90. Integral Calculus Now putting A = -1/ in (1), we get’ 1 (1+ x)fix) =x A $8) =x 1 +x?) adore t4e)=fec+ 1? fe) = H+ 1). ec (l4xy(lex2) (1 +x) j x Lf _de +f atha (4xyltx2) 24 xt ein xt1 1 =— Plog (e+ +5 tf atte eat yi de xed 2 xe Steg +1 +3 f 1 =-> = 2 a -1 = Flog (e+ 1) + Flog (x pt AS ta! x. a /* [RU. 54A; B.U. 62A, 65S, 72A; VKS 95H] Soin, Here sa (+ ae 1) 1 A. B+ out (+ De2—x41) x+1 xox4T AG? =x +1) + (Bx + Cx +1) = (+ 1)? —x +1) Then AG? =x +1) + (x + 1)(Bx + C)=1 (1) Putting x + 1 = Oi.e. x =-1 in (1), AQ +141)=1ie3A=1 4 ash ‘Again putting x = 0 in (1), we get A+C=1 + C=1-As1-4.2 oaa3 and putting x = 1 in (1), A+2(iB+C)=1 = 2B+C)=1 2 1 2B+C)== a | => (B+C) pas CeSIntegration by Partial Fraction 9% 5,2. SPECIAL CASES Inmany situations we come across algebr we cannot easily determine their parti simple form in tI ‘alc rational functions such that al fractions (if it is possible) in the Vv step. In such citcumstances, the given function fs reduced toa simpler form by som appropriate substitution and then after finding out its partial fractions, its integration can be evaluated. In certain situations we mect with functions which do not appear to be al rational functions but they can be reduced to algebraic rational func! after proper substitution and then breaking them in the form of partial fractions their integration can be evaluated. The above process will be illustrated by means of the following examples. WORKED OUT EXAMPLES. a (x? +. a2)(x? +b) {PU, 328, 44A; B.U. 59S; Bhag. 66A, 94; PU. 79A) Soln, Let x? = 2 so that 2xdx = dz. Ex: Integrate J (| ees 1ff_a 1 1 a -5)- se Je nalae 1 1 1 —— -—s | 2(a? Lalas nal oes as if | * 2(a2 = b4)| 9 z+b2 * zta* = sao log (z +b?) ~ log (2 + a)] u z+be = ato zea? x2 + be * Fat abe ea? Fad f &x.2. Integrate j rae {PU. 47) Soln, Here the given function96 Integral Calculus ee (z-1)(2 +3) pmeee AG ee, Putting x? = z, this function becomes = oe @-Werl) 2 24d Aiz+1) +B ~ 1) ee = Nie + 1) Ae +1) +B = 1)=2. Al) Putting « tin (a), A(2)=1 Again putting z + 1 = Oi.e. 2 =-1in(1), @-Ne+l 2e-1)*2@+1) i x2 1 1 2 -1NG2 +1) 22 =1) * 22 +1) ee 2(x-1y(x+1) 2x2 +1) -lafa 4 1 Se eaten aay i 1 1 "AED Aer 3+) I= —_—— 3 1 dk a —*_ Fre Saeneelaen alfa 1p de +1 dc 7d: Ai xt] 24 241 Baas aa 4 2 1)(x? + 1) Sneed Flo + 1 oar tptan'ls. M1 S¢/5. integrate one \ (3, integra oo IPU. 49A; B.U. 58A, 60S, 65A; Bhag. 71A, 92: M.U. 63A. 7A)Integration by Partial Fraction 97 goin. Let the given integral be = /. f aed iae e* + Be 4. 263K Now we put e* = y So that eXdx = dy, ‘Serato ate ali I Then dy UC) + 3y + 2y?) FUT =i + 2u) 1 A,B Cc Le yd +y) +2) y yet dyed _ AY + 1)(2y + 1) + By(2y + 1)Cyly +1) - uy + 12y + 1) AW + 1)2y + 1) + By(2y + 1) + Cyy +1) =1. (1) Now putting y = Oin (1), AQ)=1 2. A= Again putting y+1=0 ie. y=-1 in(1), we get B-1)-1)=1 + B=1. Again we put 2y + 1 =O ie. y = -tin (1), then CCV)C-%+1)=1 « C=-4, Hence putting the values of A, B, C, we get - 1 eee | -4 oan at + yu+1)2y+1) yo ytl’ 2y+1 [praia ‘=I Gags Neus -J#SAS- A peel 1 slog y + log (y + 1)— 4-5 log (2y +1). Inthe end, putting y = e*, the required integral I= log &* + log (e* + 1) — 2 log (2e* +1) =x +log (eX + 1) — 2 log (2e* + 1). dx A, Inte, if poeerar ix Eee oe ‘Grate | cinx(S +2 coax) Yo [P.U. 32A, 44A, 49A, 62S, 63A; B.U. 59A, 66S; M.U. 66A, 67S, 92: Bhag. 91, 93: R.U. 94)ed Sosa 98. Integral Calculus Soin, Let the given integral be = /. sin.x de, Then Sa eereatae J sin? x(3 + 2 cos x) j sin x de (1 = cos2x)(3 + 2 cos x) Now we put cos x = u, so that = sin x dx = dy- -|—— “#1 =y2y(3 + 2u) dy J (= yl +B + 2y) Now we break TSE into partial fractions. Let 1 as A . B Cc G-wa+yys+2y) I-y ity 3+2y Ad + WI. +2y) + BU — y)3 + 2y) + CU - yl +) (i= y)(1 + y)G + 2y) Hence A(1 + y)(3 + 2y) + B(1 - y)(3 + 2y) + C1 — yy ty) = 1. Now putting y = 1, we get A(2)(5) = Again putting y =-1, we get B2)(I)=1 = B $ Again putting 3 + 2y =Oie.y= 3, we have ee Thus putting the values of A, B, C, we get Mie ae oe Tw sy +2y) 10M -y) 2A +y) 5G +2u) 1 1 | 5 4 [ait SJatpe Sane G+ay). i io9 (1 -y) + Flog (1 ee a 12-|% Lie ede Inthe end, putting y = cos x, we obtain ‘7 1 i 1= th tog ~ cos x) -Ftog(t +0080) +E 2 tog (3 +2 cos xIntegration by Partial Fraction 99 dx ee a 5, Integrate J sinx +sin 2x IPG. 53A, 63A, 68S; B.U. G1A, 93H; M.U. 668, 91; R.U. 754] goin, Let the given integral be /, then =f dy zi dk sin x +2 sin x cosx 4 ‘sin x(1 +2 cos x) -f sin x de -f sin x de . sin2x(1 +2 cos x) (1 ~ cosx)(1 +2 cos x) Now we put cos x = y so that ~ sin x dx = dy. a (1 y2)(1 +2y) (1 yl +yy( + 2yy 1 =~ 1k —————— into partial fractions. Nowwe break d+ ay(i + 2y) MOP B Cc ros eo (1-y)( + y)(1 + 2y) l+y 1+2y WAC + y)(1 + 2y) + BC ~ y)(1 + 2y) + C0 - yi. + y) - (1 y)(1 + y)(1 + 2y) Hence A(1 + y)(1 + 2y) + B(1 - y)(1 + 2y) +C(T-y)(1 +y) = 1. 1 Putting y = 1, we get A(2)(3)=1 Are 1 Again putting y = -1, we have B - (2)(-1)=1 -. B=-> | Again putting 1 + 2y = | 4 1 dies ca) | ' putting the values of A, B, C we have 1 poet a (-yyi#y)+2y) 6 -y) 2A1+y) 3(1 +2y) ef] 1___t,_ A _ | 6(1-y) 2(1+y) ° 3(1 + 2y), | lage sJye-3 3 nat = Blog (1 = y) +4 log (1 +u)- $509 (1 +2u). t { nthe end, Putting y = cos x we obtain | |