GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR

WIND LOADS ON BRIDGES UNDER

CONSTRUCTION
FUTURE ABD MEMORANDUM
GOALS/PRE-TEST

• SHOULD I BOTHER READING THESE GUIDE SPECS?

• WHAT ARE THE WIND LOADS IN THE GUIDE SPECS BASED ON?
• WHAT WIND LOADS DOES IDOT EXPECT ME TO CHECK ON MY BRIDGE?
 INTRODUCTION
• IN 2017, GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR WIND LOADS ON BRIDGES UNDER CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCED
• INTENDED TO BE USED BY ERECTION ENGINEERS
• WE RECEIVED SOME COMPLAINTS THAT SOME OF THE RESULTING TEMPORARY LOADINGS GENERATE
LARGER/DIFFERENT DESIGNS THAN THOSE NEEDED IN THE FINAL STATE, MAKING IT SO THAT AN ERECTION ENGINEER
MAY HAVE A VERY DIFFICULT TIME GETTING THINGS TO WORK
• THE GUIDE SPECS WILL PROBABLY BE CODIFIED SOON
• IDOT POLICY FORTHCOMING TO CLARIFY HOW TO USE THEM IN DESIGN, TO AVOID ISSUES IN FIELD.
GUIDE
SPECIFICATIONS
• RELEASED IN 2017
• INTENDED TO PROVIDE GUIDANCE FOR STRUCTURES WHILE IN
THE BEAM-ONLY STATE
• GUIDE SPECS PROMINENTLY SHOW CONCRETE BEAMS ON
COVER, BUT STEEL PLATE GIRDERS WITH NARROW FLANGES
ARE THE CONCERN
• BASED ON NCHRP 20-07, USE NEW WIND MAPS AND UPDATE
CRITERIA FOR TEMPORARY CONDITIONS
• WIND SPEED REDUCTION
• DRAG COEFFICIENT INCREASE
WIND PRESSURE AASHTO
FORMULA
• NOW CONTAINS “R”
• WIND SPEED REDUCTION
FACTOR DURING
CONSTRUCTION
• CD, DRAG COEFFICIENT, IS IN
BOTH, BUT IS DIFFERENTLY
DEFINED IN GUIDE SPECS
Guide Specs
CHANGE #1: WIND
SPEED REDUCTION
FACTOR
• WIND GUST SPEED FOR FINAL DESIGN = 115
MPH
• WIND GUST SPEED ALLOWED TO BE REDUCED
FOR TEMPORARY CONDITIONS
• VARIES FROM 0.65 TO 0.84, DEPENDING
UPON ANTICIPATED TIME THAT STEEL WILL BE
IN “STEEL-ONLY” STATE
• DESIGNERS SHOULD ANTICIPATE 1-2 YEARS
OF STEEL-ONLY CONSTRUCTION
1-2 YEARS???
• SOMETIMES THINGS DON’T GO AS PLANNED AND
THE STEEL HAS TO SIT FOR A LONG TIME
• 1 – 2 YEARS IS A LOT, BUT IT HAPPENS
• NOT MUCH DIFFERENCE IN LOADING BETWEEN 2
YEARS AND 6 WEEKS ANYWAYS
• 6 WEEKS, R = 0.73
• 2 YEARS, R = 0.75
• REDUCES THE GUST FOR TEMPORARY
CONDITIONS FROM 115 MPH TO ~65 MPH
 CHANGE #2: DEFINITION
OF DRAG COEFFICIENT, CD
• IN AASHTO CODE, CD IS A FLAT 1.3 FOR FINAL STATE
• IN GUIDE SPECS, CD BASED ON VALUES IN FIGURE,
AND CHANGES DEPENDING UPON NUMBER OF BEAM
LINES
• WIND “CATCHES” ON FLANGES OF NON-FASCIA
GIRDERS
• AS THE BRIDGE GETS WIDER, THE TOTAL LOAD
INCREASES
DEFINITION OF DRAG
COEFFICIENT
• EXAMPLE: 6 BEAM BRIDGE
• CDBASE = 2.2
• CD = 2.2 + 0 + 0.25(2.2) + 0.25(2.2) +
0.25(2.2) + 0. 5(2.2) = 4.95
• USE 4.95 TO CALCULATE TOTAL WIND
LOAD
• PROPORTION 2.2 / 4.95 OF TOTAL WIND
LOAD TO EXTERIOR BEAM, AND DESIGN ALL
BEAMS USING THAT VALUE
EFFECTS ON STRENGTH DESIGN
• ASSUMING 6 BEAMS, 1-2 YEAR CONSTRUCTION DURATION:
• AASHTO CODE GIVES (2.56 * 10^-6) (115^2) (1.0) (1.3) = 44 PSF
• GUIDE SPECS GIVE (2.56 * 10^-6) (115^2) (0.75^2) (1.0) (4.95) (2.2 / 4.95) = 42
PSF

• YOU MAY BE THINKING, WHAT’S SO DIFFERENT ABOUT THIS? IT’S 2 PSF.

GLOBAL EFFECTS OF AN
ADDITIVE DRAG COEFFICIENT
• THE EFFECTS ON INDIVIDUAL BEAM DESIGN ARE
MARGINAL
• DRAG COEFFICIENT IS NOW ADDITIVE- THE
MORE BEAMS THE BRIDGE GETS, THE MORE
TOTAL WIND LOADS THERE ARE ON THE BRIDGE
• IF CHECKING GLOBAL DEFLECTIONS, WILL THE
GLOBAL MOI KEEP UP WITH THE WIND LOADS?
 GLOBAL WIND
Multi-Span (two equal spans fully loaded)
(wl^4 / 185EI)
DEFLECTIONS
Open

• PARAMETRIC STUDY DONE TO

Country

CHECK THIS.
Deflections of Steel-Only Section
b = L /10 b/t = 12 (ft.)

• GIRDER DEPTHS AND FLANGE

Span Length Beam Depth L/150 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
L (ft.) (ft.) b (in.) t (in.) (ft.) girders girders girders girders girders girders girders girders girders
120
150
4
5
12
15
1
1.25
0.8
1
1.17
1.47
0.96
1.21
0.88
1.1
0.81
1.02
0.77
0.96
0.83
1.03
0.87
1.09
0.9
1.13
0.93
1.16
WIDTHS APPROXIMATED USING
180 6 18 1.5 1.2 1.76 1.45 1.32 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.31 1.36 1.4 SIMPLE FORMULAS
• CHECKED AGAINST VARIOUS
210 7 21 1.75 1.4 2.05 1.69 1.54 1.42 1.35 1.45 1.52 1.58 1.63
240 8 24 2 1.6 2.35 1.93 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.65 1.74 1.81 1.86
270
300
9
10
27
30
2.25 1.8
2.5 2
2.64
2.93
2.17
2.41
1.98
2.2
1.83
2.03
1.73
1.92
1.86
2.07
1.96
2.18
2.03
2.26
2.09
2.33
DEFLECTION CRITERIA.
• IF L/150 IS USED AS WIND
LOADING DEFLECTION CRITERIA,
ONLY ONE OF THESE BRIDGES
WILL WORK.
 GLOBAL WIND DEFLECTIONS
• BEYOND SIX BEAMS, THE GLOBAL MOI INCREASES AT A SLOWER RATE THAN THE WIND LOADS
• WIND DEFLECTIONS GET LARGER AND LARGER AS MORE BEAM LINES ARE ADDED
• EXCESSIVE WIND DEFLECTIONS MAY CAUSE SECONDARY EFFECTS ON PRIMARY MEMBERS
Deflections of Steel-Only Section
b = L /10 b/t = 12 (ft.)
Span Length L Beam Depth L/150 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
(ft.) (ft.) b (in.) t (in.) (ft.) girders girders girders girders girders girders girders girders girders
120 4 12 1 0.8 1.17 0.96 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.83 0.87 0.9 0.93
150 5 15 1.25 1 1.47 1.21 1.1 1.02 0.96 1.03 1.09 1.13 1.16
180 6 18 1.5 1.2 1.76 1.45 1.32 1.22 1.15 1.24 1.31 1.36 1.4
210 7 21 1.75 1.4 2.05 1.69 1.54 1.42 1.35 1.45 1.52 1.58 1.63
240 8 24 2 1.6 2.35 1.93 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.65 1.74 1.81 1.86
270 9 27 2.25 1.8 2.64 2.17 1.98 1.83 1.73 1.86 1.96 2.03 2.09
300 10 30 2.5 2 2.93 2.41 2.2 2.03 1.92 2.07 2.18 2.26 2.33
WIND DEFLECTIONS
VIDEO
• THIS VIDEO WAS RECORDED BY
SOMEONE IN THIS ROOM
ATTENDING THE LAST SEMINAR
A LONG, LONG TIME AGO
• LARGE WIND DEFLECTIONS
• THE NOISE OF THE STEEL
POPPING MAKES ME UNEASY…
GLOBAL STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
• JUST BECAUSE THE CAPACITIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL
GIRDERS ARE ADEQUATE, THAT DOESN’T MEAN THE
ENTIRE SYSTEM IS OK
• DUE TO LOAD PLACEMENT IN GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS,
WIND LOADING ASSYMETRIC ON STRUCTURE
• LOAD PATH MAY NOT BE CLEAR
STRESS
CONCENTRATIONS
• ASYMMETRIC WIND
LOADS MAY CAUSE
STRESS
CONCENTRATIONS IN
SOME CROSS-FRAMES
YOU JUST TOLD US IN THE LAST
PRESENTATION THAT YOU WANTED A LINE
GIRDER ANALYSIS.
• NOW YOU’RE WORRIED ABOUT
SUPER-COMPLICATED EFFECTS THAT
WON’T EVEN SHOW UP IN A REGULAR
GRID ANALYSIS, MUCH LESS A LINE
GIRDER ANALYSIS.
ISN’T THERE ANOTHER
OUT?
• STATES’ RIGHTS? THEY’RE JUST GUIDE
SPECS?
• UNFORTUNATELY, PROBABLY NOT JUST GUIDE
SPECS FOR LONG
• THIS IS GOING INTO THE GUIDE SPECS FOR
TEMPORARY WORKS THIS YEAR, WHICH
MEANS TEMPORARY SHORING WILL NEED TO
BE DESIGNED FOR IT
• SIMILAR LANGUAGE WILL PROBABLY BE IN THE
CONSTRUCTION MANUAL BEFORE LONG…
IS IT EVEN APPLICABLE FOR WIDE
BRIDGES?

• GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS BASED ON NCHRP 20-07

• WIND TUNNEL TESTING IN THIS REPORT ONLY USES FOUR
BEAMS
• FLORIDA DOT RAN THEIR OWN WIND TUNNEL TESTS AND
FOUND THAT THE RESULTS WERE CONSISTENT FOR WIDER
BEAMS
FINALLY, A BIT OF HUMOR…
• THE GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS ONLY
REQUIRE DESIGN FOR 20 MPH FOR
“ACTIVE” WORK ZONES
• CAN THE CONTRACTOR JUST HIRE A
SECURITY GUARD TO BE THERE
OVERNIGHT, AND CALL IT “ACTIVE?”
REGARDLESS OF ANY OF THAT…

• IDOT DOES NOT WANT DESIGNER TO PRODUCE PLANS

THAT WILL REQUIRE UNDUE AMOUNTS OF WORK ON THE
ERECTION ENGINEER
• ERECTION ENGINEER SHOULD NOT GET UN-ERECTABLE
PLANS
• WHAT HAVE OTHER STATES DONE?
PENNDOT
STANDARDS
• HTTP://WWW.DOT.STA
TE.PA.US/PUBLIC/BUR
EAUS/BOPD/BRIDGE/2
014/BD/BD620M.PDF
• THREE RULES GIVEN
PENNDOT
STANDARDS
• MAXIMUM WIND DEFLECTION
OF L / 150
IDOT EQUIVALENT POLICY
• SPANS > 300 FT.
• WIND BRACING REQUIRED
• SPANS 200 FT. TO 300 FT.
• CHECK L / 150 AND SIZE FLANGES AND/OR ADD WIND BRACING AS REQUIRED
• SPANS < 200 FT.
• NO WIND BRACING USED. SIZE FLANGES FOR WIND DEFLECTION OF L / 150.
• L/150 BASED UPON THE GLOBAL DEFLECTION OF MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF BEAMS THAT WILL BE
ERECTED AT ONE TIME WITHOUT A DECK IN PLACE
HOW TO PERFORM
DEFLECTION
CALCULATION
• ASSUME THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF BRIDGE IS
LOADED SIMULTANEOUSLY
• ASSUME EVERYTHING WITH BRACING IS
RIGID
• ASSUME PINNED CONNECTIONS AT
SUPPORTS
 HOW MUCH MORE FLANGE WOULD I NEED?
Multi-Span (two equal spans fully loaded) (wl^4 / 185EI)
Open Country

b = L /10 b/t = 12 Deflections of Steel-Only Section (ft.)

Span Length L (ft.) Beam Depth (ft.) b (in.) t (in.) L/150 (ft.) 2 girders 3 girders 4 girders 5 girders 6 girders 7 girders 8 girders 9 girders 10 girders
120 4 12 1 0.8 1.17 0.96 0.88 0.81 0.77 0.83 0.87 0.9 0.93

• THREE EXTRA 150

180
5
6
15
18
1.25
1.5
1
1.2
1.47
1.76
1.21
1.45
1.1
1.32
1.02
1.22
0.96
1.15
1.03
1.24
1.09
1.31
1.13
1.36
1.16
1.4

INCHES OF
210 7 21 1.75 1.4 2.05 1.69 1.54 1.42 1.35 1.45 1.52 1.58 1.63
240 8 24 2 1.6 2.35 1.93 1.76 1.63 1.54 1.65 1.74 1.81 1.86

FLANGE WIDTH
270 9 27 2.25 1.8 2.64 2.17 1.98 1.83 1.73 1.86 1.96 2.03 2.09
300 10 30 2.5 2 2.93 2.41 2.2 2.03 1.92 2.07 2.18 2.26 2.33

COVERED WIND b = L /10 + 3 b/t = 12 Deflections of Steel-Only Section (ft.)

LOADING 100%
Span Length L (ft.) Beam Depth (ft.) b (in.) t (in.) L/150 (ft.) 2 girders 3 girders 4 girders 5 girders 6 girders 7 girders 8 girders 9 girders 10 girders
120 4 15 1.25 0.8 0.48 0.4 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.38

OF THE TIME.
150 5 18 1.5 1 0.71 0.58 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.5 0.52 0.54 0.56
180 6 21 1.75 1.2 0.95 0.78 0.71 0.66 0.62 0.67 0.7 0.73 0.75
210 7 24 2 1.4 1.2 0.99 0.9 0.83 0.79 0.85 0.89 0.93 0.95
240 8 27 2.25 1.6 1.46 1.2 1.1 1.02 0.96 1.03 1.09 1.13 1.16
270 9 30 2.5 1.8 1.73 1.42 1.3 1.2 1.14 1.22 1.28 1.33 1.37
300 10 33 2.75 2 2 1.65 1.5 1.39 1.31 1.41 1.49 1.55 1.59
SIZING FLANGES
• MAKING FLANGES WIDER AND THINNER PROVIDES BETTER WIND RESISTANCE FOR A SIMILAR AMOUNT
OF STEEL
• FOR EXAMPLE, AND 18 X 1.5 FLANGE CONTAINS SIMILAR STEEL AS A 12 X 2, BUT PERFORMS BETTER
• HOW WIDE AND THIN IS TOO WIDE AND TOO THIN?
• AASHTO ALLOWS A B / T RATIO OF 24.
• THIS MEANS THAT YOU TECHNICALLY COULD HAVE A 24” X 1” FLANGE…
• WE’RE NOT GOING TO ENFORCE A B / T REQUIREMENT, BUT WE LIKE SEEING THINGS IN OUR COMFORT ZONE
• TYPICAL B / T RATIOS ARE FROM 12 TO 18
TEMPORARY
WIND BRACING
• TEMPORARY WIND BRACING
HAS BEEN USED
• WE WANT TO AVOID THIS FOR
TYPICAL STRUCTURES

• THERE STILL MAY BE CASES

WHERE THIS IS REQUIRED, BUT
IF THE POLICY IS FOLLOWED,
USE OF THIS WILL BE REDUCED
PERMANENT
WIND BRACING
FOR SPANS > 200
FT.
• FORTHCOMING ABD MEMO
HAS MEMBER SIZES,
NUMBER OF BOLTS, ETC.
STANDARDIZED
• NO DESIGN SHOULD BE
REQUIRED- ONLY
PRESCRIPTIVE DETAILS
WIND BRACING

• DETAILS SIMILAR TO
NSBA STANDARD
• DETAILS NOT FINAL
PPC I-BEAMS
• LANGUAGE BEING PUT INTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS REQUIRING SEALED ERECTION
PLANS FOR PPC PROJECTS
• WIND LOADS WILL NEED TO BE CHECKED, BUT NO CONCERNS ARE ANTICIPATED
• 38” WIDE BOTTOM FLANGE, COMBINED WITH X-BRACING, SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO
RESIST WIND LOADS
• THERE MAY BE ROLL STABILITY ISSUES WITH PICKING, CHECK FOR ACTIVE SITE
CONDITIONS
• MORE ON ERECTION PLANS FOR PPC BEAMS IN NEXT PRESENTATION
 SUMMARY

• USE OF GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR WIND LOADS FOR BRIDGES UNDER CONSTRUCTION MAY RESULT IN LARGER
MEMBERS OR REQUIRED BRACING

• IDOT WANTS DESIGNERS TO USE THESE DURING DESIGN SO THAT ERECTION ENGINEERS DO NOT GET “STUCK”

• GLOBAL DEFLECTION CHECK, WITH VARIOUS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS BASED UPON SPAN LENGTHS

• STANDARD WIND BRACING DETAILS FORTHCOMING

GOALS/PRE-TEST
• SHOULD I BOTHER READING THESE GUIDE SPECS?
• YES. YES, YOU SHOULD.
• WHAT ARE THE WIND LOADS IN THE GUIDE SPECS BASED ON?
• NCHRP 12-107, WIND TUNNEL TESTS OF MINIATURE STRUCTURES UP TO FOUR BEAMS
• WHAT DOES IDOT EXPECT ME TO CHECK ON MY BRIDGE?
• CHECK THAT THE WIND LOADS ON THE FASCIA GIRDER ARE LESS THAN THOSE USED IN FINAL DESIGN
• GLOBAL DEFLECTION CHECK
QUESTIONS
MARK.SHAFFER@ILLIN
OIS.GOV