* From ✗ pertz

HIGHWAY, PORTS, & HARBORS

Highway Engineering

:
examples

1. Morning peak traffic upstream of a toll booth is given in the Table below. The toll plaza consists
of three booths, each of which can handle an average of one vehicle every 8 seconds.
total lveh ""
= ✗ ×
10min
✗ 3 booths = 225rem Queue : Cummulative V01 -

lummulative Service
service qge , 1min period
Queue
Delay =
✗ 10
Service

Time Period 10 -
min V01 c. V01 Service c. service Queue Delay

9:10 150 150 150 150 0 0

9:00 -

9:10 -

9:20 300 450 225 375 75 3.33

9:20 -

9:30 550 1000 225 600 400 1778

9:30 -

9:40 350 1350 225 825 525 23.33

9:40
-

9:50 100 1450 225 1050 400 17-78

9:50 -

10:00 250 1700 225 1275 425 18.89

81.11min = 1.352 hrs

a. Determine the time when max. queue occurs. 9:30 9:40 = -

b. Determine the max. queue length (no. of vehicles). 525 Veh =

c. Determine the max. delay (minutes). =

23.33 mins

d. Determine the total delay. =

81.11 mins =
1.352 hrs

2. D/D/1 Queuing - Deterministic arrivals, deterministic departures, one departure channel.

A freeway has three lanes in each direction and has a max. flow of 6000 vph. It is operating at 3600
vph at t = 0. A collision occurs, blocking the two lanes, and restricting the flow of the third lane to
1800 vph. The freeway's constant speed is 60 mph, and its 3-lane jam density is 60 pm. The incident is
completely cleared in 45 minutes and traffic returns to normal as soon as the back-up is dissipated.

6000

a. Determine the length of queue.

vph
veh
3600 Vph

M=¥jy=m✗
Y :y ,
_

ya

I
•

9--3600 0.75 -

1800 0.75

9=1350 Veh

"
Y
y,
t -0.75 93 b. How long does it take to dissipate the back-
• up? At what time does the queue dissipate?
18004M
f y, 93=94+92

3600-1=6000 /t -
0.75) -1180010.75)
t :O t=4fmin time
-1--1.3125 hrs
9:00AM ✗ =
0.75hr
"
10:18 .
45
 60¥
veh
3600 Vph c. What is the total vehicle delay time (veh-hour)?
# What is the average delay per vehicle (hour)?

/
Total vehicle delay time =
area

Y
y,
TVD -_

12-(13507/0.75) -112-(13507/0.5625)
•

/
nooo "Ph TVD =
885.9375 Veh -

hr
o.gg , ,

t :O t=4fmin t=l -3125

9:00AM ✗ Ave Veh delay
= 0.75hr ,
.
.

TVD 885.9375 veh.hr

Veh
6¥90 = = 0.1875hr
36004h Yg 760011.3125) Veh

m=¥;y=mx @

d. Which vehicle will have the longest waiting time?

1
departure "
How long will it be delayed?
Y w/ longest waiting
arrival veh .
time
t -
0.75 Yz
y,
• • 1800 (0-75)=92--1350 Thveh

f- o
92

ti ?
1800413h
/ 92

time
3600 =
1350

ti
; t , :O -375 hrs -22.5min
-

tiafmin
9:00AM ✗ =
0.75hr , time of delay =
45 -
22.5min : 22.5min

3. M/D/1 Queuing - Exponentially distributed arrivals, deterministic departures, one departure channel.
Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate at which all vehicles must
stop where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. The time required to distribute the brochure is
15 seconds. Let the arrival rate be 180 vph and Poisson distributed (exponential times between arrivals)
over the entire period from park at 8:00 AM until closing at dusk. Assuming M/D/1 queuing, compute
the following:
a. Traffic intensity b. P2 0.752
g- = = =/ 125 Veh
b. Average length of queue (in vehicles)
'

21 21.0 > g-
p
-
.

c. Average waiting time in the queue

d. Average time spent in the system C- P 0.75
jg = =

✗ =
mean arrival rate = 180 vph 2M I -

P 2240 I -0.75

" " eh 3600s 36005

M : mean service rate = ✗ = 240Wh Ñ =
6.25×10-3 hrx
=
22.5sec
15sec , ,, hr 1hr

a. X 180 ✓ ph d. 2- P 2- 0.75
p , : = ° " " j , "

M 240 vph I -0.75

2M I -

P 2240

36005
-1--0.01042 hrx =
37.5s
1hr

4. M/M/1 Queuing - Exponentially distributed arrivals & departures, one departure channel (Example:
Toll booth)
Vehicles arrive at an entrance to a recreational park. There is a single gate at which all vehicles must
stop where a park attendant distributes a free brochure. If the park attendant takes an average of
15 seconds to distribute brochures, but the distribution time varies depending on whether park
patrons have questions relating to park operating policies. Assuming M/M/1 queuing, given an average
arrival rate of 180 vph, compute the following:
a. Traffic intensity ✗ =
mean arrival rate = 180 vph

b. Average length of queue (in vehicles) lveh

M service rate ✗ 36005=240 veh
c. Average waiting time in the queue
: mean =

15sec 1hr hr

d. Average time spent in the system

 36005
A. ✗ 180 vph c. ✗ 180
p , =
" ° " in , = = 0.0125hr × =
45sec
1hr
'

M 24040h M µ -
× 240 yqoyqo

2
36005
b. P ° -752 d I \ '
j
'

, = =
2.25rem [ = = = hrx
=
60sec
I -0.75 240 -180 60 1hr
I -

P M -

5. The given data shown in the table is for a mix design for asphalt concrete.
Materials Bulk 56 56 i. of weight

Asphalt cement 1.03 5.3 Max. specific gravity of paving mixture, Gmm=2.535
Fine Aggregates 2.689 47.3
Bulk specific gravity of compacted mixture, Gmb=2.442
Coarse Aggregates 2.716 474

a. Compute the effective specific gravity of the aggregate.

Pb :
percent binder = 5. 3 100 -

Pb 100 -

5.3
lose = = =
2.716
Gb : Sb of binder = 1. 03 100 Pb 100 g. g
, '

6mm Gb 2.535 1.03

b. Compute the bulk specific gravity of combined aggregate.

Pi ,
P2 ,
. . .
=
% per aggregate P , -1Pa -1
. . .
47.3+47.4
bsb : = =
2.702
Sb of Pi 47-3 47.4
61,62 ,
. . .
=
aggregate P2
+ 1- .
. .
+

bi 62 2.689 2.716

c. Compute the percent binder absorbed in percent.

°" -

↳b 2. 716 -2.702
Pba = •
bbx / 00 = ✗ 1.03×100=0.8146-1 .

lose •

Gsb 2.716 •
2.702

d. Compute the effective asphalt/binder content (%)

Pba " "
99 ° -8146
pbe :
Pb =
5.3-1 47.3-147.4=4.5286-1
_
-
.
.

100 100

6. A sheet asphalt mixture is to be made using the following percentages by weight of the total mix.

Materials Bulk 56 1. Of
'

Weight
Compute the absolute specific gravity of the composite
Asphalt cement 1.01 8%
aggregates. (Sometimes termed as the "maximum'' SG)
Sand 2.68 80%

Filler 2.70 12%

Pit P2 +
Pz -1 .
- -
8+80-112
6mm : = = 2.639
Pi 8
+
P2
+ Pzy . . .
+
80
+
12

6, 63 I -01 2.68 2.70

62

7. The following ingredients are used in the preparation of an asphalt concrete paving mixture.
Materials Bulk 56 % Ofwt .

Asphalt cement 1- 030 7.0 Max. SG of the paving mixture, Gmm = 2.478
Mineral filler 3.100 7-0 Bulk SG of the compacted paving mixture sample, Gmb = 2.384
Fine Agg .
2.690 30.0

Coarse Agg . 2.611 56.0 Compute the following:

a. Bulk SG of combined aggregates
b. Voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA)
c. Percentage of air voids in the compacted mixture
d. Voids filled with asphalt (VFA)
 Pit P2 7+30+56 bmb
100=2.478-2.384
a. -1
. . .
c. 6mm -

bsb : = = 2.688 Ya : ✗ ✗ 100

P' P2 7 56 6mm g. agg

30
+ + .
. .
y +
bi 62 3. I 2.69 2.611 Va : 3.793%

7-130+56
b. bmb " " 99 2.384 d- VMA Va
100=16.898-3-793×100
-

VMA : 100 -
= too - =/ 6.898% yea , ✗

2.688 yma 16.898

Gsb

111=17--77-55-1 .

8. A 5% intersects a -3.4% grade at station 1+990 of elevation 42.30m. Design a vertical summit
parabolic curve connecting the two tangent grades to conform with the following safe stopping
sight distance specifications.
Design velocity: 60 kph 4=60 Kph

Height of driver's eye from the road pavement = 1.37 m. hi -_

1.37 hz :O -1m

Height of an object over the pavement ahead = 100 mm

tpr
'

S f :O /5
Perception-Reaction time = 3/4 sec
- .

Coefficient of friction between the road pavement and the tires = 0.15

a. Determine the stopping sight distance.

b. Determine the length of curve based on AASHTO specs.
2
ˢ ° " V2 60 3 603.6
"
≤
SSD :
yotpp + = +

3.6 4
2g
"
+5
summit
% .
-1-+6 29.81 0.151-0.05

SSD -_
83.298m
•
•

algebraic
difference
of tangents
&
b. 1752 200 2h , -1
2h2
S L L =
2 g , , ,
gg ,

100 2h ,
+
2h2 A

5- -3.4 83.2982
* assume S L :
2
=
131.82m
100 2 1.37 + 2 0.1

9. A vertical curve has a descending grade of -1.2% starting from PC and an ascending grade of
+3.8% passing through the PT. The curve has a sight distance of 180 m.
a. Compute the length of the vertical curve.
b. Compute the max. velocity of the car that could pass through the curve.
• •

I Parabolic
Sag curve
"
"
1752
"
122+3.55
% pie
, .gg
.

S L L = g ,
,

122 -13.5s A

a. Assume S L

122+3.5 180
L = 2 180 -
= 209.6 ; L S i.
wrong assumption !
3. • +1.2

use S L

3.8-11.2 1802
[ = =
215.43m ; s
122 -13.5180

Ports 4 Harbors

crest shallow
[ water wave Transitional Wave Deep water wave
•

t t L t
•
d d but d d
trough 20 20 2 2
examples :

10. During a Typhoon, strong winds cause a wavelength of shallow-water wave of 80 m. long. If the
wave period (the time for two consecutive crests to pass a given point) is 7.2 sec., determine the:
9. 81hrs2 depth a. Depth of water at that point assuming it to be uniform
Ith 1=80 m 9- 81 &" "
9
L : 1-2 tanh go =
7.22 tanh
21T L 2 , 80
T :
7.2sec

Period wavelength
8021T 24h
wavelength ' tanh
9- 817.22 80

h =
32.75215m

b. Velocity of the wave if the depth is 30 m.

t g °" " 9.81 21T 30
celerity , C = = Ttanh ,
7.2 tanh =
11.04126ms
1- 21T L 2, go

11. A typhoon hits the country which causes a storm surge. The wave period at a point having a
depth of 42 m. in the ocean is 6.8 sec.
a. What is the wave velocity of the deep b. Compute the height of the wave is it has a
wave? steepness of 0.18
* for deep water wave wave height It
+ steepness : =

wavelength L
9 2ñh 9
I = Tttanh = ya
21T L 21T It
0.18 =

" 9. 81
+
6-82
f
9
celerity , C. = =
= 1- 21,
21T
✗

9- 81 It =
12.995m
C. = 6.8 =
10.617ms
21T

12. The length of wave in a deep-water wave is 120 m. The water will reach a shallow water depth
when the waves start to break) Determine the depth of shallow water at this condition. /Usually
shallow-water waves begin to break when the ratio of wave height to wavelength is 1 to 7 (H/L =
1/7), when the wave's crest peak is steep (less than 120°), or when the wave height is three-fourths
of the water depth (H => 3/4 D).
*
Breaking L -120m
-

waves

•
" H
;
' "
4
" 120
s= ; = =
;
=
; H :
m
L 7 L , 120 7

•
120
120° =
D
,

•
3

°m≈ 22.86m
'
µ D D=
¢

14. A water wave at a fixed position has an equation of the form y = 15Sin(π/8(t)) where t is time in
seconds and y in feet. Assume deep-water wave conditions.
a. How high is the wave from trough to crest in feet?
crest
.
A = 15
15 H

is It =
30ft
0

c. How fast is it travelling in kph?

trough

b. What is the wavelength in meters? 399.695m

" 21T 21T

c. f- :
16s
✗ 3.6

9=15 sin t i 1- = =
*
= 16
8 B
8
C :
89.93 kph
9 9. 81
[ = T2 =
162=399 .
695m
21T 2 ,
15. Deep water waves break when the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity
of propagation of the wave itself. Determine the amplitude of the water waves at this condition
when the depth of water is 69 m.
amplitude of the water = wave
height ,
H

D= 69m

I * use
It L It 1
= D= =
j H : 19.714m
, 7 2 2 69 ,

16. Significant Wave Height - average height of the highest one-third waves in a wave spectrum
Using a significant wave height of 3.4 m.
a. Compute the maximum wave height.
b. Compute the arithmetical mean value of all recorded wave height during a period of
observation.
c. Compute the arithmetical mean value of the height of the highest 10% of waves.
d. Compute the arithmetical value of the height of the highest 1% of waves.
no . Of
waves

Hs 3.4
significant
=

"" "" "

=
# so , Hy ,

° ""°" " " "ˢ " "

° "
" "
= ˢ " " "
" "
" °"

µ
b. Hmean : 0.611-5=0.6 3.4 =
2.04m

Hy I -271-15=1-273-4 4.318m
=
C. :
,o

height
d.
Hy,oo= 1.6714--1.673.4
=
5.678m
3 Of waves

17. The wavelength of a deep-water wave during a typhoon is 310 m. The depth of still water is
located 0.90 m. below the centerline of the rotation of the wave. If the steepness of the wave is 0.16,
a. Determine the vertical distance of the wave trough from the bottom of the ocean if the depth
of still water is 40 m. above the bottom of the ocean.
b. Determine the elevation of the wave crest above the ocean bottom.
crest
H H
; H -49.6m
5--0.16
0.16=3,0
'

= -

,
L

É"""
H2

" "" " H

H2 0.9+40 = th
2

0.9-140=49.6
1=31 0m

2
+
hjh-16.IM
40
40m

ocean bottom b. H
Elev Crest
.
:
-10.9+40 = 65.7m
2

18. A wave generated in deep-water, when reaching shoaling water changes not only its height but
also its length. The wave period however remains constant. For a depth of 1.25 m., the shallow-water
wavelength is 20 m., determine the deep-water wavelength.
9 • " h Lsw 217h 20m 21T 1.25
Lgw = T2 tanh = tanh = tanh
t L
21T LDW LDW 20

g wavelength of
&
LDN = + LDW = 53.5210m
21T shallow water

19. Determine the elevation of the residual water level (RWL) for a gravity type if the following
data are as follows: from datum ,
i.
y

Elev. of MLLW = 0m, Elev. of HWL = +1.26m., Elev. of LWL= -0.23m.

mean lower low water High water level low water level
 HWL 1-1-26

gravity type :

RWL + Ym

}
'
H :
HWL LNL
=
1.26 0.4967m
-0.23 =
- -

±
datum MLLW 0m

design LWL -0.23m

ÉÉ 0.23
y -10.23=0 -4967m

low tide 9=0 -2667m

20. According to the tide table of NAMRIA, the port of CEBU has a frequency of tide below MLLW is
213 times/year. The present data observed by the PPA reveals the following results:
Elev. of HWL = +1.30m., Elev. of RWL = 0.74m.,
Determine the present elevation of tide below MLLW using a sheet pile type analysis.
HWL 1-1-30
2
H :
HWI
-

LWL
3

RWL -10.74

datum MLLW 0m §Ñn 1-1=32 1.3 -

a
ÉÉ a
H
0.74-19=2
g
1-3-19

LWL -

a
a- -

0.38m

DEF. OF TERMS (DPWH BLUE BOOK VOL. 2)

a. Traffic Signs - device mounted on a fixed support (permanent signs) or portable support (temporary signs)
whereby a specific message is conveyed by means of words or symbols placed or erected for the purpose of
regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

b. Regulatory Signs - signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations which, if disregarded, will
constitute an offense.

c. Special Instruction Signs - signs that instruct road users to meet certain traffic rule requirements or road
condition.
d. Warning Signs - warn road users of condition on or adjacent to the road that may be unexpected or hazardous.

e. Guide Signs (Informative Signs) - inform and advise road users of directions, distances, routes, the location of
services for road users, and points of interest.

f. Roadwork Signs - warn or advise of temporary hazardous conditions that could endanger road users or the
men and equipment engaged on roadwork.

g. Overhead Signs - signs which provide means of displaying essential traffic information on wide multi-lane roads,
where some degree of lane use control is required, or where side-of-road clearance is insufficient to accommodate
a road side sign.
h. Barriers - highway appurtenances designed to prevent vehicular penetration from the travel way to areas
behind the barrier such as to minimize damage to impacting vehicles and their occupants, and to reduce the risk
of injuries to pedestrians and workers.

i. Flashing Lamps - warning devices used to supplement other controls and devices necessary to alert motorists
of construction and maintenance activities or obstructions in the roadway.

j. Delineators - light retro-reflecting devices mounted at the side of the roadway, in series, to indicate the
roadway alignment.

k. Traffic Cones - devices which may be conical in shape or tubular-shaped capable of performing
channelization of traffic which may be set on the surface of the roadway or rigidly attached for continued use.
l. Temporary Curbing - roadwork devices consisting of pre-cast concrete sections, sandbag, and others which,
may be used to guide traffic at the construction site.

m. Flexible Post or Bollard - device used in place of rigid barrier posts or traffic cones with a minimum of 450mm
by 50mm wide with alternate bands of contrasting color as seen by approaching traffic for delineation of traffic.

1.5 Classification of Signs

Signs are classified in the following groups according to their use.
- Regulatory Signs (Type R);
- Warning Signs (Type W);
- Guide Signs or Informative Sign (Type G);
- Signs for Expressways (Type GE);
- Signs for Special Purposes (Type S);
- Hazard Markers (Type HM).

9.4 Types of Markings

Markings as defined for the purposes of this manual are classified into the following groups.

9.4.1 Pavement and curb markings

- Longitudinal lines which are those laid in the direction of travel. These include: Center Line; Lane Line;
Double Yellow Line; 'No Passing' Zone Markings; Pavement Edge Line; Continuity Lines; and, Transition
Line;
- Transverse Lines which are laid across the direction of travel. These include Stop Line; Give Way Lines;
Pedestrian Crossing Markings; and, Roundabout Holding Lines;
- Other lines, which include: Turn Lines; Parking Bays; Painted Median Islands; and, Bus & PUJ Lane Lines;
- Other markings which include: approach markings to islands and obstructions; Chevron marking; diagonal
markings; Markings on Exit and Entrance Ramps; Curb markings for Parking restrictions; Approach to
Railroad crossing; Messages and Symbols; and, Pavement Arrows