1 System of Circles 4.1 | The Angle of Intersection of Two Circles Definition : The angle between two circles is the angle 1, between the tangents to the circles at their point of intersection. p ‘When the two circles intersect each other at right angles, the < circles are said to be orthogonal. N Let P be the point of intersection of the two circles whose centres are C and C, respectively. LetPT and PT, be the tangents to the two circles at the point of intersection P. Since the tangents PT and PT, are respectively perpendicular to PC and PC, the angle between the two tangents is the same as the angle between the radii of the circles PC and PC, drawn through the point of intersection P. CP =randC,P =r, and ZCPC, =0, then from the ACPC,, CP? +C,P? -2CP-C,P cosCPC, +r? -2rr, cos® (1) which gives the angle of intersection of the two circles. Cor. : (i) When 0 =0, CC, =r—r,, ie, the distance between the centres is equal to the difference between the radii. This happens when the circles touch each other internally. (ji) When 6 =180°, CC, =r + F;. In this case, the circles touch each other externally. (iii) When 6 =90°, CC? =r? +12, ie, the square of distance between their centres is equal to the sum of the square of their radii. This is the case when the circles cut each other orthogonally. se Note : Let the equations of the two circles be x? + y? + 2gx + 2fy +e and x+y + 2g t fy te =O. ‘Then their centres are(— g, ~ f)and(~ gy ~ f,)- Let their radii be r and. 2g? 4 f?-c and yf “Therefore from (1), 217, cos @= 7? +1? — CCP alg? + fee? + AP) Me BH A = 2gg, + 2h -e- 4 @B)System of Circles * 5 The equation of the required circle, therefore, is (x —1)? +(y —2)? =15 = x? +y? 2x dy -10=0. » &x4. Find the equation of a circle which passes through the origin and cuts orthogonally the circles x* + y* —8y +12 =Oand x? + Soln. Let the equation of the circle be x? + y? 4+ 2px + 2fy +e Since it passes through the origin, -. ¢=0. Itis orthogonal to the first circle if 2(0) + 2f(-4) =12 -. f=—3. 2 Also, it is orthogonal to the second circle if 2¢(-2) + 2f(-3) = -3 => 4g-9=3 « g=3. The equation of the circle is, therefore, x? + y? + 6x -3y =0. » Ex5. Prove that the two circles which pass through the points (0, a) and (0,~a) and touch the line y =mx + cwill cut orthogonally if c? =a2(2+m?). {9H Soln. Let the equation of the circle be x? + y? + 2gx + 2fy +k=0. Since the circle passes through the points (0, a) and (0, - a), we have a? +2fa+k=0 a? -2fa+ Therefore, f =Oand k Thus the equation of the circle becomes, x? ty? +2gx-a? =0 (1) If the straight line y =mx + ctouches the circle (1), then the length of the perpendicular from the centre (~ g, 0) on this line is equal to the radius (=y/g” +a”). Therefore 8=S =4/g? + \l+m? = (mg - 0)? = +m?)(g? +a?) > g? +2meg+a? +a7m*-c? =0 wa (2) This gives two values of g corresponding to the two circles. Let the two values be gy, g So that the equations of the two circles are x? +y? +2g)x-a7 =0 and x? ty? +2g)x-a? =0. The two circles will intersect orthogonally if 2g)8 =~4? -a? > 2a? +a?m? —c?) =-2a?; from the equation (2) => a? +a’m? -c? =-a" 2 =2a? +a%m? =a2(2+m?). » Bx6. Ifthe equations of wo circles whose radiiarea anda, be respectively S = Oand H 0 intersect at right angles. Ss 0, show that the circles — + aoaSystem of Circles * 7 Let the equations to the two circles be x? ty? + 2en 4 2fyto=0 Ww and wty? +2gx42fyte, =0 - (2) Let P(x; 1) be a point from which the tangents to (1) and (2) are equal. e xp typ + 2g, +2fy, te=xp ty? + 2e.xy + 2h +e > Ag-s x, +AF-fy, tee =O. Therefore the locus of (x,, y,) is a straight line Ag—g)x+ Af -fyte-e, =0 w=) which is the equation of the radical axi ‘© Note: The points which satisfy (1) and (2) simultaneously also satisfy (3), hence (3) goes through the points of intersection of (1) and (2). That is, the radical axis of two circles is their ‘common chord. If the equations to the circles be written in the form S =Oand S, 0, the equation of the radical axis may be written as S — S, =0, and therefore the radical axis passes through the common points, real or imaginary, of the circles $=0= Sy. For example, the radical axis of the circles x? + y? =2x and 2x? + 2y? ~3y =Sis (2x? + 2y? —4x) -(2x? + 2y? -3y -5) =0 ie, 4x-3y =5 It should be noted that the common chord is real though the meets of the circles may be imaginary. In particular, if the circles touch one another, the radical axis is the common tangent at the point of contact. 14 | Theorems relating to radical axis 134 |, ‘The radical axis of two circles is a straight line perpendicular to the line joining the centres. ‘The co-ordinates of centres of (1) and (2) are (-g,~f), (-g1,—f,) tespectively. a Therefore the slope of this line, i.e., the ‘m’ of the line joining their centres is 8-8 S-hi ‘The product of these ‘m's being equal to ~ 1, the lines are at right angles. But ‘m’ of the line (3) is — Cor. : This theorem enables us to write the equations of two circles in simple form as follows : Let C, and C, be the centres of the two circles. We take the line of centres i.e., CC, as the x-axis. Since the radical axis is perpendicular to the line of centres, therefore we take the radical axis as the y-axis.8 * Co-ordinate Geometry (2D) Since the centres of the two circles lie on the . therefore the equations of each of the two ro cireles will be of the form (xa)? +(y-0)? [\\ or, x? -2ox+0?+y? = / “x ic, x? +y? -2ar+e=0. K* 7) Hence the equation of the two circles can be written in the form x? ty? + 2g.x4¢, =0 «= (l) and x? ty? +2ex +c, =0 «= Q) Now we shall show that ¢, =c3. The radical axis of two circles (1) and (2) is x 4y? 4 2ex+¢ =x? +y? + 2e)x +0) > As; —82)x +e, —e =0 3) Since the radical axis has been taken as y-axis i.e., x =0, hence from (3), cy -¢) =0 ite., c, =c, =c(say) Thus the two circles (1) and (2) can be finally written in the form x? +y? 42g.x+c=O0and x? +y? +2g.x+e=0 where cis the same for both the circles. IL. The radical axis of three circles taken in pairs are concurrent. Let the equations to the three circles be 5, =0 The radical axis of (2) and (3) is $,- 5, =0 The radical axis of (3) and (1) is Ss -$, =0 The radical axis of (1) and (2)is $, - $, =0 Adding (4), (5) and (6), the sum identically vanishes. ‘Therefore, the equations (4), (5) and (6) hold simultaneously, that is, the radical axes meet in a point, This point is called the radical centre of the three circles. Ifthis point be P, the tangents from P to the three circles are axes, Note 15 | To find the locus of the centre of the circle cutting two circles orthogonally Let the equations of the two circles be 2 2) ty. e2+2hy se, <0 ~@) and cs ty? 42x t hy +e, wa (2)System of Circles * 9 Let the equation of the circle which cuts them orthogonally be xv ty" $ love lfreec=0 Q) -n. Since (3) intersects (1) orth so that its centre is nally, therefore from Art. 1.2 4) (5) Similarly, Subtracting (5) from 4). we get 2atgy 82) + FU Therefore the locus of the centre (; Ag, — 8) + AM f= 2g, Jee, -e which is the radical axis of the two circles. U3 jence the locus of the centre of the circle which cuts two given circles orthogonally is a straight line Le., the radical axis of the two circles and hence this locus always passes through two fixed points, Note: Ifacircle cuts nwo circles orthogonally, the radical axis of the two circles passes through the centre of the circle. Cor. : To find out the equation of the circle cutting three given circles orthogonally, we observe that its centre must lie at the radical centre of the three circles and its radius will be equal to the length of the tangent drawn through the radical centre to any of the circles. 4.6 | The general equation of circles passing through points of intersection of two given circles 2 Let Ss +2ex+2fvte=0 and Sy ax +2ex+2fy ter Consider the equation $ + kS, =0. For different values of k, it represents a circle, as there is no term xy in it and the coefficient of x? is equal to the coefficient of y~. ‘Also it passes through the common points of $ =0, S, =0. Hence for different values of k, $ +S, =0 represents a system of circles passing through the common points of S$ =0, 5; = and hence (having the same radical axis) coaxal with the circles $ =0, S, =0. be the twe 1.7 | Equation of the system determined by a circle and a given line Let Sax? +y? +2gr + 2/y +¢=Obe the given circle and L =lx +my +n =Obe the given straight line. Consider the equation $+ kL =0. For different values of X, it represents different circles each passing through the common points of $ =0, L =0. Hence for different values of k, S + kL = Orepresents a system of circles of which L =0 is the radical axis and $ =0is one of the members.18 * Co-oniinate Geometry (2D) I tyoox y -l -q os hi =0 he & fy ol 26.17 +y? -Sx-y+4=0s5 25, a(x? +y7)-be-ay "Hints and Solutions of Selected Problems 3. The point of contact divides the line joining the centres in the ratio of their radi, 14. The radical axis passes through the centre of the second circle. 15, Length of the chord is equal to the diameter of the circle on this chord as diameter, 24, The equation of the circle, through the intersection of the circle vty? 4av4 by +e=Oand lr +my +n =0is taxvtbyte+ Mle + my +n) =0 xttyh saat AD tb + dm) tet hn =0 ofl) Similarly the equation of the circle through the intersection of the circle xtaylsaqrtby +c, =Oandl.x+myy +n, =0is xi sy? sx(a, +H) +y(b, +hm,) +0, hn, =0 0) Now. in order that the four points may lie on acircle, the two circles (1) and (2) must be identical. Hence a + hI =a, +k, => aa, +Al-kl, =0 + kn, => b-b, +m —km, cthn=e, +h, > c-c, +4n kn, Eliminating +and k from these relations, we get aaa uy b-b, mom, brim fe-q on my Hence the result, For example, circles passing through two fixed points (say P and Q) form a coaxal system, for every pair of these circles has the same common chord, viz. the straight line passing through the fixed points and hence the same radical axis.ystem of Circles * 19 1.9 | The equation of a system of coaxal circles in simple form Since the radical axis of any pair of circles is perpendicular to the line joining their centres and sinee the inte for all the circles of a coaxal system, it follows that the centres of all the citeles of coaxal system must lic on a straight line which is perpendicular to the radical axis, Take the common radical axis of the system to be the axis of y and the line of centres as the axis of x, ‘The centre of every circle of the coaxal system then li has the co-ord form (x ~«t)? +) on the axis of x and therefore wales of the type (ct, 0). Therefore the equations of the circles will be of the 4? which is essentially of the form.x? + y? + 2gr-+¢=0. For different members of the system, ¢ will be es but ¢ will remain unchanged. For, if possible, let x? +y? + 2g,v+e, =0 and x? +y? +2gyx +c =0 be the two members of the system, s of the two circles is 2(¢) —g,)x +e; ~C, =0. But the radica ‘Thus the equation to a coaxal system can be written as x? + y? +2gx + ¢=0, is is taken as the y-axis, that is, cy where g is a parameter and cis a constant, Cor. : Taking the line of centres of two circles as the axis of x and their radical axis as the axis of y; the equations of the two circles can be written in the simple form as, x? ty? +2gx+e=Oandx? ty? + 2.x 4¢0=0. 1.10 | Two types of coaxal system Let a coaxal system of circles be given byx? +y? +2ex+c=0 i) where gis different for different members of the system and cis the same for all of them. The equation (1) can be written as| —cso that the co-ordinates of the centre are (— g, 0) and radii The point where the circles cut the axis of y (i.e., the radical axis) is given by yr+e=0 = y=t re Hence the radical axis meets the circles in the points (0, =e) and (0, -/=0). These points are real or imaginary according as cis negative or positive. Thus, we have the following two types of coaxal system. ‘Type I. When c is negative.2 Parabola 24 | Introduction sf Note: The conic sections are the curves of projection of a circle by means of a vertex, say O, not in the plane of the circle, but on to another plane. In other words, they are the sections of acone by a plane. If'a (double) right circular cone be cut by a plane, the section is a curve whose nature depends upon the position of the cutting plane. Ifthe plane passes through the vertex, the curve isa pair of straight lines and if the plane be perpendicular to the axis ofthe cone, the section is a circle. If the plane does not pass through the vertex and be inclined to the axis at an angle > the semi-vertical angle of the cone, the curve is a closed curve and is called an ellipse. Ifthe plane be inclined to the axis at an angle equal to the semi-vertical angle and less than semi-vertical angle respectively, the sections are parabola and hyperbola respectively. In the case of hyperbola the curve has two branches. All these curve alike share what we have called before “The fe and directri 2.2 | General equation of the parabola To find the equation of a parabola whose focus is the point (a, B) and whose directrix is the line ax + by + ¢=0. Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve and let S be the focus (a, f) and let PM be the L on the directrix. Then we have by definition, SP ce = sp? =PM?; since PM or, (xa)? +(y -p? = a+b? This, on simplification, can be written as (bx - ay)? =2x{ac + ala? +b? } + 2y{be + Ka? + b*)) +(e? -(a? + b*\(a? +B*)} (1) 29)ee, | 30. * Co-ordinate Geometry (2D) hhich shows that the general equation of a parabola is of the second degree, the secong whit ‘s degree forming a perfect square. Note: The locus y= Ax? + By + C or x = Ay? + By + C represents a parabola for, by Puting = Note: sya Ar a =0, b =0 respectively in (1), and by suitable substitution of the constant, we get the required equation of the parabola. 2.3 | Thestandard equationtoa parabola” 9/7 Let Sbe the focus and MA the directrix, From S draw SAL MA and let 0 be the middle point of AS. os Then Ois a point onthe curve, since >=, ul is called the vertex of the parabola. Let OS =a (>0). Take Oas the origin, and OSX as the x-axis and OY OSN as the y-axis. Let P be any point on the curve, and let the co-ordinates of P be (x, y). Draw PN perpendicular to OX and PM perpendicular to AM. Therefore, ON =x and PN =y. Also, SN =ON -OS =x-aand AN =ON +OA=x+a. Join SP. Now, by definition, SP=PM = Sp? =p? > SN? + NP? = AN? > (xa)? +y? =(e +a)? 1 y? =dax, This is the standard equation of the parabola. Cor. : (@) The co-ordinates of the focus are (a, 0) and the equation of the directrix MA is x+a (ii) By changing the origin to $ without altering the direction of the axes, the equation of the parabola takes the form y? = 4a(x +a), (Gi) By changing the origin to A without altering the direction of the axes, the equation of the parabola takes the form y? = 4a(x —a), 2.4 | Tracing the parabola y? = 4ax From the equation of the parabola y graph : () The curve evidently passes through the origi (ii) The curve is symmetrical with re the form of the equation remain: =4ax we conclude the following things about its 0,0). Bard to x-axis, since when —y is substituted for y, S unchanged. This also explains the fact that forYastedae every value of x, there are two values of y which are here igual inv magsvitude, brat opposite in sign (iii) ‘The curve nowhere cuts the either co-ordinate axes except at the origin. RN ec Seep erey : (iv) cannot be ~ ve for y? is always+ ve, Ix is negative there will be no real value of y. ‘Therefore the curve lies wholly on the + ve side of the axis of y, (v) As.wxinereases y also inereases and there ino limit to the inereave of xand y.Menoe the curve extends to infinity on the + ve side of y-axis, That is, the two branches of the curve extends to infinity, one lying above and the other below the x 2.5 | Definition : Axis, Latus rectum, Focal chord he line through the focus perpendicular to the directrix, i.c., line ASK is called the axis of the parabola. [Af FeEtUTI The double ordinate LSL, passing through the focus and perpendicular to the axis of the parabola is called Jatus rectum. nce the abscissa of Lis a, ic. OS, its ordinate is given by y? =4a-ai.e., LS =2a. ‘Therefore, the length of the latus rectum. LSLy = 2LS =4a, ic., 4 times the distance from vertex to the focus. Poel radius SP is called the focal radius to the point P on the curve and SP =PM = AN =x-44. ‘Focal chord #Any chord passing through the focus is called a focal chord. PSP, is also one of the focal chords. 2.6 | Different forms of parabola (A) If the focus (~ a, 0) be situated on the L.H.S. of the directrix, the equation of the parabola with the vertex as the origin and x-axis as the axis is y? =—4ax;a >0. If we draw the graph of the curve y? =~ 4ax, asin the previous case, it will have a figure like (i). x xAW _® Cy ovtinate Gewmeny QD) 2.9 ["Pottnd the equation of the tangent at the potat (cf) on the par By the use of Cateulay Let the equation of the parabola bey? tay, Weknow fhom Differential Caleta that the equation oF the tangent at the pint( ty) is piven by the formula is % {*) (ven) i) " dy ny Inthis ease, differentiating y? slay wanda.ry we pot dy dy: dy eda ss dy dy Hence from (1), we have x aN, 2av 4 daxy ~2avy;sinew (x), y)) lies ony? & dar dan, Dav 2ayy = 2a(v 4.44), Therefore yy, = 2a(x4 ay) which is the required equation of the tangent. Cor, : In the parametric form for a = ai *, [b= 2a, the equation of the tangent at 7 is Yat =2a(x tar?) => yrox ear, The same result can also be obtained independently by putting 1, =¢ Of the chord joining the points ‘1, "a ono | Let the straight line [6 find the condit wD 7 wn (2) meet the parabola y? in two points P and Q. ‘The co-ordinates of the p equations, Hence for the common points we have, by eliminating y from both the equations (nx + 0)? =4ax => mx? 4 neve +0? —dax =O => m?Px? 4 Qxdme —2a) +e? 20) 3) The abscissie of the common points of intersection P and Q will be the roots of the equation (3). IF the Tine (1) be a tangent, that is, Toots of this equation must be equal fo one the straight line (1) meets (2) must satisfy both the it cuts the parabola in two coincident points, the nother,Parabola #39 The condition for this is 4(me ~ 2a)? =4m2e? => m@c? —dame+4a? =m? => dame=da? + c=! m Hence whatever m may be, the line y= mx + will touch the parabola y? =a, m The point of contact will be found as follows : The equation of the tangent at the point (ce, ) on the parabola y? = davis yfb = 2a(x + a) a mx +, m and p=", m and this must be identical with 2aa that is, a= m alm 7 ; a, a The point of contact of the tangent y =mx + “is terete m m 2.11 | To find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of tangents at (at? , 2at, )and (at} , 2at, ) “The equations to the tangents at (at?, 2at,) and (at}, 2ar,) are respectively yt =x tat} and yt 3 By subtraction, we get »(f) tf) =a(t? a(t, +2). 2) salt, - Mt +h) Therefore x =yt, —at? =aty(t, +) al Hence the co-ordinates of the point of intersection are atyty, (ty +43). Cor. : If the equation of the tangents be y = eo A a 1a the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the tangents are fa|—+—|]. mim (my my 2.12 | To find the equation of the normal at the point («, 8) of| the parabola y? =dar ‘The equation ofthe tangent atthe point (ct, fis yB=2an + «) wo) Any line through (a, is y —P=m(x— a) m2) 1f (2) be a normal at (af) then it must be perpendicular to (1). } ‘The condition for this, is 24m =I => m=——2, p 2a The required equation of the normal is, therefore y = Cor. : (i) The equation of the normal at (at*, 2at) is y = 2a = y-2ate-intal? => ys + 2ar tat, (ii) The equation of the normal at (am, ~ 2am) is y= mx ~ 2am —am".t Parabola * 43 This gives y = => yy Wr =h) +(e =f)? + ay =k)? =0. which is the required locus, Cor. : (i) The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the vertex is obtained by putting h =Oand k =0 (ii) locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus is obtained by putting hea.k= > Ex4. BQ, Rare the three points on a parabola whose ordinates are in G.P. Prove that the tangents at P and R meet on the ondinate of Q. Soln, Let the co-ordinates of P. Q, Rbe(ar}, 2at,),(ati, 2at,)and(at§, 2ar)such that 2at,)* 3 (1) since their ordinates are in G.P. 2at, -2at, = > 1 13 =83 nts at Pand Rmeet at a point, say K whose co-ordinates are (att, a(t, +45)} i.e. (ari, a(t, +13)} by virtue of (1). Hence the point X lies on the ordinate of Q. Soln. The equation of the normal at (at;, 2at,) is y=—1x + 2aty + ate. Since the normal passes through the point (at, 2at,) we have, 2aty =-t, -at? +2at, + at; 2alt, 12) =atyt} — at} =ar (5 1) =at (ty — We +h) Baht, +h) ith =< 1 » Ex6. Prove that the normal chcrd to a parabola at the point whose ordinate is equal to the abscissa subtends a right angle at the focus. 2at,) meets the parabola again in 2 the point Q(ar?, 2ar,), then we have proved above in Bx. 5 that¢, ==") —7 1 Soin. If the normal to the parabola y? =4ax at Plat}, If the abscissa and ordinate of P be equal, then ar; = 2at, = 1, =2 (rejecting 1, =O) -2-1=-3. 7) P and Q are therefore (4a, 4a) and (9a, ~6a) respectively. The co-ordinates of The focus is the point S(a, 0).44. Co-ordinate Geometry (2D) equations y =9a? + 16a? Now, PS? =(4a ~a)? +(4a = QS? =(8a a)? +(-6a =0)? =64a? + 36a and PQ? =(4a 9a)? + (4a + 6a)? = 25a? +1000 PQ? =PS?+Q38 ~ ExT. Prove thatthe parabolay hycut one another atanangle Ogiven by tan = intersection of the two parabolas are obtained by solving the two by. a Solving them we get y* =a Soin. The points of, =arandx y => yt 23 273,03, = Hence x =r - Thus the co-ordinates of the points of intersection are (0, 0) and (a3, q?/3p43) ‘We shall confine our attention to the point (a3, @2/35"3), The tangents at P to the parabolas y? =ar and x? = by are given by L(x +a'86%) Be ably, 1m, andm, be the gradients of these tangents, we have 1 1 M3p-u3 ; ab ap 2 2 2 13523 294'3,-103 oe Let @ be the angle between the tangents, 2.al8p1 1 ging - ae 3,03 Therefore, tan @ = "2 =" eee 1+mym, 14073528 a7 + p73) * Exh. Find the locus of the middle points of all tangents drawn from points on the directrix 10 a parabola Soin. Let the equation of the parabola be y? = 4ax. The equation of the tangent to the Parabola at the point P(at?, 2ar)is given by extar? Also, the equation of the directrix is x +a =0 The point of intersection of (1) and (2) is x (wD Q)draw SX 1M externally at A in the ratio of ¢ :1 such that Let S be the focus and MN the directrix. From S ¢. Divide SX internally at A, and By definition A and A, lie on the ellipse. Let AA, = 2a and let C be the middle point of AA, such that C4 =CA, =a. Asa first step we calculate the values of CS and CX. Now, from (1) and (2), AS + AS =e A,X + AX) > AA, =e(CX -CA, +CA+CX) = Now, take C as the origin, CA as the axis of x anda li to CAs the axis of y. Let P(x, y) be any point on the ellipse. Draw PM to the directrix and PN 1 CA. Then, by definition SP =ePM = SP? =e"PM? > SN? + NP? =e?XN? =e(CN +X)? 2 = (+00) +3? aet(x9 2) =(ex +a)? e = (x? +2aer+a7e?)+y? =e2x? + 2aer +a? => @? =x?) +y? =a = =a7(1~e?) => : eo ie 3 Since, | ~ eis positive, writing a >(1 ~ e*) =, the equation becomes | =2 4. 2” a 5a which is the standard equation of the ellipse. a? ob182. © Co-ontinate Geometry (2D) 12 | Definition For example, 13 | Standard Equations of Conics Ne are already familiar with standard equation of the conic, In table below, we list different types of real conics along with the standard equations Standard forms of Conics Conic Standard equation Sketch conte > Parabola ce + Ellipse ep + Hyperbola lsa>b>0 e In the following sections, Then we shall describe a meth identify the nature of conic. recall that this was first accor We shall resume a brief description of the standard conics. ‘od, when a general equation of second degree is given, how t0 We have already studied about the curve tracing earlier. Let us mplished by rotating the axes through an angle so that the term ent; and then we found the centre of the conic by solving the x of equations 2 =0 and L ox oy containing the first degree terms becomes absent, =0. Now transferring the origin to the centre, the equation Thus at the end, we get a second degree equation of the form Ax? + By? +C=0. » Before we start discussion of standard conics we should analytically define a conic.Review * 153 44 Analytical definition of conic sonic is the locus ofa point such that its dis conic isthe locus of « point such thar its distance from a fixed poin,ealled foc a constant ratio from is distance from a fixed tine called directrina ee 7 led directrix. ‘The constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the conic and is denoted b a cnoted by ¢. the conic is id to be a parabola, id to be an ellipse, (ii) Ie > the conic is said to be a hyperbola. () e= (i) We <1, the conic is Let us start with parabola, 4.5 | Definition ‘Asa physical example of a parabola, the path of projectile when itis acted upon by the force of gravity is a parabola. In the figure below it can be seen how it can be represented by the plane section of a cone. Parabola as a section of a double cone We now proceed to list the salient properties of a parabola. The standard equation of a parabola is y* =4px, p > 0. Here we have e=I, vertex (0,0) focus F =(p, 0) and equation of directrix is x + p= 0. The axis of the parabola is x-axis ie., y =0. (i) The curve passes through the origin. Gi) It is symmetrical about the x-axis, since it contains even power of x, but it is not symmetrical about the y-axis. Putting y =O in the equation, we get 0=4px => x=0; i.e., the curve cuts the x-axis at the point (0, 0); i., at the origin.Fr Review #187 apn deat B= a=o-f => tana =tan(o—p) a : 2a from (1) and (2) 4 g a aty + 2a? = AYg XoNy —ANy + 2ayy aly +a) a an Tao @aN) Yolk +4) <5 =P (since both a and both are acute) tq the section We shall see what exactly an (standard) ellipse is and study some of its cqonetrical properties. The importance of an ellipse can be gauged from the fact that any 11 elliptical path. The sun is at the focus of the ellipse. 1.7 | Definition The standard form of an ellipse is = () We may assume a > b. Inonier to trace the ellipse (1), we proceed as follows : Ellipse as a plane section of a double cone The ellipse does not pass through the origin. (i) The ellipse is symmetrical about both the axes, and y only. since (1) contains even powers of « (ii) The ellipse cuts the x-axis ( Sere236 © Co-ordinate Geometry (2D) Cor. 2. When the positive direction ofthe initial Tine is 25 instead oF 42. the eatin gp ul the conic is ~ =1 - ¢ cos 0. r 5.3 | Equation of Directrices Let P be any point on the directrix MZ whose a ww co-ordinates are (r, 0) referred to the focus § as pole and In SZ (.L MZ)as the initial line. | Then SZ = SP cos 0 a | LS i = =rcos0 => - | | & | | To find the equation of the other directrix, let 2” he a | point (r, 0) on it and $2! the perpendicular from §. Then | SP’ cos (nt -0) ==r cos 0 wll) 5.4 | Equation of the chord joining 1gH Let the equation of the conic be! =14 ¢ cos 0 a) r and let & —B, «+ be the vectorial angles of two poit ely caret 8) wo points P and Q respectively on the Now, the general equation of a straight line not through the pole can be written as =Acos (0a) + Bos 8 2) . as can easily be seen by converting the equation (2) in cartesian co-ordinates. In this passes through the points on the conic whose vectorial angles are a — Banda + then r will have the same values in (1) as in (2) when 0 =a —Pand when O=a +f. Then | + ¢ cos (4 ~B) =A cos B+ B cos (a. —B) and 1+ ecos (a+) =A cos B+ Bcos(a +f). From these, we get A= sec Band B=. Substituting these values of A and Bin (2), we get the required equation of the chost 7 7 76 008.0 + secB cos (O-a).Polar Equation of Conics * 237 Cor : (i) Ifthe equation of the conic be“ =1-+ ecos (0 ~y) then the equ ; , cos (07) + sec cos (0 ~ a). lation to the chord joining the points & —P, a +Bis a (ji) The equation of the chord joining the points whose vectorial angles are o. and his 1 =ecos oss (a-peos{o-Lasp}. r 5,5 | Equation of the Tangent {Haz. 201111, 201381 ' oe Let the equation of the conic be — =1+ e cos 0 and let «be the vectorial angle of the point of contact. r Now, the equation of the chord of the conic through the points whose vectorial angles cos 8 + secB cos (0-a). () wea+Panda-Bis—= r ‘The equation of the tangent at the point a. is obtained by letting -> O in (1) viz. | Le cos 8 + cos (0-0) we Q) ? Cor. : If the equation of the conic be us +e cos (8—y) then the equation of the r tangent atthe point a is 1 =e cos (0-7) + c0s (8-0). r 5.6 } Equation of Asymptotes We may at once deduce the equation of the asymptotes from that of the tangent, for an asymptote is a tangent, the point of contact being at infinity. ‘The point a. is a point at infinity on the conic, if 0 =1 + e cos & w= (1) This is obtained by tending r to co in the equation of the conic. Also, the equation of the tangent at the point ois | Le cos 0+ cos (0-4) ww (2) r The required equation of the asymptotes is found by eliminating c between (1) and (2). 2 ; oe Hence te equations are { 4 +e) 0s of =e? sin? 0 sin? 0=(e? 1) sin? 0 ; Which may be written as £! =(e? —1) cos 0 + ye” -I sin 0238 * Co-ordinate Geomet Qv) Point of Intersection of Two Tangents ctorial any ‘The equation of the tangents at two points whose v4 CU, [respectively are 1 fl ==ecos 0+ cos (0— a) (1) and = r r The two tangents meet where cos (0 =a) =cos (0=P) +. 0-0 =-(0=P); a4. Hene co = 8 «) “cos 0-4 cos (0 —By a Q) ! Substituting in (1) or (2) we get os has p+ a-p). r 2 Thus if (7, 0,) be the co-ordinates of the point of intersection, we have ! : _l n= and 0, =5 (a+). e008 (a +f) +08 F(a =P) Cor. : (i) From (3) it follows that the radius vector to the point of intersection bisects the angle between the radii vectors to the point of contact. Gi) Ifthe curve be a parabola, then ¢ =1 and the point of intersection is given by 5.8 | Equationitoithe Normaly 208 tas 2028) Let the equation of the conic be! =14 ¢ cos 0. r ‘The equation of the tangent at any point a is ~ =e cos 0 + cos (0 — a) w= (1) : r ‘The equation of any line perpendicular to the tangent (1) is of the form aR ™ Freeos(0+$}cos(0+2-a) > 4 e sino -sin(0—a) = Q) This will be the required equation of the ron provided Abe so chosen that it will pass through the point of contact given by @=a and =14¢ 0s 0. r 20 + e cos Hence we must have “1+ €028@) _ ing . —lesina That is, =e T+ ecos a Hence substituting the value of 2.in (2), the equation of the normal at the point 0. is esin tc esin + sin (0 I+ecosa r aPolar Equation of Conics * 239 59 | Equation of the polar of a point {Haz. 20151 We shall use the property that the polar of a point is the same as the chord of contact of tsagets draw from it to the conic. Let the equation of the conic be 4 Fait ecos0 () and let the co-ordinates of the point be (r,.8,). Leta + Band a —Bbe the vectorial angles of the points the tangents at which pass through (7; 8). “The equation of the chord of contact through these points is, then | eos @ + sec Bcos (8 - a) 2) r Now, the equation of the tangent at (a -p) is =e cos 0+ cos (0-a=P) r Since it passes through (r,, 8,), we have + =e cos 6, +cos (8, -=B) .G) % Similarly, 1 =e cos 0, + cos (8, -a +f). h fi Whence we get 0, -a—B=2nn+(0, —a +B). ‘The lower sign must be taken here, since the upper sign would give a special value of B. ‘Therefore 8, —(a—B) =2nx—{0, —(a+P)} > 0, =nn +a. Substituting this value of cin (3), we get —e cos 0, =cos (nx +B) =(-1)" cos B 7 pe aco Therefore (2) becomes / = ¢ cos 0+-——?” cos (0-8, +7) 7 ( > (: esos Leon eco" cos {0 -(nn + 0,)} =c0s (0 -8,). , 7 L 5.10| pireetorsireteortheconie’ =1+e cos@ 194 5 ‘The equations of the tangents at the points on the conic whose vectorial angles are c.and Bare respectively + e005 0 +-.c0s (8—a) oe (1) and ! <¢cos 0+ cos (0-P) (2) r r If these tangents intersect at the point (r,, 0,), we have 4 =e 0050, $008(8, —a) (3) and 4 =ecos 0, +05 (0, -B) i yi Solving them, we get cos (0, ~ a) =cos (0, ~B) > 0, -a=-(0, -B);a 4p => o, =428 (5)2O_* Corontinate Geometty (2D) ‘Tanstorming the equation of the tangent (1) 10 cartesian co-ordinates, we get Teer cox 04 r(cos 0 cos ce sin O sin a) (et eos ed) reas 04 sin eer sin Oe (et €08 a+ y sin (6) italy (2) is Ge 4 cos fe 4 y sin a Singe the tangents are at right angles, we have from (6) and (7) (et cos (et cos) + sina sin =O = 24 {eos e+ cos f) 4 c08 (OL =f) =O > 2 cos Fc cs SP vr 2eos? Saf) co ‘To get the equation of the director-eitele, we have to eliminate «and fi from (3) oF (4), (5) and (8). 1 a-B_l ‘Thas, from (3) and (5), n cos 0, + e08 =<" => cos a-8 eos 0,. 2 Therefore, from (8), we have 2 e2 +2cc08 0, {4 ~ecos 0, |+2 -csoo| n 4 2 = +2 ecos 0, ~2¢? cos? 0, val E2Lcom 0, +e? | 4 i 4 | cos 0, +e? -1=0 => 27-7, ec08 0, + r2(e? —1) =0 ny => 1} (-e7) + er, cos 0, - 21? Hence the locus of (7,, 0,)is r2(1~e”) + 2ler cos 0-21? =0 which is the required equation of director-circle. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES > Ex, Prove that in any conic, the semi-latus rectum is a harmonic mean between the segments of any focal chord. Soln, Let the equation of the conic be 4 =1 + ¢ cos 0. ri Let PSP’ be any focal chord passing through the focus and let the vectorial angle of P be a. Then the vectorial angle of P* will be 14 01, Let SP =r, and SP" =r, Hence the result. AC) ‘Therefore — =1 + ¢ cos a we (I) | 5 : | and el tecos(nsa) f neces a we) 8 Adding (1) and Q),wegeteLuos ly Pere 4 j244 * Co-ordinate Geometry (2D) But « —B = 2y, hence the equation of the chord becomes 1 econ 0+ wereos 0-4(a-+} A => ness (eons) cos +e0s{0-Lca-+} r at which clearly represents the equation of the tangent at the point on the conic Leos y +(e cos 7) cos 0. > Ex7, (Haz. 201014 = Soin, Let the given line 4 = A cos 0+ B sin 0 () 5 be a tangent to the given conic at the point a. Hence its equation can be written as cos 8+ cos @-cos a + sin O- sina =e cos 8 + cos (6 -a) +.c0s a) cos 0+ sin a sin @) Since (1) and (2) represent the same straight line, they are identical. Hence A=e+cos a => A-e=cos a and B=sin a. ‘Now squaring and adding, we get (A —e)* + B® =1 which is the required condition. » Ex8. Prove that the equation to the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the focus ul oe of the conic — =1 + e cos on a tangent to it is r?(e? —1) —2ler cos 0 +1? =0, r Soin. The equation of the tangent at any point ois Ll ‘, . — =e cos 6 + cos (8 — a) =e cos 0+ cos O cos a + sin O sine r =(€+ cos a) cos 0+ sin a sin ® 1=(e+ cos a) x+sina-y Now the equation of any line perpendicular to (1) and passing through the focus (i. pole) is 0 =(sin a)x -(e + cos a)y o=(2) The required locus will be obtained by eliminating a between (1) and (2). Rewritting the equations (1) and (2) in polar form, we get =~ eos 0=cos(0—a) and —e sind 7 Now squaring and adding, we get sin (0 — cx). 2 2 (E-eco8 0) +e sin?o=ts 96! cos ga eta a r? r r(e? -1) ~2ler cos 0 +1? =0 which is a circle, l Cor. : When e =1, the above locus is 7 2.608 O which is tangent at the vertex to Ln1 4058 5