Be se ee 274 Integral Calculus Let the area AMPC be denoted by A. Then the area ANQC will be denoted by A + 5A. Therefore the shaded area PMNQ =\area ANQC = area Now area PMNR = y6x and area TMIYQ Since the area PMNR < area PMINQ dx =-a sin 0.d0. y' Also x=0 = cos 0=0 = 0-5. and x=a = cos0=1 => 0=0. Hence from (1), 0 A =a] 5 b sin 6. (-a sin @)d0 2 = 4ab | sin20 dO = 4ab x 5-5 = mab. o ‘ow that the entire area of the curve x73 + y?? =a? is Bra. [B.G. 71; PU. 58A, 70A. 72A, 75A; M.U. 91H; Bhag. 91H, 94H; VK. 95H] Soln, The details of the graph of the vv given curve have already been given ‘on page 261. Its graph is as follows : The curve is symmetrical about both the axes. Hence the area of the curve =4 x area of the fig. OAB ie, co (1) Now, the parametric equations of the curve are x =a cos?0 and y =a sin30. 1 This = dx =a -3.cos20(-sin 0)d0 = ~3a sin 0 cos?0 de X Also x=0 = cos? =0 = cos0=0 = 0=> ou xza 23 cos0=1 = cos0=1 = 0=0.276 Integral Calculus: Hence from (1), " RR 12a? { sin*0(1 = sitx20)d0 “oO n2 a = 12a? J, (sin0 - sin°0)d0 1 \ 0 i 3. Trace the curve y? = x(x — 1) and find the area of its loop, | \/ ) [RU. 54A; B.d. 598, 65S; Bhag. 64A, 66S; R.U. 71S; Mithila 7A} We note the following facts regarding the graph of the curve. @ The ‘curve passes throtigh the origin, x= 0, y=0, both the sides of the equation a (i) The curve is symmetrical abo u?. (only even powers of y), (ii) It cuts the x-axis at the points x = 0 and x = 1. This is obtained by Putting y =0 in the equation of the curve. It cuts the y-axis only at the origin. oln. since by putting re Satisfied. uty = 0 (Le. x-axis) since it contains iv) Ifx <0 (ce. xis negative), Thatis, there is no portion 7 onthe LHS. of y-axis). then y? = ~ve which = y is imaginary Of the curve on the LH.S. of x = 0 (i Also, the value of y increases as x increases. (¥) _By,equating to zero the term “x 2 which means that origin. of the lowest degree, we find thet the y-axis is tangent to the curve at the eeArea of Curves. 277 Hence the graph of the curve will be as follows : Y x’ oO * X (1,0) Y Thus there is a loop in the interval [0, 1}. ‘Therefore the area of the loop =2 J vex 1 =2 fs Vx (1 — x)dx; (since x < 1) 1 =2 i (Wx = x32)de =2 [200-2 252) 3 lo oe : 43-3]- axe (” Fipld the whole area of the curve ay? = x*(a? — x*). [R.U. 35A, 46A, 52S, 85; B.U. 53A, 54A, 57A, 92H; Bhag. 65S, 92; M.G. 70S, 72S, 74A, 86, 90H, 95H] Soln. We note the following facts regarding the graph of the given curve : () The curve passes through the origin. | (ii) The curve is symmetrical about both the axes. (iii) It cuts the x-axis at the points x = 0, x = +a, x =—a\It cuts the x-axis only at the point y = 0. ‘ (iv) There is no, portion of the curve beyond x = +a or x = -a\for in that case y2 is -ve and hence y is imaginary. \SA278 Integral Calculus Thus the graph of the curve will be like this : Therefore there are two loops as shown in the figure. Hence the area of the whole curve = 4x area OAB =a] ydcna J” Xara i) Put x = 2 sin @ so that dx = a cos 6 d0. Also x=0 = sind=0 = 0=0 F m and Sate eee ed ee: Therefore (1) becomes m2 -4J, sin 0 -acos 0-acos 0 d0 m2 =4a2 fe sin 0 cos0 dO Now let cos @ = u so that -sin 6 d0 = du. Therefore (2), oO 1 = 422 f u(-du) = 4a? f udu 1 oO 1 = 4a2[t2] tat 3b &.5, Obiain the area included between the curve y%(a ~ x) =x° a" ils asymptotes. IPG. 644, 668, 694, 714; B.U. 53A, 56A, 674 R.U. 65S, 76A; Bhag. 66A, 68A, 71A; M.U. 94 >Area of Curves 279 goin, We note down the following facts about the given curve; (For detalles goo page 262) () The curve passes through the origin; since both the sides are ¢ satisfied by putting «= 0, y= 0 th the equation of the curve, (i) The curve is symmetiical about the x-axis, (ii) The curve does not cut the co-ordinate axes at any other point exceptat the origin, (i) The x-anis i y) The asymptote of the curve parallel to y-axls Is.x = a. of x = 0 or on the the tangent to the curve at the origin. (ai) There is no portion of the curve on the LH.S. RHS. of x =a. Therefore the graph of the curve will be as follows : y Therefore the required area = 2.x area of the upper half camel, To evaluate (1), putx = 4 sin20 so that dx =a-2sin 0 cos 0d0 and x=0 <9 sin2?0=0 = 0=0; n xca = sintQ=1 = 0=5 Therefore (1) becomes af = sin? 2 af asin20Va sin) 24 sin 0 cos 0.d0 —Vacos0 m2 3 1 n_ 3na? 2 = dae fi. sinto dO =4a° 75°34280 Integral Calculus 16, Show that the area included between the curve y? =.x2. 244 any E 1 / and its asymptote is 5 (+ 4)a. RU. 545, 56A, 64A, 73A; M.LL GGA, 90; B.U. 58S, GOA, 62A, 6a, R.W. 73A, 80, 82; Bhag. 93; VK. 964 Soin, We note down the following facts about the given curve : (@ The curve passes through the origin; since both the sides are satisfied by putting x = 0, y = 0 in the equation of the curve. (i) The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis, | (ii) The curve cuts the x-axis at the points x = 0 and x =a. This is obtained by putting y =0 in the equation. The curve cuts the y-axis only at the point y = 0. (iv) From the equation of the curve, we have atx ae az Obviously for x <-a, y is imaginary (for a+x <0 and «. its square root is imaginary) and also for.x > a, y is imaginary on the same ground. Therefore there is no portion of the curve on the LHS. of.x =-a or on the RHS. ofx =a. (©) The equation of the asymptote is a - x = 0 ie. x =a. Taking all these facts into consideration, we find that the graph of the curve will be like this : i y ee ea | \ x; +x | (a0) z y Therefore the area included between the curve and its asymptote is 2 é eval yac=2f NEF ay Al) 0 0 9-5 and x=a = cos0=1 = 0=0.Area of Curves 283 EXAMPLE 14(A) . Find the whole area of the circle x2 4 y2 = a2 Find the area bounded by the parabola y rectum. : 2 = dax and its latus 4. Show that the area bounded by the parabola vx + Vy = Va and its 2 co-ordinate axes is = ea 2/3, 4, Show that the whole area of the curve (5) + (¢) = tis Snap. a 5. Find the area of the curve y? = x2(4 - x2), [B.U, 63A; Bhag. 91] 8. Find the area of the loop of the curve y2 = x2(x +a). [B.d. 66S) () Find the area of a loop of the curve ay? = x2(a - x). TRU. 65A, 86; M.C. 614; Bhag. 65A; B.U. 75A; L.N. 76A; R.U. 84] (i Find the area of a loop of the curve a2y? = x?(2a - x). [M.d. 92; B.U. 93H] Find the area of the loop of the curve cy? = (x — a)(x - b)? where a, b,c are all positive. [B.d. 55A) .. Find the area of the loop of the curve y? = (x —2)(9 - 2x). [PU. 538; Bhag. 94] 10. Find the area of the loop of the curve y(a ~ x) = x2(a +x). x IPU. 73; RU. 73A] 11. Find the area of a loop of the curve a4y? = x4(a2 - x2). [R.U. 63A] 12. Find the area of the loop of the curve x(x? + y2) = a(x2 ~ y2), [P.U. 60S; B.U. 58A, 61S, 65A, 69A] 13. Calculate the area of a loop of the curve y2(a? + x2) = x2(a2 - x2), (PU. 51A, 77A; R.U. 68A, 72A; B.U. 94H] 14. Obtain the area of the loop of the curve xy? + (x + a)*(x + 2a) = 0, [P.U. 50A, 68A; M.U. 66S; B.U. 59A; R.U. 65A) 15. () Find the area between the curve y?(2a-x)=x3 and its asymptotes. [B.U. 56A, 91H] (i) Find the area between the curve xy? = 4a?(2a - x) and its asymptotes, (M.C. 89H; B.C. 90H] 2, @=aP 16. Find the whole area included between the curve 4 and atx its asymptote. IP.U. 54S, 56A, 64A; M.U. 67S; B.U. 56S, 62A; R.U. 72S; Mithila 784} F286 Integral Calculus r=0 a) 0-0 = r=2a. This means that the curve cuts the initial line at a distance of i POfrs (ii) We now change the equation of the curve into car tesian a Thus from r= 2a cos Owe get? = 2ar cos O and putting pce. ig rsin Q = y, we getx? + y* = 2ax which represents the equation Os, oy ation of aq Hence the graph of the curve is as follows : ite y The required area = 2 x area OAP | 2. Find the area of the cardiode r = a(1 +cos 8). Soin “The mai IPU. 59A, 624, 76A; M.U. 704; R.U. 93: V9) nThe main poin : already been Sameer Te the graph of this important curve wt | summarise them here, 1 ‘Re Previous chapter. We, how | i) Wh ae tt change Thee, 8 the equation of the curve, the equation ot ve the curve is symmetrical about the initial li r=0 = cos = -1 => O=n | fot) » i tom, r decreases from 2a to a as is eviden" ues of r and 0 given by the following table '‘Area of Curves 287 180° Therefore the required area =2x area OAP =2x1f ado 20 x n =f a2(1 + cos 0? do = a2 f (1 +2 cos 0 + cos?0)d0 0 oO fj cos2f” fi =a? d0+2} cosddd+} cos*o do : 0 0 oO we ; =a2|n+2 {sin 0} + 2f cos?0 d0 5 0 0 &3. Find the whole area of the curve r= 3 +2.cos 0. IR, 49S; B.U. 545, 78A; R.U. 69A] os The necessary and important facts about the given curve are as ‘llows ; (i) The pole is within the curve. {) the curve is symmetrical about the initial line, aei we / Area of Curves. 291 7 , Find the area of the loop of the folium of Descartes XY x+y? =Bary. [RU. 59S, 79A; M.U. 63A, 645, 65A, 72A, 93H; B.U. 64S, 678, 72A, 74A; Bhag. 90H; VK. 954] gui. We note the following facts about the graph of the given curve (they have already been determined in the previous chapter on page 263) (i) The curve passes through the origin. (i) The curve is symmetrical about the line y =.x, This can be easily seen by putting x for y and y for x in the equation of the curve. (ii) The curve does not cut the co-ordinate axes except at the origin. (iv) By equating to zero the lowest degree term, we find 3axy = 0. This => x = 0 and y = 0. Hence the equations of the tangents to the origin are x = 0 (ie. the y-axis) and y = 0 (ce. the x-axis). The equation of the real asymptote is x + y+a=0. Hence the graph of the curve is as follows : From the figure, there is a loop in the first quadrant. In order to find the atea of the loop, we change the equation of the curve into polar ©0-ordinates, Thus putting x =r cos 0 and y=rsin 0 in the equation + =3axy, we get . 73 cos30 +P sin30 = 3a -rcos O-rsinO = 13(cos30 + sin30) = 3ar*sin 0 cos 0 _ 3a sin 0 cos 0 ~ cos?0 + sin20 Now putting =0 = 3a sin 0 cos 0 =0 = sin 0=O.orees 0=0 = 0=0 or0=5 X Hence forthe loop, 0 varies from 0 to >298 Integral Calculus Nee ‘Find the area enclosed by the parabolas y= dae ayy x= dby. [RU. 50S, 66A, 69A; B.U. 64A, 69A; M.U. 73A; Bhag. 69A; R.U, 7A, 204 Sela, The graphs of two parabolas y = ax and x? = 4by are drawn as above. For their points of intersection we solve the two equations = 4ax wo(l) and x2 = Aby sul) From (i), y= 16a2x2 6 and@),= y= 16a2-4b y = 64a2by => ut - 64a2by = 0 = y(y3 — 64ab) = = y=Oory = 4a2pls, Nowy =0 = x=0 and from (2), y = 4a2b13 = x = dal3b29. Thus the points of intersection of the two parabolas are O(0, 0) and A (4217622, 42%7b11/3), ‘Therefore the area enclosed between the two parabolas is given by 4a'090 x = Viax - 2a; J laax 4 4a'?420 p ( (u ~ upd = J, since y, lies on y? = 4ax and y, lies on x? = 4by.312 Integral aleulus WORKED OUT EXAMPLES x “€.3. Show that in the catenary y=c cosh ie © the length of the are being measured from the vertex to any Bete pointis given bys =c'sinh = Rasy Go y? = +s*, the arc being measured from the vertex. [RG 59S; Bhag, 634) Sola, The graph of the catenary is as follows : x Itis the same graph as when we i hang a string freely between two IB points in a horizontal line. It is P(xy) parabolic in shape near the vertex. | In the above graph, A and B ar iv two fixed points and V is the x vertex and P(x, y) is any pointon < ° the catenary. @ Here y =ccos A=. ¢ Therefore differentiating, we get Let s be the length of the arc measured from the vertex V ‘0, c) to th point (x, uv); then we have 2 s my fe J, cosh Cdr =[esin h| Lengths of Plane curves 315 ¢ox.: The length of the are of the parabola 1? » dax cut off by its Iatus rectum, mare OL. 4 are OL! «= 2.orc OL. = 2a(V2 4 log (1 4 V2). [B.U. G1A, 658, 698] Ex, Find the length of the are of the parabola y* = Aax cut off by the line y = 2x. IR, ADA; M.U. 64A, GGA, 92H; Bhag. 91H] sain, Solving 1? = dax and y = 2x we get Ax? = dax => x2 ax 20 => x(x-a)=0 es x= Oandx ea, That is, the line y = 2x cuts the parabola at two points where x = 0 and x = a respectively. In the previous picture the points of intersection are given by the points O and L and the equation y = 2x Is given by the line OL. a Z Thus s=arc OL =f 1 (2 dx, 0 And as in the previous exercise, s = a{V2 + log (1 + V2)}. ‘s, Find the perimeter of the curve x2? + y?? =a, {R.U. 60S, 61A, 65A; M.. 72S, 74A, 85, 91; B.U. 71A, 75A; R.U. 66A, 75A, 81, 91, 93; V.K. 95H] Soln, The graph of the curve is as follows : The whole length is = 4 x arc AB af fayy <4f “(Z] dx vd) Given 12 4 y23 = a2, hence differentiating want. x we get 2 nt 424-1 eo Beer tal Te deid Lengths of Plane curves 317 2 (type {1+ eal i 1 ae i i 3 bya 4 (x23 + y23)32 (22832 3 4y 1 | DBs See” ar 3 ayia = 3alBx1Byl3, Eel j Now from (1) and (2), | p2 + 4s? = 9a29x28y2/3 4 9923.43 | = 9423x213 (y2/3 4 x23) | = 9a2/3x2/3g2B = 994,23 * os | =9043.—_. i = 948? «ip i from (1) | = 3a + 2s = Gas. | which was to be proved. 6 18 ! (Find the whole length of the loop of the curve Bay? =x(x -a)*. [RU. 50S, 52A, 56A, 68S, 71A, 75A; M.U. 67A, TOA, 73A, 75A, 7A; ‘ B.U. 54A, 57S, 60A, 62S, 78A; Bhag. 66A, 71A, 90, 93; i R.. 62A, 67S, 71A, 72A; Mithila 76A] i Soln, First of all we shall trace out the given curve. ei] In this connection we note the following points; a (i) The curve passes through the origin. (ii) The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis. et (ii) The curve cuts the x-axis at the points given by x = 0 and x =a. fl This is obtained by putting y = 0 in the equation of the curve. - Heli] | (iv) For negative values of x,y? is negative and hence y is f | imaginary. Therefore there is no part of the curve on the left hand side of y-axis. { (¥) By equating to zero, the terms of the lowest degree we find that : x= 0 ie. y-axis is the equation of the tangent at the origin. (vi) The values of y increase with the positive values of x. Hence the graph of the curve is as below and there is a loop between, ) *50andx=a. .eo Lengths of Plane curves 323 3, Find the length of the arc cut Ge line Ue en oa IRU. 45S; M.U. 90H] g, Find the length of the curve y = log cot h X= from x = a tox = 2a. 2 [Ra 57S] 10. Find the length of the curve y = log = fomicu atone. IPU. 37A, 39A; M.G. 89H] 2 4 s2, the arc being 11, Show that in the catenary y =c cos h = cp = © measured from the vertex. [RU. 59S; Bhag. 63] Find the whole length of the loop of the curve 9ay? = x(x + 3a)?. 12. [Pa. 648] ind the whole length of the loop of the curve Qy? = (x — 2x — 5)?. [PU. 63a] Find the whole length of the loop of the curve 9y? = (x — 3)(x — 6)?. [B.d. 55S; R.U. 63S; Bhag. 94; V.K. 96H] (@ Trace the curve 9y? = (x + 7)(x + 4)? and obtain the length of its loop. [B.d. 66A; PU. 66S] Gi) Find the whole length of the loop of the curve Bay? = x?(a — x). [Bhag. 92, 94H] 16. @) Show that the whole length of the curve y?(a? ~ y?) = Ba?x? is [PU. 55S, 64A, 76A: R.C. 73A] Voge x2(a? — x2) = 8a2y? is nav2. [Hint : The whole length = 4 Sg (i) Show that the whole length of the curve [Bhag. 90H, 93H; RU. 93H; V.K. 96H] nav2. 17. Prove that the whole length of the curve x = a cos*t, y =a sin3¢ is 6a. [Rd. 614] 18. Find the length of the arc of the curve Vx + Vy = Va intercepted between the axes of co-ordinates. [RU..S5A; M.d. 91H] [Put x = a cos40 and y = a sin“0.} f the arc of the cycloid x = a(0 + sin 0), 18. Prove that the length o eyinen point (x, y) is VBay- Y= a(1 — cos @) from the vertex to the [B.. 50S} 20. Obtain the ratio of the perimeters of the two conics d : Bi soe Ne age 7 e 2,421. RU: GOA 5+ = 1 and 56 +28 Tengen)326- Integral Calculus Now ds? = dr? + (rd0) ' 2 2 ios (¢) nae (| = 1 + tan = sec” ar dr, : 1 1 “cost 1 -sin?0 cea = dr Vie = pe r = = ee Thus the length of the arc of the curve from r= r; to r= ra is given by 2 rdr ot, NP =p where p is to be replaced in terms of r from the given pedal equation of the curve. oh ‘ind the entire length of the cardiode r = a(1 + cos 0). [P. 48A, 68A, 79A; B.U. 61S, 63: hag. 69A, 72A; Mithila 7A; M.C. 86; R.U. 85; V.K. 94H, 97H) Soin. The graph of the given curve r= a(1 + cos0), as we know, is @& follows : Differentiating w.rt. 0, we get a 0. 7 asin 0. imme whole length i therefore,Lengths of Plane curves 327, baer : 24(a0) ay | (3) |aa =2 5, Ya2(1 + cos 0)2 + a2 sin20d0 ® =2a 5, (1 +2 cos0 + cos?0) + sin20d0 22a] N2 +2 cos 0d0 =2aJ N22 cost 0 ° z = * 0 fe =2a 2), cos3d0 = 42-2}sin >], = 82. p £42, Find the length of the parabola —=1+cos 6 cut off by the latus rectum. [B.U. 61S] Sein. The graph of the given parabola is as below where focus S is the pole. 3 JA | T S| My From the curve 22 = 1 + cos 0, we get | r e po 28 2 na see? | 1+cos 6 28 2 2. cos’ 2 a La ees sothat Spra Beez sec MD 2 68 i 2. = =a sec’ 2 tan j The length of the arc LAL’ = 2 x arc AL¥ l+cos9 SUt Off by, (Pg, ae cy (hag, oy . Show that the arc of the spiral r = ae © © between an vectors varies as the difference of these radii. 330 Integral Calculus ae 1 3. Find the length of the arc of the parabola a latus rectum. . Find the length of the arc of the equiangular spiral taking s = 0 when 0 = 0. s Y two rag (PU. deg) Find the entire length of the cardiode r = a(1 + cos 0) and show that 2 | a x she arc of the upper half is bisected by 0 = 5- (B.. 624 ~ Prove that the total length of the cardiode r = a(1 — cos 8) is 8a, Sfiow also that the arc above the initial line is bisected by the 2n line O=—- line 3 [RU. 50A, 54A, 72A; B.U. 5GA,58A, 64A, 66S, 69A, 744: M.U. 66S, 67S; R.U. 72S, 76A, 91; Mithila 784] 8. Find the length of the cardiode r = a(1 - cos 0) lying out the cice T=acos 0. [M.U. 684] 8. Find the perimeter of the curve r = a(1 + sin0). (8.4. 764) 10. Show that in the cardiode r = a(1 + cos 0), s? + 9p? = 16a; the arc being measured from the vertex. (RU. 84) - Show that the arc of the curve p?(a4 + 4) = a4r2 between the limils r= b,r=cis equal to the are of the h = a? between the ae ree perbola xy = a ‘ANSWERS tema 2. afV2 + log(1 + V3)} 3. UNZ + log (V2 + 1} 4. a sec a(e9 cot _ 1) 8.4V3a 9. Ba. ee 15.6. INTRINSIC EQUATION OF A CURVE We know that a relation between x cartesian equation of the curve; r=[(0) is called the polar. between p and r of thelf perpendicular from pedal equation of th ip the forms s = f(y, w where s is the leng and y of the form y = fix) is calle a relation between r and 0 of rela , aLengths of Plane curves 331 angle made by the tangent to the curve jrealed the intrinsic equation of the curve in this section we shall derive the intrinsic equation of the curve when () the equation of the curve is given in cartesian form : at the point P with the x-axis, {iy the equation of the curve is given in parametric form; (ii) the equation of the curve is given in polar form; (jv) the equation of the curve is given in pedal form, In this connection, the following symbols and results of Differential Calculus are important. = the angle made by the tangent at P with the x-axis, $= the angle between the radius vector and the tangent at P. dy. eee ax 8 O= GE tan y= A ds dr so pa B= Pay "dp The name ‘Intrinsic’ arises from the fact that s and y for any point depend upon the form of the curve and not on its position in the plane. 15.7. DERIVATION OF INTRINSIC EQUATION WHEN THE EQUATION OF THE CURVE IS GIVEN IN CARTESIAN FORM Let y=f(x) be the cartesian equation of the curve and let x=a comesponds to the fixed point from which the arcual distance. is measured. Working Rule : Calculate os-f. V1 «(2 =r if (i) tan y -& Eliminating x from (i) and (ii) we get a relation between s and w which is the rquired intrinsic equation of the curve. 5 x d the intrinsic equation of the curve y =c cos h > [B.U. 55A, 57A, 67A; R.U. 63A, 70A; Bhag. 66S] Soin, Here y = ¢ cos h eB (given) Differentiating wrt. x, we get Wy £.Lasinn(§) Becsinh=-z=sinh[eVolumes and Surface Areas of Solids of Revolution 345 anVa2+b2 af” f or by Bay O 7 Be | _anava +b? | yp _ anava® + B® = by) = «| be Yi eee a es 2nava be po ox Se naa, bi b 2 | ind the volume and surface area of a sphere of radius a. i | [B.U. 55S, 63S, 7A, 78; Bhag. 6GA, M.U. 68A, 75A; RU. 76; R.U, 92H; V.K. 94H, 97H) soln. ‘The sphere is formed by the Y revolution of upper half of the circle a x2 + y? = a? about the x-axis. Then the volume V of the sphere so iN a generated is given by ao a * ' 2 (-a,0) WY ve) nya -a | =% f (a? = x2)dx | T 3 3 3 or{ze-2 = a[e-)-[2 =| BY nate Silene |e ar a si | -1 [203-2 a IfS be the required surface area, then S = 20 J yds. ‘| EF a Now, the equation of the circle is x? + y2=ar, + diferentiating 2x + 2 SL=0 = wat. 24 ye _ a Hence ‘ Tae sean] OE sail na350. Integral Calculus % oes 2 i loop of the curve 2ay* = x(x — a) revolves abouy 08, be ey he volume of the solid so generated, Mean, IR. 61A, 66A; M.U. 66; in. First we draw the graph of the given curve 2ay2 In this connection we note the following : BU. 63q, = XK ~ ay, (i) The curve passes through the origin. (i) Since there are no odd powers of y in the equation OF the ¢ it is symmetrical about the x-axis. une, (i) The curve cuts the x-axis at points given by x(x ~ a? = 0,7 : obtained by putting y = 0 in the equation of the curve, Similaty by putting x = 0 we find that y= 0. That means that the cune cuts the y-axis at the origin only. (i) For any -ve value of x, y? is -ve and so y is imagi inary. Therefore no part of the curve lies on the left side of y-axis (©) For increasing values of x, the value of y also increasesThe graph of the given curve, therefore is as follows : eX Thus the loop of the c urve is between x = 0 tox =a. The required volume i iS given by 2 a Vs 2dy = x(x ~ a)? ny?dx = I on nas ail Bad, HOP ~ 2ax + arjdxVolumes and Surface Areas of Solids of Revolution 355 fb = 32na?2. 312 sn2n3, inthe required surface S = agp the Feq 2feny ds, wl) 2. 2. 2 ds) _ (de), (dy But () - (3) . () =a(1 + cos 0)2 + a2(-sin 02 =a*(1+2cos 0 + costo + sin20) =a*(2+2cos 0) = a?.2(1 + cos 0) = 2a2.2 cost ea —~ = 2a cos = Hence from (1), tn S=4n J a(1 + cos 0)-2a cos 50 * 0 0 5 8na? f 2 cos*>- cos sd 0 2 2 ® = 16na? f cos? gd o ne 16na? J cos) + 2d; on putting ° 2_ 64 = 2.2 = na, we, Sena? 5 =a 4. The cardiode r=a(1+cos 6) revolves about the initial line. Tnd the surface area and volume of the figure formed. [RU. 56A, 60A; B.U. 535, 59A, 62A, 65A, 67A; Bhag. 65A, 91; R.U. 63A, 75A, 81, 85; M.U. 84, 89H, 92H) Sol The curve is symmetrical about the initial line. ae Solid of revolution may be Se to be formed by cneee the upper half of the © about the initial line. The aie tt8me points of the curve Sen by 8 = 0 and Qian356 Integral Calculus refore, the red volume herefore, the required V= J ny2dx = nf (r sin 0)2d(r cos 0) =n JP sin20 d(rcos 0) =n] a2(1 +cos 6) sin20 -d{a(1 + cos 0)cos 0) 0 = na | (1 + cos 0)* sin?0{-sin 0 - 2 sin 8 cos ag, k [The limits of @ are from m to 0 because x increases as 0 decreas €S from 7 to 0} 0 ma f (1 + cos @)2(1 - cos?6)(1 + 2 cos 8)sin Odo, ® (ll) Put cos @ = u so that -sin @ d6 = du. Also@=x = u=-land0=0 = u=1. Thus (1) becomes 1 f (1 +u)P(1 ~u2)(1 + Quydu -1 1 =nai | {1+ 4u + 4u? - 2u3 — 5u4 - 2u9}du “1 =n[2 1 3a t}]-n NOTE: For another method see the next chapter, (i) From the formula, the required surface = Jeny ds. \ Now, (ds)? = (ary? + (reatoye {PN (as 2 (< i = S| =2+(4). es \do) - But from the given equation of the curve r = a(1 + cos @), we get Zang fo 7 725i 6, (sf =a(1 +2 cos 6+ costo + sin?0) 2(1 + cos 6)? + a2 sin2g