Cunpter 10 REDUCTION FORMULAE ———— 16.1, INTRODUCTION There are some functions whose integrals are not immediately reducible to one or other of the standard forms or whose integrals are directly obtainable. In such cases we find a formula, which is called reduction formula which connects an integral with another integral in which the integrand is of the same type, put of lower degree or lower order, In most of the cases, the reduction formula is obtained by the rule of ‘integration of parts’ In the present chapter, we consider the following formulae in detail hh 10.2. Reduction formulae for wa (i) ftan*x de 4 tan” x dx [Bhag. 92) 4 fii) { cot” x de (iv) J} cottx dx where n #1. We have, (i) f tan” x dx = J tan" ~2x - tanéx de = J tan" ~2x - (see2x ~ 1)dx =f tan®~ 2x - sec? xde ~ J tan" ~2x de J tan" ~2x de [M.G. 90H] which is the rquired reduction formula for J tan” xdx. , nih (i) Lett, = J, tan"x dx. 4 id i tan" 2xde Ln-1 by 0Reduction Formulae 109 22 J sin® x dx. IR.. 90; M.U. 91; Bhag. 91] ° w2 Let I, il sin*xdx. We have, oO fsin® x dx =f sin?-1 xsin x de 1x(-cos x) — fin - 1)sin" ~2x cos x(-cos x)dx; using integration by parts ~ Ly cos x + (n — 1)f sin" ~ 2x cos2x de =-sin"- Ix cos x +(n - 1)f sin" 2x(1 - sin2x)de = sin? 1x cos x + (n- Hlf sin 2x de - sin x de] dk nt lx cos x +(h - Hf sin? 2x dx ~ (n - Df sin” ine ae = nf sin*x dx =-sin"~ Ix cos x + (n~ If sin® ~ 2x de n-1 2x(-sin x) + cos! Ix(m + 1)sin™x(cos ») = -(n = 1)sin™ * 2x cos! ~2x + (m + 1)sin!x cos"x = -(n ~ 1)sin"xsin2xcos" ~ 2x + (m + 1)sin™xcos"x = -(n ~ 1)sin™x(1 - cos@x)cos! ~ 2x + (m+ Lsin™x cos" = -(n ~ 1(sin"™xcos"~ 2x = sin™x cos"x) + (m+ L)sin"xcos™ = ~(n = I)sin™x cos" ~2x + (n = 1)sin™x cos"x + (m+ Lsin”'x cos!" = (rn ~ I)sinx cos? > 2x + (m + n)jsin™x cos!x = Pa-(n~ Uf sin™x cos" 2xdx + (m+n) f sin™y cos" xx = sin™* 1x cos™= ly = -(n - 1)f sin™x cos!’ ~2x dy +(m +n) J sin'ty cos'ixdsReduction Formulae 193 = (m+n) Jsin™ cos"x de = sin + ly cog - + (n= 1) Jsin™x cos" 2x de. \) (MFM, n= Sin * We cost Le + (n= 1)/,, n-2 [Bhag. 89, 94H) > (m anf sin™x cos"x dx = [sin + Ix cos! ~ eg + (n= vf sin™x cos" 2x dx 0 =(n- vf, sin™x cos" ~2x dx n-l = men MHA-zB a n-3 Silay In, 2 = lm. n 4 n-5 ie Orr and so on. n-1 7 Tae Thu ee ee nd so : m+n mt+n—2 men—4mn-6 and soon. (i) fn is an even integer, then n-1 on 5 3 lg mn mtn men mtn-4""m+4 m42m0 me But lnso= | sin™x de. : oO Thus if n is an even integer, then n-1 on n-5 3 1 ma m+n m+n-2 m+tn-4""m+4 m+2~ we J sin™xde ...(1) o Now two cases arise according as m is even or odd. Case I. If m is an even integer, then a m=lm-3 1 4 J sind Oo 05 Hence from (1), if n is an even integer and also m is an even integer, then iiReduction Formulae 197 16 m2 Ex5. Prove that ip sin4x cos®x dx = 2. [PU. 56A] tp 315 wi. indy : if sin4x cos®x dy ef sin4x cos4x cos x de. 0 Soln. Let / el Put sin x =z so that cos x dx = dz. = 2=Oandx= =) 2 T= J, sin4x(cos2x)@cos x dx nr = if sin4x(1 - sin2x)2cos x dx 1 1 = iF 24(1 = 2?)?dz J 24(1 — 222 +24)d2 EXAMPLE 10(A) oe Mu I, J, tant dx, prove that y+ Iy_2 = > a [B.U. 54H, 55H; M.d. 63H) and hence evaluate i tan®xdx. [RU. 498, 85] oO 4 2 th=f tan” dx, show that ny) +/y—1)=1 0 [M.d. 85, 92; Bhag. 93] Prove that :— 2 3. J sinbxde = 22 [RU. 61S; M.d, 64A, 66S] ° 32 [P. 5A; B.U. 67S, 9741] 35 be 4 3n * |, eee ie" me 4 f sin?x dx 0200. Integral Calculus But ipa e* dy = -en 0 0 Hence J, = n(n = 1)(n = 2)... 321 = |r. IR.G, oy NOTE: The above integral is very useful for application and it is denoted by means of Gamma Funetion x(n + 1). Thus ie 0 . 1 Ex. Evaluate f (os 3) dx, 0 (9x ode = tn + 1). 1 1 in Soin, ets= f (ea 4) dx. 0 Putlog 4=2 sothat =e? = xzet|= dx =-e-%de. Alsox=O=9 ef = => zeccandx=1 = e=1 = 226, oO 0 cd ie Therefore =f 2". -e-®)ae = [gn ede -f edz =n. é Recuction formula for a2 cos™x cos nx dx (ji) i cos™x cos nx dx. shall derive the reduction formula in three ways, First Reduction Form : Let Yn, n = Jcos™ x cos nx de. Integrating by parts, we get sin nx Vin, n = 60S « Sane fm cos = lx (sin x) « cos™ x sin nx m BL com n n Ixsinxsinnc de (1) COS NX - cos x + sin ne «sin x sin nx» sin x = cos (n ~ Vx Therefore from (1), Now cos(n ~ 1 jx — €0S nx + cos x, cos™x sin nx m 'x{c0s(n ~ 1x ~ cos nx cos x}dt iin ee ag aieaReduction Formulae 201 _cos™x sin nx om BT] cos = Ix cos(n = 1xde ‘ m £18 sete cose cos™x sin nx om jE coe sin Foe amy, m n nim=n-a— m cos™x sin nx | m, = ( + Vnun 5 ii eat ne cos!x sin = Vina = ax, Ty : men *meatm-tn-l cos™x si r? Then from (i), Irn, n= [sestesoae| m+n ly m m2 pease ace Ix cos(n ~ 1)x dx m manim-tn-1 (PG. 62H; MU, 62H, 91H, 92H; B.W. 94H] Second Reduction Form ———— (As before, integrating by parts, we get en COs a Xzsin irk m—1x sin x sit Vina = ary cos’ x sin x sin nx dx we(2) Now — cos(n + 1)x =cos nx cos x ~ sin nx sinx Es sin x sin nx = cos nx cos x = cos (n + 1)x. Therefore, from (2), cos™x sin nx Vin, n= n +2 J cos tx {cos nx cos x - cos (n + 1)x}dx n 3 cos™x n e +2) {cos™x cos nx - cos™~ |x cos(n + 1)x}de n cosmx sin nx , im (aes ate “ my cos™ ~ lx cos(n + I)xdeReduction Formulae 203 Hence from (3), cos™x sin Vin, a> 2 a 4m E ost = Wx sin x cos nx n n vel cosx sin nx m i ead mn ee a cos = |x sin x cos nx n n m(m- 1), - mms y n2 m-2.0 . = ee me mize ncos™x sin nx \ (ii) Here /, = real _ mn nme \ / m + —aleos™ = Ix sit C mon ‘i aT = ees cos™ ~ x sin nx de n2—me Jo cos™ 2x cos nvdx 12 m2. 1 < Evaluate f cos"x cos nx dx. K- [PU 46H, 55H, GOH; R.U. 92H; Bhag, 91H; B.U. 91H, 97H; 'M.U. 95H, 97H; VKS 95H, 96H] Soln. From the first reduction formula, we have ay Inn = ppm hand ma J i m. = cos™ ie. J, cos™x cos nx dx nie My cos (n - 1x dv, Putting m =n, we get ne f cos" ~ !x cos(n = Ix dv 0 Nie zs (igor tea O204 Integral Calculus 1 Similarly In-an-1 =z ln-an-2 Zana n-4 and so on. m2 Fxsinnxdx (ii) J cos™x sin nx dx : x Jcos"x sin nx de. Then integrating by parts, we get {_ cos nx i cos nx Vin, n = COS {Sera |- J m cos™ = Ix(—sin x) x (- — lac = ST os asm cos™ lx sinx cos nx de (1) Now sin(n ~ 1)x = sin nx cos x — cos ax sin x sin x cos nx = sin nx cos x ~ sin (n ~ I)x. Therefore from (1), } Ve {sin nx cos x ~ sin (n — 1)x}de J {eos™x sin nx ~ cos™ ~ Ix sin(n — 1x}Reduction Formulae 205 m m m osx co: 2 (162). ~ Sostx cos ne my, n nm ¥m-4en1 oy VE i ao gps, m b men men mater m2 (Let Inn = i cosx sin nx de. cos™x cos re x cos nx Then In, np =—| SPSS ME] _m_ men menmaband if m = +}, mtn menm-ba-t m n=m, then /, —— +, m+m o> m+emm-hm-l im, m = or simply /,,, = os + Hm “1 is a positive integer > 1, prove that We J cos" ~ 2x sin nx dx [P.U. 53H] ° Soln, We know that if wR cos™x sin nx dx, 1 m oe Inn man men med itinino't Ay We want to evaluate /,, _ 2, n+ From (1), 1 n-2 |, = tt ted n-20-Ro2en n-2ene—™ 1 poulticieny "Ba-1) an-yn"> 1 a-2 [1 ,a-3)_ | 1a une? “2in-1) 2an- bl yaad 1 n=3, | Ben =a) * Anaya? n-3 Ve ane "Bm -) Ba-) Am yr™206 Integral Calculus } 1 n-3 ax ol, 1+ “Bn n-1) An-1) 1 fic4, Qn-6 An-G6"-5n~3 -4 1 Lela oo ha “BRD a= a= Bayer? ee ele 21-1) * n-1) Bn-1) 1 fr) —_ Ie "Bn at)” An ay? (ae «| sat 34). 10.8. Reduction formula for J, e** cos"x dx (a> 0). Let the given integral be J, integrating by parts, we have