BS 5502 22 2003+a1 2013

BRITISH STANDARD BS 5502-22:
5502-22:
2003+A1:2013
2003
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standards Institution, 01/03/2013 14:26, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Buildings and
structures for
agriculture —
Part 22: Code of practice for design,
construction and loading
Confirmed
65.040.01; 91.140.99
ICS 65.040.01
December 2009

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Copyright British Standards Institution
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BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical

Committee B/549, Agricultural buildings and structures upon which the
following bodies were represented:
British Commercial Glasshouse Manufacturers' Association

British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
British Veterinary Association
Cold Rolled Sections Association
DEFRA
Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
Environment Agency
Fibre Cement Manufacturers' Association Ltd.
Galvanizers’ Association
Health and Safety Executive
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Institution of Structural Engineers

Royal Institute of British Architects
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
Rural Design and Building Association
The Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department
Silsoe Research Institute
Steel Construction Institute
Water UK
This British Standard was
published under the authority
of the Standards Policy and
Strategy Committee
on 10 June 2003
© TheBritish
This British Standards
Standard was
Institution 2013.
published under the authority
Published
of by BSIPolicy
the Standards Standards
and
Limited 2013
Strategy Committee
on 10 June 2003
First published, as
©
BSBSI 10 June 2003
5502-1.2:1978
Second edition, as BS 5502-1.2,
December
First 1980 as
published,
BS 5502-1.2:1978
Third edition, as BS 5502-22,
Second
Decemberedition,
1987 as BS 5502-1.2,
December 1980 as BS 5502-22,
Fourth edition,
Third edition,
November 1993as BS 5502-22,
December 1987 Amendments issued since publication
Fourth edition, as BS 5502-22,
The following
November 1993BSI reference
relates to the work on this Amd. No. Date
Amendments/corrigenda Comment
issued since publication
British Standard:
The following BSI reference
Committee reference B/549
relates to the work on this Amd. No. Date Comments
Drafts for
British Development
Standard:
00/100919 DC, A1 31 August 2013 See Foreword
Committee reference B/549
13/30262060 DC
Draft for Development
00/100919 DC
ISBN
ISBN 0978
5800 38654 6
580 78768 3

BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
Contents
‘ Page
Committees responsible
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword
Forewordii ii
1 Scope
Scope 1
2 references
Normative references 1
3 definitions
Terms and definitions 2
4 Symbols and abbreviations
abbreviations 3
5 Preparation of site
site 4
6 Service life
life 4
7 Foundations
Foundations 4
8 Works below ground
ground 4
9 Works above foundations
foundations 5
10 Protection of floors
floors 5
11 Protection of walls, piers and columns
columns 5
12 Protection of roofs
roofs 6
13
13 Balustrades and safety rails
rails 6
14
14 Design classification
classification 6
15 Loadings
Loadings 7
8
16
16 Structural design (materials)
(materials) 17
16
17
17 Structures
Structures 22
20
18
18 Identification Plate
Plate 23
21
Bibliography 24
Bibliography22
Figure 11 —
Figure — Examples
Examples ofof zone
zone of of effect
effect for
for retaining
retaining structures
structures or
or buildings
buildings containing
containing a retaininga element
retaining element 7
Figure 22 —
Figure — Components
Components of of aa typical
typical multi-slat
multi-slat unit
unit 11
Index 1 — Design classifications
Table 256
Table 2 — Characteristic imposed
Table 1 — Design classifications livestock loads for floors capable of lateral 6
distribution of point loads 10
Table 2 — Generalized imposed roof load (altitude less than 100 m with
Table
access3limited
— Characteristic
to cleaningimposed livestock loads for slatted floors
and repairs) 11
9
Table 3 — Snow load conversion factor Èvehicle loads for floors 12
9
Table
Table 54 —— Properties for stored
Characteristic material
imposed livestock loads for floors capable of 13
lateral5 distribution
Table — Properties offor
point loads
stored material (continued)14 10
Table 6 — Grass silage wall loading livestock loads for slatted floors 11
15
Table 76 —
Table — Classification
Characteristicfactors
imposed vehicle loads for floors 12
16
Table 7 — Properties for stored material
Table 8 — Designated concretes for agricultural applications 13
19
Table 97 —
Table — Nominal
Properties for stored
concrete material
cover (continued)
for plain carbon steel reinforcement 14
in reinforced
Table masonry
8 — Grass silagewhere the concrete infill has to provide full service
wall loading 15
life protection
Table 9 — Horizontal loads for balustrades and handrails 20
16
Table 10 — Classification factors 17
Table 11 — Section properties of timber purlins 17
Table 12 — Factors for spacing of timber purlins 18
Table 13 — Load combinations and modified ¼f values for single storey
frames in steel 18
Table 14 — Load combinations and modified ¼f values for single storey
frames in concrete 20
Table 15 — Nominal covera for a reinforced concrete service life of 10 years 21
Table 16 — Unreinforced concrete made with normal weight aggregates
of 20 mm nominal maximum size for a service life of 20 years or less 21
Table 17 — Nominal concrete cover for plain carbon steel reinforcement in
reinforced masonry where the concrete infill has to provide full service life
protection 23
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© The British Standards Institution 2013

© BSI 10 June 2003
Copyright British Standards Institution i
BS
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
BS 5502-22:2003
Foreword
Foreword
BS 5502-22:2003 This British Standard is has been prepared
published by BSIby Subcommittee
Standards Limited,B/525/10. It is a
under licence
20122012
revision
from TheofBritish
BS 5502-22:1993, which is withdrawn.
Standards Institution.
This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/10. It is a
BS
This5502 has
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Standardrestructured
has been into the
prepared following
by Committeebroad subject
B/549. areas:
Institution
revision of BS 5502-22:1993, which is withdrawn.

Foreword
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013 supersedes BS 5502-22:2003, which is withdrawn.
BS—5502
Parthas
0: Introduction;
been restructured into the following broad subject areas:
Institution
Text introduced
— Parts 10 to 19: or altered
Reference by Amendment
information and No. 1legislation;
is indicated in the text by tags
.— Part 0: Introduction;
Minor editorial changes are not tagged.
— Parts 20Standard
to 39: General design;
Standards
This British has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/10. It is a

BS— Parts 10 to 19: Reference information
of the and legislation;
2012
5502-22:2003
— Parts 40 to was a full
59: Livestockwhichrevision
buildings; standard and incorporated the
revision of BS 5502-22:1993,
— Partsprincipal
20 to 39:changes.
General design; is withdrawn.
following BS 5502 was restructured into the following broad
Standards
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subject
5502 60been
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Crop buildings; into the following broad subject areas:
Institution
— Parts 40 to 59: Livestock buildings;

— Parts 80 to 99: Ancillary buildings.
— Part
Parts0:60Introduction;
to 79: Crop buildings;
The British
More specifically, the general design series will comprise:

— Parts 8010 to 99:
19: Ancillary
Reference buildings.
information and legislation;
— Part 20: Code of practice for general design considerations;
(c) British
— Parts
More 20 to 39:
specifically, theGeneral
generaldesign;
design series will comprise:
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— Part 21: Code of practice for selection and use of construction materials;
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40 Code
to 59:ofLivestock
practice buildings;
for general design considerations;
— Part 22: Code of practice for design, construction and loading;
The
— Part
Parts21:
60 Code
to 79:ofCrop buildings;
practice for selection and use of construction materials;
— Part 23: Code of practice for fire precautions;
Copy,
— Part
Parts22:
80 Code
to 99:ofAncillary
practice buildings.
for design, construction and loading;
— Part 25: Code of practice for services and facilities;
British
More specifically,
— Part 23: Codethe general design
of practice for fire series comprises:
will comprise:
precautions;
Copy,
— Part 30: Code of practice for control of infestation;

— Part 20:
25: Code of practice for general services design considerations;
Uncontrolled
and facilities;
— Part 31: Code of practice for the management of waste (storage and
(c) The
— Part 21:
30: Code of practice for selectioncontrol of and use of construction materials;
infestation;
handling);
Uncontrolled
— Part 22: Code of practice for design,

31: Guide construction
the management and loading;
of waste (storage and
— Part 32: to noise attenuation;
handling);
— Part 23: Code of practice for fire precautions;
— Part 33: Guide to control of odour pollution.
Copy,
— Part 32:
— Part 25: Guide
Code oftopractice
noise attenuation;
for services and facilities;
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A more detailed description of the new structure of BS 5502 is given in Part 0.

— Part
— Part 30:
33: Code
Guideoftopractice
control forof odour
control pollution.
of infestation;
Uncontrolled
The object of introducing theofstructure is to allowofsubject areas to be in

broadly
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characterized, and of practice
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handling);
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developed description
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a logical wayof the
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and
the structure
the loadings
future. of BS 5502
for, is given in
agricultural Part 0.
buildings
Institution,
and structures, reference is to be made to is the

to torelevant
allow material
subject areas and
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broadlycodes
The
For object
the of introducing
design and the structure
construction of, andwas the allow
loadings subject
for, areas
agricultural buildings
of practice, some of the recommendations contained in these codes have been
Institution,
characterized,
broadly and related
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related matter,
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whether of form
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01/03/2013
and structures,
modified by thisreference
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5502 to the
for classified relevant
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buildings loading
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recommendations,
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somePart guidance
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recommendations data,
contained to be rationalized
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and brought
brought
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structures.
together. also also
It will allows ofsufficient
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buildings beand
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agricultural buildings
and developed in a logical way in the future. that should be taken into account during
structures.
their design.This Part of BS 5502 also contains special provisions peculiar to
Standards
agricultural
For the designbuildings and structures
and construction of, andthattheshould
loadings be for,
taken into account
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buildings
Institution,
It has
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and been assumed
design.
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to be made of this
to the Part of BS material
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It has been assumed hasin the drafting of thiscontained
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its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for
structures.
This This it
publication Parthasof
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purport also contains
to include allspecial provisions
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provisions
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whose guidance been prepared.

Standards
agricultural
contract. Usersbuildings and structures
are responsible for its that
correctshould be taken into account during
application.
Groom,
This publication
their design. does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
Compliance
contract. Users with a British Standard
are responsible doesapplication.
for its correct not of itself confer immunity
Groom,
It has legal
from been assumed
obligations. in the drafting of this Part of BS 5502 that the execution of
Compliance
its provisions iswith a British
entrusted Standard does
to appropriately not ofand
qualified itself confer immunity
experienced people, for
Mary
British
from legal
whose obligations.
guidance it has been prepared.
Ms Mary
Ms
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.
Groom,
Copy:
does not
Compliance with a British Standard cannot of itself
confer confer immunity
immunity from
Copy:
from
legal legal obligations.
obligations.
Summary of pages
Licensed
Mary
This document
Summary comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to ii,
of pages
Licensed
pages 1 to 25 and a back cover.

Ms
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to ii,
The BSI
pages copyright
1 to 25 and anotice displayed in this document indicates when the
back cover.
Licensed Copy:
document was last issued.

The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
document was
Summary last issued.
of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to ii,
pages 1 to 25 and a back cover.
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ii © The British Standards Institution

© BSI 10 June 2013
2003
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the
ii document was last issued.

© BSI 10 June 2003
Institution 2012 BS 5502-22:2003
1 Scope BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
This Part of BS 5502 gives recommendations for the design and construction of, and the loading for,
agricultural buildings and structures.
2012 2012
2
1 Normative
Scope references
Standards
Institution
The
Thisfollowing
Part of BSreferenced
5502 givesdocuments are indispensable
recommendations for the
for the design andapplication of this
construction document.
of, and For dated
the loading for,
references,
agricultural only the edition
buildings and cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
structures.
1 Scope
document (including any amendments) applies.
Institution
British
This4008,
BS PartSpecification
of BS 5502 gives recommendations
for cattle grids. for the design and construction of, and the loading for,
2 Normative references
Standards
agricultural buildings and structures.

BS 5061, Specification for cylindrical forage tower silos and recommendations for their use (obsolescent).
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
The
BS 5268-2:2002,
references,
2 Normative only the edition cited
Structural
references use ofapplies.
timber — ForCode
undated references,
of practice the latest stress
for permissible editiondesign,
of the materials
referencedand
Standards
workmanship.
document (including any amendments) applies.
British(c)
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
BS 5328-1:1997,
4008, Specification
Concrete
for — Guide
cattle to specifying concrete.
grids.
TheCopy,
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
BS 5328-2:1997,
5061, Specification
document Concrete
(including any — Methods forage
foramendments)
cylindrical forapplies.
specifying concrete
tower silos mixes.
and recommendations for their use (obsolescent).
British
Uncontrolled
5502-21,
BS 5268-2:2002,Buildings
4008, Specification and
Structural structures
use of
for cattle for agriculture
timber
grids. — Code of
— Code of practice forpractice for selection
permissible and usematerials
stress design, of construction
and
materials.
workmanship.
The (c)
BS 5061, Specification for cylindrical forage tower silos and recommendations for their use (obsolescent).
5502-40, Buildings
BS 5328-1:1997, Concreteand—structures for agriculture
Guide to specifying — Code of practice for design and construction of
concrete.
Copy,
BS 5268-2:2002, Structural use of timber — Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials and
cattle buildings.
BS 5328-2:1997, Concrete — Methods for specifying concrete mixes.
workmanship.
14:26,(c)
BS 5502-41, Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
Uncontrolled
BS 5328-1:1997,
5502-21, Buildings and—
Concrete structures
Guide to for agriculture
specifying — Code of practice for selection and use of construction
concrete.
Copy,
sheep buildings and pens.

materials.
BS 5328-2:1997, Concrete — Methods for specifying concrete mixes.
01/03/2013
14:26, Uncontrolled
BS 5502-21,
pig buildings. Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for selection and use of construction
cattle buildings.
materials.
14:26,
BS 5502-40,
poultry Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
buildings.
cattle buildings.
Institution,
BS 5502-41,
milking Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
premises.
01/03/2013
pig buildings.
BS 5502-50, Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design, construction and
BS 5502-42,
use of storageBuildings
tanks andand structures
reception pits for
for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
livestock slurry.
poultry buildings.
01/03/2013
pig buildings.
Standards
BS 5502-43,
slatted, Buildings
perforated and and
meshstructures
floors for for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
livestock.
Institution,
milking
BS premises.
5502-22:2003
poultry buildings.
BS 5502-50, Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design, construction and
BS 5502-49,
buildings forBuildings
mushrooms. and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
use of storage tanks and reception pits for livestock slurry.
Institution,
milking premises.
British
Standards
BS
crop5502-50, Buildings
processing and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design, construction and
buildings.
slatted, perforated and mesh floors for livestock.
use of storage tanks and reception pits for livestock slurry.
BritishGroom,
BS 5502-66,
5502-66:1992, Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for designconstruction
and construction
BS 5502-60, Buildings
Buildings andand structures
structures forfor agriculture
agriculture —— Code
Code of
of practice
practice for
for design
design and
and construction of of
BS
of 5502-51,
chitting Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
houses.
chitting houses.
Standards
buildings for mushrooms.

Standards Institution 2012
slatted, perforated and mesh floors for livestock.

BS 5502-75,
5502-70, Buildingsand and structuresfor for agriculture— — Codeof of practicefor
for designandand constructionof of
Buildings and structures
structures for agriculture
agriculture — Code
Code of practice
practice for design
design and construction
construction of
Ms Mary
BS 5502-60,
ventilated
forage onBuildings
stores. floor storesand
forstructures
combinable forcrops.
agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
crop 5502-22:2003
BS processing buildings.
buildings for mushrooms.
5502-80,
Groom,
BS 5502-66:1992, Buildings and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction
British
BS 5502-65,
ventilated
workshops, Buildings
stores and
for potatoes
maintenance and structures
and onions.
inspection forfacilities.
agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
of chitting houses.
crop processing buildings.
Copy:
BS 5502-72,
BS 5502-81,
5502-70, Buildings
Buildingsand andstructures
structuresfor foragriculture
agriculture— —Code
Codeofofpractice
practicefor
fordesign
designand
andconstruction
constructionof of
MsGroom,
BS 5502-66:1992,
controlled
chemical Buildings
environment
stores. storesandfor structures
vegetables,for agriculture
fruit — Code of practice for design and construction
and flowers.
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ventilated on floor stores for combinable crops.

of chitting houses.
Licensed
BS 5502-74, and construction of

BS 5502-82,
5502-71, Buildings
Buildings andand structures
structures forfor agriculture
agriculture —— Code
Code of
of practice
practice for
for design
design of
andamenity buildings.
construction of
BS
bins5502-70,
and silosBuildings and structures
for combinable crops. for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
ventilated
BS 5628-1,onstores
Code for potatoesfor
ofstores
practice anduseonions.
of masonry
crops. — Structural use of unreinforced masonry.
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2012
ventilated floor for combinable

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BS 5502-75, Buildings and structures for

forofagriculture
masonry —— Code
Code of
of practice for
for design
design and construction
construction of
The British
Code ofand structures agriculture —Structural practice of
BS 5628-2:2000,
5502-71,
forage stores.Buildings practice
and for use
structures for agriculture use of reinforced
— Code of practice for design and
and prestressed
construction of
controlled environment stores for vegetables, fruit and flowers.
Copy: Ms
masonry.
Institution
ventilated stores for potatoes and onions.

BS 5502-80,
5502-74, Buildings and structures for
forofagriculture
masonry —— Code
Code of
of practice for
for design
design and
and construction of
Licensed
BS 5628-3:2001,Buildings
Code of and structures
practice for use agriculture —Materials practice
and components, construction of
BS 5502-72,maintenance
workshops, Buildings and
and structures
inspection forfacilities.
agriculture — Code of practice for design design and
and construction of
bins and silos for combinable
workmanship. crops.
controlled environment stores for vegetables, fruit and flowers.
Copy, (c)
BS 5950-1:2000,
BS 5502-81, Buildings and structures
Structural for agriculture
use of steelwork in building—— Code
Codeofof
practice
practicefor
fordesign
designand construction
— Rolled of
and welded
Licensed
British Standards
BS 5502-74,
chemical Buildings
stores. and structures for agriculture — Code of practice for design and construction of
sections.
bins and silos for combinable crops.
BS 5502-82, Buildingsuse and 1
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agriculture — Code of practice for design of amenity
andbuildings.
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masonry terms.
— Structural use of reinforced and prestressed
masonry.
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and about
about buildings
buildings — Code
– Code of practice.
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(c) The
6323-5, Specific requirements for electric resistance welded (including induction welded) steel tubes.
workmanship.
14:26,
BS 6399-1, Loading for buildings — Code of practice for dead and imposed loads.
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of practiceof for wind loads.
sections.
Provided by Accuris under license Ulster/8159847001, User=Quinn, Aodhan
013
6399-3:1988,
BS 5950-5, Loading
Structural use for buildingsin—
of steelwork Code of—
building practice for imposed
Specification roof loads.
for materials, fabrication and erection —
Rolled and welded sections.
14:26, Uncontroll
BS 6100 (all parts), Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.
BS
BS6180:1999,
5502-22:2003
Barriers in and about buildings — Code of practice.
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
BS 6323-5, Specific requirements for electric resistance welded (including induction welded) steel tubes.
BS 6399-2:1997, Loading for buildings — Code of practice for wind loads.
Institution 01/03/2013
BS 6399-3:1988, Loading for buildings — Code of practice for imposed roof loads.
BS
BS7543, Guide to durability of buildings and building elements, products and components.
2012
5502-22:2003
BS
BS
BS 5502-75, Buildings
8500-1:2006+A1:2012,
8004, Code andfor
of practice structures
Concretefor
foundations. agriculture — Code
– Complementary of practice
British Standard fortodesign
BS EN and construction
206-1 – Part 1: of
forage stores.
Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier
2012 Institution,
BS 8007, Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids.
BS 5502-80,Concrete
BS 8500-2, Buildings and structures for
– Complementary agriculture
British Standard— Code
to BSofEN practice
206-1 for design
– Part and construction
2: Specification for of
BS 8110-1:1997,
workshops, Structural
maintenance use of concrete — Code of practice for design and construction.
constituent materials andand inspection
concrete facilities.
BS 5502-81,
EN 13031-1, Greenhouses
Buildings — Design and
and structures construction — Commercial production greenhouses.
BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005, Eurocode for agriculture
– Basis — Code
of structural of practice for
design design and construction of
Standards
chemical stores.
BritishStandards
BS EN 10143, Continuously hot-dip metal coated steel sheet and strip — Tolerances on dimensions and
BS EN 1991-1-1, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General actions – Densities, self-weight,
shape.
BS
BS 5502-82,
5502-75, Buildings
Buildings and
and structures
structures for
for agriculture
agriculture — — Code
Code of
of practice
practice for
for design
design of
and amenity buildings.
construction of
imposed loads for buildings
forage
BS stores.
EN 10147,
5628-1, CodeContinuously
of practice hot-dip
for use ofzinc coated—structural
masonry steels
Structural use strip
of and sheet —
unreinforced Technical delivery
masonry.
Institution
BS EN 1991-1-3, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-3: General actions – Snow loads
conditions.
BS 5502-80, Buildings and structures forofagriculture —Structural
Code of practice for design and construction
BS 5628-2:2000, Code of practice for use masonry–— use of reinforced prestressed of
andactions
(c) TheBritish
BS EN 1991-1-4,
workshops, Eurocode
maintenance 1: Actions
and inspectionon facilities.
structures Part 1-4: General actions – Wind
masonry.
3
BSTerms
BS
BS
EN
5502-81, and
1992-1-1, definitions
Eurocode
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5628-3:2001, Code ofand 2: Design offor
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practice
concrete structures
for use ofagriculture
– Part
masonry ——Materials
Code 1-1: General
of practice rules and
for design
and components,
and construction
design
rules for buildings
and of
Standards
Groom,
chemical
BS EN stores.
1993-1-1,
workmanship. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-1: General rules and rules
For the purposes of this Part of BS 5502, the terms and definitions given in BS 5268-2, BS 5328-1:1997, for buildings
BS 5628-1,
5502-82,
BS EN BS 5628-2,
Buildings
1993-1-3:2006,
5950-1:2000, BS
and5628-3,
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structures 5950-1,
use of3:steelwork
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for agriculture
ofinsteel 5950-5,
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fordesign
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design — and
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Supplementary
Rolled and
following apply.
Copy,
rules for
sections. cold-formed members and sheeting
BS 5628-1, Code of practice for use of masonry — Structural use of unreinforced masonry.
Ms Mary
3.1 EN
The British
BS
BS 1993-4-1,
5950-5,
5628-2:2000, Eurocode
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of practiceDesign ofinsteel
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— Specification Silos
usematerials, fabrication
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and prestressed
Copy,Uncontrolled
zone
Rolledof
masonry. effect
and welded sections.
BS EN 1995-1-1, Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures – Part 1-1: General – Common rules and rules
area around a retaining structure extending a distance 1.5 times its height (h) above ground or its depth (d)
for buildings
BS 6100 (all parts), Glossary of building and civil engineering terms.
(c)Copy:
BS 5628-3:2001,
below Code
ground, whichever of practice
is greater,for beyond
use of masonry — Materials
the retaining structure’sand real
components,
or projecteddesign and perimeter
ground
workmanship.
BS EN 1996-1-1,
6180:1999, Eurocode
Barriers 6: Design
in and about of masonry—structures
buildings – Part 1-1: General rules for reinforced and
Code of practice.
unreinforced masonry
BS structures
BS 5950-1:2000, Structural use of for
steelwork
electricin building welded
— Code(including
of practiceinduction
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— Rolled andtubes.
welded
UncontrolledLicensed
6323-5, Specific requirements resistance steel

sections.
14:26,
BS EN 1996-1-2, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures – Part 1-2: General rules – Structural fire design
BS 5950-5,
BS EN Structural
1996-2, Eurocode use6:ofDesign
steelwork in building
of masonry — Specification
structures – Part 2:for materials,
Design fabricationselection
considerations, and erection
of —
BS 6399-2:1997,
Rolled andandwelded Loading
sections.for buildings — Code of practice for wind loads.
materials execution of masonry
14:26, 01/03/2013
BS 6399-3:1988,
BS 61001997-1, Loading
(all parts), for buildings
Glossary of building—and Code of practice
civil engineering for imposed
terms. roof loads.
BS EN Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules
BS 6180:1999,
BS 7543, GuideBarriers
to durability
in and ofabout
buildings and building
buildings elements, products and components.
BS EN 10346, Continuously hotdip coated steel —flatCode of practice.
products – Technical delivery conditions
BS 6323-5,
BS 8004, Code of practice
Specific for foundations.
requirements for electric resistance welded (including induction welded) steel tubes.
BS EN 13031-1, Greenhouses – Design and construction – Commercial production greenhouses
Institution,
BS
BS 8007, Code of practice for design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids.
NA 6399-1,
to BS EN Loading
1991-1-1,for UK
buildings
National — Code
Annex oftopractice
Eurocode for 1:
dead and imposed
Actions on structuresloads.– Part 1-1: General
2
BS 8110-1:1997, Structural use of concrete — Code of practice for design and construction.© BSI 10 June 2003
actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings
BS 6399-2:1997, Loading for buildings — Code of practice for wind loads.
01/03/2013
BS
BS EN 13031-1,
NA 6399-3:1988,
to BS Greenhouses
EN 1991-1-3,
Loading UK — Design
forNational
buildings Annex
—and construction
to
Code Eurocode
of practice 1:—forCommercial
Actions
imposed production
on structures
roof greenhouses.
loads.– Part 1-3: General
actions – Snow loads
British Standards
BS 7543,
BS EN 10143,
GuideContinuously
to durabilityhot-dip metaland
of buildings coated steel sheet
building and strip
elements, — Tolerances
products on dimensions and
and components.
shape.
NA to BS EN 1993-1-1, UK National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures – Part 1-1: General
BS 8004,
rules and Code of
forpractice
rulesContinuously
buildingsfor foundations.
BS EN 10147, hot-dip zinc coated structural steels strip and sheet — Technical delivery
Groom,Institution,
BS 8007,
to BS Code
conditions.
NA of practice
EN 1993-1-3, UK forNational
design ofAnnexconcrete structures
to Eurocode 3:for retaining
Design aqueous
of steel liquids.
structures – Part 1-3: General
rules
BS – Supplementary
8110-1:1997, rules use
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of concrete —members and sheeting
Code of practice for design and construction.
3
NA
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to BS
EN and
EN
13031-1, definitions
1995-1-1, UK National
Greenhouses Annex
— Design and to Eurocode 5:—Design
construction of timber
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production – Part 1-1: General
greenhouses.
– Common rules and rules for buildings
Standards
For
BS ENthe 10143,
purposes of this Parthot-dip
Continuously of BS 5502,
metalthe terms
coated andsheet
steel definitions given
and strip in BS 5268-2,
— Tolerances BS 5328-1:1997,
on dimensions and
NA
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5628-1,
shape. BS1996-1-1,
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Design
6100,ofBS
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BS 8110-1 and1-1:
the
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following for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures
apply.
BS EN 10147, Continuously hot-dip zinc coated structural steels strip and sheet — Technical delivery
Ms Mary
PD 6697, Recommendations for the design of masonry structures to BS EN 1996-1-1 and BS EN 1996-2
conditions.
3.1
Copy:British
zone of effect
3 Terms
area aroundand definitions
a retaining structure extending a distance 1.5 times its height (h) above ground or its depth (d)
below ground, whichever is greater, beyond the retaining structure’s real or projected ground perimeter
Mary Groom,
For
For thethe
purposes of this
purposes Part
of this of BS
Part 5502,
of BS thethe
5502, terms andand
terms definitions given
definitions in BS
given 5268-2,
in BS 6100,BS
BS5328-1:1997,
7543,
BS 8500-1,
5628-1, BS EN 1992-1-1,
5628-2, BS EN
BS 5628-3, BS1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3,
5950-1, BS 5950-5, BS EN
BS 6100, 1995-1-1,
BS 7543 BS 8110-1
and BS EN 1996-1-1,
and the
Licensed Copy: MsLicensed
BS EN 1996-1-2
following apply. and BS EN 1996-2 and the following apply.
3.1
zone of effect
area around a retaining structure extending a distance 1.5 times its height (h) above ground or its depth (d)
below ground, whichever is greater, beyond the retaining structure’s real or projected ground perimeter
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2
Copyright British Standards Institution © The British Standards Institution
© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
4 Symbols and abbreviations

For the purposes of this Part of BS 5502, the following symbols apply.
A altitude of site above mean sea level (in m)
bc breadth of compression face of a concrete beam (T and inverted L purlins and sheeting rails)
measured midway between restraints (see BS EN 1992-1-1)
BS 8110-1:1997)
bt breadth of tension face of a concrete beam (T and inverted L purlins and sheeting rails)
measured midway between restraints (see BS EN 1992-1-1)
BS 8110-1:1997)
d depth below ground for zone of effect
da alternative depth below ground for zone of effect (Figure 1)
E1, E2, classification of exposure situations in accordance with BS BS 5628-2:2000
EN 1990
E2, E4
GL ground level
h height above ground for zone of effect
ha alternative height above ground for zone of effect (Figure 1)
Hs point load applied horizontally at the surface of a single slat from livestock (in kN)
le effective length of section (see BS
BS 5950-1:2000)
EN 1993-1-1)
lp span of a purlin, centre to centre of support (in mm)
ls effective span of a multi-slat unit
n number of slats in a multi-slat unit
N return period for loading (in years)
PB characteristic load from bedding (including allowance for livestock) acting horizontally to a
wall (in kN/m2)
PG concentrated tractor load on a wall for grass silage (part load) (in kN)
PL vertical load on a floor from livestock applied on any square with a 300 mm side (in kN)
Ps vertical load from livestock applied on a single slat (in kN/m)
Pv vertical load on a floor from a vehicle applied on any square with a 300 mm side (in kN)
r least radius of gyration of a section
salt coefficient used in correcting the basic snow load on the ground for altitude
sb basic snow load (on the ground)
sd snow load on a roof
sd(N) snow load on a roof with a return period of N years
so site snow load (on the ground)
SC2, SC3, strength class of timber as given in BSBS 5268-2:2000
EN 1990
SC4, SC6
TG horizontal load on a wall from grass silage (part load) which increases uniformly with depth z
(in kN/m2)
vc design concrete shear stress as given in BS
BS 8110-1:1997
EN 1992-1-1
Vs design wind speed as given in BS EN 1991-1-4
BS 6399-2:1997 (in m/s)(in m/s)
WG uniform horizontal load from grass silage (part load) (in kN/m2)
WL uniformly distributed vertical load over the gross floor area from livestock (in kN/m2)
Wp classified load on a purlin (in kN)
Ws vertical load on the gross floor area to be used in the design of slat supports (in kN/m2)
Wv uniformly distributed vertical load over the gross floor area from vehicles (in kN/m2)
Ys specified minimum yield strength of steel as given in BS BS 5950-1:2000
EN 1993-1-1
z depth below rolled surface of grass silage or the compacted surface of bedding (in m)
¼c classification factor for agricultural buildings and structures
¼f partial safety factor for load as given in BS
BS 5628-2:2000,
EN 1990 BS 5950-1:2000 and BS 8110-1:1997
Æ snow load shape coefficient
È conversion factor for return periods for snow loads based on 50 years return as unity
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© BSI 10 June 2003
Copyright British Standards Institution 3
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
5 Preparation of site
5.1 Sites should be prepared in accordance with BS 5930:1999.
.
5.2 If any drains are severed during the excavations in connection with the building or structure, its drains
or services, remedial measures should be taken to secure the continued passage of the below-ground water
through or around the site and to deal with any surface water which may run on to the site.
6 Service life
6.1 As service life may be different from design life (see BS 7543), where required, guidance should be
sought on durability limits of materials.
NOTE Information on predicted service life might be available from the manufacturer or supplier.
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6.2 Unless otherwise stated, the structural components and the external envelope should be such that, with
reasonable maintenance, they remain effective for the design life.
7 Foundations
7.1 For the design and construction of foundations of a building or structure, reference should be made
to BS EN 1992-1-1
BS 8110-1 and BS EN 1997-1.
and BS 8004.
Attention should be paid to the possibility of attack by sulfates or any other deleterious matter which may
be present in the soil.
7.2 The foundations of a building or structure should:
a) safely sustain and transmit to the ground the worst combination of dead load, imposed load and wind
load so that it does not cause any settlement or other movement which would impair the stability or
serviceability of, or cause damage to, the building or structure or any adjoining building or structure or
works;
b) be taken down to such a depth, or be so constructed, as to safeguard the building or structure against
damage by swelling, shrinkage or freezing of the subsoil;
c) be designed to resist overturning moments or sliding forces, especially where lateral imposed loads,
induced by the storage of agricultural or other products against walls, are transferred to the foundations.
8 Works below ground

8.1 Ducts, tanks, hoppers and other works below ground should be so designed and built as to resist
external ground pressures including, if relevant, the pressure due to the presence of ground water, nearby
foundations and other loadings.
Where ducts, tanks, or other receptacles are to retain liquids, they should be so constructed as to prevent
any contamination by the escape of the liquids into the subsoil and the entry of ground water into the duct,
tank or other receptacle.
Where tanks are constructed in ground which has a high water table, adequate means of preventing
flotation should be provided.
8.2 Covers to ducts, tanks, pits and similar constructions should be provided as necessary. These covers
should conform to one of the following:
a) be constructed to withstand all loads from livestock, stored materials, the transporting of materials
over them, and all vehicles used in the building or structure or its environs;
b) be provided with suitable barriers to prevent such access.
8.3 The construction of any duct, tank, receptacle or other underground works should be capable of
resisting attack by sulfates, acids (such as are produced by the fermentation of silage), manure, washings,
and any other deleterious matter present in the stored material or in the subsoil.
4
© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
9 Works above foundations

The structural components of an agricultural building or structure above the foundations should safely
sustain and transmit to the foundations or base the combined loads without such deflection or deformation
as would impair the stability or serviceability of the whole or any part of the building or structure, or any
other building or structure.
NOTE Attention is drawn to the Reservoirs Act 1975 [1] which applies to above-ground storage in reservoirs, lagoons and tanks and
which requires all structures in excess of 25 000 m3 capacity above the lowest adjoining natural ground level to be designed and the
construction to be supervised by a panel engineer. Lists of panel engineers are held by the Department of the Environment and by
the Scottish Office Environment Department.
10 Protection of floors
10.1 Where floors of buildings or structures in contact with the ground are used for the storage of grain,
seeds, concentrated feed stuffs, fertilizer or for the housing of livestock on insulated floors, they should be
so constructed as to prevent the passage of moisture from the ground to the upper surface of the floor or
the underside of the insulation.
10.2 Although moisture barriers are not usually required for the following:
a) floors for crop production;
b) livestock on a bedding of straw, wood shavings or other absorbent material;
c) storage of fodder crops;
d) storage of farm wastes;
e) the housing of implements,
attention should be paid to the need to prevent the passage of slurries and wastes, especially silage effluent,
to ground water. In addition, it should be taken into account that these buildings or structures may be used
in the future for alternative uses.
10.3 Hardcore laid and compacted under any floor should contain no water-soluble sulfates or other
deleterious substances in quantities that might cause damage to any part of the floor.
(see BS
10.4 Concrete floors subject to attack by organic acids (see BS 5502-21
5502-21 for
for the
the chemical
chemical composition
composition of
of
waste products) should be designed and constructed to to resist
resist very severe
severe exposure
exposure conditions
conditions as
as given
given in
in
of BS
BS 8110-1:1997, Table 3.2 (see
EN 1992-1-1:2004 also
(see 16.4).and
16.4.4
also floorsSuch
16.4.5).
Such floors
should should
be well be well compacted,
compacted, cured and,cured
whereand,
where necessary,
necessary, should should be provided
be provided with a with a surface
surface coating.coating.
10.5 Where suspended timber floors are constructed, damp-proof courses should be provided to prevent
moisture from the ground adversely affecting the timber or other materials in the floor.
10.6 For class 1 and class 2 buildings (see Clause 14) where a timber floor is constructed as a suspended
floor, other than above a pit or cellar for the storage of dung, the ground surface should be suitably sealed to
prevent moisture transfers. The space between such a seal and any timber should be not less than 125 mm
and this space should be clear of debris and have adequate through ventilation.
10.7 Where a suspended floor constructed from timber is placed over a cellar or pit specially designed for
the storage of dung, reference should be made to BS 5502-21 for the relevant protective treatment against
decay.
11 Protection of walls, piers and columns

11.1 Any wall, pier, or column of a building or structure should be designed and constructed so that it does
not transmit moisture to any material which might be adversely affected by it.
11.2 Where the walls are regularly subjected to the application of water, e.g. for hygiene purposes, or where
the walls may be subjected to moisture from stored products and where moisture may adversely affect the
materials, a surface treatment should be applied to the walls to protect them from becoming damp.
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© BSI 10 June 2003

Copyright British Standards Institution © The British Standards Institution 2013 5
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
20122012
12 Protection of roofs
Institution
12
12.1Protection ofberoofs
All roofs should non-fragile.
Institution
12.1 Except
12.2 All roofsasshould
statedbe
innon-fragile.
12.3, the roof of any building or structure should be weatherproof and so
constructed that it does not transmit moisture to any part of the structure or its contents which would be
12.2 Except
adversely as stated
affected in 12.3,
by such the roof of any building or structure should be weatherproof and so
moisture.
Standards
constructed that it does not transmit moisture to any part of the structure or its contents which would be
The recommendations
adversely
12.3 in 12.2 should not be applied to those buildings and structures where, because
affected by such moisture.
Standards
of internal environmental requirements, it is necessary to provide openings in the roof for the entry of fresh
12.3orThe
air the recommendations
exhaust of foul air.inWhere
12.2 should
air fromnotsuch
be applied to those
vents may causebuildings
corrosionand structures
of the where,
surrounding because
materials,
of internal environmental requirements, it is necessary
materials to provide openingsorindecay
the roof
(seefor
BSthe entry of fresh
British
precautions should be taken to protect those against corrosion 5502-21).

air or the exhaust of foul air. Where air from such vents may cause corrosion of the surrounding materials,
British
precautions should be taken to protect those materials against corrosion or decay (see BS 5502-21).
13 Balustrades and safety rails
(c) The
13 Balustrades
Balustrades and rails
and/or safety safety rails
should workplace or
be provided for any workplace or walkway
walkway which
which is
is situated
situated more
more
(c) The
than 1.5 m above floor or ground level. They should conform

conform to
to BS
BS 6180
6180 and
as modified
NA to byBS EN(see
15.9 also
1991-1-1
Copy,
Balustrades
(see5502-80,
BS and/or safety
also BS 5502-80,
regarding rails should
regarding
working beplatforms).
working provided for any workplace or walkway which is situated more
platforms).
than 1.5 m above floor or ground level. They should conform to BS 6180 as modified by 15.9 (see also
Copy,
BS 5502-80, regarding working platforms).

Uncontrolled
BS 5502-22:2003
Uncontrolled
14
14.1Design
14.1 classification
Agricultural
Agricultural buildings
buildings andand structures
structures should
should be designed
be designed in accordance
in accordance with
with oneone of the
of the two
four classes
classesingiven
given Tablein1.Table 1. All drawings
All drawings and written
and written reference reference should include
should include informationinformation
on the classon the classwhich
upon upon
14.1
which
the Agricultural
the design
design is based. buildings
is based. and structures should be designed in accordance with one of the four classes
given in Table 1. All drawings and written reference should include information on the class upon which
14:26,
Buildings
the design
14.2 and structures should
is based. Table 1 – Design
be designated classifications
according to the density of human occupancy, the
location a) of the building and the return period of loadings (design life) on all structural members (including
14:26,
Class
14.2 Maximum
Buildings normal human
and structures occupancy
should within a building
be designated according or to Minimum
the density allowable
of human distance to Minimum
occupancy, the
purlins and sheeting
structure rails).
or its zone of effect where applicable a classified highway or human design life
01/03/2013
location of the building and the return period of loadings (design life) on allhabitation structural b) members (including
2012
NOTE The
purlins and design life does
sheeting not necessarily relate to the durability limits of materials of construction (see 6.1).
12 Protection ofrails).
roofs person h/year
01/03/2013
If it is known
NOTE that
The design life the
doesoccupancy
not necessarilymay fortoshort
relate periodslimits
the durability (i.e. of
less than 70
materials days)mbe of
of construction higher
(see
years
6.1). density or a
Institution
1
larger Unrestricted
number
All of hours per
roofs should Unrestricted
day, then the cumulative effect over a year of all occupancy within a 50 m2 area,
12.1
If it is
should known
be that thebe
aggregated. If
non-fragile.
occupancy
the may for
cumulative short
effect periods
exceeds the (i.e. less hours
person than 70 days) be of higher density or a
2 Not exceeding 6 h/day at a maximum density of Either 10 or a limit of zone 20 higher
per year figure then the next
Institution,
2
larger number
12.2 Except of hours
asshould
stated per
inm day, then
the the cumulative
roof of anyof building effect over
or structure a year of all
shouldifbe occupancy
weatherproof within a 50 m area,
classification
1 person/ 100 be 12.3,
used.
2
up to a maximum 10 people at of effect greater than 10 and so
should be aggregated.
constructed that it doesIf the
not cumulative
transmit effect exceeds
moisture to any the
part person
of the hours per year
structure or figure
its contentsthenwhich
the next higher
would be
any one time
Institution,
For retaining
classification
14.3
adversely should
affected structures
by be used.
such or buildings containing a retaining element, the density of occupancy should
moisture.
Standards
a) The consequence of collapse is greater in buildings or structures of larger classification number.

apply within the structure’s zone of effect (see 3.1 and Figure 1).
14.3
12.3 For recommendations
The
b) Distance retaining structures
from a structure in or
12.2buildings
to a classified should
highway notcontaining
be applied
or human a retaining
meanselement,
to those
habitation buildings
the distance the
and density
to the edge ofofhighway
structures occupancy
where, should
because
(including
Standards
apply
14.4
of The
internal design
within the classification
structure’s
environmental of
zone a building
of
requirements,
footway) or nearest point of human habitation. effect it should
(see
is 3.1 be
and
necessary determined
Figure
to 1).
provide so that
openings it satisfies
in the both
roof for he
theoccupancy
entry of and
fresh
distance
air or the recommendations
exhaust of foul air.stated
Where for the
air class.
from such vents may cause corrosion of the surrounding materials,
Standards
NOTEThe
14.4 1 The designer
design and client might
classification of adecide that the
building risks be
should of collapse are lowso
determined enough
that that greater than
it satisfies both 10he
people can workand
occupancy
British
precautions
Care
distance
14.5 should
safely in the building
should bebe
recommendations taken
for a short
taken to protect
period
when
stated siting those
of time. For
buildings
for the class.materials
example, againstrisk
if the greatest
and structures corrosion
to ensure or
of collapse is decay (seeit BS
from snow, 5502-21).
might
that the classification
be acceptable
of existing
for greater numbers to work in the building for a few weeks during the summer. (See Clause 18.)
buildings and structures is not infringed.
(c)British
NOTECare
14.5 2 For CE marking
should of steel
be taken frames
when to BSbuildings
siting EN 1090 it and is recommended
structuresthat Class 1 agricultural
to ensure buildings are fabricated
that the classification to
of existing
13
EXCBalustrades
2 and Classes 2 are and safety rails
The
fabricated to EXCTable
1. 1 — Design classifications
British
Balustrades
Class and/or safety
Maximum normal rails should
human be provided
occupancy
Table —within for
a any workplace
Minimum or walkway
allowable distance which is situated
to a classified more
Minimum
be1designed
Design as classifications
Groom,
Agricultural
than buildings
1.5 m above flooror
building should generally
orstructure
ground level. They
or its zone ofshould
effect conform Class to
2, BS
subject
highway 6180orto
asthe limits
modified
human given
by 15.9
habitation in (see
Table 1, with
also
design life
Copy,
the
BS exception
5502-80,
(seeClass
of the following,
regarding
Note 1) Maximum working
where
normal which
human should be
platforms).
applicable
occupancy designed
within as Classallowable
a Minimum 1: (see Note
distance
2) to a classified Minimum
Groom,
building or structure or its zone of effect highway or human habitation design life
a) agricultural buildings thatapplicable
person
where have
h/yearloads applied other than the normal m environmental loads, such as
years
Ms Mary
(see Note 1) (see Note 2)

grain stores, silage clamps, etc;
Uncontrolled
1 Unrestricted person h/year
Unrestricted m
50 years
Ms Mary
1 b) multi-storey
2
14.1
Not
Agricultural
agricultural
exceeding
Unrestricted
buildings and
buildings.
6 h/day
structures
This does not Either
at a maximum
should be
include10mezzanine
Unrestricted
designed in
or limit offloors
accordance with
less than
zone of effect
one of
if 50%20
the four50of the
classes
total floordensity
area; of 2 persons/50 m2 (4380/50 m2) greater than 10
given
2 in Table
Not1. All drawings
exceeding 6 h/dayandatwritten
a maximumreference should Eitherinclude information
10 or limit of zone of oneffect
the class
if upon 20 which
Copy:
thec) agricultural
3 design is Notbased.buildings
exceeding 2 that
h/day areat located
a more
2 maximum 2
density of 2 persons/50 m (4380/50 m ) than 200
Eitherm
greater above
20 or
than ordinance
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10 of datum
zone of (sea
effect iflevel).10
greater than 20
Copy:
density of 1 person/50 m2 (730/50 m2)

14:26,
3
14.2 BuildingsNot and
exceeding 2 h/day
structures at a be
should maximum
designated according Either 20 toor
thelimit of zone
density of effectoccupancy,
of human if 10 the
Licensed
4
location Not
of the exceeding
building
density of 1 and 1 the
h/day
person/50 at2a(730/50
return
m maximum
period m of2loadings
) Either
greater 30
(design or
than limit
life) of zone
20on all of effect
structural if
members 2
(including
density 2
1 person/50 m (365/50 m )
of rails). 2 greater than 30
Licensed
purlins
4 andNotsheeting
exceeding 1 h/day at a maximum Either 30 or limit of zone of effect if 2
tandards Institution, 01/03/2013
NOTE 1 The
NOTE The design risk of
density collapse
life of is necessarily
1 not
does greater inmbuildings
person/50 2
(365/50
relate or structures
to the 2
mdurability
) greater
of larger
limits than 30of construction
ofclassification
materials number. (see 6.1).
NOTE
If it isit12known
Distance from
that thea structure
occupancy to a classified
may for highway
short or human
periods habitation means70the distance to the edge density
of highwayor a
isThe
known ofthat the isoccupancy of (i.e.
largerless than days) be of higher
point of humanmight forstructures
short periods (i.e. less than 70 days) be of higher density or
NOTE
If risk collapse greater in buildings or classification number.
(including footway) or nearest habitation. 2
larger
aNOTE
larger number
2 number
of hours
of hours
Distance from
per day,
per day,
a structure
then the
then the
to a classified
cumulative
cumulative
highway
effect
or human
over
effect a year
over means
habitation
of all
a yearthe occupancy
ofdistance
all occupancywithin a 50am100
within
to the edge of highway
area,
m2
should
area
(including befootway)
should aggregated.
be aggregated.If the
or nearest cumulative
If
point the
of effect exceeds
cumulative
human the person
effect exceeds
habitation. hours per
the person hoursyearperfigure
year then
figurethe next
for higher
Class 2
classification
then the building should be used.
should be designed as a Class 1 structure.
14.3 For retaining structures or buildings containing a retaining element, the density of occupancy should
6
apply within the structure’s zone of effect (see 3.1 and Figure 1). © BSI 10 June 2003
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6
14.4 The design classification of a building should be determined so that it
Copyright British Standards Institution © satisfies
The Britishboth he©occupancy
Standards 10 June and
Institution
BSI 2013
2003
distance recommendations stated for the class.
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from Accuris
Not for Resale, 10/26/2023 08:42:35 MDT
the design is based.
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standards Institution, 01/03/2013 14:26,

14.2 Buildings and structures should be designated according to the density of human occupancy, the
location of the building and the return period of loadings (design life) on all
BS structural members
BS (including
5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
purlins and sheeting rails).
NOTE The design life does not necessarily relate to the durability limits of materials of construction (see 6.1).
If it is known that the occupancy may for short periods (i.e. less than 70 days) be of higher density or a
larger number of hours per day, then the cumulative effect over a year of all occupancy within a 50 m2 area,
should be aggregated. If the cumulative effect exceeds the person hours per year figure then the next higher
classification should be used.
Institution 2012
14.3 For retaining structures or buildings containing a retaining element, the densityBS 5502-22:2003
of occupancy should
apply within the structure’s zone of effect (see 3.1 and Figure 1).
14.4 The design classification of a building should be determined so that it satisfies both he occupancy and
distance recommendations stated for the class.
14.5 Care should be taken when siting buildings and structures to ensure that the classification of existing
British Standards

2012
Table 1 — Design classifications

(c) TheInstitution
Class Maximum normal human occupancy within a Minimum allowable distance to a classified Minimum
building or structure or its zone of effect highway or human habitation design life
(see Note 1) where applicable (see Note 2)
person h/year m years
Standards
1 Unrestricted Unrestricted 50
2 Not exceeding 6 h/day at a maximum Either 10 or limit of zone of effect if 20
density of 2 persons/50 m2 (4380/50 m2) greater than 10
Copy,

(c) The British
density of 1 person/50 m2 (730/50 m2) greater than 20

Copy, Uncontrolled

density of 1 person/50 m2 (365/50 m2) greater than 30
NOTE 1 The risk of collapse is greater in buildings or structures of larger classification number.
NOTE 2 Distance from a structure to a classified highway or human habitation means the distance to the edge of highway
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01/03/2013 14:26,
(including footway) or nearest point of human habitation.

14:26, Uncontrolled
6 © BSI 10 June 2003

British Standards
Groom,Institution,
Standards Institution,
01/03/2013
Figure 1 — Examples of zone of effect for retaining structures or buildings containing a

Ms Mary
retaining element
British
15 Loadings
Copy:
15.1 General
Mary Groom,
15.1.1 Characteristic loads

Licensed Copy: Ms Licensed
Figure 1 — value
A characteristic Examples
of loadofshould
zone of
be effect for from
evaluated retaining
a meanstructures or buildings
load, together containing
with a factored a
standard
deviation from that mean value, for example, retaining
the windelement
loads given in BS 6399-2 are characteristic loads
since they are statistically based.
15 Loadings
NOTE This clause provides characteristic loads for use in the design of agricultural buildings and structures. Not all the values
given have been obtained from statistical studies, but they are based upon figures used by engineering designers for many years, and
15.1 General
the values given may be considered as characteristic values for the purposes of limit state calculations and working stress design.
Classified loads are derived from characteristic loads as described in 16.1.2.
15.1.1 Characteristic loads
A characteristic value of load should be evaluated from a mean load, together with a factored standard
deviation from that mean value, for example, the wind loads given in BS 6399-2 are characteristic loads
© BSI
©
sinceThe 10
Copyright British Standards Institution British
they June Standards
are2003 Institution 2013
statistically based. 7
NOTE This clause provides characteristic loads for use in the design of agricultural buildings and structures. Not all the values
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
Figure
Figure 1
1—— Examples
Examples of
of zone
zone of
of effect
effect for
for retaining
retaining structures
structures or
or buildings
buildings containing
containing a
a
retaining
retaining element
element
2012British Standards Institution 2012
15.1.2 Dead and imposed loads

15 Loadings
Dead and imposed loads should be taken as the loads as defined in, and calculated in accordance with,
15.1
15.1 General
BS 6399-1, except as given in 15.3 to 15.10.
General
All stored
15.1.1
15.1.1 materials, including
Characteristic
Characteristic loads Silage, and any bales that may be stacked upon it, shall be taken as and
loads
BS 5502-22:2003
calculated
A
in accordance with the requirements for imposed loads.
A characteristic
characteristic value of load should be evaluated from a mean load,load, together
load, together with
with aa
together with factored
a factored standard
factored standard
standard
deviation from
15.1.3 Loads
deviation that
that mean
fromfrom storedvalue,
mean for
for example,
materials
value, example, the
the wind
wind loads
loads given in
given in BS
BS 6399-2
in BS 6399-2 are
are characteristic
EN 1991-1-4 are loads
characteristic loads
characteristic
since
since they
they are
are loads since they
statistically
statistically are statistically based.
based.
based.
Loads and pressures exerted by agricultural products should be assessed using calculation procedures
NOTE
NOTE This
This clause
which take provides
account
clause of the
provides characteristic loads
loads for
for use
use in
physical characteristics
characteristic in the design
theto the of
design agricultural
products,
of buildings
method
agricultural ofand
buildings structures.
storage
and and Not
structures. all
all the
dynamic
Not the values
effects.
values
given
given have
have been
been obtained
obtained from
from statistical
statistical studies,
studies, but
but they
they are
are based
based upon
upon figures
figures used
used by
by engineering
engineering designers
designers for
for many
many years,
years, and
and
In assessing
the
the values givenloads,
values given may beconsideration
may be considered as should bevalues
characteristic
considered as characteristic givenfortothe
values for the
the available
purposes
purposes of height,
limit
of limit state the method
calculations
state calculations andof
and storage
working
working and
stress
stress the
design.
design.
Classified
physical loads
Classified loads are
are derived
properties from
of the
derived characteristic
frommaterial loads
being
characteristic as
as described
stored
loads (see BS
described in
in 16.1.2.
5502-65, BS 5502-66, BS 5502-70, BS 5502-71;
16.1.2.
BS 5502-72, BS 5502-74 and BS 5502-75). For materials such as silage, compaction loads should also be
Copy, (c) The
15.1.2 Dead and imposed loads

considered.
Standards Institution
Dead and imposed as defined

defined in,
in, and
and calculated
calculated in in accordance
accordance with,
with, 7
Where
©
© 10there
BSI 10
BSI is the loads
June 2003
June 2003
should
possibility of be taken asthe
exceeding thedesign
loads as
parameters (such as available height being greater7
BS
BS 6399-1,
EN except as given
1991-1-1, in 15.3
except to 15.10.
as given in 15.3 to 15.10.
than design height), suitable notices stating the design limitations should be clearly displayed.
All stored materials, including Silage, and any bales that may be stacked upon it, shall be taken as and
The characteristic values of the densities, angle of repose and shearing resistance of stored materials given
calculated in accordance with the requirements for imposed loads.
in Table 7 should be used for the material as stored.
Uncontrolled
NOTE Loads
15.1.3 from
No account stored
has been takenmaterials
of any variation of moisture content or chemical composition during the time that the material is
in storage, and it is assumed that (unless stated) no mechanical or other means of consolidation are applied during or following the
Loads and
deposition pressures
of the material. exerted by agricultural products should be assessed using calculation procedures
which take account of the physical characteristics to the products, method of storage and dynamic effects.
Where the properties of a material can be affected by absorption or loss of moisture, or unusual packing,
British
In
thisassessing
should be loads, consideration
considered should be given to the available height, the method of storage and the
in the design.
14:26,
physical properties of the material being stored (see BS 5502-65, BS 5502-66, BS 5502-70, BS 5502-71;
15.1.4
BS Service
5502-72, BSloads
5502-74 and BS 5502-75). For materials such as silage, compaction loads should also be
(c) The
considered.
01/03/2013
The necessity of allowing an extra load to cater for services and/or contingencies, particularly when the
total load
Where (dead
there plus
is the imposed)of
possibility is exceeding
low, should bedesign
the considered and such
parameters extra
(such as load should
available be based
height upon
being the
greater
anticipated
design normal
height),use of thenotices
building.
Institution, Copy,
than suitable stating the design limitations should be clearly displayed.

The characteristic
15.1.5 Impact loads values of the densities, angle of repose and shearing resistance of stored materials given
in Table 57 should
should be
be used
used for
for the
thematerial
materialas asstored.
stored.
14:26, Uncontrolled
Due consideration should be given to impact loads from machinery and animals, especially in regard to
NOTE No account
walls used has been
as loading taken of
blocks andanybarriers
variation of moisture
used contentanimals.
to retain or chemical composition during the time that the material is
in storage, and it is assumed that (unless stated) no mechanical or other means of consolidation are applied during or following the
NOTE Loading
deposition blocks are defined as walls which machinery such as fore-end loaders may drive against when filling the bucket.
of the material.
Where the properties
15.1.6 Dynamic loadsof a material can be affected by absorption or loss of moisture, or unusual packing,
British Standards
this should be considered in the design.

Where loads arising from machinery (moving or static), runways and other plant producing dynamic loads
are supported
15.1.4 Serviceby, or transferred to, the framework, allowance should be made for such dynamic effects.
loads
01/03/2013
NOTEnecessity
The Information on specific an
of allowing loadings
extrashould
loadbetoavailable
cater forfrom the supplier
services or manufacturer.
and/or contingencies, particularly when the
total load (dead
15.2 Wind loads plus imposed) is low, should be considered and such extra load should be based upon the
anticipated normal use of the building.
15.2.1 General
Mary Groom,
15.1.5 Impact loads

Wind loads should be taken as the wind loads defined in, and calculated in accordance with, BS 6399-2, but
Copy: MsInstitution,
Due
with consideration
the additionalshould be given
provisions giventoin
impact
15.2.2loads from machinery and animals, especially in regard to
and 15.2.3.
walls used as loading blocks and barriers used to retain animals.
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NOTE Canopy
15.2.2 roofare
Loading blocks structures
defined as walls which machinery such as fore-end loaders may drive against when filling the bucket.
Canopy roof structures
15.1.6 Dynamic loads should be designed in accordance with BS 6399-2. Wind loads arising from all
British Standards
possible blockage configurations, including the building being empty, should be considered.
15.2.3 Tunnel-shaped
are supported buildings
by, or transferred to, the framework, allowance should be made for such dynamic effects.
For the calculation of wind loads on tunnel-shaped buildings, the pressure coefficients given in
Copy: Ms Mary Groom,Licensed
NOTE Information on specific loadings should be available from the supplier or manufacturer.
BS EN 1303-1 should be used.
15.2 Wind loads
15.2.1 General
Wind loads should
should be
be taken
takenas
asthe
thewind
windloads
loadsdefined
definedin,
in,and
andcalculated
calculatedininaccordance
accordancewith,
with,BS 6399-2, but
with
BStheENadditional
1991-1-4, but with
provisions the additional
given provisions
in 15.2.2 and 15.2.3. given in 15.2.2 and 15.2.3.
15.2.2 Canopy roof structures
Canopy roof structures should be designed in accordance with BS 6399-2. Wind loads arising from all
possible
8 blockage configurations, including the building being empty, should
Copyright British Standards Institution © Thebe considered.
British Standards Institution
© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
15.2.3 Tunnel-shaped buildings
15.1.6 Dynamic loads
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standar

are supported by, or transferred to, the framework, allowance should be made for such
BSdynamic effects.
5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
NOTE Information on specific loadings should be available from the supplier or manufacturer.
15.2 Wind loads

15.2.1 General
Wind loads should be taken as the wind loads defined in, and calculated in accordance with, BS 6399-2, but
with the additional provisions given in 15.2.2 and 15.2.3.
Institution 2012
15.3 Imposed
15.2.2 Canopyroof
roof loads other than wind loads
structures BS 5502-22:2003
Canopy BS 6399-2.
roof structures should be designed in accordance with BS
15.3.1 General Wind loads arising
EN 1991-1-4. fromarising
Wind loads all
possible blockageblockage
from all possible configurations, includingincluding
configurations, the building being empty,
the building beingshould
empty,be considered.
should be considered.
Characteristic imposed roof loads should be derived from either of the following:
15.2.3 Tunnel-shaped
a) the loads as given inbuildings
BS 6399-3 modified for classified buildings and structures in accordance with
15.3.2; or
British Standards
For the calculation pressure coefficients

of wind loads on tunnel-shaped buildings, the pressure coefficients given
given in
in
BSb)EN 13031-1
1303-1 should
should be
be used.
used.
provided that the altitude is less than 100 m and that access to the roof is restricted to that necessary
2012
forImposed
15.3 cleaning and roof repair,
loadsthe uniformly
other distributed
than wind loadsload given in Table 2 applied symmetrically to the full
plan area of the roof.
Institution
15.3.1
15.3.1 General
Modifications to imposed roof loads derived from BS EN 1991
The consequential effects on existing adjacent buildings should be considered.
Characteristic
15.3.1.1 For class imposed roof loads
1 buildings and should be derived
structures and for from eitherand
buildings of the following:
structures of Class 2 where there is
Table 2 — Generalized imposed roof load (altitude less than 100 m with access limited to
access to the roof, the minimum imposed load on a roof should be in accordance with in
BSaccordance
EN 1991-1-1 and
(c) The
BS a) 5502-22:2003
the loads as given in BS 6399-3 modified for classified
cleaning buildings and structures
and repairs) with
NA to BS
15.3.2; or EN 1991-1-1. For agricultural structures of Class 2, where there is no access to the roof except
Standards
for that necessary for cleaning Class and repair, the minimum uniformly distributed imposed load on the roof
Load
b) provided that the altitude is less than 100 m and 2 access to the roof is restricted
that to that necessary
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should
8 not be taken as more than the value of 0.4 kN/m recommended in BS EN
kN/m 21991-1-1.
The BritishCopy,
© BSI 10 June 2003

1 for cleaning and repair, the uniformly distributed load
0.64 given in Table 2 applied symmetrically to the full
15.3.1.2 Snow loads
plan area of the roof. should be obtained from BS EN 1991-1-3 and NA to BS EN 1991-1-3.
2
15.3.1.3 Concentrated loads should be obtained from BS 0.50EN 1991-1-1 and NA to BS EN 1991-1-1.
Uncontrolled
The
3 consequential effects on existing adjacent buildings 0.40should be considered.
15.3.1.4 For tunnel-shaped buildings with
Table 2 — Generalized imposed roof load (altitude no eaves, the shape coefficients
less than given
100given
m within BS EN 13031-1
access limitedshould
to
4 used. The minimum loads in 15.3.2.1
om, British Standards Institution, 01/03/2013 14:26, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
be cleaning and repairs)

15.3.2.6
Care shouldFor tunnel-shaped
be taken in using buildings with
this table no eaves,
where the shape
localized coefficients
conditions given in BSeffects
of climatological EN 13031-1 should
and drifting
be used.
Tables deleted
may give rise to higher Classloadings. Load
14:26,(c)
15.3.2 Greenhouses
15.3.3 Greenhouses kN/m2
01/03/2013 Copy,
15.3.2
1 Modifications to imposed roof loads derived 0.64from BS 6399-3
For the design of greenhouses, reference should be made to BS EN 13031-1.
2
15.3.2.1 For class 1 buildings and structures and for buildings 0.50 and structures of class 2, 3 and 4 where
14:26, Uncontrolled
15.4
there
3 Floor loads
is access to the roof, the minimum imposed load0.40 on a roof should be in accordance with BS 6399-3.
For
4 buildings
15.4.1 Floorsand for structures
livestock of class 2, 3 and 4 where there is no access
The minimum to the
loads roofin
given except for that necessary
15.3.2.1
for cleaning and repair, the minimum uniformly distributed load should be taken as 0.3 kN/m2, measured
Care
Floors
on planshould
intended be slopes
for roof taken
to carryin using thisand
of livestock
less than table
60®, orwhere
capable oflocalized
as zero lateral conditions
roof slopesof
load fordistribution ofclimatological
point
equal to loads effects
should
or greater beand
than 60®.drifting
designed to
may give rise to higher loadings.
sustain the characteristic imposed livestock loads given in Table 2. 4.
Institution,
15.3.2.2 Snow loads given in BS 6399-3 should be used for class 1 buildings. For other classifications, the
The
15.3.2design
derived snow loading
load on
Modifications should
the be based
to roof on either
(s ) should
imposed roof L or Pusing
Wderived
be modified
loads L, whichever
fromtheBS produces
following
6399-3 the greater stress.
equation:
d
When there is access other than purely for maintenance, the minimum loading should be calculated in
sd(N) =For
15.3.2.1 Ès class 1 buildings and structures and for buildings and structures of class 2, 3 and 4 where
01/03/2013
accordance with
d 15.4.7.
there is access to the roof, the minimum imposed load on a roof should be in accordance with BS 6399-3.
British Standards
where
Table
For 4 — Characteristic
buildings and structures ofimposed
class 2, 3livestock loads
and 4 where for
there floors
is no capable
access of lateral
to the roof distribution
except for of
that necessary
is as given
forÈcleaning in Table
and repair, the3.minimum uniformly point loads load should be taken as 0.3 kN/m2, measured
distributed
on plan for roof slopes of less than
Livestock 60®,
Table 3—
Mass or as zeroload
of Snow
animal load conversion
(max.) for roof slopes equalÈto orLoads
factor greater than 60®.
Institution,
15.3.2.2 Snow loadsBuilding given inclass BS 6399-3 should be used for class 1 buildings.
WL For
È other classifications,
PL the
derived
1 snow load on the roof (s d) should be modified
kg using
1.00 the following
kN/m 2 equation:
kN
Cattle
2 sd(N) = Èsd 0.78
Groom,
3 heavy dairy, adult bulls 800 0.615.8

a 7.0a
Standards
where
4 Èlight dairy, beef
is as given in Table 3.
550 0.224.0 5.0
calves 200 2.2 2.0
Ms Mary
15.3.2.3
Pigs The concentrated loads given3 in
Table — BS 6399-3
Snow loadshould be takenfactor
conversion as acting
È on a square with a 125 mm
side.
heavy hogs, sowsBuilding class180 2.5 È 1.5
British
fatteners
15.3.2.4
1 For altitudes less than 100
100 m, the site snow load 2.5
(s
1.00 o ) should be determined 1.0from the equation:
Copy:
2 weaners A – 100 30 0.782.2 a 0.8a

Groom,
s o = s b + s alt -------------------------
Sheep
3 100 0.61
Licensed
rams
where
4 sb, salt and A are in accordance 100 with BS 6399-3:1988.0.222.5 1.0
ewes 80 2.0 0.8
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary
15.3.2.5 The
15.3.2.3 For secondary
concentrated members
loads such as
given in cladding
BS 6399-3rails andbe
should purlins
taken supporting
as acting less
on a square m2 of
than 20with roofmm
a 125 on
Poultry
plan,
side. the snow load shape coefficient (Æ) used in BS 6399-3:1988 should be taken as:
heavy birds 15 0.7 0.3
= 0.8birds
Ælight
15.3.2.4 For altitudes less than 1003 m, the site snow load0.5 (so) should be determined from the equation:
0.25
NOTE The additional consequential effects of snow drifting and the effects of adjacent existing buildings should be considered
(see also 15.10). value
a Extrapolated – 100 to verification
A subject
s o = s b + s alt -------------------------
100
15.4.2 Slatted floors for livestock
where sb, salt and A are in accordance with BS 6399-3:1988.
Slatted
© BSI
© The 10
Copyright British Standards Institution floors
British
June shouldInstitution
Standards
2003 be prepared
2013 in accordance with BS 5502-51. They should be made up either from 9
2
15.3.2.5
single
Provided by Accuris under license For or
slats, secondary
with BSI - Uncontrolled members
from multiple
Copy
slat such
unitsas cladding
comprising rails
two or and
Licensee=University
more purlinsslatssupporting
of Ulster/8159847001, User=Quinn, Aodhan less than 20 m of roof on
permanently linked transversely and
plan, the in snow loadasshape coefficient (Æ) used
2). in BS 6399-3:1988 should be taken as:
placed position one unit (see Figure
(c) The British Standards In For the design of greenhouses, reference should be made to BS EN 13031-1.
15.4 Floor loads
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
15.4.1 Floors for livestock
Floors intended to carry livestock and capable of lateral distribution of point loads should be designed to
sustain the characteristic imposed livestock loads given in Table 4.
The design loading should be based on either WL or PL, whichever produces the greater stress.
When there is access other than purely for maintenance, the minimum loading should be calculated in
accordance with 15.4.7.
Copy,2012
15.3.2.6
Table 2 4For tunnel-shaped buildings
— Characteristic imposed with no eaves,
livestock the shape
loads coefficients
for floors capablegiven
of in BS EN
lateral 13031-1 should
distribution of
be used. point loads
Institution
15.3.3 Greenhouses
Livestock Mass of animal (max.) Loads
Uncontrolled
WL PL
For the design of greenhouses, reference should be made to BS EN 13031-1.
kg kN/m2 kN
Standards
15.4
CattleFloor loads
heavy
15.4.1 dairy,
Floors foradult bulls
livestock 800 5.8a 7.0a
light dairy, beef 550 4.0 5.0
14:26,
Floors intended to carry livestock and capable of lateral distribution of point loads should be designed to
calves 200 2.2
sustain the characteristic imposed livestock loads given in Table 4. 2.0
(c) The British
Pigs
The design loading should be based on either WL or PL, whichever produces the greater stress.
Copy,01/03/2013
heavy hogs, sows 180 2.5 1.5

When there is access other than 100
fatteners purely for maintenance, 2.5the minimum loading should1.0 be calculated in
accordance with 15.4.7.
weaners 30 2.2a 0.8a
Table
Sheep 4 — Characteristic imposed livestock loads for floors capable of lateral distribution of
point loads
Institution,
rams 100 2.5 1.0

ewes 80 2.0 0.8
Uncontrolled
WL PL
Poultry
kg kN/m 2
kN
Standards
Cattle
light birds 3 0.5 0.25
heavy dairy, adult bulls 800
a Extrapolated value subject to verification
5.8a 7.0a
light dairy, beef 550 4.0 5.0
14:26,
calves
15.4.2 Slatted floors for livestock 200 2.2 2.0
Groom, British
Pigs
Slatted floors should be prepared in accordance with BS 5502-51. They should be made up either from
Ms Mary01/03/2013
heavy
single hogs,
slats, sowsmultiple slat180
or from units comprising two or 2.5
more slats permanently 1.5linked transversely and
placed in position
fatteners as one unit (see
100Figure 2). 2.5 1.0
Theweaners
load Hs should be considered 30 2.2a point on the surface of
as capable of acting at any 0.8aa single slat, and as
being
Sheepcoexistent with the load Ps.
Institution,
Therams
characteristic imposed livestock 100 loads for slatted floors
2.5should be those given 1.0in Table 5.
3.
ewes 80 2.0 0.8
Any slat should be capable of sustaining a load equivalent to the weight of one animal, anywhere on its
Poultry over an area equal to the width of the slat Õ 150 mm.
surface,
Copy:

Standards
Where special loads on slatted floors, such as bulk tanks, have to be considered, the design should be
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
light birds
checked to ensure that this loading3case is adequately covered. 0.5 0.25
Licensed
a Extrapolated value subject to verification

It is permissible for multiple slat units comprising two or more slats, provided that they act together
structurally,
15.4.2 Slatted to floors
be designed for a vertical load on each slat of 1.7Ps/n kN/m, and for a horizontal load of Hs
for livestock
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British
acting at any point on the surface of the multiple slat.

Slatted floors should be prepared in accordance with BS 5502-51. They should be made up either from
The
singlewidth
slats,covered
or fromby n slats slat
multiple in any multiple
units slat unit
comprising two for the purpose
or more of design should
slats permanently linkednot exceed 0.2land
transversely s.
placed When
NOTE in position
there is as oneother
access unitthan
(seepurely
Figure 2).
for maintenance, the minimum loading should be calculated in accordance
with 15.4.7.
The load Hs should be considered as capable of acting at any point on the surface of a single slat, and as
being coexistent with the load Ps.
The
10 characteristic imposed livestock loads for slatted floors should be those given in Table©5.
BSI 10 June 2003
Any slat should be capable of sustaining a load equivalent to the weight of one animal, anywhere on its
surface, over an area equal to the width of the slat Õ 150 mm.
Where special loads on slatted floors, such as bulk tanks, have to be considered, the design should be
checked to ensure that this loading case is adequately covered.
It is permissible for multiple slat units comprising two or more slats, provided that they act together
structurally, to be designed for a vertical load on each slat of 1.7Ps/n kN/m, and for a horizontal load of Hs
acting at any point on the surface of the multiple slat.
The width covered by n slats in any multiple slat unit for the purpose of design should not exceed 0.2ls.
NOTE When there is access other than purely for maintenance, the minimum loading should be calculated in accordance
with 15.4.7.
10
© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
Figure 2 — Components of a typical multi-slat unit
Table 3
5 — Characteristic imposed livestock loads for slatted floors
Ws Ps Hs
kg kN/m2 kN/m kN
Cattle
heavy dairy, adult bulls 800 5.8a 5.8a 4.0a
light dairy, beef 550 4.0 4.0 2.75
calves 200 2.2 1.95 1.0
Pigs
heavy hogs, sows 180 2.5 1.8 0.9
fatteners 100 2.5 1.3 0.5
weaners 30 2.2a 0.9a 0.25a
Sheep
rams 100 2.5 1.3 0.5
ewes 80 2.0 1.0 0.4
Poultry
heavy birds 15 0.7 0.35 0.15
light birds 3 0.5 0.30 0.12
a Extrapolated values subject to verification.
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
15.4.3 Vehicle loading for solid and slatted floors

4.
The characteristic imposed vehicle loads for floors should be taken as those given in Table 6.
Where it is not possible to restrict access, floors should be designed for the maximum loading given
in Table 4.
6.
Allowance should be made for specific vehicles and equipment that might give higher overall loading or
more onerous contact areas (e.g. solid tyred fork lifts).

© BSI 10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
BS 5502-22:2003
20122012
The design loading should be based on either Wv or Pv whichever produces the greater stress in the part of
the floor member or support under consideration. For the design of beams acting independently, e.g. single
Institution
The design
slats, loading
Pv should should be based
be considered to acton either Wv or with
coincidentally Pv whichever produces
similar loads the
at 1.5 m greater
centres.stress in the part of
the floor member or support under consideration. For the design of beams acting independently, e.g. single
Institution
NOTE 1P These
slats, loads include allowance for any dynamic effect.
v should be considered to act coincidentally with similar loads at 1.5 m centres.
The
NOTEhorizontal loads
1 These loads resulting
include from
allowance for braking or traction
any dynamic effect. should be considered as 10 % of the vertical load Pv,
Standards
and should be coexistent with Pv.

The horizontal loads resulting from braking or traction should be considered as 10 % of the vertical load Pv,
NOTEshould
2 The be
tractor masses given
withare
Pvgross masses including ballast, and they exclude equipment or trailers, unless otherwise
Standards
and coexistent .
stated.
NOTE 2 The tractor masses given are gross masses including ballast, and they exclude equipment or trailers, unless otherwise
stated. Table 4
6 — Characteristic imposed vehicle loads for floors
British
Vehicle
Table 6 — Characteristic imposed vehicle loads for floors Loads
British
Wv P
Vehicle Loads v
(c) The
kN/m
Wv
2
kN
Pv
Lightweight vehicles and tractors not exceeding 2 500 kg mass 5.0 10.0
(c) The
kN/m2 kN
Tractors not exceeding 4 000 kg, and tractors not exceeding 2 500 kg towing trailers 10.0 20.0
Copy,
Lightweight vehicles and tractors not exceeding 2 500 kg mass 5.0 10.0
or equipment, where the combination of tractor and trailer or equipment does not
Tractors not exceeding 4 000 kg, and tractors not exceeding 2 500 kg towing trailers 10.0 20.0
Copy,
exceed 4 500 kg gross mass.

or equipment, where the combination of tractor and trailer or equipment does not
Uncontrolled
Tractors not exceeding

exceed 4 500 6 000 kg and tractors not exceeding 4 000 kg towing trailers 15.0
kg gross mass. 30.0
and equipment not exceeding 6 500 kg gross mass
Uncontrolled
Tractors not exceeding 6 000 kg and tractors not exceeding 4 000 kg towing trailers 15.0 30.0
Other tractors and
and equipment not equipment
exceeding 6up500to kg
andgross
including
mass normal permitted road vehicles as 25.0 60.0
given in the Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 [2]
Other tractors and equipment up to and including normal permitted road vehicles as 25.0 60.0
Attention is Road
drawnVehicles
to the fact that these loadings
and Use)are in general1986
lower[2]than the public highway
14:26,
given in the (Construction Regulations

requirements and therefore should be used only in areas which are not subject to Highway Authority
Attention is drawn to the fact that these loadings are in general lower than the public highway
14:26,
Regulations.
requirements and therefore should be used only in areas which are not subject to Highway Authority
01/03/2013
Regulations.
15.4.4 Bridges, cattle grids, covers and aprons
01/03/2013
NOTE
NOTE TheThe characteristic
characteristic imposed
imposed vehicle
vehicle loads
loads given
given in 15.4.3
in 15.4.3 may may be used
be used fordesign
for the the design of cattle
of bridges, grids,
cattle covers
grids, andand
covers aprons
aprons
15.4.4 Bridges, cattle grids, covers and aprons
on agricultural land. Bridges designed to the appropriate Eurocode, e.g. BS EN 1993-2 for steel bridges, with partial safety
on agricultural land. Longer span bridges may be designed in accordance with BS 5400-3:1982, BS 5400-4:1990 and BS 5400-5:1979,
factors
if
NOTE obtained
the vehicle from BS
loadings EN
given
The characteristic 1990:2002+A1:2005,
in 15.4.3
imposed proveloads
vehicle Annex
moregiven in A2.
onerous. Alternatively,
15.4.3 may be usedfor
forshorter spans,
the design bridges cattle
of bridges, on agricultural land
grids, covers may
and aprons
Institution,
be designed
on using
agricultural theLonger
land. characteristic imposed
span bridges mayvehicle loads given
be designed in 15.4.3with
in accordance together with partialBS
BS 5400-3:1982, safety factors obtained
5400-4:1990 from
and BS 5400-5:1979,
In
if assessing
BStheENvehicle the characteristic
1990:2002+A1:2005,
loadings given Annex load
 to
A1.prove
in 15.4.3 beonerous.
more used, due consideration should be given to the wheelbase and axle
spacing in relation to the size of the bridge grid, coves or apron, and to the possibility of the simultaneous
Institution,
In assessing
presence the characteristic
of more load to be used, due consideration should be given to the wheelbase and axle
than one vehicle.
spacing in relation to the size of the bridge grid, coves or apron, and to the possibility of the simultaneous
15.4.5 Storage
presence of morefloors
than one vehicle.
Standards
Where
15.4.5 storage
Storagefloors are bounded by walls, so that the height of the highest boundary wall is not greater
floors
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Standards
than 0.8 times the distance between the walls, the whole of the contents should be considered to be carried
Where storage floor,
on the storage floors are
are bounded
floorswith bounded by
by walls,
no allowance walls,
madeso that
sofor
that the
theheight
arching height of
ofthe
thehighest
or frictional highest boundary
resistanceboundary
betweenwall
wall isiscontents
the not
notgreater
greater
and
than 0.8 times
the walls. the distance
Densities between
of materials the walls,
should be taken whole
thefrom
whole of the
of
those the contents
contents
given in Tableshould
should be considered
be
7, whichconsidered
represent tothe
to be carried
be carried
British
on the storage floor,

upper-quartile with
values. no allowance
In cases where themade for of
height arching
arching or
or frictional
the boundary wall resistance
frictional resistance
is between
between
greater than the
the contents
0.8 times contents and
the distance
and
the the walls.
walls. Densities
Densities of of materials
materials should
should be be
taken taken
from from
thosethose
givengiven
in in
TableTable
7, 5,
whichwhich represent
represent the the
British
between the walls, consideration should be given to arching of the material and possible frictional
upper-quartile values.
walls.In cases
cases where
where the height
the height ofthe
of theboundary
boundary wall
wall isisgreater
greater than0.8
the than 0.8 timesthe
times the
ofdistance
Groom,
resistance of the The values in this table should not be used to assess volume capacity storage
distance
between between
the the
walls, walls, consideration
consideration should beshould
given be
to given
archingto arching
of the of the
material material
and and
possible
structures. See BS 5502-50, BS 5502-60, BS 5502-65, BS 5502-66, BS 5502-70, BS 5502-71, BS 5502-72, possible
frictional frictional
BS 5502-74ofand table should
should notnot be
be used
used toto assess
assess the
the volume
volume capacity
capacity of of storage
storage
Groom,
resistance the BS
walls. The values in this table
5502-75.
structures. See BS 5502-50,
5502-50, BS
BS 5502-60,
5502-60, BSBS 5502-65,
5502-65, BS BS5502-66,
5502-66,BS BS5502-70,
5502-70,BS BS5502-71,
5502-71,BS BS5502-72,
5502-72,
Ms Mary
BS 5502-74
15.4.6 and BSloads
Combined 5502-75.
5502-75.
Ms Mary
Where Combined
15.4.6 appropriate,loads
combinations of vehicle, livestock and storage should be considered.
15.4.7 Minimum
Where loading
appropriate, combinations of vehicle, livestock and storage should be considered.
Copy:
On all floors
15.4.7 Minimumwhereloading
there is access other than purely for maintenance, a minimum characteristic imposed
Copy:
load over the gross floor area of 1.5 kN/m2 should be designed for. The minimum characteristic load on a
Licensed
On all floors
slatted where
floor with there access
human is access otherallow
should than for
purely for maintenance,
one concentrated loadaofminimum characteristic
1.5 kN acting imposed
at any position on
load
a overslat.
single the The
grossminimum of 1.5 kN/m2 load
floor areacharacteristic should
on be designed
a solid floor for.
withThe minimum
human accesscharacteristic loadone
should allow for on a
Licensed
slatted floor with

concentrated loadhuman access
of 1.5 kN should
acting allow
at any foron
point one concentrated
a square with 300load
mmof 1.5 kN acting at any position on
side.
a single slat. The minimum characteristic load on a solid floor with human access should allow for one
For suspendedload
concentrated floors which
of 1.5 kN may beat
acting used
anyaspoint
general
on astorage
square areas,
with 300themm
characteristic
side. imposed loads should
be based on actual loads, but in no case should they be less than 5.0 kN/m2.
For suspended floors which may be used as general storage areas, the characteristic imposed loads should
be based on actual loads, but in no case should they be less than 5.0 kN/m2.
12
© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
12
© BSI 10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
Table 7 5——Properties
Table Propertiesfor
forstored
storedmaterial
material
Material
Material Density DensityAngle of reposeAngle Angle of shearing
of repose
3
resistance
kg/m3 kN/m degrees ° degreesdegrees
Apples
Apples
– loose
loose 850 8.3 30 30 30
–
boxedboxed 650 6.5 — N/A —
BeansBeans
– general
general 850 8.1 30 35 25
– soya
soya 750 7.4 30 30 30
Bedding
Bedding material
material
dry– dry 200 2.0 see 15.7 See 15.7See 15.7
saturated
– saturated 800 8.0 see 15.7 See 15.7See 15.7
Cabbages
Cabbages 400 4.0 35 35 35
Carrots
Carrots 800 7.8 35 35 35
Cauliflower
Cauliflower 600 6.0 35 35 35
Cherries (in trays)
Cherries (in trays) 800 7.8 — N/A —
CoalCoal 1 100 11.0 35 30 to 35 35
EggsEggs
(in trays)
(in trays) 450 4.5 — N/A —
Fertilizer
Fertilizer
general 1 000 35 35
– general 10.0 25 to 35
crushed basic slag 1 400 35 35
– crushed basic slag 13.7 35
phosphates 1 225 35 35
– phosphates 12.3 30
potash 1 250 35 35
– potash 12.5 28
Farmyard slurrya a)
1 100 0 0
Farmyard slurry 10.8 N/A
Farmyard manure a 800 0 0
Farmyard manure a) 7.8 N/A
Flour (in bags) 500 — —
Flour (in bags) 5.0 N/A
Fodder loosely stacked (see also silage) 450 — —
Fodder loosely stacked (see also silage) 4.5 N/A
Grain
Grain
general (dryb) 800 30 25
b)
– general (dry ) 7.8 30
general (moist ) b 750 35 30
– generalb (moist b)) 7.5 35
barley (dry ) 770 30 25
b)
– barley (dry ) 7.7 30
barley (moist ) b 700 40 30
– barley (moist b)) 900 7.0 20 40 20
brewer’s grain (wetb)
b)
– brewer’s
herbage seeds grain (wet ) 250 8.8 30 20 30
– herbage seeds
linseed 750 3.4 20 30 12.5
– linseed
maize (in bulk) 750 7.5 30 20 30
– maize
maize (in bulk)
(in bags) 500 7.4 — 30 —
–
oats maize (in bags) 600 5.0 30 N/A 30
– oatsrape
oilseed 700 5.0 30 30 25
rye– oilseed rape 750 6.4 30 25 30
– rye(dryb)
wheat 800 7.0 25 30 25
– wheat
wheat (moist b) b))
(dry 720 7.8 35 30 30
b)
– wheat
wheat (moist )
(in bags) 650 7.2 — 35 —
– wheat
a Farmyard (inisbags)
slurry 7.5
a mixture of faeces and minimal bedding diluted with urine and water such N/A
that it behaves as a liquid when
mixed (maximum 20 % dry matter by volume). Farmyard manure is a mixture of bedding (usually straw) and faeces with some
absorbed urine which results in a stackable waste (minimum 60 % dry matter by volume).
b For the purpose of this standard, reference to a grain as ‘dry’ corresponds to a moisture content of 14 % (m/m) or less, ‘moist’ to a
moisture content of 8 14 % (m/m), N 28 % (m/m) and ‘wet’ to a moisture content greater than 28 % (m/m).
© The British Standards Institution 2013 13

--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
© BSI 10 June 2003

BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
BS 5502-22:2003
2012 2012
Table 7
5 — Properties for stored material (continued)
Institution
Material
Material Density DensityAngle of reposeAngle Angle of shearing
of repose
resistance
kg/m kN/m3 (continued)
Table 7 — Properties for stored3 material
degrees ° degreesdegrees
Institution
GrassGrass
cubes cubes Material 7.8
800 Density 40
40 Angle of repose 40Angle of shearing
resistance
Hay (baled) 3.03 N/A
Standards
Hay (baled) 300 kg/m — degrees — degrees

HopsHops
Grass (in
cubes(in bags)
bags) 150 1.5
800 —
40 N/A —
40
Lettuce (in trays) 5.0 N/A
Standards
Lettuce (in
Hay (baled) trays) 500
300 — —
MealMeal
Hops (in bags) 150 — —
The British
–
groundground
Lettuce (in trays) 700
500 7.0 45
— 45 45
—
– cubes
cubes
Meal 700 7.0 40 40 40
British
Onions
Onions
ground 700 45 45
The(c)
in –bulk
cubes in bulk 700 7.0 35
40 35 35
40
Copy,
in –
Onions in
boxesboxes 400 4.0 — N/A —
Copy, (c)
Pears (in boxes)

in Pears
bulk (in boxes) 650
700 5.9 —
35 N/A —
35
Uncontrolled
Peas Peas
in boxes 850
400 7.8 35
— 35 35
—
PeatPeat
Pears (in boxes) 650 — —
Uncontrolled
dry– dry
Peas 500 5.0
850 35 35 35
wet
Peat – wet 1 000 9.5 0 N/A 0
Potatoes
dryPotatoes 500 35 35
14:26, 14:26,
in –bulk
wet in bulk 1 700
000 7.6 35
0 35 35
0
in boxes
Potatoes
– in boxes 450 4.4 — N/A —
01/03/2013
Raspberries
in Raspberries
bulk (in trays) 200
700 2.0 —
35 N/A —
35
Red beet
in Red
boxesbeet 750
450 7.4 35
— 40 35
—
01/03/2013
Root vegetables
Raspberries (in (including
trays) sugar beet)
Root vegetables (including sugar beet) 900
200 8.8 35
— 35 35
—
Silage see 15.6 see 15.6 see 15.6
Institution,
Red beet
Silage 750 See 15.6 35 See 15.635
Sprouts
Root vegetables (including sugar beet) 550
900 5.5 35 35
Sprouts 35
Straw
Silage see 15.6 see 15.6 see 15.6
Institution,
Straw
in bulk (dry)
Sprouts 75
550 —
35 —
35
– in bulk (dry) 0.7 N/A
Standards
in
Straw bales 150 — —
– in bales 1.5 N/A
Strawberries
in bulk (dry)(in trays) 125
75 — —
Strawberries (in trays) 1.2 N/A
Standards
Tomatoes
in bales (in boxes) 700
150 — —
Tomatoes 6.8 N/A
British British
Turnips
Strawberries (in trays) 700
125 35
— 35
—
Turnips 7.0 35
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Wool (in bulk)

Tomatoes (in boxes) 1 200
700 — —
Wool (in bulk) 3.0 N/A
Turnips 700 35 water such that it behaves
35 as a liquid when
Mary Groom,
a Farmyard slurry is a mixture of faeces and minimal bedding diluted with urine and
a) Farmyard slurry is a mixture of faeces and minimal bedding diluted with urine and water such that it behaves as a
mixed (maximum 20 % dry matter by volume). Farmyard manure is a mixture of bedding (usually straw) and faeces with some
Wool (in bulk)
liquid
absorbed when which
urine mixed results
(maximum 20% dry matter
in a stackable waste by 1 200
volume).
(minimum Farmyard
60 by —
manure
% dry matter —
is a mixture of bedding (usually
volume). straw)
bForand
the faeces
purpose ofisthis
with somestandard,
absorbed reference
urine to
which a results
grainbedding
asin‘dry’ corresponds
stackable with to
waste a moisture
(minimum content
60% dry of 14 it%
matter (m/m)
bybehavesorasless,
volume). ‘moist’ to a
MsGroom,
aFarmyard slurry a mixture of faeces and minimal diluted urine and water such that a liquid when
moisture
mixed content of
(maximum 14
208%ofdry% matter
(m/m), by
N 28 % (m/m) and ‘wet’manure
to a moisture content greater than 28 %straw)
(m/m).and faeces with some
b) For the purpose this standard,volume). Farmyard
reference to a grain is corresponds
as “dry” a mixture ofto
bedding (usually
a moisture content of 14% (m/m) or
absorbed urine which results in a stackable waste (minimum 60 % dry matter by volume).
b Forless, ‘moist’ toofmoisture content of ≥14% (m/m), ≤28% (m/m) and “wet” to a moisture content greater than 28% (m/m).
15.5 Wall loads this standard,
the purpose reference to a grain as ‘dry’ corresponds to a moisture content of 14 % (m/m) or less, ‘moist’ to a
Mary
moisture content of 8 14 % (m/m), N 28 % (m/m) and ‘wet’ to a moisture content greater than 28 % (m/m). 
15.5.1 Walls for storage areas
Copy:
15.5 Wall
loadsloads
Copy: Ms
Wall should be calculated using recognized earth pressure theories. Densities, angles of repose and
angles of shearing
15.5.1 Walls resistance
for storage should be as given in Table 7. Where the intended depth of storage
areas
Licensed
exceeds 0.8 times the diameter of a cylindrical silo or 0.8 times the diameter of the largest circle which can
Wall
be loadsinside
drawn should be calculated
a square using recognized
or polygonal section silo,earth pressure
reference theories.
should be madeDensities,
to BS 5061angles of repose
for forage and
storage.
angles of shearing resistance should be as given in Table 7. 5. Where the intended depth of storage
Licensed
For slurry
exceeds 0.8storage tanks
times the and reception
diameter pits, loads
of a cylindrical silo should be determined
or 0.8 times in accordance
the diameter with
of the largest BS 5502-50.
circle which can
be drawn inside a square or polygonal section silo, reference should be made to BS 5061 for forage storage.
For slurry storage tanks and reception pits, loads should be determined in accordance with BS 5502-50.
14
© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
15.5.2 Air ducts in on-floor stores

Where air ducts, such as those used in on-floor grain or vegetable stores, are subjected to loading first on
one side and then on both sides, active pressure conditions do not prevail, as such air ducts are subjected
to crushing loads which are greater than the calculated active pressure design load. In the design of these
air ducts, an over-pressure factor of 1.3 should be applied to the active pressure design load calculated, and
in designing the framework the deflection from upright should be limited to not greater than 1 in 200 of
the stored height.
15.6 Loads on bunkers or clamps for the storage of grass silage
15.6.1 General
Bunkers or clamps which contain not more than 8 m consolidated height of grass, and in which the
deposited height is less than the distance between the walls, should be designed in accordance with 15.6.2
to 15.6.7.
15.6.2 Surcharging of silage
The silage may be domed towards the centre of the bunker or clamp provided that the design depth of the
silage is not exceeded within a horizontal distance from the wall equal to the wall height.
Bales may be stacked on top of the silage provided that, within a horizontal distance from the wall equal
to the height of the wall, the depth of bales does not exceed a quarter of the design depth of the silage.
15.6.3 Loads on retaining walls
The minimum wall loading should be obtained by summing the following characteristic loads which act
directly on the inner face of the wall:
a) a uniform horizontal load of WG kN/m2;
b) a horizontal load which increases uniformly with depth of TGz kN/m2;
c) two concentrated loads, each of PG kN, both acting horizontally on an area 0.6 m by 0.6 m, centred
0.6 m below the surface, with centroids 2 m apart along the wall, considered to be of short duration.
NOTE 6.
Values for WG, TG and PG are given in Table 8.
Table 6
8 — Grass silage wall loading
Consolidation vehicle gross mass Loads (see Notes)
WG TG PG
2 2
t kN/m kN/m kN
Up to and including 8 3.9 3.9 4.0
Greater than 8 up to and including 10 4.5 4.5 5.0
NOTE 1 These characteristic loads are applicable only if:
a) the material ensilaged is grass;
b) the consolidating machine is a wheeled or tracked vehicle with a gross mass not exceeding that stated;
c) adequate drainage of effluent from the silage is provided and maintained within a distance of 500 mm from the inside face of
the wall at floor level;
d) the moisture content of the grass when ensilaged does not exceed 80 % (m/m);
e) the wheels of the consolidating vehicle do not come into contact with the face of the wall.
NOTE 2 No allowance has been made for impact loads.
15.6.4 Special considerations

15.6.4.1 When consolidation is to be carried out with machinery exceeding 10.0 t gross mass, or when the
wheels of vehicle come into contact with the wall face, loadings become extremely high and special
consideration should be given to the design of the walls.
15.6.4.2 When the moisture content or drainage conditions given in items c) and d) of the note to Table 6
8
do not apply, the walls of the bunker or clamp should be designed to carry the loading obtained by summing
the characteristic loads given in items a), b) and c) of 15.6.3, together with a horizontal load
of 10 (z – 1) kN/m2 which increases uniformly with depth and which commences 1 m below the rolled silage
surface.
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

© BSI 10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
15.6.5 Stability against overturning

The mean bulk density of the silage should be taken as (400 + 72z) kg/m3.
The shearing resistance in a vertical plane within the silage may be taken into consideration in the
assessment of the factor of safety against overturning. The average shear stress developed on a vertical
plane should be taken as (3.75 + 0.75z) kN/m2.
15.6.6 Wall friction
Friction between the silage and the silo walls should be ignored.
15.6.7 Snow loading
When considering the combination of snow load and silage load on a roofed silage building, only 70 % of the
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
characteristic silage load as determined in accordance with items a) and b) of 15.6.3 need be considered.
NOTE This relaxation similarly applies when the moisture content of the grass exceeds 80 % (m/m) (see 15.6.4.2).
15.7 Loads from bedding material in stock buildings

Where the depth of compacted bedding does not exceed 1.2 m, the characteristic load in kN/m2 acting on
walls retaining bedding material should be derived using the following equation:
PB = 2.0 + 2.0z
Friction effects between the bedding material and the walls should be ignored.
In the calculation of floor loads, densities should be as given in Table 7.
5.
15.8 Suspended crop loads BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003
Where structures support crops, allowance should be made for the associated loadings. In the absence of
more specific data, the crop actions given in BS EN 13031-1 should be used. BS 5502-22:2003
Where crop loads are transmitted to the structure through wires, due allowance should be made for
reaction of the structure to the wire forces.
15.9
TextLoads
and for balustrades
table deleted. and rails
16 Structural
Minimum design
characteristic (materials)
loads for balustrades and rails should be as given in Table 9 (see also Clause 13).
16 Structural design (materials)
Table 9 — Horizontal loads for balustrades and handrails
16.1 General
16.1 General
16 Structural design (materials) Use Load
16.1.1 Design (see Note)
16.1.1 Design
16.1 General kN/m
Designs should conform to the relevant British Standards covering the structural materials being used,
Designs
Light
modified should
should
access conform
conform
stairs, to
to
gangways, the
the relevant
relevant
catwalks British
and Standards
platforms.
Eurocodes notcovering
covering
more thethe structural
structural
than 600 mm
for classified agricultural buildings and structures in accordance with 16.1.2 and 16.1.3. materials
materials
wide being
being used,
0.22used,
16.1.1 Design
modified
Light access classified
for classified agricultural
agricultural
stairs, gangways, buildings
buildings
catwalks andandand structures
structures
platforms. moreininaccordance
accordance
than 600 mm with
with 16.1.2
16.1.2
wide and
and 16.1.3.
16.1.3. 0.36
Designs
16.1.2
Design should
loadsconform
Classified should
loadsbe toobtained
the relevant British Standards
by combining covering
the classified loadsthe
andstructural
multiplyingmaterials
them bybeing
the used,
16.1.2
All
modifiedClassified
other
appropriate stairways,
for partial loads
classified landings and
agricultural
safety balconies
buildings
and combination used for normal
and structures
factors obtained from foot traffic
in accordance and all parapets and
with 16.1.2 and 16.1.3.
BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005, Annex0.74A1.
Classified
handrails loads
to should be obtained from the characteristic loads given in Clause 15 by multiplying the
roofs
Classified loads
characteristic should
loads be obtained
by the appropriatefrom the characteristicfactor loads given in Clause 15 by multiplyingof the
16.1.2 Classified
All gangways,
characteristic loads
loads
catwalks,
by theand platformsclassification
appropriate used for inspection
classification factor
¼c given
¼ c given
in Table
in Table
10. For
10. For
parameters
parameters 1.50
of
classification, see Clause 14.
Classified loads
classification,
NOTE Theloadsloadseeshould
Clause
isshould beas
be
expressed obtained
obtained
14. from
from
a horizontal the
the
force characteristic
characteristic
acting loadsgiven
loads
at handrail level. givenininClause
Clause1515byby multiplying the
multiplying
characteristic
the characteristicloads by the
loads by the Table
appropriate
appropriate 10 — Classification
classification
classificationfactor
factor ccfactors
¼c given in in
given Table 10.7.For
Table Forparameters
parameters of of
Table 10 — Classification factors
classification,
15.10 Loads see
classification, on Clause
see purlins
ClauseClass
14.
14.
Factor ¼c
Class Factor ¼
Characteristic
1 loads for purlins should Table
Table be10 7 — Classification
taken as those
1.000derived from 15.1 to 15.9.c
factors
1 1.000
The
2 classified load Wp (see Class16.1.2) when considering wind 0.925and/or imposed load Factorshould¼c in no case be based
2
on a design imposed load of less than ±0.5 kN/m 2
. 0.925
1
3 1.000
0.900
3 0.900
NOTE
2
4 Caution should be exercised in the design of purlins supporting
0.850lightweight roofing because they are often susceptible to
0.925
0.90
4
extremes of wind uplift. 0.850
3 0.900
16.1.3 Stability
16.1.3
4 Stability 0.850
The
The relevant
relevant structural
structural British
EurocodesStandards
should should be applied
be applied when when considering considering overturning
overturning and sliding,
and sliding, with
The
load relevant
except factors
that when structural
correspondingconsidering British
to Set Standards
A (EQU)
retaining should
from
structuresBS beEN appliedof when
safetyconsidering
1990:2002+A1:2005.
a factor of 1.8 should overturning
For retaining or,and
be usedstructures, sliding,
where no
16.1.3 Stability
except
the safety
passive that when should
factors
resistance considering
is included, retaining
be obtaineda factor ofstructures
from Set B (STR)
safety a factor
of 1.4 or
maySetof
beCsafety
(GEO)ofin1.8
used. BSshould be used or, where as
EN 1990:2002+A1:2005 no
The
passive relevant
appropriate and resistance structural
from is British
included,
BS EN 1997. The a Standards
factor of should
safety of be
1.4 applied
may be when
used. considering
factors are applied to the classified loads. overturning and sliding,
NOTE These
except that when factors considering
apply to the classified loads.structures a factor of safety of 1.8 should be used or, where no
retaining
NOTE These factors apply to the classified loads.
passive
16.2 Structural resistanceuse is included,
of timber a factor of safety of 1.4 may be used.
16.2 Structural use of
timber
16.2.1 General
16.2.1 General use of timber
16.2 Structural
When designing in accordance with this standard, BS 5268-2 should be modified in accordance with 16.2.2.
When designing
16British Standards in accordance with this standard, BS 5268-2 should be modified © The British in accordance
Standards with 16.2.2.
Institution
© BSI 10 June 2013
2003
16.2.1
Copyright
Design
Provided General
loads
by Accuris under
Institution
should
license with be taken
BSI - Uncontrolled Copy as the classified loads obtained in accordance
Licensee=University with
of Ulster/8159847001, 16.1.2.
User=Quinn, Aodhan
Design loads should be taken as the classified loads obtained in accordance with 16.1.2.
When designing in accordance with this standard, BS 5268-2 should be modified in accordance with 16.2.2.
Equal
2 to or less than 600 0.816
0.925
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standards Institution, 01/03/2013 14:26, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards In
2012 14:26, Uncontrolled Co
3 750 0.863
0.900
4 900 0.904
0.850 BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
1 050 0.939
1 200 Stability
16.1.3 0.971
The
1 350relevant structural British Standards should be applied 1.000 when considering overturning and sliding,
except
1 500 that when considering retaining structures a factor
1.027 of safety of 1.8 should be used or, where no
passive resistance is included, a factor of safety of 1.4 may be used.
1 650 1.051
1 800 and above 1.074
01/03/2013
16
16.2Structural
Structural use design (materials)
of timber
a Interpolation between spacings of 600 mm and 1 800 mm is permitted using the following equation: BS 5502-22:2003
0.25designed in accordance with BS EN 1995-1-1 and NA to BS EN BS 5502-22:2003
Institution
16.2.1
Timber
16.1 General should
Generalspacing be 1995-1-1.
Factor = §© ---------------------·¹
1350
When
Tables
16.1.1 deleted.
designing
Design in accordance with this standard, BS 5268-2 should be modified in accordance with 16.2.2.
Institution,
Design
16.3
Designs loads
Structural
should should usebe
conform oftaken theas
steelwork
to the classified
relevant Britishloads obtained
Standards in accordance
covering with 16.1.2.
the structural materials being used,
Standards
modified
16.2.2 for
Purlins classified agricultural buildings and structures in accordance with 16.1.2 and 16.1.3.
16.3.1 General
2012
16.1.2
The
When Classified
purlin section
designing loads
adopted should conform to the conditions given in Table 11. (For
andpurlin loads,should
see 15.10.)
The
16.3.3 design
Compression of in accordance
structural
members with
steelwork this standard,
should be in the provisions
accordance with of BS
BS 5950-1
EN 1993-1-1 BSand 5950-5 be
Standards
2012
modified
Classified
NA
The to BS
design in
EN accordance
loads
rules
16.3.3 Compression members should
1993-1-1.
for with
be
The
minimum 16.3.2
obtained
design depth to
of 16.3.5.
from
cold
and the characteristic
formed
breadth steel
in Table loads
structures
11 given
should and be in Clause
members
taken as 15
should by
applicable multiplying
be in accordance
to a the
purlin
Institution
For
withcompression members for buildings with designobtained
classifications other than class 1, the ratio ofof thethe
British
characteristic
spacing
Design BSloads
EN
of 1 350 loads
1993-1-3
mm.
should by and
For
be the appropriate
NA
other
taken to
as BS
spacings
the EN classification
1993-1-3.
the values
classified factor ¼cfrom
loads obtained given
in in rules
the
accordance Table 10.
should
with For be
16.1.2, parameters
multiplied
multiplied by by ¼f.
Institution
For
effective compression
classification,
factors length
given seeto
in the members
the
Clause
Table least for
14.
12, which radiusbuildingsof
apply with
gyration
toshould design
both depth classifications
(slenderness
and breadth. l e /r) shouldother notthan
exceedclass 2001, the
for ratio
any of the
member
Values
Text of
effective length
carrying and¼ f for
table ultimate
deleted.
to the least
loads resulting from limit
radius
dead of stategyration
weights, be obtained
(slenderness
with or withoutleimposed from either
/r) should BS 5950-1
not exceed
loads. (See BS or
200 16.3.2.
for any member
5950-1.)
Table 11Table 10 with
— Section — Classification
properties
or without of factors
timber purlins
The
carrying loads storeyresulting from dead weights, imposed loads. (See BS 5950-1.)
British
16.3.2
16.3.4 PurlinsSingle frames
Standards
Strength class Class Minimum section modulus Minimum depth normal FactorMinimum ¼c breadth parallel
16.3.4 Purlins
Provided that single storey frames are clad with sheet materials, that the dead load is known and that
(c)
Standards
16.3.4.1 General to roof to roof

1
maintenance will not increase the dead load, 1.000
then for buildings with design classifications other than
Groom,
Copy,
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16.3.4.1
class General
1, the values of ¼f given in Table
mm 3
13 may be used.0.925
mm mm
The
2 purlin section adopted should conform to 16.3.4.2, 16.3.4.3 or 16.3.4.4.
16.3.4.3 16.3.4.4. Text(For purlin loads, see 15.10.)
deleted
SC2purlin section adopted W
The p l p conform
should 3 to 16.3.4.2, l 16.3.4.3 or 16.3.4.4. (For purlin l loads, see 15.10.)
3 Table
16.3.4.2 Hot13 — Load
rolled sections combinations
------------- u 10 and modified -----p¼- f values for single storey
0.900 -----p- frames in steel
British
Uncontrolled
Hot rolled sections 48 27 79

Mary
4
16.3.4.2 0.850
British
Steel angle angle section

sectionpurlins
purlinsshould shouldbe Loading
bedesigned
designed ininaccordance
accordance with with BS EN 1993-1-1
BS 5950-1 modified as modified
follows: as follows:
Factor ¼f
SC3 W p l p be 3designed in accordance lp lp
Steel
Dead angle
load
Stabilitysection purlins should with BS 5950-1 modified as follows:
1.3
16.1.3a) The section modulus of------------- the purlin,u 10 in cubic centimetres, ------ about the axis parallel ------ to the routing, should
The
Ms
a) The section modulus of 62

the purlin, in cubic 27
centimetres, about the axis parallel81 to the1.0 routing, should
The
Dead be not
loadless than
restraining (W p luplift
)/1 800. or overturning
The relevant structural British Standards should be applied when considering overturning
p and sliding,
Copy:
(c)(c)
SC4
Dead
exceptbe not
loadless
that than
acting
when (W
with l )/1
wind
considering 800.
W and l imposed loads combined l l 1.1
b) The depth of the p p
inpretaining
purlin------------- the
p plane 3 structures
of action ofathe factor
pmaximum of safety of 1.8 should
component of the be used or, where no
-----p- load should be not less
14:26,
u 10 of safety of 1.4 ----- -

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passive
b)
than
Imposed Thelresistance
pdepth
load of the
/52. is included,
purlin in 88the a factor
plane of action of the28 may maximumbe used. component of the 84 load should 1.6 be not less
Copy,
Licensed
NOTE than These

Imposed lp/52.
load acting
factors applywithto wind
the classifiedload loads. 1.2
SC6 c) The breadth of the purlin W pperpendicular
lp to the plane l of action of the maximum l component of the load
01/03/2013
3
lp------------- -----p- of action of the maximum -----p- component
Uncontrolled
Wind
16.2 c) The
should loadbreadth
be not less
Structural of
usethe ofpurlin
than timber u 10
/72.perpendicular to the plane 1.4 of the load
146 31 91
Uncontrolled
should be not less than lp/72.

Wind load
16.3.4.3 acting withhollow
Rectangular imposed section loadsteel
or crane
purlins load 1.2
16.2.1 General
16.3.4.3
Forces due Rectangular
tohollow
temperatureholloweffects section steel purlins 1.2
Rectangular
When designing hollow section
section purlins
in accordance purlins withshould
should be
bedesigned
this standard, designed in
BS 5268-2 inaccordance
accordance
should be with
with BS 5950-1,
BS
modified ENaccordance
in 1993-1-1,
modified asmodified
with follows.
16.2.2.
Crane loading effects
as follows. hollow section purlins should be designed in accordance with BS 5950-1, modified as follows.
Rectangular
Institution,
Designa) The section

loads modulus of the purlin, in cubic centimetres,
should be taken as the classified loads obtained in accordance with 16.1.2. 1.6 about the axis parallel to the roofing should
14:26,
Vertical
a)
be The load
section
not less than modulus
(Wplp)/2of000. the purlin, in cubic centimetres, about the axis parallel to the roofing should
14:26,
be not
Vertical less
Purlins
load than
acting (Wwithlp)/2horizontal
000. loads of (crabbing or maximum
surge) 1.4
16.2.2 p
b) The depth of the purlin in the plane action of the component of the load should be not less
Horizontal
The b)
than Thelpdepth
purlin/74. loadof the
section purlinshould
adopted in the conformplane of action of the maximum
to the conditions given in component
Table 11. of (Forthepurlin 1.6
load should
loads, beseenot less
01/03/2013
© BSI 10 June 2003

15.10.)
17
Standards
than lp/74.load acting with vertical load

British01/03/2013
Horizontal
The design
c) The ratio rules for minimum
of breadth to depth depthshouldand be breadth
not less in than
Table1:25. 11 should be taken as applicable to a purlin 1.4
Cranec) The
spacing load
of 1 acting
ratio 350of mm. with
breadthFor wind
to depth
other load ashould the
spacings be notvalueslessobtained
than 1:25. from the rules should be multiplied 1.2 by the
16.3.4.4
factors Cold formed
given in Table light
12, gauge
which steel
apply purlins
to both depth and breadth.
a When considering wind or imposed loadsteel
and crane loading acting together, the value of ¼f for dead load may be taken as 1.2.
16.3.4.4 Cold formed light gauge purlins
When applicable, cold formed light 11gauge steel purlins should ofbe designed in accordance with simplified
Institution,
Table — Section properties timber purlins

When
rules
Cold formed
applicable,
given in BS light
coldgauge
5950-5.formed steel
Where light purlins
gaugeshould
proprietary steel be designed
purlins
purlin systems should in
are accordance
be todesigned
be used, with
inthe BS
accordance EN 1993-1-3;
published with
loadsimplified
capacity
Institution,
wheregiven
rules
should proprietary
Strength in BS
be determined class purlin
5950-5. systems
Minimum
Where
in accordance arewith
used,
section
proprietary one the ofresistance
modulus
purlin systems
the design ofmethods
Minimum the
are purlins
depth
to be may
normal
used,
given inthebe obtained
BS Minimum
published
5950-5. from
load
(For the
breadth parallel
capacity
purlin loads,
manufacturer’s published load span tables. The to roof to
byroof
should
see be determined
15.10.) in accordance with one of published
the designcapacities methods shouldinbe
given BSdetermined
5950-5. (For calculation,
purlin loads,
Mary Groom,
testing,
see or a combination of calculationmm
15.10.) and3
testing according to the mmmethods in BS EN 1993-1-3. mm
16.3.5 Cold formed circular steel tubing
Standards
SC2
If purlin resistance W p l p assuming restraint to lthe l pcladding should be
16.3.5 Cold formediscircular
calculated steel 3
tubing p compression flange, the
Standards
Where ------------- u 10 ----- - for the frameworks of----- -

capablethin-walled,
of providingcold thisformed
restraint.
48 circular
Where steel tubing
non-restraining is used
27 cladding is specified, thetunnel-shaped
79 purlins should buildings,
be
Where
the thin-walled,
tubing may be
designed as unrestrained beams. cold
consideredformed as circular
being asteel tubing
structural is
steelused for
section the frameworks
provided: of tunnel-shaped buildings,
SC3tubing may be considered
the
18 W pas l p being 3 a properties
structural steel l section provided: l © BSI 10 June 2003
NOTE a) theFibrematerial
cement properties
sheeting might and
-------------
notu section
provide
10 full restraint to conform
the to either
-----p-compression BSofEN
flange cold10147, BS EN
-----p- light
formed gauge 10143 or
steel purlins
Ms
British
andBS a)also
the material
6323-5;
requires a more properties
stable platform 62
and section
when being properties
installed. conform 27 to either BS EN 10147, 81 BS EN 10143 or
British
Copy:
SC4 BS 6323-5; should be used as follows:

Restraint
b) D/t Nties 40, where D is the lp
W poutside 3diameter and t isl pthe wall thickness and t 8 l 1.2 mm;
------------- u 10 diameter and t is-----the - wall thickness and t 8 -----p-1.2 mm;
Groom,
b) D/t N
•c) dimensional 40, where
1 tie at mid tolerances D is
span on purlinthe outside
88 not spans 4.5 m–6.1 m. 28 84 in BS 6323-5;
are greater than those for ERW steel tubes specified
Groom,
Licensed
c) dimensional tolerances are not greater than those for ERW steel tubes specified in BS 6323-5;
SC6 •d) adequate
2 ties at 1/3 points for
protection is W purlin
provided
p lp
spans
against
3 6.1 m–7.5
corrosion m. l(see
p BS 5502-21). lp
d) adequate protection is provided ------------- u 10 against corrosion31 ----- -
(see BS 5502-21). ----- -
Mary
Structural connections provided 146 between members should be capable of transmitting 91 all relevant forces
Mary
Structural
safely. Where connections
a swagedprovided connection between
is used, members
the capacity should be capable
of the section of to transmitting
resist bendingallshould relevant forces
be reduced
safely.
by the factor Where{(D a swaged – t)}2 at the
– 3t)/(Dconnection is position
used, theofcapacity
a tube ofofoutside the section diameterto resist
D and bending should bet.reduced
wall thickness
MsMs
by the factor {(D – 3t)/(D – t)}2 at the position of a tube of outside diameter D and wall thickness t.
Copy:
16.3.6 Cladding
Copy:
16.3.6 Cladding
Stiffening of the structure by the cladding may be taken into account provided this has been established by
Stiffening
calculationoforthe structure by the cladding may be taken into account provided this has been established by
tests.
Licensed
calculation or tests.
Licensed
© BSI
© The 10
Copyright British Standards Institution British
JuneStandards
2003 Institution 2013 17
b) The depth of the purlin p p in the plane of action of the maximum component of the load should be not less
a) The section modulus of the purlin, in cubic centimetres, about the axis parallel to the roofing should
than
b) The /74. of the purlin in the plane of action of the maximum component of the load should be not less
lpdepth
be not less than (Wplp)/2 000.
than
c) /74. of breadth to depth should be not less than 1:25.
Thelpratio
BS b) 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
The depth of the purlin in the plane of action of the maximum component of the load should be not less
c)
thanThel ratio
/74. formed of breadth to depth should be not less than 1:25.
16.3.4.4 pCold light gauge steel purlins
When applicable, coldlight
16.3.4.4
c) The Cold
ratio formed
of breadth togauge
formed depth steel
lightshouldpurlins
gauge be notpurlins
steel less than 1:25.be designed in accordance with simplified
should
rules
When given in BS 5950-5.
applicable, coldlight Where
formed proprietary
light gauge steelpurlin
purlinssystems
should are
betodesigned
be used,inthe publishedwith
accordance loadsimplified
capacity
16.3.4.4 Cold formed gauge steel purlins
should be determined
rules given in BS 5950-5. in accordance with one purlin
Where proprietary of the design
systems methods
are to begiven
used,inthe
BS published
5950-5. (For purlin
load loads,
capacity
When
see applicable,
15.10.)
should be determined cold informed light gauge
accordance with one steel ofpurlins
the design should be designed
methods given in inBS
accordance
5950-5. (Forwithpurlin
simplified
loads,
rules given in BS 5950-5. Where proprietary purlin systems are to be used, the published load capacity
see 15.10.)
should Cold formed circular steel with
tubing
16.3.5 be determined in accordance one of the design methods given in BS 5950-5. (For purlin loads,
16.3.5
see Cold
15.10.) formed Table
circular 12 —
steel Factors for spacing of timber purlins
tubing
Where thin-walled, cold formed circular steel tubing is used for the frameworks of tunnel-shaped buildings,
the
Where tubing maySpacing
thin-walled, be considered ascircular
being asteelstructural
tubing steel section provided:
formedcold
(centre
formed to centre) is used for the frameworks of tunnel-shaped
Factor a buildings,
16.3.5 Cold circular steel tubing
thea)tubing may be considered
mm as being a structural steel section provided:
the material properties and section properties conform to either BS EN 10147, BS EN 10143 or
Where
Equal thin-walled,
tosteel
or less than cold600formed circular steel tubing is0.816 used for the frameworks of tunnel-shaped buildings,
BS
a) 6323-5;
the material
a)
the tubing may from beproperties
which
consideredtheand section
sections
as being a properties
are conform
rolled conforms
structural to to
steel section BSeither
EN BS EN 10147, BS EN 10143 or
10346;
provided:
BS
750 6323-5;
b) D/t N 40, where D is the outside diameter and t is the wall thickness and t 8 1.2 mm;0.863
a) the material properties and section properties conform to either BS EN 10147, BS EN 10143 or
900
b) N 40, where D is the outside 0.904
c)c)
BS D/t
dimensional
6323-5; tolerances are
conform todiameter
not greaterBS EN than and t is
those
1993-1-3; theERW
for wall thickness
steel tubesand t 8 1.2inmm;
specified BS 6323-5;
1 c)
050 dimensional tolerances are not greater than those 0.939
for ERW steel tubes specified in BS 6323-5;
d) adequate
b) D/t N 40, protection
where D isisthe provided
outsideagainst
diameter corrosion
and t is(see
the BS wall5502-21).
thickness and t 8 1.2 mm;
1 200 0.971
d) adequate
Structural
NOTE connections protection is toprovided
provided against
between corrosion
members (see
should BS
be 5502-21).
capable of transmitting allappropriate
relevant forces
1 c)
dimensional This tolerances
clause refers are not greater
thin-walled tubes than those
manufactured for
fromERW light steel cold-formed
gauge tubes specified in
steel. The BS 6323-5; materials
350
standard is, therefore, BS EN 10346 with coil tolerances given 1.000
in BS EN 1993-1-3.
safely. Where
Structural a swagedprovided
connections connection is used,
between the capacity
members should of the
be sectionBSof
capable toEN 10346bending
resist replaced
transmitting BS EN 10326,
should
all which is
be reduced
relevant forces
1 d)
500 adequate
referenced in BS protection is provided
EN 1993-1-3:2006, against
2 Table 3.1.  corrosion1.027(see BS 5502-21).
by the factor
safely. Where{(D a swaged – 3t)/(Dconnection
– t)} at the is position
used, theofcapacity
a tube ofofoutside diameter
the section D and
to resist wall thickness
bending should bet.reduced
Structural
1 650
by the factor connections
{(D – 3t)/(Dprovided – t)}2 at between
the position members should
of a tube 1.051 be capable
of outside of transmitting
diameter D and wallall relevantt.forces
thickness
16.3.6
safely. Cladding
Where a swaged connection is used, the capacity of the section to resist bending should be reduced
1 800 and above 1.074
by the Cladding
16.3.6 factor
Stiffening of {(D structure
the – 3t)/(D –by t)}2theat cladding
the position may ofbea taken
tube ofintooutside
accountdiameter
providedD and
this wall
has thickness
been t.
established by
a Interpolation between spacings of 600 mm and 1 800 mm is permitted using the following equation:
calculation
Stiffening oforthe tests. structure by the cladding may be taken into account provided this has been established by
16.3.6 Cladding spacing 0.25
calculation
Factor = § or tests. -·
--------------------
© 1350 ¹
Stiffening of the structure by the cladding may be taken into account provided this has been established by
calculation or tests.
16.3 Structural use of steelwork
16.4General
16.3.1 Structural use of concrete
General in accordance with this standard, the provisions of BS 5950-1 and BS 5950-5 should be
16.4.1 designing
When
modified in accordance
Design should be carried with
out16.3.2 to 16.3.5.
in accordance with BS EN 1992.
Design loads concrete
NOTE Precast should elements
be taken as the
might classified
be subject loads obtained
to supplementary in accordance
or alternative withwithin
design clauses 16.1.2, multiplied
relevant product by ¼f.
19
© BSI 10 of
Values June
standards. ¼f 2003
for the ultimate limit state should be obtained from either BS 5950-1 or 16.3.2.
© BSI 10 June 2003 19
16.3.2 Durability
16.4.2 Single storey frames
16.4.2.1
© General
BSI 10 June 2003 19
Provided that single storey frames are clad with sheet materials, that the dead load is known and that
maintenance will not of
Prior to the selection increase the dead
the method load, thenthe
of specifying, forspecification
buildings with design classifications
requirements given in other than
class 1, the values of ¼f given
BS 8500-1:2006+A1:2012, in Table
Annex 13 may
A should be used.
be taken into account.
NOTETable 13 —
Particular Load might
attention combinations andexposure
be required where modified ¼f values
to chemical attackfor single storey
is anticipated or whereframes in steel
the guidance given in
BS 8500-1:2006+A1:2012, Annex A is based largely on exposure to acidic solutions or solutions of sulphate salts from the ground.
Loading Factor ¼f
16.4.2.2 Cover to reinforcement
Dead load 1.3
The recommendations given in BS 8500-1:2006+A1:2012, Table A.4 should be followed for minimum
Dead load restraining uplift or overturning 1.0
cover, maximum water-cement ratio, minimum cement or combination content for normal weight
Dead load acting with wind and imposed loads combined
concrete with 20 mm maximum aggregate size for reinforced or pre-stressed elements with an 1.1
intended
Imposed working
load life of 50 years. For an intended working life of 100 years, the recommendations 1.6
given
Imposedin BSload8500‑1:2006+A1:2012,
acting with wind load Table A.5 should be followed; these recommendations 1.2 are based on
consideration of corrosion induced by combinations of carbonation or by chlorides.
Wind load 1.4
NOTE 1 The rate of carbonation and chloride ingress decreases with time and in simple terms doubling the cover increases the
Wind load acting with imposed load or crane load 1.2
time for carbonation or chloride to reach the reinforcement, and hence increases corrosion initiation by a factor of four.
Forces
NOTE 2 due to an
Where temperature effects
intended working life less than 50 years is required, the cover in BS 8500‑1:2006+A1:2012,1.2
Table A.4 may be
reduced
Crane accordingly, e.g. a reduction in cover from 40 mm to 30 mm equates to a reduction in service life from 50 years to around
loading effects
28 years.
Vertical load 1.6
The nominal cover to the reinforcement should be not less than the maximum size of the aggregate or
Vertical load acting with horizontal loads (crabbing or surge)
such that the cover to the main bar would be less than the size of the main bar, where bars 1.4are in groups,
Horizontal
the equivalent loadsize of that group. 1.6
Horizontal load acting with vertical load
For low covers to reinforcement special attention should be given to the positioning of reinforcement 1.4 to
ensure structural
Crane load actingintegrity
with wind is load
maintained.
a 1.2
16.4.2.3 Unreinforced
a When considering wind orconcrete
imposed load and crane loading acting together, the value of ¼f for dead load may be taken as 1.2.
Designated concretes in accordance with BS 8500-2 should be of an appropriate quality assured solution
to specifying concrete for agricultural use. Table 8 sets out typical agricultural applications for designated
concretes.
18
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013
16.3.3 Compression members

Table 8 — Designated concretes for agricultural applications
For compression members for application
Typical buildings with design classifications other than
Designated class 1, the slump
Recommended ratio of the
class
effective length to the least radius of gyration (slenderness le/r)concrete
should not exceed 200
Hand for any member
Vibration
carrying loads resulting from dead weights, with or without imposed loads. (See BS 5950-1.)
compaction equipment
BS 5502-22:2003
Livestock
16.3.4 Purlinsand crop stores RC28/35 S3 S2
BS Floors
5502-22:2003
(and walls) for: silage, manure and slurry stores RC30/37 a S3 S2
16.3.4.1 General
Sugar beet storage areas, workshop floors and floors RC32/40 S3 S2
The subject
purlin section adoptedforklift
to small-wheel should trucks,
conformmushroom
to 16.3.4.2, 16.3.4.3 or 16.3.4.4. (For purlin loads, see 15.10.)
sheds
16.3.4.2
Stable Hot rolledbrewers’
floors, sectionsgrain stores RC35/45 S3 S2
b
SteelToppings for floors
angle section suchshould
purlins as parlours and dairies
be designed in accordance RC35/45
with BS 5950-1 S2modified as S2 follows:
2012
External
a) The
16.4.7 yards
sectionand
Purlins and
modulus roads subject
of therails
sheeting even to occasional PAV2 S3 S2
purlin, in cubic centimetres, about the axis parallel to the routing, should
2012
bede-icing
16.4.7not lesssalts
Purlins thanand (Wsheeting
plp)/1 800.rails
Institution
In TNotes
or inverted L sections where reversal of stress due to wind forces puts the narrow vertical stem into
Inb)
TaThe
compression,depth ofLterm
the the purlin in the reversal
bc inwhere
3.4.1.6 plane
of BSof8110-1:1997
action of the maximum
should component
be forces
replaced bytheof narrow
the the loadvertical
average should
of bt andbe not
b c or
less
Institution
or inverted sections of stress due to wind puts stem into

bythan
2.5bWhere
compression,/52.
cl,pwhichever
concrete is is
the term subject
the
bc into3.4.1.6
even occasional
smaller. (For de-icing
of BSpurlin salts, designated
loads,
8110-1:1997 see 15.10.)
should beconcrete PAV2by
replaced is recommended.
the average of bt and bc or
byc)2.5bc, breadth
whichever is the smaller. (For purlintoloads, see 15.10.)
b Care is required to ensure full compaction of the fresh concrete and adequate curing.
The of the purlin perpendicular the plane of action of the maximum component of the load
16.4.8 Cladding
Standards
should be not less than l /72.

NOTE Cladding
16.4.8 p
Minimum
Stiffening of thepercentages
structureofby flexural reinforcement
the cladding may given in BS EN
be taken 1992-1-1
into may providing
account not be adequate
thistohas
resist the effects
been of early
established
Standards
thermal or long-term
Rectangular drying shrinkage and temperature variations or control cracking.
16.3.4.3
by calculation
Stiffening of the tests.hollow
or structure bysection steel purlins
the cladding may be taken into account providing this has been established
by calculationhollow
Rectangular or tests.
section purlins should be designed in accordance with BS 5950-1, modified as follows.
16.5 Use of masonry
British
16.5 Use section

a) The of masonry modulus of the purlin, in cubic centimetres, about the axis parallel to the roofing should
16.5.1 General
British
be not less than (Wplp)/2 000.

16.5.1
When
When General
designing
designing in accordance
in accordance withwith
thisthis
standard,
standard,BS 5628-1,
BS EN BS 5628-2and
1996-1-1 andNA BSto 5628-3
BS EN should
1996-1-1be modified
should
b) The depth of the purlin in the plane of action of the maximum component of the load should be not less
The
in
be accordance
Whenmodified
designinginwith
accordance
in 16.5.2, with
accordance 16.5.3withand
16.5.2,
this16.5.4.
16.5.3 and BS
standard, 16.5.4.
5628-1, BS 5628-2 and BS 5628-3 should be modified
than lp/74.
The
in accordance with 16.5.2, 16.5.3 andclassified

16.5.4. loads obtained in
(c)(c)
Design loads should be taken as the in accordance

accordance with with 16.1.2, multiplied by
16.1.2, multiplied by c¼ff..
c) The ratio of breadth to depth should be not less than 1:25.
Values of
Design ¼f for
loads the ultimate
should be taken limit
as state
the should loads
classified be obtained
obtained fromin either BS 5628-1
accordance with or BS 5628-2,
16.1.2, multiplied as by ¼f.
Copy,
Values of cf for the ultimate limit state should be obtained from BS EN 1996-1-1 and NA to BS EN 1996-1-1.
appropriate.
Values
16.3.4.4ofCold¼f forformed
the ultimate limitsteel
light gauge statepurlins
should be obtained from either BS 5628-1 or BS 5628-2, as
Copy,
When applying BS EN 1996-1-1 and NA to BS EN 1996-1-1, loads for stored materials should be treated
appropriate.
When applying
applicable, BS 5628-1, BS 5628-2 and BS 5628-3, loads for stored materials should be treated as earth
loads. cold formed light gauge steel purlins should be designed in accordance with simplified
Uncontrolled
as earth
loads.
When applying
rules given in BS BS5950-5.
5628-1,WhereBS 5628-2 and BSpurlin
proprietary 5628-3,systems
loads for arestored
to bematerials
used, the should
published be treated as earth
load capacity
Uncontrolled
loads.
should be determined in accordance with one of the design methods given in BS 5950-5. (For purlin loads,
16.5.2 Durability
see 15.10.)
16.5.2
Due Durability should be taken of all factors affecting the durability
consideration durability of of masonry
masonry especially
especially where
where
16.3.5
chemical Cold
Due consideration formed
attack circular
is expected
should be(see steel
takenBSof
BS tubing
EN
5628-2).
all 1996-2
In these
factors andcases
affecting PDthe 6697).
care should
durabilityIn these
be
of takencases
masonry care
when shouldwhere
utilizing
especially be
thetaken
14:26,
when utilizing
modifications
chemical
Where attack
thin-walled, the
given modifications
in 16.5.3.
is expected
cold formed given
(seecircular
BS in
5628-2).16.5.3.
steel In theseiscases
tubing used for care theshould be taken
frameworks when utilizing buildings,
of tunnel-shaped the
14:26,
modifications
the tubing may given in 16.5.3. as being a structural steel section provided:
be considered
16.5.3 Cover to reinforcement
01/03/2013
a) the
16.5.3 material
Cover to to properties and section properties conform to either BS EN 10147, BS EN 10143 or
reinforcement
Values for cover to reinforcement
reinforcement shouldshouldconform
conformto toBSBS 5628-2 ENfor permanent
1996-1-1 and NA buildings.
to BS EN The1996-1-1
values, which for
01/03/2013
BS 6323-5;
are given
permanent
Values forin Table
cover to 17,
buildings. should
The be used
values,
reinforcement which
should conservatively
are giventoin
conform BSfor
Tablebuildings
5628-2 9, shouldwith beaused
for permanent nominal service
conservatively
buildings. The lifevalues,
of buildings
for 50 years.
which
areb)given
with
NOTE
D/t Nin40,
a Table
nominal where
Table
17 also
isreduced
17,Dshould
service life
contains
the outside
of 50
be years. diameter
usedrecommendations
cover
and for
conservatively isa the
t for walldesign
buildings
nominal
thickness
withlife a
and t 8 1.2 mm;
of nominal
10 years. service life of 50 years.
c) adimensional
NOTE
For 9 also
Table 17
service life tolerances
alsocontains
between 10are
containsreduced
reduced notand
cover
cover
years greater than those
recommendations
recommendations
50 years, for
thefora for
anominalERW
nominal
nominal steel
design
design
cover lifetubes
ofof10
life
should specified
10years.
years.
be obtained in by
BSlinear
6323-5;
Institution,
interpolation
Ford)aadequate
service lifebetween
between
protection theis10
values
yearsgiven.
provided and 50 years,
against the nominal
corrosion (see BScover should be obtained by linear
5502-21).
Institution,
interpolation
The nominal between the values
cover to reinforcement given.
should be not less thanbethe nominal maximum size
Structural connections provided between members should capable of transmitting allofrelevant
aggregate forces
plus
The
safely.5 mm,
nominal
Where nor a such
cover tothat
swaged the cover is
reinforcement
connection toshould
main the
used, barnot
be would
less be
capacity ofless
than the than
the theto
nominal
section size of the
maximum
resist main
bendingsizebar or, where
of aggregate
should bars
be reduced
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
are
plus in5 groups,
by the mm,
factornor the
{(D – equivalent
such that–the
3t)/(D t)}2size
cover oftothe
at the group.
main
positionbarof would
a tubebe of less
outsidethandiameter
the size D of and
the main bar or, where
wall thickness t. bars
Standards
are in groups, the equivalent size of the group.

Standards
16.3.6 Cladding
16.5.4
16.5.4
StiffeningCladdingstructure by the cladding may be taken into account provided that this has been
of the structure by the cladding may be taken into account provided this has been established by
established
Stiffening
calculationofor bythe calculation
structure or
tests. bytests.
the cladding may be taken into account provided that this has been
British
established by calculation or tests.

British
17 Structures
Groom,
17 Structures
17.1 Greenhouses
Groom,
17.1 Greenhouses
Greenhouses for agriculture and horticulture should be designed as classified buildings according to the
Mary
provisions
Greenhouses of BS for EN 13031-1.and horticulture should be designed as classified buildings according to the
agriculture
Mary
provisions of BS EN 13031-1.
17.2 Slurry tanks slurry tank covers and reception pits
MsMs
17.2
The Slurryoftanks slurryslurry
tanks, tank covers and reception pits
© BSIThedesign
British
JuneStandards
slurry
Institution 2013 tank covers, and reception pits should conform to BS 5502-50. 19
Copy:
©
Copyright British Standards Institution 10 2003
The
Provided by Accuris under license
No reproduction or networking 17.3
design
with BSI ofCopy
- Uncontrolled
permitted Tower
slurry tanks, slurry tank covers, and reception
Licensee=University pits MDTshould
of Ulster/8159847001, conform
User=Quinn, Aodhan to BS 5502-50.
silos for forage
opy:
without license from Accuris Not for Resale, 10/26/2023 08:42:35
17.3 Tower silos for forage

British Standards Institution, For a service life between 10 years and 50 years, the nominal cover should be obtained by linear
interpolation between the values given.
The
BS nominal cover to reinforcement should be not less than the nominal maximum size of aggregate
5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
plus 5 mm, nor such that the cover to main bar would be less than the size of the main bar or, where bars
are in groups, the equivalent size of the group.
16.5.4 Cladding
Stiffening of the structure by the cladding may be taken into account provided that this has been
established by calculation or tests.
Groom,2012
16.4 Structural use of concrete

17 Structures
Institution
16.4.1 General
17.1 Greenhouses
When designing
Greenhouses for in accordance
agriculture with
and this standard,
horticulture BSbe
should 8110-1 should
designed as be modified
classified in accordance
buildings withto16.4.2
according the
to 16.4.8. BS 5502-22:2003
Ms Mary
provisions of BS EN 13031-1.
Design loads should be taken as the classified loads obtained in accordance with 16.1.2, multiplied by ¼f.
Standards
17.2 Slurry
Values tanks
of ¼f for slurry tank
the ultimate limitcovers and reception
state should pits
be obtained
BS 5502-22:2003
from either BS 8110-1 or 16.4.2.
The
When design of slurry
applying tanks, loads
BS 8110-1, slurryfor
tank covers,
stored and reception
material should bepits should
treated as conform to BS 5502-50.
earth loads.
Copy:
BS 5502-22:2003
17.3 Tower
16.4.2 Singlesilos forframe
storey forage
The British
The design of tower

singlesilos forframes
forage are
should EN 1993-4-1.
conform toproduction,
BS 5061.
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standards Institution, 01/03/2013 14:26, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) Licensed
Provided that storey in continuous BS are clad with sheet materials, the dead
load Table
17.4 is known
Livestock 17and maintenance
—buildings
Nominal will notcover
concrete increase
forthe dead
plain load, then
carbon forreinforcement
steel buildings with design classification
in reinforced
other thanmasonry
class 1, the value
whereon of
the ¼ given
concrete in Table 14 should be used.
ofinfill has buildings,
to provide full service BSlife protection
f a
For additional
Table 17 —information
Nominal the
concrete design
cover livestock
for plain carbon BS 5502-40,
steel 5502-41,
reinforcement in BS 5502-42,
reinforced
BSTable
5502-43 14 and
— Load
masonry
combinations
BS 5502-49 should
where the be
concrete
and modified
consulted.
Nominal 50 year
infill has
¼f values
service life
to provide
for single Nominal
storey frames
full service life 10
in concrete
year service
protection a life
Grade of Loadconcrete as given C30 Nominal
combination C35 50C40 year
C45
service
C50
Value
life
of ¼C30
f for loadC35
type: C40
Nominal 10 year
C45
service life
C50
in BSTable
Table 17
9 — Nominal concrete coverDead
5328-1:1997 for plain carbon steel reinforcement
Imposed
in reinforced
Earth and
Grade masonry
of concrete
(or equivalent c where
mix)as given theC30concrete
C35 infillC40hasC45 to provideC50 full C30serviceC35life protection
C40
water C45 Wind
a C50
in BS 5328-1:1997 Adverse
Nominal
Beneficial Adverse Beneficial pressure
Minimum
(or
Deadequivalent cement
and imposed mix)content
c 275 1.3 300 50325 year service
1.0 350 1.6
life400 2750 Nominal
300 10 year service
325
1.4 350—life400
Grade
kg/m
22
3 of concrete as given C30 C35 C40 C45 C50 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50
(and earthcement
Minimum and water pressure)
content 275 300 325 350 400 275 300 325 © 350BSI 10 June
4002003
in BS 5328-1:1997
Maximum
Dead
kg/m 3and windfree 0.65 1.30.60 0.55
1.0 0.50 —0.45 0.65— 0.60 1.4 0.55 0.501.4 0.45
(or equivalent mix)ca
water/cement
(and earth andratio water pressure)
Maximum cement
Minimum free 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50
3501.2 0.45
Dead,Exposure andcontent
imposedsituations
water/cement
3 ratio wind
b 275 1.1300 325
1.2 350 Nominal1.2400 concrete
2751.2cover
300 1.2 325 400
kg/m
(and earth and water pressure) mm
20e Nominal
20e concrete
15 cover
b
E1d Exposure
Maximum freesituations 20
0.65 20
0.60 20e
0.55 0.50 0.45 mm
0.65 15
0.60 15
0.55 15
0.50 15
0.45
16.4.3 Shear
water/cement reinforcement
ratio (minimum area of links)
E2
E1d —
20 35
20 30
20e 25
20e 20
20e 25
15 20
15 20
15 15
15 15
15
Minimum
E3 Exposurelinks should bbe provided
situations — in—accordance
40 with30BSNominal
8110-1:1997,
25 concrete
35 Table
cover3.8 and 3.4.5.5, except in
30 25 20 15
E2
beams where the shear stress — 35 in accordance
calculated 30 25 with 20BS 8110-1:
mm25 199720is less20 15 c and 15
than 0.8v the
E4
member
E3bd
E1 is subject to imposed — —
20 —
loads predominantly
—
20 — ec from
40
20 60
30
f
20ce snow 50
20and/or
25ce —
35 —
15wind loads.
30
15 40f
25
15 35f
20
15 30
15
a Alternatively for certain types of reinforced masonry construction, fwhere protected or austenitic stainless
E4
E2
16.4.4 Durability — —
35 —
30 60
25 50
20 —
25 —
20 40f steels15
20 are
35 f used,15
30or for
bed joint reinforcement, reference should be made to BS 5628-2.
E3Classification
a
b Alternatively for certain types
of exposure —
of reinforced
situation —BS 5628-2.
is given masonry
in 40 30 where25
construction, protected35 30 stainless
or austenitic 25 steels20 are used,15or for
16.4.4.1
bed joint
c These General
reinforcement,
mixes and minimum reference
cement should be made
contents are to BS
based on5628-2.
the use of normal-weight aggregate of 20 mm nominal maximum size.
E4 — — — 60 d
f 50 — — 40 fd 35 fd 30
Classification
b Where 10 mm of
orexposure
14 mm situation
nominal is given in
maximum BS aggregates
sized 5628-2. are used, cement of
contents should concrete
be adjustedespecially
in accordance with of
Due
c BS
regard should be taken of all factors affecting the durability structural where
a 8110-1:1997,
These
Alternatively for Table
mixes and minimum
certain3.3. cement
types contentsmasonry
of reinforced are basedconstruction,
on the use ofwhere
normal-weight aggregate
protected or of 20
austenitic mm nominal
stainless maximum
steels are used, orsize.
for
chemical
Where 10attack
mm 1:0
d Alternatively,
b bed joint
is
or 14to expected
reinforcement,mm nominal
: 3:2 (see
(cement:
reference
BS 8110-1:1997,
maximum
lime:
should sized
sand:
be made mm
to
6.2.3).
10aggregates
BSnominal
5628-2.
In these
aremaximum
used, cementcases,
sized care
contents
aggregate)should
should
mixbe bebetaken
adjusted
may usedin towhen utilizing
accordance with of
meet exposure
the
BSmodifications
8110-1:1997,
b situation E1, when
Classification given
Table
the
of exposure3.3. in 16.4.4.2,
nominal cover
situation is to 16.4.4.3
reinforcement
given and
in BS 5628-2. 16.4.5.
is 15 mm minimum.
ed
cc Alternatively,
These covers
mixes and1:0minimum
may to : 3:2 (cement:
be reduced lime:
to 15 mm
cement sand:
are 10
minimum
contents mmonnominal
provided
based that
the maximum
usethe sized
of nominal aggregate)
maximum
normal-weight size mix
aggregateof of may be nominal
aggregate
20 mm used
doesto meet
not exposure
exceed
maximum 10size.
mm.
16.4.4.2
d 10Cover
f situation
Where the E1,
mm or to
when
concrete reinforcement
14the
mmnominal
infill may becover
nominal to reinforcement
subjected
maximum tosized
freezing is 15 mm
whilst
aggregates are minimum.
wet, air entertainment
used, should
cement contents be used.
should The maximum
be adjusted size ofwith of
in accordance
e These covers
aggregates
BS mayTable
should
8110-1:1997, be
notreduced
be moretothan
3.3. 15 mm minimum
two-thirds provided
of the cover.that the nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 10 mm.
The recommendations of BS 8110-1:1997, 3.3, including Table 3.4, should be taken as relating to a service
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f Where the concrete

d Alternatively, 1:0 toinfill may
: 3:2 be subjected
(cement: to freezing
lime: sand: 10 mmwhilst wet,maximum
nominal air entertainment should be
sized aggregate) mixused.
mayThe maximum
be used size
to meet of
exposure
lifesituation
of 50
aggregatesyears.
should
E1, when not
thebe more than
nominal covertwo-thirds of the cover.
to reinforcement is buildings
15 mm minimum.
17.5 Storage, conditioning and processing
e These covers may be reduced to 15 mm minimum provided that the nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 10 mm.
For nominal cover and concrete quality relating to a service life of 10 years or less, the values given
For
17.5
f additional
in Where Storage,
Table 15 shouldinformation
infill may beon
conditioning
the concrete
be used.than the
and
subjected
For design of
processing storage,
to freezing
a service life whilst
between conditioning
buildings
wet, and
air entertainment
10 years and 50processing
years, the buildings,
should be used. The maximum
nominal BS size
cover 5502-65,
of
should be
BSaggregates
5502-66,should
BS 5502-70,
not be more BS 5502-71,
two-thirdsBSof5502-72,
the cover. BS 5502-74 and BS 5502-75 should be consulted.
obtained by linear interpolation between the values in Table 16 and the values
For additional information on the design of storage, conditioning and processing buildings, BS 5502-65, in of BS 8110-1:1997,
Table
BS
17.6
17.5 3.4. production
5502-66,
Crop
Storage, BSconditioning
5502-70, buildings
BS 5502-71, BS 5502-72,
and processing BS 5502-74 and BS 5502-75 should be consulted.
buildings
The
For nominal
17.6additional cover to reinforcement
information
Crop production should be not less
crop production
on the design of storage,
buildings than buildings,
the nominal
conditioning BSmaximum
5502-60
and processing size of be
should
buildings, the
BS aggregate
consulted.
5502-65,
nor such that the cover to a main bar would be less than the size of
BS 5502-66, BS 5502-70, BS 5502-71, BS 5502-72, BS 5502-74 and BS 5502-75 should be consulted. the main bar or, where bars are in
For
17.7
groups,additional
Ancillary information
buildings
the equivalent size on the group.
of the design of crop production buildings, BS 5502-60 should be consulted.
17.6
For Crop production buildings
17.7additional
low covers information
Ancillary tobuildings
reinforcement on the designattention
special of ancillary buildings,
should be given BSto5502-80, BS 5502-81
the positioning and BS 5502-82
of reinforcement to
should
For
ensure be
thatconsulted.
additional information
structural on the
integrity is design of crop production buildings, BS 5502-60 should be consulted.
maintained.
For additional information on the design of ancillary buildings, BS 5502-80, BS 5502-81 and BS 5502-82
should
17.8
17.7
16.4.4.3 beUnreinforced
Cattleconsulted.
Ancillary grids (seeconcrete
buildings 15.4.4)
For
The additional
17.8 recommendations
Cattle grids information BSon
(seeof15.4.4) the design of
8110-1:1997, cattle
6.2.4, grids
ancillary
including BS 40086.2
buildings,
Table should
BS 5502-80,
should be beconsulted.
BS
taken 5502-81 and BS
as relating to 5502-82
a service
should
life of 50 beyears.
consulted. For concrete not containing embedded metal the values given in Table 16 should be used
For additional information on the design of cattle grids BS 4008 should be consulted.
which relate to a service
18 life of 20 years or less.
17.8Identification
Cattle grids (seePlate 15.4.4)
18
For Identification
Buildings
additional and structures
information Plate
conforming
on the design to this
of standard should
cattle grids BS 4008be identified
should bebyconsulted. a plate giving, as a minimum,
name of supplier, retaining ability, if applicable, year of design and class.
Buildings and structures conforming to this standard should be identified by a plate giving, as a minimum,
The
18
name plate and its information
Identification
of supplier, retaining Plate shouldifbe
ability, durable for
applicable, theofdesign
year designlife and of class.
the building or structure and be fixed
in a position that is clearly visible.
The
20Britishplate
Buildings
Copyright Standards and
Institutionits information
structures conformingshould be durable
to this for the
standard design
should belife of the building
identified ©byThea plate or giving,
British structure
Standards ©as and
a be fixed
minimum,
Institution
BSI 10 June 2013
2003
in a position
name of supplier, that is clearly visible.
retaining
Provided by Accuris under license with BSI - Uncontrolled Copy
No reproduction or networking permitted without ability, if applicable, year of design
license from Accuris and class.
Licensee=University of Ulster/8159847001, User=Quinn, Aodhan
Not for Resale, 10/26/2023 08:42:35 MDT
Instituti
Instit 17.6 Crop production buildings
17.6 Crop production buildings
For additional information on the design of crop production buildings, BS 5502-60 should be consulted.
For additional information on the design of crop production buildings, BS 5502-60 should be consulted.
BS 5502-22:2003
Standards
17.7 Ancillary buildings BS 5502-22:2003+A1:2013

Standards
17.7 Ancillary buildings

For additional information on the design of ancillary buildings, BS 5502-80, BS 5502-81 and BS 5502-82
For additional
should information on the design of ancillary buildings, BS 5502-80, BS 5502-81 and BS 5502-82
be consulted.
should be consulted.
British
17.8 Cattle grids (see 15.4.4)

2012British
17.8 Cattle grids (see 15.4.4)

Groom,
Groom,
Table 15 — Plate
18 Identification Nominal covera for a reinforced concrete service life of 10 years
18 Identification Plate
Institution
Conditions of exposure
Buildings
Buildings andand structures
structures conforming
conforming to this
to this standard
standard should
should be Nominal bycover
identified
be identified a by a plate
plate giving,
giving, as a
as a minimum,
Mary
mm
Buildings
minimum,
name and
the structures
name
of supplier, conforming
of supplier,
retaining ifto
building
ability, this standard
use,
applicable, yearshould
retaining be identified
of ability,
design class.by ayear
if applicable,
and plateofgiving,
design,asdesign
a minimum,
life
Mary
Mildclass.
name
and of supplier, retaining ability, if applicable,15 year15of design15and class. 10 10 10 10
The plate and its information should be durable for the
25 design 25life of the20building 20
or structure
15 and be10 fixed
MsMs
Moderate —
The
in a plate
positionandthat
its information should be durable for the design life of the building or structure and be fixed
is clearly visible.
Standards
Copy:
Severe
in a position that is clearly visible. — — 35 30 25 20 15
Copy:
Very severe b — — — 35 30 25 20
Buildings that have been designed as Class 2 on the basis that they are normally only occupied during
Licensed
summer months (or when snow is not —

Extreme
the b
expected)— — a sign—placed by 40
should have 35 stating
the entrance 30that
Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standards Institution, 01/03/2013 14:26, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) TheLicensed
the building should not be fully occupied3 in winter.

0.80 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45
British
Maximum free water/cement ratio (m )

NOTE This would apply to buildings
Minimum cement contentc (kg/m designed
3
) for seasonal
220 use.
250 275 300 325 350 400
Method of specification Minimum grade of concreted
Designed mix C20 C25 C30 C35 C40 C45 C50
Designated mix GEN 3 GEN 4 RC 30 RC 35 RC 40 RC 45 RC 50
a See also the recommendations for nominal cover in relation to aggregate size and bar size (see 16.4.4.2).
bWhere freezing and thawing under wet conditions exist in the presence of de-icing salts, all concrete lower than grade C50 should
contain
© BSI entrained
10 June 2003 air, in accordance with of BS 8110-1:1997, 6.2.3.2. 23
c The minimum cement contents relate to 20 mm nominal maximum size of aggregate. They should be modified for other sizes of
© BSI 10 June 2003 23
aggregate, in accordance with of BS 8110-1: 1997, Table 3.3.
d The minimum grades of concrete generally ensure that the limits on free water/cement ratio and cement content are met without
further checking, providing that mixes (as given in BS 5328-1:1997) are of medium workability
Table 16 — Unreinforced concrete made with normal weight aggregates of 20 mm nominal

maximum size for a service life of 20 years or less
Conditions of Maximum free Minimum cement Minimum grade of concreteb
exposure water/cement ratio contenta
kg/m3 Designed mix Designed mixc
Mild 0.75 225 C20 GEN 3
Moderate 0.70 250 C25 GEN 4
Severe 0.65 275 C30 RC 30
Very severed 0.60 300 C35 RC 35
Extreme d 0.55 325 C40 RC40
For a durability life of less than 20 years, the values given for 20 year durability life should be used.
a The minimum cement content should be modified for aggregates other than 20 mm nominal maximum size, in accordance with of
BS 8110-1:1997, Table 6.3.
b The minimum grades of concrete generally ensure that the limits on free water/cement ratio and cement content are met without
further checking, providing the mixes (as given in BS 5328-1:1997) are of medium workability.
c A designated mix should be produced in accordance with of BS 5328-2:1997, Section 5.
d Where freezing and thawing under wet conditions exist in the presence of de-icing salts, all concrete should contain entrained air
in accordance with of BS 8110-1:1997, 6.2.3.2.
16.4.5 Serviceability limit state (cracking)

The design should ensure that cracking will not be excessive and will not adversely affect the appearance
or durability of the structure. For classifications other than class 1, a maximum crack width of 0.45 mm
may be regarded as acceptable. Special consideration should be given where liquids are being retained
(see BS 5502-50, BS 5502-75 and BS 8007).
16.4.6 Walls
Wall not less than 100 mm thick should have vertical reinforcement of not less than 0.2 %. Lateral
reinforcement should be not less than 0.2 % where the vertical reinforcement is assumed to assist in
resisting compression, and not less than 0.1 % where this assumption is not made.
NOTE These percentages may not be adequate to resist the effect of shrinkage and temperature variations.
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

© BSI 10 June 2003
BS 5502-22:2003
BS 5502-22:2003
5502-22:2003+A1:2013
Bibliography
Bibliography
BS 5400-3:2000, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Code of practice for design of steel bridges.
2012 2012
BS 5400-4:1990, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Code of practice for design of concrete bridges.
Institution
BS 5400-5:1979,
5400-3:2000,
Text deleted.Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Code of practice for design of composite bridges.
steel bridges.
BS
BS5930:1999, Code
5400-4:1990,
EN 1993-2, of practice
Steel, concrete
Eurocode for
andsite
3: Design investigations.
composite
of bridges —–Code
steel structures Part of
2: practice for design of concrete bridges.
Steel bridges
Institution
BS 5400-5:1979, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Code of practice for design of composite bridges.
British Standards
Other
BS publications
5930:1999, Code of practice for site investigations.
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. Reservoirs Act 1975. London: HMSO.

The Standards
Other publications
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986, as amended. London:
HMSO.
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. Reservoirs Act 1975. London: HMSO.
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986, as amended. London:
British
HMSO.
Copy, (c)
14:26, Uncontrolled The (c)
Copy,
--`,,``````,,`,,````,``,,`,,`,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Licensed
Licensed Copy:
Copy: Ms Mary Groom,
MsGroom,
Mary British Standards
British Standards Institution,
Institution, 14:26, Uncontrolled
01/03/2013
01/03/2013
24 © BSI 10 June 2003
22
24
© BSI 2013
10 June 2003
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blank
BS 5502-22:
5502:22:
2003
2003+A1:2013
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BRITISH STANDARD BS 5502-22:

  

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted to Technical

British Commercial Glasshouse Manufacturers' Association

Institution of Structural Engineers

Copyright British Standards Institution

© The British Standards Institution 2013

revision of BS 5502-22:1993, which is withdrawn.

This British has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/10. It is a

— Parts 40 to 59: Livestock buildings;

More specifically, the general design series will comprise:

— Part 30: Code of practice for control of infestation;

— Part 22: Code of practice for design,

A more detailed description of the new structure of BS 5502 is given in Part 0.

The object of introducing theofstructure is to allowofsubject areas to be in

and structures, reference is to be made to is the

whose guidance been prepared.

pages 1 to 25 and a back cover.

document was last issued.

ii © The British Standards Institution

ii document was last issued.

agricultural buildings and structures.

sheep buildings and pens.

buildings for mushrooms.

slatted, perforated and mesh floors for livestock.

ventilated on floor stores for combinable crops.

BS 5502-74, and construction of

ventilated floor for combinable

BS 5502-75, Buildings and structures for

ventilated stores for potatoes and onions.

6323-5, Specific requirements resistance steel

4 Symbols and abbreviations

© The British Standards Institution 2013

8 Works below ground

9 Works above foundations

11 Protection of walls, piers and columns

© BSI 10 June 2003

precautions should be taken to protect those against corrosion 5502-21).

than 1.5 m above floor or ground level. They should conform

BS 5502-80, regarding working platforms).

a) The consequence of collapse is greater in buildings or structures of larger classification number.

(see Note 1) (see Note 2)

density of 1 person/50 m2 (730/50 m2)

Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standards Institution, 01/03/2013 14:26,

buildings and structures is not infringed.

Table 1 — Design classifications

3 Not exceeding 2 h/day at a maximum Either 20 or limit of zone of effect if 10

density of 1 person/50 m2 (730/50 m2) greater than 20

4 Not exceeding 1 h/day at a maximum Either 30 or limit of zone of effect if 2

(including footway) or nearest point of human habitation.

6 © BSI 10 June 2003

Figure 1 — Examples of zone of effect for retaining structures or buildings containing a

15.1.1 Characteristic loads

15.1.2 Dead and imposed loads

15.1.2 Dead and imposed loads

Dead and imposed as defined

than suitable stating the design limitations should be clearly displayed.

this should be considered in the design.

15.1.5 Impact loads

Licensed Copy: Ms Mary Groom, British Standar

15.2 Wind loads

For the calculation pressure coefficients