READING AND

WRITING
Fundamentals
of Writing
A composition can either be
a PARAGRAPH or an ESSAY.
A paragraph is a group of
interrelated sentences that talk about
one main idea.
An essay is a group of paragraphs
that talk about one central idea.
Below are the differences between the
two.
Paragraph VS Essay
PARAGRAPH
Major Parts of a Paragraph

TOPIC SENTENCE- the central idea

of the paragraph; it can be a
stand or a comment, an objective
statement, or a question
Major Parts of a Paragraph
SUPPORTING DETAILS- sentences that
clarify and prove the main idea

COHESIVE DEVICES- transitional

devices, pronouns, or repetition
of ideas used in order for all of
the sentences to be linked
properly
Major Parts of a Paragraph

CLOSING SENTENCE-
concludes the details that
have been presented
 Read and
identify the parts
of the
paragraph.
 In their book, Wilbert Mckeachie and Marilla Svinicki
described four types of challenging students. The first
type is composed of the attention-seeking, discussion-
dominating students who want to be heard. The second
type is comprised of the inattentive students who doodle
and drift off during class discussions. They often stare
into their cell phones and chat with their classmates
during the lecture. The third type is composed of the
unprepared students who are characterized as the ones
who skip doing their assignments prior to the class. They
do not have pens or paper even when they know that they
are scheduled to take their quizzes and exams.
The last type of challenging students includes the uncivil
and disrespectful ones who display rude behaviors.
Knowing these types of challenging students would help
teachers manage these behaviors constructively.
ESSAY
I. Introduction
A. Lead or Attention-getter
B. Transitional Statement
C. Thesis Statement
II. Body
A. Major Point 1
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
B. Major Point 2
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
C. Major Point 3
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
III. Conclusion
A. Restatement of thesis statement
B. Transitional statement/Reiteration of purpose,
benefit, and recommendation
C. Closing statement
INTRODUCTION
I. Introduction
A. Lead or Attention-getter
B. Transitional Statement
C. Thesis Statement
A lead or attention-getter is the first
statement in the essay which aims to
hook the readers.
This is followed by transitional statement
or the sentence which links the lead to
the thesis statement.
The last part of the introduction is the
thesis statement which states the main
idea or argument of the essay.
 Transitional Paragraph
In some cases, a paragraph
that does not directly provide
support to a thesis statement is
included in an essay. It is called a
transitional paragraph. Its major
function is to bridge one
paragraph to another.
BODY
II. Body
A. Major Point 1
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
B. Major Point 2
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
C. Major Point 3
1. Minor Detail 1
2. Minor Detail 2
 Body
The body is the meat of the essay.
It discusses the thesis statement in
detail through its paragraphs. This is
where the topic is developed and
where the arguments are laid out
and discussed.
CONCLUSION
 Conclusion
The concluding paragraph begins with
the restatement of the thesis statement
using a different structure and wording
to uphold the language style. This part is
followed by a transitional statement
that talks about the recommendations,
benefits of ideas presented, or purpose
of writing the essay. Finally, a closing
statement is used to wrap up the essay.
One strategy used for ending an essay
with a bang is to link it to the attention-
getter in the introduction.
THANK YOU!