COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF MIST JET

IMPINGEMENT HEAT TRANSFER ON A FLAT

PLATE WITH SLOTTED NOZZLE

Bikram Kumar Pani, Dr. Dushyant Singh

National Institute of Technology Manipur,

Langol, Manipur-795004, India

Abstract. The work presents the numerical investigation of a slot mist jet
impingement cooling on an isothermal flat plate surface at three different
temperatures 323K, 350K and 363K. A two-dimensional model was analyzed
with mist (air and water) as working fluid. The distance from nozzle exit to the
surface of the heated plate is varied from h/S=4 and 8. The numerical analysis
was carried out for jet Reynolds number Re s =2750 varying the volume
fraction, vof 1% -10% and size of droplet from 1-300 micron. Addition of mist
causes significant increase of Heat transfer coefficient as compared to the
single-phase Heat transfer coefficient. The numerical result of local Heat
transfer coefficient are compared with the experimental results of Gardon et al.
[1]. Also, the effect of heat transfer coefficient varying the distance from nozzle
to plate spacing is shown. The turbulence models k-ε and k-ω SST were
considered for the study and their differences are also presented.

Keywords: Jet impingement, Mist, Droplet , Volume fraction.

1 Introduction

Jet impingement heat transfer has always been a topic of interest in many engineering
applications such as cooling of metals during heat treatment processes, gas turbine,
drying of paper, textiles industry, cooling in grinding process, cooling of laser
weapons etc. This flow is used extensively in process engineering applications that
involve cooling, coating and drying operations.
In slot air jet impingement Gardon et al. [1] has experimentally concluded the
relationship of various factors, like Reynolds number, nozzle to plate spacing and how
it affects heat transfer coefficient. They found that the heat transfer coefficient forms a
bell-shaped curve for nozzle to plate spacing greater than 14 slot width. There are
number of experimental and numerical studies done on slot air jet impingement [3-6].
Multiphase jet impingement gives higher heat transfer coefficient as compared to
single phase air jet impingement. Pakhomov et al. [2] numerically studied on two
phase mist jet impingements on flat surface and concluded that the heat transfer rate is
increase several times as compared to single phase due to the droplet effect of mist.
In the present study the experimental result of Gardon et al. [1] is numerically
simulated using CFD codes. Here the working fluid used is mist (air +water) with
various α and different droplet diameter (D0) to predict the heat transfer behavior by
using different turbulence model. The effect of heat transfer for multiphase jet
impingement is compared to that of experimental results for the single-phase jet
impingement.

2 Content

In this present study, slot jet impingement of mist on an isothermal flat plate is
numerically investigated. The nozzle to plate spacing, h/S = 4, for a flow of Re s =
2750 impinging on a flat plate is considered for the present numerical study [1]. The
slot width of the nozzle S is 0.0015875m and the size of the plate is X, 0.1524 m in
length. The different volume fraction are 1%, 5%, 10% and the different droplet
diameter(D0) are 1µm, 30µm, 50µm,100 µm, 300µm. along with three different
temperature at 323K,350K and 363K. The same analysis is carried out for h/S = 8.

Fig.1 Geometry of domain

2.1 Numerical Method

In this present study, the numerical simulations is carried out using the CFD source
code ,OpenFOAM done for unsteady state, symmetric, turbulent slot jet impingement
problem with different volume fraction at 1%, 5%, 10% , different droplet diameter
such as 1µm, 30µm ,50µm, 100µm, 300µm ,at different temperature 323K,350K and
363K and two different nozzle to plate spacing such as h/S=4 and h/S=8 . The
PIMPLE algorithm combines the PISO with the SIMPLE algorithm was used for
pressure and velocity coupling. Second order upwind scheme was used for spatial
discretization of convective terms. Temporal term is discretized by second order
accurate fully implicit central differencing technique i.e. Euler

2.2 Equations

 
  N  N     N jNi   I N (1)
t xi
Eq.1 indicates the Individual Phase Continuity Equation (IPME).

   p  Cki
D 

  N  N U Nk     N jNiU NiU Nk    N  N g k  FNk   N   
t xi x
 k x 
j 

(2)
Eq.2 indicates the Individual Phase Momentum Equation (IPME).


t
  N  N eN*   x  N jNiU Ni eN*  
i


QN  WN  QI N  WI N   N
x
U Ci Cij  (3)
Eq.3 indicates the Individual Phase Energy Equation (IPEE).

uS
Re s  (4)

Eq.4 indicates the Equation of Reynolds Number wrt D.
q//
H (5)
T j  Tw 
Eq.5 indicates the Equation of Heat Transfer Coefficient

2.3 Boundary Condition

Boundary Boundary Condition
name
Inlet Uniform velocity distribution is considered at Re=2750 and at 300K
temperature. The α vary at 1%, 5%, 10% and the bubble diameter(D0)
vary from 1micron to 300micron.
Plate Isothermal heated plate with no slip condition is considered.
Symmetr Symmetry
y
Outlet Both Pressure inlet and pressure outlet are open sides of the domain at
300k.

2.4 Grid Independence Test and Turbulence Test

Grid independence test was done by using three different grid dimensions (x, y):
225×100, 280×150, 340× 200 as shown in Fig. 2. Hence the grid 280 × 150 was
chosen for further studies. Grid was made sufficiently fine so as to ensure a y+ below
unity. For the calculation of turbulence intensity two different RANS turbulence
model were used as shown in Fig.3. The results of two turbulence model were
comparable near the stagnation point.

Fig2. Grid independence test Fig. 3. Turbulence model test

3 Results and Discussions

3.1 Effect of volume fraction

The fig. shows heat transfer coefficient over the flat surface for the different volume
fraction of mist. From the Fig.4, it can be observed that the numerical result of heat
transfer coefficient shows a close agreement with the available experimental data. The
mist injection with 1% and 5% shows nearly 200% and 240% increase heat transfer
coefficient near the stagnation point as compared to single phase air jet impingement
respectively. However, at high vof, significant increase in heat transfer coefficient is
not observed as the air-jet impingement result. It shows that increase in volume
fraction increases the heat transfer coefficient and, it may be due to by increasing
volume fraction a thin layer will be generated over the plat surface and because of
thin boundary layer generation heat transfer rate will increase by evaporation and
convection cooling [7]

Fig.4 Variation of heat transfer coefficient for different volume fraction.

3.2 Effect of bubble diameter

Figure 5(a) shows that at 1micron droplet the heat transfer coefficient at the
stagnation point is more as compared to the 30micron and 50micron. But the overall
heat transfer rate increase for higher droplet size. In the Fig.6(b), the heat transfer
coefficients are nearly similar at the stagnation point up to X/S = 10, after which the
heat transfer coefficient is higher for 300-micron droplet diameter.
 Fig .a Fig .b
Fig. 5. Variation of heat transfer coefficient for the droplet size (a) 1µm, 30µm,
50µm and (b) droplet size (a) 50µm, 100µm and 300µm

3.3 Effect of Temperature

From fig.6(a) and fig.6(b) it can be clearly seen that heat transfer coefficient does not
change with varying plate temperature (323K ,350K and 363K) at h/S=4 for both
volume fraction of 5% and 10%. Because the ratio of q// to the (Tj- Tw) always remains
constant.

Fig .a Fig .b

Fig6.Heat transfer coefficient at different plate temperature

3.4 Effect of Nozzle to plate height

In the fig.7(a) and fig. 7(b), at constant volume fraction of 1%, heat transfer
coefficient decreases around 50% at the stagnation point region by increasing the
nozzle to plate spacing from h/S=4 to h/S=8. However, for vof 1%, the effect of
nozzle to plate height is significant till X/S=20; but after that there is a very small
difference. In case of vof 5%, the effect of Nozzle to plate height is observed
throughout the length of the flat plate.

Fig .a Fig .b

Fig7.Heat transfer coefficient at different Nozzle to plate space

4 Conclusion

Mist addition causes the substantial increase of heat transfer rate (several times)
compared with single-phase air jet impingement due to thin boundary layer generation
on surface. By increasing droplet diameter, the heat transfer coefficients can also be
increased.

Variation in plate temperature has no effect on the heat transfer coefficient.

The effect of Nozzle to plate spacing is distinctly observed. The heat transfer
coefficient increases with decreased in nozzle to plate spacing.
Nomenclature

S Slot width, m
h Slot height from plate, m
X Length of the plate, m
q// Heat flux, (W/m2)
H Heat transfer coefficient, (W/m2K)
Tw Temperature of plate, K
Tj Temperature of jet, K
U Average velocity, m/s
K turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s2
P pressure, pa
D Diameter of droplet, m
N Component
I Mass transfer rate, Kg/s
i,j,k Indices
g Gravitational acceleration, m/s2
F Interactive force per unit volume, N/m3
Q Rate of heat transfer per unit mass, W/Kg
W Rate of work done per unit mass, J/kg
E Total internal energy per unit mass, J/kg
TI Turbulence intensity
D0 Diameter of the jet, m
T Temperature of the jet, K
e* Total internal energy per unit mass
vof Volume fraction

Greek Symbols
 Dynamic viscosity, Pas
 Mass density, kg/m3
α Volume fraction
ε Turbulent Dissipation Rate, m2/s3
 Specific Dissipation Rate,
 kinematic viscosity,
σc Phase stress tensor, Pa
 Dynamic viscosity, Pa. s
 Mass density, kg/m3

Notations
∂/∂t Partial derivative
∂/∂x
Non-dimensional Numbers
ReS Reynolds number, [US/]

References
[1] Robert Gardon, J. CahitAkfirat, Heat Transfer Characteristics of impinging two dimensional
jets, Transactions of the ASME, February (1966).
[2] V. Narayanan a, J. Seyed-Yagoobi, R.H. Page, An experimental study of fluid mechanics
and heat transfer in an impinging slot jet flow, Int. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 47 (2004)
1827–1845
[3] Rabijit Dutta, Anupam Dewan, Balaji Srinivasan, Comparison of various integration to wall
(ITW) RANS models for predicting turbulent slot jet impingement heat transfer, Int. Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 65 (2013) 750–764
[4] Jiang Zhe, Vijay Modi, Near Wall Measurements for a Turbulent Impinging Slot Jet,
Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 123, MARCH 2001
[5] M.A. Pakhomov, V.I. Terekhov, Enhancement of an impingement heat transfer between
turbulent mist jet and flat surface, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53 (2010)
3156–3165.
[6] C. Quinn, D.B. Murray, T. Persoons, Heat transfer behaviour of a dilute impinging air water
mist jet at low wall temperatures, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 11(2017)
1234-1249
[7] Kim.J., Spray cooling heat transfer: The state of art, International Journal of Heat and fluid
Flow 28 (2007) 753-767
[8] Brennen C.E., Fundamentals of Multiphase Flows, Cambridge University Press 2005, ISBN
0521848040
[9] OpenFOAM User Guide version [5.0] (2017