CENG 212 – Mechanics of Materials

University of Bahrain
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.

Course:
CHAPTER 4:
CENG 212 - MoM

Instructor:
Axial Load
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh (Based on Dr. Semih Erhan’s Material)
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl Objectives:
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition • Determine Deformation of Axially Loaded Members
• Indeterminate Str.
• Develop the method of superposition
• Analyze Thermal Stress Effects
Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 1

 Saint Venant Principle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a73oVStYWqI&ab_channel=B
University of Bahrain
auwesenkompakt
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
German Video (1:12/2:26) Prinzip von St. Venant – Statik –
Course: Bauwesen Kompakt
CENG 212 - MoM

Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh

Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 2

 Saint Venant Principle
Saint Venant’s Principle
University of Bahrain
Stresses are non-uniform and locally concentrated at positions near force
College of Eng. application points.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Localized Deformation happen near forces and stresses are non-uniform.
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM Stresses and strains become uniform at positions away from the load.
Instructor:
This behavior discovered by Saint-Venant in 1855, this is the name of the
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh principle
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 3

 Saint Venant Principle
Despite this fact,
Saint-Venant Principle states that localized effects caused by any load acting
University of Bahrain
College of Eng.
on the body, will dissipate/smooth out within regions that are sufficiently
Civil Eng. Dept. removed from location of load
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
Thus, no need to study stress distributions at that points near application
Instructor: loads or support reactions
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh

Table of Contents:
• Title
Uniform stress distribution may be assumed along the member for axially
• Saint Venant Prncpl loaded members.
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 4

 Elastic Deformation
Do you remember?
Ch3: 𝜎 = 𝐸 𝜖
University of Bahrain
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept. 𝑃
Ch1: 𝜎 = 𝐴
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
𝛿 Surprised?
Instructor: Ch2: 𝜖 = 𝐿
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh

Table of Contents: Ch4?

• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl 𝑃𝐿
• Elastic Deformation 𝛿=
• Superposition 𝐴𝐸
• Indeterminate Str. L
P( x )dx
What happens if you have variable things? P(x), A(x), E(x)?
You integrate. (See derivation in the book)
 
0
A( x )E
Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 5

 Elastic Deformation
𝑃𝐿 L
P( x )dx
University of Bahrain
𝛿=
𝐴𝐸 
College of Eng. 0
A( x )E
Civil Eng. Dept.

Course:
CENG 212 - MoM δ = displacement of one point relative to another point
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh L = distance between the two points
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
P(x) = internal axial force at the section
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.
A(x) = x-sectional area of the bar
E = modulus of elasticity for material
Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 6

 Elastic Deformation
Let’s take it to the next level,
University of Bahrain
College of Eng. Constant load (P) and cross sectional area (A):
Civil Eng. Dept.
If the load and cross sectional area are constant, the above formula
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM can be expressed as:
Instructor:
P P P L
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 
Table of Contents: L δ
E A
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition If bar is subjected to several different axial forces, or x-sectional area
• Indeterminate Str.
or E is not constant, then the equation can be applied to each
segment of the bar and added algebraically to get
P L
Book:
P3 A3 P2 A2 A1 P1 
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed. E A

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 7

 Elastic Deformation
Sign convention
University of Bahrain
College of Eng. Sign Forces Displacement
Civil Eng. Dept.

Course: Positive (+) Tension Elongation

CENG 212 - MoM

Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
Negative (−) Compression Contraction
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.
+P -P

+δ -δ
Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 8

 How to solve?
Procedure for analysis
University of Bahrain
1. Use method of sections to determine internal axial force P in the
College of Eng. member
Civil Eng. Dept.
a. If several constant external forces act on member, internal force in
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM each segment, between two external forces, must then be
Instructor:
determined
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh

Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 9

 How to solve?
If the force varies along member’s length, force represented as a
University of Bahrain
function of x, P(x) and the cross sectional area along member’s length,
College of Eng. area represented as a function of x, A(x).
Civil Eng. Dept.

Course:
CENG 212 - MoM Then, following formula must be used to calculate displacement (δ)
Instructor:
for each segment
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh L
P( x )dx
Table of Contents:
• Title

• Saint Venant Prncpl 0
A( x )E
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition If the force and cross sectional are constant along the segment, the
• Indeterminate Str.
displacement is calculated using the formula

P L
Book: 
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.
E A

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 10

 Normal Force Diagram
A quick tip?
University of Bahrain
Start from Left to Right. Force to Left is a positive (Tension) Jump. Force to
College of Eng. Right is a negative (Compression) Jump. (Remember Ch 1?)
Civil Eng. Dept.

Course:
CENG 212 - MoM _
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh

Table of Contents:
• Title Old Fashioned
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation Way The Quick way
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Internal force diagram

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 11

 Example
Example: Composite A-36 steel bar shown made from two segments
University of Bahrain
AB and BD. Area AAB = 600 mm2 and ABD = 1200 mm2. Determine the
College of Eng. vertical displacement of end A and displacement of B relative to C.
Civil Eng. Dept.

Course:
CENG 212 - MoM 75 kN Quick Tip?
Instructor: Use your mind and rotate the bar to a
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh
horizontal position
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
1m
• Elastic Deformation 20 kN 20 kN
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

0.75 m
40 kN 40 kN
Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.
0.5 m

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 12

 Example
Internal forces
University of Bahrain
Due to external loadings, internal axial forces in regions AB, BC and CD
College of Eng. are different.
Civil Eng. Dept.

Course:
CENG 212 - MoM

Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh

Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 13

 Example
Displacement of end A
University of Bahrain
From Table, Est = 210(103) MPa.
College of Eng. Use sign convention, vertical displacement of A relative to fixed
Civil Eng. Dept.
support D is
Course:
CENG 212 - MoM
PL PAB LAB PBC LBC PCD LCD
Instructor: A     
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh AE AAB E ABC E ACD E
Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation 75 103 103 35 103  750 ( 45 ) 103  500
• Superposition A   
• Indeterminate Str. 600  210 10 1200  210 10
3 3
1200  210 103

Book:
 A  0.61 mm
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Since result is positive, the bar elongates and so displacement at A is

upward

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 14

 Example
Displacement of B relative to C
35 103  750
B / C   0.109 mm
University of Bahrain
College of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept. 1200  210 10 3

Course:
CENG 212 - MoM Here, B moves away from C, since segment elongates
Instructor:
Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh

Table of Contents:
• Title
• Saint Venant Prncpl
• Elastic Deformation
• Superposition
• Indeterminate Str.

Book:
Mechanics of Materials
Hibbeler 9thed.

Dr. Mahmoud Jahjouh 15