ent

46.200 51,25 300,1207 0,025

52.400 52,50 340,3967 0,05
58.500 54,50 380,023 0,09
68.000 57,50 441,7362 0,15
59.000 62,50 383,2711 0,25
67.800 65,50 440,4369 0,31
65.000 70,00 422,2478 0,4
65.500 Fracture 425,4959
 Stress - Strain Graph
500

450 441,7361686 440,4369446

422,2478082
400
380,0230274 383,2710874
350 340,3966946
300 300,1207498
Stress (Pa)

270,2385972
260,4944171
250 246,2029528
200 203,32856

150 163,0526152
122,1270584
100
81,85111359
50 40,990518
0 0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45
Strain (mm)

4.2 Results from the data

As can be clearly seen from the graphic, it goes through several
stages until the material breaks.

Figure 3- Stress-Strain Graph

These stages are :
1-) Proportional Limit (0.0012 , 246.20)
2-) Modules of elasticity(E) = (205000 N/mm2)
 3-) Yield Point ( 0.0087 , 270.26)
4-) Ultimate Strength ( 0.15 , 441.74)
5-) Rupture Strength (422.248)

Proportional Limit
The highest stress where stress is directly proportional to strain. It is the
highest strain where the curve on the stress-strain graph is a straight line. The
proportional limit is equal to the elastic limit for most metals. Also below the
proportional limit permanent deformation does not occur and the structure
returns to its original size when the stress is removed.

Modules of Elasticity
The elastic deformation that occurs when force is applied to the material
enables us to find the "Modulus of Elasticity", also known as "Young's
Modulus". It is denoted by "E". Elasticity Module; It is obtained by the ratio of
the stress applied to the material to the strain caused by the applied stress. The
higher the modulus of elasticity of a material, the higher the plastic force it can
withstand without permanent deformation or the lower the elastic elongation
rate. The Unit of Elasticity Module and Young's Module is N / mm² or Mpa.
Elasticity Module is a material specific property.
Yield Point
As the force increases while the material is pulled, the lengthening will
increase. But a point is reached that in a certain place even if the force does not
increase, the elongation of the material continues. This point is called the yield
point. It the material has elastically deformed until it reaches the point. So the
force on the material when removed, the material will be able to recover. But
after this point, the material becomes plastic shape has been changed and will
not be able to be restored even if the force on it is removed. Therefore the
strength limit of materials is expressed by the yield stress.
Ultimate Strength
 The point that separates the strain hardening region and the necking region is
the ultimate strength for that material. At this point, the maximum amount of
strain hardening has taken place. The material is handling the highest amount of
load it can handle safely. Ultimate strength is, therefore, a crucial point to be
considered on the stress-strain curve. It shows the maximum amount of stress a
material can bear before failure.
Rupture Strength
As can be understood from the graphic, it is the point where the strength of
the material is broken. It is also called breaking point or breaking stress.
Stress-Strain Curve
Stress-strain curve is widely used in many engineering disciplines. Using
this graph, it can be determined how the material will react at different load
sizes. The most important thing this graphic provides is that it gives security
data. For example, we can reach information about when a material to be used
will break or malfunction.

5. Discussion of The Results

In this experiment, we mounted our sample on both sides of the universal
testing machine. After the experiment started, we observed data such as how
much the specimen was deformed and where it broke etc. with precision
measuring cameras connected to the computer. The differences between the
specimen length before the test started and the length after the test were
examined. We drew the stress strain graph with the help of these values. We can
look at the tensile strength relationship between the obtained data and theoretical
values.
Many engineers want the material to be used to have high tensile strength.
Because there are great forces such as earthquake load, water load, wind load
that affect the buildings they will build.

6.References
https://gradeup.co/metal-property-strain-study-notes-for-civil-engineering-i-
f6f93b30-7e7d-11e7-acd8-95295e46bd9d
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_testing_machine
https://www.wintess.com/blog-modulus-of-elasticity-of-a-membrane/