ALGEBRA: MODULE 1

'
Quadratic Equation
:
A- ✗ + B. ✗ +
C=0 note :

nth
degree eqn
-
B +
132-411-6 -
B B2 -

HAC will have n roots

Roots : ×, =
; ×, =

2A 2A

sum of Roots :
-2/13 -
B * the sum of roots is not
✗, + ✗ = =
2
✗A A dependent upon coeff .
C

if you have 2 or more quadratic equation with the same Aon B

even if their C 's different the sum of roots will still be the same diff diff
are * .
C 's ,
.
eqns

i. diff .
roots

example
:

✗ 2+3×+2 = 0 ✗ 2+3×-4=0

I ✗ + 2) ( ✗ + 1) =
0 ( ✗ + 4) (✗ -

1) =
0

✗ +2=0 ✗ + 1=0 ✗ +4=0 ✗ -1=0

A. = -2 ✗ 2=-1 ✗ 1=-4 ✗ 2=1

✗ ,
+ ✗
z
=-3 ✗ ,
+
✗ 2=-3

Product of Roots :

2 ?
recall :
(✗ +
g) ( ✗ y ) - =
✗ -

y if you have 2 or more quadratic equation

¢312 -4A c)
✗
2 with the same Aon C they will have the same
( -

B) _

✗ ,
* ✗, =

4 A2 product of roots although the roots

+13/2-113/2 -44C ) are different

=

HAE

Xi # ✗, =
C-
A

example :

• In a quadratic equation problem , one student made a mistake in copying the coefficient of ✗

and the +3 and -2 Another student made a mistake in copying the constant
got roots of . ,

and the of +3 and +2 Find the correct eqn and the correct roots
ter m got roots .
.

Correct eqn
:
A- ✗ 2+13×-1 C = 0

1st Student :
A- ✗
2 +
✗ + C =
0 2nd student :
17×2+13×-1 =
0

✗ i
=
-13 i ✗ 2 =
-2 ✗ I =
-13 ; ✗ 2=+2

C C B B
= = ✗, * ✗2 = =
✗ + ✗ 2
,
A
ACE 1s ACE A 25

C B
=
3/-2 ) :
-6 sea I . =
(3+2) = 5 sea 2
A CE A CE

correct eqn
:
A- ✗ 2+13×-1 C = 0 correct roots :

A A A A ✗ 2-5×-6=0
C / ✗ 6) ( ✗ + 1) 0

y
=
2
-

= ✗ + ✗ + = 0
A- ✗ -

6=0 ✗ + I = 0

( 6)
2
= ✗ + ( 5)-

✗ + - =
0 ✗ = 6 ✗ = -
I

correct
eqn
:
✗ 2-5×-6=0
Age Problem :

example : principle :

1. A man is 3 times as old as his son 5 years he was 5 times

.

ago , time elapsed for all

as old as his son was at that time How old is the son ? involved
persons
.

* simple sentence > literal translation are EQUAL

was is will be

man 5y 3✗

son ✗
y

key eqn
: ✗ y=5 >
(✗ -

y
-

- 5) 5 →
5×-5/4--25
5
3×-59--5 3 ✗ -15g =

2x = 20

✗ = 10

2. 2 yrs ago , a boy is 2/3 as old as his sister . In 2 yrs ,

he will be 314 as old as she . How old are they ?

Was 12 yrs ago) is will be ( +2 yrs ) =

span of a yrs

boy 2/317 213×+2 314 Y

sister ✗ ✗ +2 Y

¥ ( f- y 4- -

✗ =

4) > eat
> boy 's
age
:

)
4 eq2
G-
✗ = >
y )
-

( 12 -12 = 10

8 "
b-
" "" "
""
✗
a-
=

3 112 ) +2 =
14

ly -
✗ =
a

1 4

=3
✗
q

✗ = 12

parents is the their children 's Principle :

'
3. The sum of ages twice sum of

ages .
5 yrs ago , the sum of parent 's ages is four times the sum of Represent the

their children 's

'

ages In 15 years the sum of parents ages will be of

.
,
average age
equal to the sum of their children 's ages .
How many children are there ? group of people

whose number

is unknown
sum
.

Ave : > sum = Axe * n

_n

sum of Ages
5 yrs 15 yrs

L -1 L -1

was is will be

2- parents an / A -

5) 2nA n / A -115 )

n -
children n(A -
5) NA n / A -115)
 L -1

2nA -

4h / A -

5) = 5 (2) no of parents

years involved
> * no of people in the
group
10 >
2nA -120h =
eq I

n /A -115) -2nA =
1512 )
-

n A -115N = 30 > eq 2 n = 5

work problem :
:
principle
characterized by all given values carrying unit of time only A- rate of
"
A
"
=
worker

"

1-
"

Ata =L A =L .
t =
time A worked
; ta =

ta , A
At =
portion of work done by

" "
"
A
"
for time t

example :
" "

ta -
_
time for A to finish the

• A G B can do a piece of work in 20 days ALONE

.

work

B C in
G in 30 days . C 4 A 40 days .

a. How long will each worker do the work alone ?

1
A 120 ) + B. ( 20) = I > eq I 5
↳ = = = "° " "
+ B ( 30 ) -1C ( 30) = I > eq 2 " 240

A 140) -1 C. ( 40 ) = I > eq 3 I 240

TB = =
≈ 34.29 days
pg y
* solve simultaneously , you will get

5 7 I 1 240
A I C. tc = = = 240 days
I 13=240
= =

240 2<10 c ,

b. If the three work together ,

how long will they be able to finish the work ?

At + Bt + Ct = I

5 7 I 240
240
t +

240
t
+2<10
t =L >
¥0T =
1 ; t =

-13
≈ 18.46 days

Mixture problem :

example : principle :

How much tin and how much lead must be added 700kg of alloy P % solute
to
containing
◦ =
an

50% tin and 25% lead to make which is 60% lead ? A =

amt or 91-9
an alloy tin and 20%
. '

given alloy tin lead Resulting alloy of mixture

50% tin 100% tin 0% tin 60% tin PA = amt .

of solute

25% lead 0% lead 100% lead 20% lead

700kg + ✗ t Y = 700-1 ✗ + y

tin

cont .
=
50%1700) + ✗ + 0 =
60%(7004×+9)
350 1- ✗ =
420+0-6×+0.69

0-4×-0.69=70 > eq I

lead

cont .
=
25%1700) + 0 t y =
20%(7004×-19) ✗ = 175 kg
175 + y =
140-10.2×+0.29 y
= 0

-
0.2×-1 0-89=-35 > eq 2
ALGEBRA: MODULE 2
Diophatine Equations :

all unknowns are whole numbers

more unknowns than eqns .

solution is by systematic trial an error

a. find the key equation :( U -

E +
1) unknowns

> no . of equations
> no . Of Unknowns

b. express the key equation in the form :

y=f( ✗ ,z ,
etc )
.

C. substitute
'

whole number values for ✗ , y , etc .

to find y

example
:

A man bought 20 Pcs . of assorted calculators for 720,000 .

These calculators of three types

are
namely :

a.
Programmable at 73000 / PC

b. Non -

programmable at # 1500 / PC

c. Household type at 500 / pc

How many of each type did he buy ?

Prog Non Hsehold Assorted

Prog
-
.

price / PC 3000 /Pc 1500 / PC 500 / PC

✗ + 20 eql
qty pcs ypcs + 2 pcs = >

3000 ✗ + 1500
y t 5002 =
20,000 > eq 2

500

-1/2
'

6A +
By =
40 > eq 2

✗ +
y -1/2 = 20 >
eql
5×-1
2y 20
key
=
>
eqn .
, step a.

LU -
E + 1) =
(3-2+1)=2 unknowns

20
-
Tx
b
y = >
step
2

step ( Mode -17 ) ✗ 2 5 eat to get

'

c . .
=
, y = * sub to z

2+5 + 2 = 20 ; 2=13

For number problems there are four approaches :

Approach when to use

1
• 1 variable =
digit there are given conditions between individual digits

• 1 variable =
all digits the number of digits of number concerned is unknown

• 1 variable =
some digits If both of above conditions are not satisfied

" "
• substitution method if the number required is find the number
example :( substitution method)

1. The sum of all digits of a 3 -

digit number is 17 . The hundred 's digit is twice the

unit 's If number order of the digits will

digit .
396 is subtracted from the , the

be reversed .
Find the number .

a. 854 c. 864

b. 683 d. 693

1st 2nd 3rd conditions

✓ ✓ ✓ 8+5+4 17
a .
=
854 683

✓ ✓ ✗ b. 6 + 8-13 =
17 -

396 -
396

✗ ✗ ✗ C. 8-16+4 =
18 458 287
: .
a. 854

✗ ✗ d. 6+9+3 = 18
✗

2. The of all digits

sum of a 3 digit number is 17 The hundred 's digit is twice the
-
.

unit 's If 396 is subtracted from number the order of the digits will
digit .
the ,

be reversed . Find the product of all digits of the said number .

a. 160 C. 192

b. 45 d. 146

( approach : 1 variable =L digit )

✗ Y 2

cond I ✗ + 17 > eq I
.

y + z =

con d. 2 ✗ = 22 sea 2

'
✗ -22 = 0 seq 2

Con d. 3 ✗ ( 100 ) +
y ( lo ) + 2 -

396=21100 ) +
y( 10) -1 ×

99×-992 = 396

✗ -
2 = 4 >
eq 3

8 y 5 2=4
✗
(5) (4)
= =
Product 8 160
-

i
, . . = =
, a .

3. A number when divided the remainder is 1 the

by 2 , ; when divided by 3

remainder is 2 ; when divided by 4 ,

the remainder is 3 ; when divided by 5 ,

the remainder is 4 ; when divided by 6 ,

the remainder is 5 . Find the smallest

digit of the number .

a. 4 c. 8

b. 5 d. 9

( approach : I variable = all digits ) 5E , 6U ; 6- 3+1 =

2 unknowns

✗ l
✗ I
-

• = A + > A : * tells that ✗ is a odd no .

2 2 2

✗ 2
✗ -

2
• =
Bt > B =

3 3 3

✗ 3 ✗ -
3
• =
Ct > g :

4 4 4

✗ 4 ✗ -
4 • ✗ =
-
0+4 =
-4 * but ✗ is odd
• =D t > D= =
5 5 5 • ✗ -
5+4 = -9 : .
✗ =
-9

✗ 5 ✗ -
5
• =
E t > f- =

6 6 6
 * calc input

✗ -
2 ✗ -

3 ✗ -

5
✗ ? : : CALC
3 4 6

✗ 9 7/3
✗ 19 17/3
✗ 29 9 =
13/2 .
-

. ✗ = 59

✗ 39 37/3 5 is the smallest

✗ 49 47/3 digit
✓ 59 14 9
19 = = b. 5

ALGEBRA: MODULE 3
Clock Problem :

* Padilla 's 2 where :

ref + read
µ ,
time time
-
-

Formula 1, H :
hour number
^
M :
minute number

H / 30°)

example :

1- 8:24 2
It : M
24 :
T,
81300 ) I D-

108 = I 0 s 0 = 108°

2. a. At what time after 3 o'clock will the hands of the clock be together ?

"
M
"
I
3 :

10 2

8
so:3
4
M =

÷ ( 31300 ) I 0° )

> s M :
16 -
36 mins '

. . 3:16 . 36
,

b. At what time after 3 o'clock will the hands of the clock be

opposite each other ?

"
M
"
I
3 :

10 2

2
9
'

,
3 M :
(3/300)+-1800 )
,,
8 4

M 49 09min 3 49.09
'

= - . :
s
.

>
6

c. At what time after 3 o'clock will the hands of the clock be at 30°

12
11
,
3 : M
10 2

:| 3130° )I 30°
>

9 "
i 3 M
,
8 4

>
6
5 * Using + *
using

M -21.81 mins M= 10.91 mins

-

3 10.91
'

. .
:
 * conventional

Formula
H=
% ; s = 60M

example :

A liaison officer left the office at past 2 o'clock .

After 2 to 3 hours later

/ upon returning ) ,
he noticed that the hands of the clock were reversed

( i. e. interchanged in position as to that when he left ) .

Find the exact time

when he left on exact time when he returned .

Clock when he leave clock when he returned

12 "
a
,
"
I • 30° -
after 1 hr

10 2 10 2

>
• 60° -

after 2hr5
→

[ 3 3
9 9
90°
i
" • -
after 3hr5
8 I 4 8 4

7 5 7 5
6 6

* 1st assumption

2 :
My
-1
2:20 4 :
lot

's
4:20

t ime after 2hr5 ,

:
wrong assumption

* 2nd assumption
clock when he leave clock when he returned

12 M2

¥
" 11
1 ,

10 2 10 2 H2
H,

q
É "
-
→
3
M '

q
>
3

"

8 I 4 8 4
I

7 5 7 5
6 6
H2 H2

2 :
My

+ -1
2:25 5 10

+
4:25

-1
5:25

2 :
My 5 Ma
:

25 1- H2 = M ,
10 1- Hi = M2

M2 M'
25 + =
Mi 10 -1 = M2
12 12

try
I
M, -

Ma
=
25 >
eq I M, -

M2 = -10 > eat

,,

Mi =
26.01 ; M2 = 12.16

.
:
left =
2:26 . 01

Returned : 5:12 . 01

th
Cran rbr
-

Binomial Formula : r -11 term =

n

n -11 = last term

example :
'°
In the expansion of ( ✗ 2 - 2y ) , find the following
:

a. the middle term

:
 n = 10 r = 5

(✗ 2)
' 0-5
6th term =
Cs ( ay )5
-

to

"
6th term = -

8064 ✗ y5

bl . the term
involving y3

(r + 1) th
term =
iocr ( ✗ 2)
10 -
r
1- 2y)r=k✗?y3 .
:
y =3
th
1) 10cg ( ✗ 2) -31.2g )3 -960×1443
'°
13 + term = =

- : 4th term =
-960×1493

' 2
b2 . the term involving ✗

" ?
2y)r=k ✗
10 r
1) th iocr ( ✗ 2)
-

(r + term = 1- y : . r= 4

-41-2 g) 4=3360×1294
'°
14+1 )th term =
local ✗ 2)
2yd
'
i. 5th term = 3360 ✗

ALGEBRA: MODULE 4
Arithmetic progression
Ai , Az ,
Az ,
Aa ,
. .
.

Aa
-

Az =
93-92--92 -
A , =D = common difference

nth term :
an =a ,
+ (n -

1) d or an :
Az +
( n -
3) d

> subscript of given

sum of n terms :
Sn =
n * average

Ai + Az
In = n
2

n
Sn -_
2A ,
-1 n -

Id
a

example :
1. How
many terms in the series 3,517,9 ,
. . .
must be taken so that the sum is 2600 ?

3. 5,7 , 9 .
. .
4 A. P with 4=2
,

> Ai

h
2600 =
2 3 + n -
I 2
2

n -50
-

2 .
If aa=5 , as -_ 11 ,
what is Aia Of the arithmetic progression ?

Aa - 5

as ill 11=5+301 * using calculator

An :L 01=2 MODE +3+2

✗ ( subscript) y / value of an )
Aig =
A2 -1 19 -

2) 2 2 5

A ,q= 5 -1 19 -

2) 2 5 11

Aig :
39 CA -119 -1
Apps
+
y^

y :
39
Geometric Progression
Ai , A2 , Az , ①4 ,
- ' '

Aa Az Aa
= = = r -
-
common ratio
Az 92 a ,

' -3
An rn azn
-

nth term : =
a. or an =

> subscript of given

sum of n terms
:
I -

rn
gn , g,
I -
r

sum of infinite terms : a,

Sn :

I -
r

example
:

If a2=6 as 162 what is the Aia geometric progression ?

=
1 .
, , of the

012=6

-2
as -162
-

an
-
-
darn * using calculator
-2
Aia = ? As :a2r5 MODE +3+6

-2
162=6 rs ✗ ( subscript) y / value of an )
r :3 2 6
5 162
-2
Aig =
Agra CA -119 + Apps
+
y^
' 9-2
919=6 (3)
919--774,840,978 D= 774840978

Equations

example :

solve for
logarithm in
:
1. ✗ :

10921093109×2--1
a. 0.98 C. 1.38

b. 1.08 01 2.53
.

* substitute the choices using calculator

. :b .
1.08

2. Find ✗ in * limitation of substitution

3
✗ 1.4422 When the eqn involves
"
a .

"
"

✗ infinite terms
✗
b. 1.7352
✗
✗
=3 C. 1. 2322

* set the given as exponent of ✗ d. 1.1231

Padilla 's Beach Analogy
3
✗ something that is infinite
'

'
-

in
.

✗ number ,
even you
✗
✗ add subtract one bit
✗
= 3 3 ,

✗ ✗ > 3 =
✗ it remains practically
•
3 ✗ the same
=
; .
:X =
1.4422
 Remainder 's theorem

when you divide f- ( X) by lx -

r ) ,
the remainder flr )

example :

flx ) 12=-1 ( r )
3-
1. ✗ 7×-6 >

✗ +5 > ✗ -
r =f( -
5)
=
(-573-71-5) -6

R =
-96

2. flx ) =
✗
4-
9×3-2×2 -
3×-1 b

flx )
Conan 1 : > R = -12
✗ -
I

f /× )
Conan 2 : > R = -

I
✗ +2

R=f (r)
2
Conan 1 : 2 =
f- (1) = 14 -

a (1) 3- 2( 1) + b

a -
b = -6 > eat

4- 3- 2-
Conan 2 : -1=-11 2) -
=
1- 2) a 1- 2) 21 2)
-

31 2) -
+ b

-
8A -
b = 15 >
eq 2

7
. : a =
-

z
i b=
¥
3. Find the remainder : ✗ 3-7×-6

✗ -3

R=f( ) :-( r (3)

12=33-713 ) -

0 3-
R ✗ 3 is of 7×-6
'

= a factor ✗
-

. .

Number of roots theorem

the number of roots of an equation is

equal to the
degree of equation

example :

✗ =
49 ✗ 2=49 * choices a re the same

.
'

. I root only .
: 2 roots a.
+7

a. +7 ✗ = I 49 b. -7

✗ = -1-7 c. IT

c. IT d. ±7i