mining or other excavation activities, and materials used to create any structure or
infrastructure, that when placed, changes the grade or elevation of the receiving site.
 GW, GM, GP

Gravels with > 50% retained on No.200 sieve, and 50% of coarse fraction retained on No. 40 sieve.

SW, SM

Sands with > 50% retained on No.200 sieve and 50% or more of coarse fraction passes the No.40 sieve.

BORROW FILL

soil materials suitable as fill or sub-grade, selected laboratory-approved pit-run gravel, disintegrated
granite, sand, shale, cinders or other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction passing the
No.200 sieve.
 BASE COURSE

The base course or basecourse in pavements is a layer of material in an asphalt roadway,

race track, riding arena, or sporting field. It is located under the surface layer consisting of the
wearing course and sometimes an extra binder course.

SOIL PROTECTION SYSTEMS

RIPRAP

Riprap, also known as rip rap, rip-rap, shot rock, rock armor, or rubble, is human-placed rock or
other material used to armor shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline
structures against scour and water, wave, or ice erosion.
 GABION SYSTEM

are engineered welded wire mesh products for earth retention and soil stabilization, erosion
control and flood control, and landscape and architectural applications.

PAVEMENT

durable surfacing of a road, airstrip, or similar area. The primary

function of a pavement is to transmit loads to the sub-base and
underlying soil.

PAVEMENT TIPES
• Flexible Pavements pavements that consist of concrete, brick or stone unit pavers laid
out on a sand setting bed that is somehow resilient and which distributes loads to the
sub-grade in a radiating manner.
• Rigid Pavements – pavements made of reinforced concrete slabs or paving units
mortared over a concrete slab. It distributes the loads internally, transferring them to the
sub-grade over a large and broad area.
• Turf Pavements – pavements made of unit pavers with spacing in between to
accommodate grass or ground covers over a top soil mix.
Cement and Concrete

CEMENT

A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other
materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and
gravel together.

CEMENTING MATERIALS

• Lime - is one of the oldest manufactured building materials which is used both as a
mortar and plaster by early civilizations. The Greeks used it extensively for mortars and
plasters in their structures and sculptures. However, the Romans were the first to
develop the first real cement by mixing lime putty and volcanic ash.

- Hydraulic Lime - A type of lime which will set under water.

- Stalking or Hydration- The process of mixing quicklime with water during
which water is absorbed and heat is energetically evolved, driving off much
of the excess water in the form of steam.

• Portland Cement - is made from materials which must contain the proper proportions
of lime, silica, alumina and iron components.

• Blended Cement - In the Philippines, this is the type of bagged cement sold
commercially in hardwares, and is not pure portland cement because pure
portland cement is distributed in bulk.
 Special Cements

Special cements are such cements which can be said to be a more characteristic cement.
The feature mentioned here is because it has some special uses or is used in some
specialized projects. Because of its many characteristics and its convenient use, special
cement is very popular.

Types of special cements:

- White Portland cement – same materials as normal Portland except in color

(also called stainless cement because it is free of iron impurities which stain
porous marbles, some granites and limestone and other light-colored stones).
- Masonry Cement – designed to produce better mortar than that made with
normal Portland cement or with a lime-cement combination.
- Air-entraining Portland Cement – small amounts of this is added to the
clinker and ground with it to produce air-entraining cements, effective use for
resistance to severe frost.
- Oil Well Cement – special Portland cement used for sealing oil wells.
- Waterproofed Portland Cement – normally produced by adding a small
amount of stearate, usually calcium or aluminum to the cement clinker during
the final grinding.
- Alumina cement - Utilizes bauxite, the ore from which aluminium is made, as
the major raw material and is also known as a quick-setting cement.
- Masonry cements - these are prepared mixtures of Portland cement with
hydrated lime, granulated slag, silica, etc. Small additions of calcium stereate,
petroleum, colloidal clays and other admixtures with the ingredients and
proportions varying widely and usually patented.
- Natural cements - these are cements made of natural raw materials found
mixed in the correct proportions, needing only grinding and burning in a kiln to
produce a cement. Their use today has largely been replaced by Portland
cement. Natural cements sets more rapidly than Portland cement and are
slower in developing strength.
- Pozzolanic cement - is the type of cement made of lime mortar and
pozzolanic material. Various natural materials contain active silica, among
them pozzolan (volcanic ash), granulated slag and pumice. Slag cement is a
pozzolanic cement.
 AGGREGATES

Construction aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse- to medium-grained

particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled
concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates are the most mined materials in the world.

Types of aggregates:
- Aggregate – sand, gravel crushed stone, cinder, crushed furnace slag,
burned clay, expanded vermaculite, and perlite.
- Sand – found in riverbends, free of salt and must be washed.
- Fine aggregate – smaller than ¼” diameter stones.
- Coarse aggregate – bigger than ¼” diameter stones.

Concrete

is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a
fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. In the past lime based
cement binders were often used, such as lime putty, but sometimes with other hydraulic
cements, such as a calcium aluminate cement or with Portland cement to form Portland
cement concrete (named for its visual resemblance to Portland stone).
Types of concrete:
• Concrete – the resulting product when a large aggregate of more than 6mm
(1/4”) in size is added to cement, water and fine aggregate.
• Reinforced Concrete - concrete strengthened by having steel embedded in it.
• Plain or Mass Concrete - Concrete without reinforcement.

CONCRETE MIXES

• Class “AA” - 1:1 ½ :3 - concrete under water, retaining walls

• Class A - 1:2:4 - footings, columns, beams, RC slabs
• Class B - 1:2 ½:5 - slab on fill, non-bearing walls
• Class C - 1:3:6 - concrete plant boxes, etc.
TWO TYES OF CONCRETE HARDENERS AND ADMIXTURES:

• Chemical Hardeners – liquids containing silicofluorides or fluosilicates and a wetting

agent which reduces the surface tension of the liquid and allows it to penetrate the
pores of the concrete more easily.
• Fine Metallic Aggregate – are specially processed and graded iron particles which are
dry-mixed with Portland cement, spread evenly over the surface of freshly floated
concrete, and worked into the surface by floating.
• Water Reducing Admixtures – material used to reduce the amount of water necessary to
produce a concrete of given consistency or to increase the slump for a given water content.
• Damproofers – materials used to reduce or stop the penetration of moisture through
the concrete. Reduces permeability.

BONDING AGENTS

• Paste Slurry – often applied to such an old surface immediately prior to pouring new
concrete to increase the amount of paste.
TWO TYPES OF BONDING AGENTS

• Metallic Aggregate – iron particle are larger, but with same materials as the
permeability reducer. Bonding takes place through the oxidation and subsequent
expansion of the iron particles.
• Synthetic Latex Emulsion – consists of highly polymerized synthetic liquid resin
dispersed in water.
• Set-Inhibiting Agents – prevent the cement paste from bonding to the surface aggregate
but will not interfere with the set throughout the remainder of the pour.
• Pozzolanic Admixtures – materials sometimes used in structures where it s desirable to
avoid high temperature or in structures exposed to seawater or water containing sulfates.
Pozzolans maybe added to concrete mixes-rather than substituting for part of the cement to
improve workability, impermeability, and resistance to chemical attack.

METAL REINFORCEMENTS

Steel Bars or Rods

Reinforcement for concrete construction is mostly in the form of steel bars and rods of
round or square cross section. The bars may be plain or deformed (with lugs or
projections for better bonding to the concrete). They are called billet-steel bars or rail-
steel bars
 Wire Fabric

is a versatile material that is used in applications across multiple industries. Also known
as woven wire cloth or wire mesh, it's a flexible and durable product that can be found in
products ranging from food and beverage production to optical lenses.

Triangle-mesh Wire Fabric

This is built up of either single or stranded longitudinal wires with cross wires or bond
wires running diagonally across the fabric. The longitudinal wires are spaced at 4inches
on centers and the cross wires 4” or 8” apart.
 Expanded Mesh

This is manufactured from solid steel sheets, where the sheet is first cut or pierced in
staggered slots or patterns; then the sheet is held by the two sides parallel to the slots
and stretched by pressure until the desired openings of forms are obtained. Expanded
mesh is therefore free from mechanical and welded joints. e.g. "Steelcrete"
LATHS

A lath or slat is a thin, narrow strip of straight-grained wood used under roof shingles or tiles, on lath
and plaster walls and ceilings to hold plaster, and in lattice and trellis work. Lath has expanded to
mean any type of backing material for plaster.