MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE BODIES
 Topic Outline

1.

Introduction to Strain
 Intended Learning Outcomes
The students will be able to:

1. Explain the concept of strain in

deformable bodies
 Assessment Tasks

Seatwork
Quiz
 STRAIN

Chapter 2: Strain
Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials
(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Introduction to Strain:
Strain

the ratio of the change in length

caused by the applied force, to the
original length

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Introduction to Strain:
Strain

a geometric quantity that measures

the deformation of a body

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Introduction to Strain:
Strain

types of strain

normal
shear

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Types of Strain:
Normal Strain

characterizes dimensional changes

elongation
contraction/shortening

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Types of Strain:
Shear Strain

describes distortion
(changes in angles)

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Types of Strain:
Normal and Shear Strains

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Types of Strain:
Normal and Shear Strains

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Introduction to Strain:
Normal Strain

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Introduction to Strain:
Normal Strain
the elongation may be caused by
an applied axial force,
or an expansion due to an
increase in temperature,
or even a force and a temperature
increase acting simultaneously

Strain described the geometry of deformation,

independent of what actually causes the deformation

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Introduction to Strain:
Strain
normal strain (lowercase Greek letter epsilon ε) is
defined as the elongation (or contraction) per unit length

𝛿
𝜀=
𝐿
ε = strain
δ = change in dimension/length
L = original length

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Relationship:
Tension Test

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Relationship:
Tension Test
In the standard tension test, the specimen shown is placed in the grips of
a testing machine which are designed so that the load P applied by the
machine is axial.

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Relationship:
Tension Test
In the standard tension test, the specimen shown is placed in the grips of
a testing machine which are designed so that the load P applied by the
machine is axial.

Two gage marks are scribed on the specimen to define the gage length L.
These marks are located away from the ends to avoid the local effects
caused by the grips and to ensure that the stress and strain are uniform
in the material between the marks

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Relationship:
Tension Test
The testing machine elongates
the specimen at a slow, constant
rate until the specimen ruptures.

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Relationship:
Tension Test
The testing machine elongates
the specimen at a slow, constant
rate until the specimen ruptures.

During the test, continuous readings are taken of the applied load and
the elongation of the gage length which are converted to stress and strain

𝑃 𝛿
σ= 𝜀=
𝐴 𝐿
Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials
(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Relationship:
Tension Test
The testing machine elongates
the specimen at a slow, constant
rate until the specimen ruptures.

During the test, continuous readings are taken of the applied load and
the elongation of the gage length which are converted to stress and strain
 Stress-Strain Relationship:
Stress-Strain Diagram

Stress-strain
diagram of a
medium-carbon
structural steel

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Proportional Limit

the highest stress at which stress is

directly proportional to strain

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Proportional Limit

it is the highest stress at which the

curve in a stress-strain diagram is a
straight line

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Proportional Limit

proportional limit is equal to elastic

limit for many metals

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Elastic Limit

the limit beyond which the material

will no longer go back to its original
shape when the load is removed

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Elastic Limit

the maximum stress that may be

developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation
when the load is entirely removed

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Yield Point

the point at which the material will

have an appreciable elongation or
yielding without any increase in load

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Ultimate Strength

the maximum ordinate in the stress-

strain diagram is the ultimate
strength or tensile strength

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Rupture Strength

the strength of the material at

rupture

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Rupture Strength

this is also known as the breaking

strength

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Hooke’s Law

a principle of physics that states that

the force F needed to extend or
compress a spring by some distance
X is proportional to that distance

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Hooke’s Law

a linear relation between

force and extension

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Hooke’s Law

a linear relation between

stress and strain

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Hooke’s Law

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
σ = stress
ε = strain
E = modulus of elasticity

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Modulus of Elasticity

𝜎
𝐸=
σ = stress
𝜀
ε = strain
E = modulus of elasticity

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Stress-Strain Diagram:
Axial Deformation

𝑃𝐿
𝛿=
δ = axial deformation
P = axial force
𝐴𝐸
L = length of the material
A = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
The steel propeller shaft ABCD carries the axial loads shown in the figure.
Determine the change in the length of the shaft caused by these loads.
Use E = 29 x 106psi for steel

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
Solving for the internal forces in
each of the three segments of the
shaft:

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
Solving for the internal forces in
each of the three segments of the
shaft:

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
Solving for the internal forces in
each of the three segments of the
shaft:

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
Solving for the internal forces in
each of the three segments of the
shaft:

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
Solving for the internal forces in
each of the three segments of the
shaft:

Therefore, the internal forces in

each of the three segments of the
shaft are as follows:

PAB = PBC = 2000lb (T)

PCD = 4000lb (C)

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
The change in the length of the
shaft is obtained by adding the
contributions of the segments.

Note that tension causes elongation

and compression causes shortening

PAB = PBC = 2000lb (T)

PCD = 4000lb (C)

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
The change in the length of the
shaft is obtained by adding the
contributions of the segments.

Note that tension causes elongation

and compression causes shortening

PAB = PBC = 2000lb (T)

PCD = 4000lb (C)

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
The change in the length of the
shaft is obtained by adding the
contributions of the segments.

Note that tension causes elongation

and compression causes shortening

PAB = PBC = 2000lb (T)

PCD = 4000lb (C)

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
The change in the length of the
shaft is obtained by adding the
contributions of the segments.

Note that tension causes elongation

and compression causes shortening

PAB = PBC = 2000lb (T)

PCD = 4000lb (C)

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Sample Problem #1
The change in the length of the
shaft is obtained by adding the
contributions of the segments.

Note that tension causes elongation

and compression causes shortening

PAB = PBC = 2000lb (T)

PCD = 4000lb (C)

Pytel, A., Kiusalaas, J. (2016). Strength of Materials

(Philippine Edition). Cengage Learning.
 Seatwork
A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300mm2 and a length of
150m is suspended vertically from one end. The rod supports a tensile
load of 20kN at its free end. Given that the mass density of steel is
7850kg/m3 and E=200GPa, find the total elongation of the rod
A 4mm diameter steel wire, 3.2m long, carries an axial tensile load P.
Find the maximum safe value of P if the allowable normal stress is 280
MPa and the elongation of the wire is limited to 4mm. Use E=200 GPa
The compound bar ABCD has a uniform cross-sectional area of 0.25 in2
When the axial force P is applied, the length of the bar is reduced by
0.018in. Determine the magnitude of the force P. The moduli of
elasticity are 29x106psi for steel and 10x106psi for aluminum