Item #1
and passive-aggressive
Stem: Unsuccessful leaders adopt one of
three personality types according to Hogan.
What are these personality types?
A. Narcissistic, paranoid, and egocentric
B. Manipulative, narcissistic, and
pessimistic
C. Dependent, greedy, and paranoid
D. Narcissistic, high-likability floater, and
passive-aggressive
Item #2
Stem: Sam is a psychologist that conducts
performance evaluation on employees
periodically every 6 months. She ensures that
the performance-appraisal instruments are
invariably reliable in evaluating employee
performance and ensures that expectations
Key: D - Narcissistic, high-likability floater,
Distractor 1: A - Narcissistic, paranoid, and
egocentric
Distractor 2: B - Manipulative, narcissistic,
and pessimistic
Distractor 3: C - Dependent, greedy, and
paranoid
Explanation:
A is NOT THE ANSWER because narcissism
is almost the same with being egocentric.
B is NOT THE ANSWER because although
these are negative traits for a leader, they
were not cited by the reference book.
C is NOT THE ANSWER because these are
not the personality types of poor leadership
according to Hogan.
D is THE CORRECT ANSWER because
according to Hogan (1989), unsuccessful
leaders adopt at least one of these
personality traits as they handle teams which
results in poor productivity.
Reference: Aamodt, G. (2009).
Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An
Applied Approach (6th ed). Pp. 446. Cengage
Learning.
Key: C - Personnel Psychology
Distractor 1: A - Evaluating Employee
Performance
Distractor 2: B - Industrial Approach
Distractor 3: D - Organizational Psychology
and goals of the company’s growth are met.
What major field of I/O psychology is Sam
involved in?
A. Evaluating Employee Performance
B. Industrial Approach
C. Personnel Psychology
D. Organizational Psychology
Explanation:
A is NOT THE ANSWER because evaluating
employee performance is not a major field of
I/O Psychology. It is a process of regularly
assessing an employee’s performance that
aims to provide feedback on their job,
recognize the quality of their performance,
and give necessary recognition or disciplinary
actions accordingly.
B is NOT THE ANSWER because industrial
approach is one of the two ways on how the
goals of I/O psychology are accomplished. It
is focused on deliberately concluding the
competencies that are required to carry out a
job, resourcing for employees that are
equipped with such competencies, and
providing necessary training to further elevate
such competencies.
C is THE CORRECT ANSWER because
Personnel Psychology is one of the major
fields of I/O psychology that is mainly
involved in selecting and evaluating
employees in the workplace. This field mainly
focuses on analyzing jobs, recruiting
applicants, selecting and training employees,
as well as evaluating their performances.
D is NOT THE ANSWER because
organizational psychology is a major field of
I/O psychology that deals with issues of
conduct and behavior of employees inside the
organization. This field mainly focuses on job
satisfaction, employee motivation,
organizational communication, conflict
management, and other development within
the organization.
Reference: Aamodt, G. (2009).
Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An
Applied Approach (6th ed). Pp. 4. Cengage
Learning.
Item #3
Stem: Albert, a tenured employee at
Starblacks Corporation, is aware that
performance evaluations take place every
June and December of the year. Albert tails
off most of the time at work and only
becomes efficient and gives his best
performance just before the evaluation
because he had noticed that his supervisors
were more likely to recall more recent
behaviors than previous ones. Such
behaviors are common at the workplace and
must be recognized by the supervisor in order
to properly give performance appraisal ratings
and not make common rating errors. This
common sampling problem is referred to as:
A. Leniency error
B. Infrequent observation
C. Contrast error
D. Recency effect
Key: D - Recency effect
Distractor 1: A - Leniency error
Distractor 2: B - Infrequent observation
Distractor 3: C - Contrast error
Explanation:
A is NOT THE ANSWER because it is a
common distribution error in which the rater
constantly gives all employees excellent
ratings regardless of their actual
performance.
B is NOT THE ANSWER because it is a
sampling problem in which the supervisor
does not see most of the employee’s
performance and behavior and only bases
their appraisals on inferences from mere
completed work or personality traits.
C is NOT THE ANSWER because it is an
error that affects appraisal ratings in which
the performance of a previously evaluated
person could affect the performance rating of
an employee being currently evaluated
D is THE CORRECT ANSWER because it is
a sampling problem that refers to the
behavior where individuals tend to recall most
recent information more accurately than
information presented at the beginning.
Reference: Aamodt, G. (2009).
Industrial/Organizational Psychology: An
Applied Approach (6th ed). Pp. 267. Cengage
Learning.