Introduction to P&ID Reading

and Design
Process Engineering

 Process engineering is often a synonym of

chemical engineering.
 It focuses on design, operation and
maintenance of chemical and material
manufacturing processes.
 Process engineering also involves developing
new processes, project engineering and
Process troubleshooting.
Services in Process Engineering
 Process conceptual and feasibility study
 Process project scope definition
 Process design, evaluation and modification
 PFD and P&ID development
 Process modeling and simulation
 Process equipment sizing and selection
 Process safety analysis
 Process troubleshooting
Applications of Process Engineering
 Chemical plants
 Biotech plants
 Crude oil refineries
 Fertilizer production
 Oil & gas processing
 Food processing
 Pharmaceutical manufacturers
 Pulp paper mills
 Mineral processing
 Water treatment plants
 Nuclear power plants
 ......
Type of Flow Diagrams
in Process Engineering
 Mass Flow Diagram
 Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
Also known as Information Flow Diagram
 Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
 Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) Also
known as Mechanical Flow Diagram (MFD).
 Utility Flow Diagram
This is a type of P&ID for common plant utilities
(steam, utility air, fuel oil, etc.)
An Example of Block Flow Diagram (BFD)
Diluent NHT

Kerosene
CDU DHT
Diluted Diesel Upgrader
Bitumen Naphtha Sour Gas

LVGO
HC SCO
HVGO
VDU
Treating FG (upgrader)

Naphtha
Diesel SRU Sulfur
SDA DAO
EB
GO
Gasifier H 2S

H2 (upgrader)
Pitch
GSFR Syn Gas

 Composed of only blocks (rectangles) and straight lines

 Each block represents one or more unit operations
 The lines represent the major process flow streams (material/
energy flows)
Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
 A PFD is a schematic representation of a process using
symbols to illustrate major operation units and major
process flow lines.
 A PFD also tabulates process design values for the
streams in different operating modes (minimum, normal
and maximum).
 A PFD is typically the first drawing developed for a
process, often in the pre-conceptual or conceptual
design phase.
What should be included in a PFD
 A PFD should include:
 Major equipment (symbols, names and identification #)

 Main process piping and flow direction

 Operating pressure and temperature

 Major bypass and recirculation lines

 Major control and instrumentation (optional)

 A PFD should not include:

 Pipe line numbers

 Minor components and minor bypass lines

 Isolation and shutoff valves

 Maintenance vents and drains

 Relief and safety valves

 Code class information

A Sample of PFD
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
– Scope
 It is a detailed symbolic representation of
process interconnection, including all equipment,
piping, and instrumentation.
 All items are identified using a standard
numbering system.
 It should be developed at the Basic Engineering
stage.
 It is the basis for all Detail Engineering work in
plant design.
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
– Synonyms
 Process and instrument diagram (P&ID) √
 Piping and Instrument diagram (P&ID) √
 Mechanical flow diagram (MFD)
 Engineering flow diagram (EFD)
 Piping and wiring diagram (P&WD)
 Pipe and identification diagram (P&ID)
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
– Multidisciplinary
 Technical contents of P&IDs rely on multi-
disciplines:
 Process
 Mechanical
 Piping
 Control and Instrumentation
 Plant Operation
P&ID – Classification
 Process P&ID
 Define on-plot process unit design, as well as off-plot tankage and
shipping systems
 Utility Plant P&ID
 Define utility units such as cooling towers, air compressors, boilers,
unit drain collection systems, fire water systems, and water
treatment plants.
 Utility Distribution P&ID
 Show the distribution of utilities within a given process. Valving and
instrumentation on piping are shown for main headers up to and
including branch root valves.
 Interconnecting (Rack) P&ID
 They are the connecting link between individual process, utility plant,
and utility distribution P&IDs. They are usually prepared for the
offsite pipe racks and link the various process and utility plants.
 Vendor P&ID
 Prepared for systems that support major equipment packages.
Piping & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID)
– Format
 There are no universal format to be used in
developing P&IDs.
 The P&ID formats vary with industry segments and
contractors.
 In reality, every industrial company that develops or
uses P&IDs has its unique formats/guidelines for
P&IDs.
 The P&ID preparation should follow the formats from
individual clients.
 The P&ID formats are similar for different companies
in the same industry.
Two Key Elements in P&IDs
 Piping:
 Physical elements that interconnect equipment and process flow.
 In different sizes, normally expressed as nominal sizes
 In different materials. The most common material is carbon steel.
Other metals, such as various grades of stainless steel, and
plastic materials, such as PVC, Teflon, are also used.
 With thermal insulation, if required.
 Instrumentation
 Devices used to measure, control, and monitor the process
variables. These variables can be flowrate, temperature,
pressure, liquid level, viscosity, and others.
 Control valves and relief valves are also an important part of the
instrumentation.
Relationship between PFD and P&ID
 For a process, a PFD is a simple representation, while a P&ID
is a definitive and comprehensive representation.
 A PFD shows major equipment and major process lines, while
a P&ID shows all equipment and all process lines.
 A PFD shows major operating conditions (flow, temperature
and pressure), while a P&ID shows piping, valves and
instruments that monitor and control the process.
 P&IDs are more important in the design process, but PFDs
provide a basis for P&IDs development.
 PFDs and P&IDs use the same symbols and formats.
What should be included in a P&ID?
 All equipment with names and identification numbers
 Piping with flow direction and line numbers (pipe specifications
and line sizes are included in line numbers)
 All valves
 All instrumentation with controlling devices and signal inputs and
outputs
 Interconnection references (from one P&ID to another P&ID)
 Miscellaneous – vents, drains, special fittings, sample lines, and
reducers
 Permanent start-up and flush lines
 Interfaces for class changes
 Vendor and contractor interfaces
 Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others
 Intended physical sequence of the equipment
What should not be included in a P&ID?

 Manual switches
 Equipment rating or capacity
 Pressure, temperature and flow data
 Supplier package piping which is internal to the
package and has no operational interface
 Elbows, tees and similar standard pipe fittings
 Extensive explanatory notes
 Physical details and dimensions
 Piping connections and type (e.g. threaded, flanged,
etc.)
Basic Steps for P&ID Preparation
 Show all equipments with necessary piping to carry out
the process
 Show all connecting process piping necessary to carry
out the process
 Show all other piping required for auxiliaries
 Show all required valves and major non-standard fittings
 Show all required instruments and control loops
 Mark size, fluid code, material code & identification
numbers of all pipe lines
 Mark interlock numbers as per interlock description
 Review P&ID considering all operational, startup
/shutdown, safety, maintenance & aesthetic aspects
Three Key Types of Symbols in P&IDs

 Equipment symbols:
Process operation units for mass transfer, heat
transfer, momentum transfer and chemical reaction

 Piping symbols:
Relevant to pipe, valves, and connections

 Instrumentation symbols:
Sensing, monitoring and controlling

The symbology follows the ISA standard ANSI/ISA-

5.1-1984 (R1992).
Equipment Symbols in P&IDs
 Pumps
 Compressors
 Fans & blowers
 Mixers & agitators
 Conveyors & feeders and other material handling
 Separation equipment (liquid-liquid, liquid-gas, liquid-solid,
gas-solid, gas-gas)
 Tanks & drums (storage)
 Heat exchangers
 Heating & cooling elements
 Reactors
 Turbines, generators and motors
 Transportation equipment
Examples of Equipment Symbols
Piping Symbols in P&IDs
 Process flow lines (often combined with signal
lines for instrumentation)
 Valves
 P&ID connectors
 Reducers/Increasers
 Caps
 Connections
 In-line items
 Fire and safety
 Miscellaneous labels
Examples of Piping Symbols
Instrumentation Symbols in P&IDs
 General instrument or function symbols
 Signals and lines
 Sensors (four basic instrument groups)
 Temperature (T)

 Pressure (P)

 Flowrate (F)

 Level (L)

 Self-actuated devices
 Pressure (regulators, relief/safety valves)

 Temperature, flow, and level (regulators)

 Valve actuators
 Pneumatic & electric (solenoid, diaphragm, cylinder,
motor, etc.)
 With & without positioners
 Miscellaneous labels
Signal/Line Symbols



Some Sensor & Control Valve Symbols
Exercise: Identification of P&ID Symbols
 General Instrument Symbols
Instrument Location
 Solid line: Control room panel
 No line: Field
 Double solid: Remote panel
 Dash line: Behind panel in control room
 Double dash line: Behind remote panel
Instrument Symbol
 A circle -- individual measurement
instruments such as transmitters,
sensors, and detectors for pressure,
temperature, flow, level
 A square with a circle inside --
instruments that both display
measurement readings and perform
some control function (e.g. DCS
connection and control)
 A hexagon -- computer functions.
 A square with a diamond -- PLC
(Programmable Logic Control)
functions.
 Instrument Identification – Tag Number
 Instrument symbols should contain
letters and numbers.
Examples of Instrument #

 The letters indicate the instrument

type, and the numbers identify the PI PI PI
control loop. 217 217 217
 Usually 2 or 3 letters are used.
a b c
 The first letter identifies the
measured or initiating variable, a. Pressure indicator, Loop 217,
 The second is a modifier, located in the field.
b. Pressure indicator, Loop 217, on
 The remaining letters identify the
control panel, located in the
function.
control room.
 Normally a plant # should be c. Pressure indicator, Loop 217,
prefixed to the Tag#. signal to DCS.
 e.g. 265-PI217 (265 is a plant #)
Instrument Identification Letters
First Letter Succeeding Letters
Measured or Initiating Modifier Readout or Passive Output Function Modifier
Variable Function
A Analysis Alarm
B Burner, Combustion User’s Choice User’s Choice User’s Choice
C User’s Choice Control
D User’s Choice Differential
E Voltage Sensory (Primary)
F Flow Rate Ratio
G User’s Choice Glass, Viewing Device
H Hand High
I Current Indicate
J Power Scan
K Time Time Rate of Change Control Station
L Level Light Low
M User’s Choice Momentary Middle
N User’s Choice User’s Choice User’s Choice User’s Choice
O User’s Choice Orifice
P Pressure, Vacuum Test Point
Q Quantity Integrate, Totalize
R Radiation Record
S Speed, Frequency Safety Switch
T Temperature Transmit
U Multivariable Multifunction Multifunction Multifunction
V Vibration, mechanical analysis
W Weight, Force Well
X Unclassified x-axis Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified
Y Event, State or presence y-axis Relay, Compute, Convert
Z Position, Dimension z-axis Driver, Actuator
Some Combinations of Instrument Letters
PC Pressure controller TA Temperature alarm

PI Pressure indicator TI Temperature indicator

PT Pressure transmitter TR Temperature recorder

PR Pressure recorder TY Temperature I/P converter

PY Pressure converter TW Temperature well

PIC Pressure indicating controller TIC Temperature indicating controller

PRC Pressure recording controller TRC Temperature recording controller

Pressure safety valve/
PSV TCV Temperature control valve
Pressure relief valve
PCV Pressure control valve
I/P: Current to Pneumatic.
Some Combinations of Instrument Letters
FA Flow alarm LA Level alarm

FE Flow element LAH Level alarm high

FI Flow indicator LAL Level alarm low

FR Flow recorder LC Level controller

FT Flow transmitter LG Level glass

FY Flow I/P converter LI Level indicator

FF Flow ratio LIC Level indicating controller

FCV Flow control valve LRC Level recording controller

FRC Flow recording controller LCV Level control valve

A Control Loop Example in P&ID
 FT123: field-mounted flow transmitter
 FIC123: panel-mounted flow indicating
controller located in a shared
control/display device
 TY123: temperature I/P converter
located in an inaccessible location
 TT123: filed-mounted temperature
transmitter
 TIC123: field-mounted temperature
indicating controller. Its output is
connected via an internal software or
data link to the setpoint (SP) of
FIC123.
 YIC123: an event indicating controller.
All inputs and outputs are wired to a
PLC accessible to the operator. YIC
typically indicates a controlled on/off
valve.
Rules of Thumb in P&ID Design
 P&IDs are typically developed from PFDs, so that understanding
the designed process is a key basis for P&ID design.
 P&IDs do not have a drawing scale and usually present only the
functional relationship, not the relative physical locations of
components.
 P&IDs are done in a “single line” format that represents all piping
and ductwork as a single line regardless of size.
 P&IDs should be specific to one system only, i.e. no more than one
system should be shown on a single diagram.
 P&IDs should be configured such that major flow should generally
be from left to right and from top to bottom, if possible. Primary
flow paths should not suffer major changes in directions on P&IDs.
 P&IDs should start simple and then be enhanced in several
revisions to address the real process by various disciplines.
 Following the style from the existing P&IDs for the same client.
Line Designation (Line Number) in P&IDs
 Line # is required for piping in P&IDs
 Position of the line #: normally above piping lines
 Different formats of line # for different companies
 A line # contains the following basic information:
 Plant #
 Commodity symbol
 Line serial #
 Piping/Line size
 Piping/Line class (optional)
 An example: 6N1-4”-CA2B
Plant 6, Nitrogen line 1, 4” pipe, piping class – CA2B
Styles for Flow Direction in P&IDs
1. Flow arrow at each turning point 2. Flow arrow at the end of each line

3. Flow arrow at the middle of each line

Valve Status for Bypass Lines
 It’s better to mark the valve status on the bypass
lines including safety relief lines:
 NC – Normal Closed
 NO – Normal Open
 CSC – Car Seal Closed
 CSO – Car Seal Open
 LC – Lock Closed
 LO – Lock Open
 Relief valves need to indicate their set pressures
 e.g. SET @125 PSIG
Accompanying Deliverables from P&IDs
 Equipment List
 Line List (Line Designation Table - LDT)
 Valve List
 Instrument List
 Tie-In List
A Tie-in List shall be issued indicating the extent of the Vendor package battery limits
each time a P&ID issue is made starting with IFA. For plant modification, the tie-in
point is the point where from process or utility is connected in the existing systems.
 “Holds” List
A "Holds" list must be issued each time a P&ID issue is made starting with IFD. The
"Hold" indicates where the information used as input to the P&ID is preliminary and
the item is used with risk in the downstream design.
 Revision list
A Revision List defines the changes made in the design so that appropriate action
can be taken to accommodate those changes. A Revision List must accompany any
issue of P&IDs after IFH if the changes are too extensive to be distinguished in the
revision box and by clouding.
(IFA - Issued for Approval, IFD - Issued for Design, IFH - Issued for HAZOP)
“As-Built” P&IDs
 When there are modifications done in construction,
commissioning, qualification, or at any other time after the
facility has been validated and operating, the P&ID must be
modified to indicate the latest information.
 Frequently these modifications arise from construction,
post-construction, and C&Q walk-downs prior to the
system turn-over from IQ, OQ and PQ.
 All changes must be processed through the Quality
Management System (QMS).
 All changes on a P&ID must be bubbled, signed and dated.
 Often a new revision number should be assigned to a “As-
Built” P&ID.
Software for Developing P&IDs
 AutoPLANT P&ID – AutoCAD-based (Bentley)
 PlantSpace P&ID – MicroStation-based (Bentley)
 SmartPlant P&ID – Able to convert AutoCAD or
MicroStation based P&ID to SmartPlant P&ID
(Intergraph)
 CADWorx P&ID – AutoCAD-based (CodeCAD Inc.)
 AutoCAD P&ID – AutoCAD-based (Autodesk)
 CADPIPE P&ID – AutoCAD-based (AEC Design Group)
 AutoFLOW – AutoCAD-based (PROCAD)
 HexaCAD P&ID – (Hexagon Software)
AutoCAD P&ID 2007
for Developing P&IDs
1. Industry standard P&ID symbols
2. Dynamic process and signal lines
3. Dynamic components
4. Report and list generation
5. Import and export to MS Excel
6. Tag generation and uniqueness
7. Search and edit using a spreadsheet interface
8. Easy symbol creation and substitution
9. Review and approve data edits
http://www.autodesk.com/us/autocadpid/interactiveoverview2008/index.html