Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
DEGREE PROGRAM BSEE II COURSE NO. ELCE03

SPECIALIZATION Electrical COURSE TITLE ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS FOR EE
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 36 hours WK NO. 3 - 12 IM NO.
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transforms
II. LESSON CONTENT
1. Definition of Laplace Transform

2. Properties of Laplace Transforms
3. Inverse Laplace Transforms
4. Application of Laplace Transform to Differential Equations
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This lesson starts with a review of the Laplace transform and inverse Laplace transform of functions.
This includes the use of Laplace and inverse Laplace transformation in solving higher order differential
equations and systems of linear differential equations.
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. solve the Laplace transform of any continuous function;

2. solve the inverse Laplace transform of any continuous function;
3. utilize the Gamma function to identify the factorial of any number (whole or fraction); and,
4. apply Laplace and inverse Laplace transformation to find a solution to a differential equation.
V. LESSON CONTENT
DEFINITION
Let 𝑓(𝑡) be a given function which is defined for all positive values of 𝑡. The Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) is
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

0
where 𝑠 is either real or complex.
𝐹(𝑠) is called the Laplace Transform of the original function 𝑓(𝑡), and will be denoted by ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)}. ℒ is
called the Laplace transformation operator.
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

0
TRANSFORM OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

The Laplace transform of some elementary functions are shown on the table below.
𝒇(𝒕) 𝑭(𝒔) = 𝓛{𝒇(𝒕)}

1
1) 1
𝑠
1
2) 𝑡
𝑠2
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educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution”
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2!
3) 𝑡2
𝑠3
𝑡𝑛 𝑛!
4)
(𝑛 = 1,2, … ) 𝑠𝑛+1
1
5) 𝑒 ±𝑎𝑡
𝑠∓𝑎
𝑠
6) cos 𝑏𝑡
𝑠 + 𝑏2
2
𝑏
7) sin 𝑏𝑡
𝑠 + 𝑏2
2
𝑠
8) cosh 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 − 𝑎2
2
𝑎
9) sinh 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 − 𝑎2
2
PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
1. Linearity Property
Thm. If 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants while 𝑓1 (𝑡) and 𝑓2 (𝑡) are functions whose Laplace transforms
exist, then
ℒ{𝑎 𝑓1 (𝑡) ± 𝑏 𝑓2 (𝑡)} = 𝑎 ℒ{𝑓1 (𝑡)} ± 𝑏 ℒ{𝑓2 (𝑡)}
Example 2.1 Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 8𝑡 2 + 1.
Solution:
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑡 3 − 8𝑡 2 + 1}
Applying linearity property
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑡 3 } − 8 ℒ{𝑡 2 } + ℒ{1}
From the table,
3! 2! 1
ℒ{𝑡 3 } = ℒ{𝑡 2 } = ℒ{1} =
𝑠 3+1 𝑠2+1 𝑠
Thus,
6 2 1
𝐹(𝑠) = 4 − 8 ( 3) +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
6 16 1
𝐹(𝑠) = 4 − 3 +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
6 − 16(𝑠) + 𝑠3
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠4
3
𝑠 − 16𝑠 + 6
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠4
2. First Shifting Property

Thm. If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) when 𝑠 > 𝑎, then
ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎)
Given any function 𝑓(𝑡) with 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 multiplied to it, the Laplace transform can be achieved using the first
shifting property of Laplace transforms using the following steps:
i. Separate 𝑓(𝑡) from 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (that is, the rest of the given function excluding 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 );
ii. Get the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡), which will yield to 𝐹(𝑠);
iii. Finally, subtract 𝑎 (found at the exponent of 𝑒) from all 𝑠 in step ii.
Example 2.2 Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 − sin2 𝑡.
Solution:
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ℒ{2𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 − sin2 𝑡}
𝐹(𝑠) = 2 ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 } − ℒ{sin2 𝑡}
Applying first shifting property on the first term, remember that
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ℒ{𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑞(𝑡)} = 𝑄(𝑠 − 𝑎)
Step i. “Separate 𝑞(𝑡) from 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (that is, the rest of the given function excluding 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 )”
From the given function

𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2
𝑞(𝑡) is
𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑡 2
and 𝑎 is
𝑎 = −1
Step ii. “Get the Laplace transform of 𝑞(𝑡), which will yield to 𝑄(𝑠)”
𝑄(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑞(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑡 2 }
2!
𝑄(𝑠) = 2+1
𝑠
2
𝑄(𝑠) = 3
𝑠
Step iii. “Finally, subtract 𝑎 (found at the exponent of 𝑒) from all 𝑠 in step ii”
𝑄(𝑠 − 𝑎) = 𝑄(𝑠 − (−1)) = 𝑄(𝑠 + 1)
2
𝑄(𝑠 + 1) =
(𝑠 + 1)3
Substituting this in 𝐹(𝑠)

𝐹(𝑠) = 2 ℒ{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2 } − ℒ{sin2 𝑡}
2
𝐹(𝑠) = 2 ( ) − ℒ{sin2 𝑡}
(𝑠 + 1)3
4
𝐹(𝑠) = − ℒ{sin2 𝑡}
(𝑠 + 1)3
Find an identity for sin2 𝑡

1
sin2 𝑡 = (1 − cos 2𝑡)
2
Substitute this identity in 𝐹(𝑠)
4 1
𝐹(𝑠) = − ℒ { (1 − cos 2𝑡)}
(𝑠 + 1)3 2
4 1
𝐹(𝑠) = − ℒ{(1 − cos 2𝑡)}
(𝑠 + 1)3 2
Applying linearity property on the second term
4 1 1
𝐹(𝑠) = 3 − ℒ{1} + ℒ{cos 2𝑡}
(𝑠 + 1) 2 2
4 1 1 1 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = 3 − [ ]+ [ 2 ]
(𝑠 + 1) 2 𝑠 2 𝑠 + (2)2
4 1 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = 3 − + 2
(𝑠 + 1) 2𝑠 2(𝑠 + 4)
3. Second Shifting Property

Thm. If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) and
𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎), 𝑡 > 𝑎
𝑔(𝑡) = {
0 𝑡<𝑎
then
ℒ{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
Given a conditional function 𝑔(𝑡), the Laplace transform can be achieved using the second shifting
property of Laplace transforms using the following steps:
i. From 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎), change it into 𝑓(𝑡) by adding 𝑎 to all (𝑡 − 𝑎);
ii. Get the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) – this will yield to 𝐹(𝑠);
iii. Finally, multiply 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 (𝑎 is found from 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎)).
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Example 2.3 Find the Laplace transform of

(𝑡 − 1)2 , 𝑡 > 1
𝑔(𝑡) = {
0, 𝑡<1
Solution:
Let us solve the Laplace transform of the given function considering the given steps.
Remember that
ℒ{𝑔(𝑡)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠)
given that
𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎), 𝑡 > 𝑎
𝑔(𝑡) = {
0 𝑡<𝑎
Step i: “From 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎), change it into 𝑓(𝑡) by adding 𝑎 to all (𝑡 − 𝑎)”
From the given function, 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) is

𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) = (𝑡 − 1)2
and 𝑎 is
𝑎=1
Thus, 𝑓(𝑡) is
𝑓(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 1 + 1)2
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2
Step ii: “Get the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) – this will yield to 𝐹(𝑠)”
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑡 2 }
2!
𝐹(𝑠) = 2+1
𝑠
2
𝐹(𝑠) = 3
𝑠
Step iii: “Finally, multiply 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 (𝑎 is found from 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎))”

2
𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑒 −(1)𝑠 [ 3 ]
𝑠
2𝑒 −𝑠
𝐺(𝑠) = 3
𝑠
4. Change of Scale Property

Thm. If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), then
1 𝑠
ℒ{𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐹( )
𝑎 𝑎
Given any function 𝑓(𝑎𝑡), the Laplace transform can be achieved using the change of scale property
of Laplace transforms using the following steps:
i. From 𝑓(𝑎𝑡), change it into 𝑓(𝑡) by dividing all 𝑎𝑡 by 𝑎;
iii. Divide all 𝑠 in step ii by 𝑎;
iv. Finally, multiply 1/𝑎 is step iii.
−1
𝑒 𝑠
Example 2.4 If ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = , find ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)}.
𝑠
Solution:
Remember that
1 𝑠
ℒ{𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = 𝐹( )
𝑎 𝑎
It is given that
−1
𝑒 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} =
𝑠
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Since from
ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)}
the independent variable is scaled by
𝑎=3
thus,
1 𝑠
ℒ{𝑓(𝑎𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)} = 𝐹 ( )
3 3
−1
𝑠
1 𝑒3
ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)} = 𝑠
3
3
( )
3
(−1)⋅( )
1 𝑒 𝑠
ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)} = ⋅ 𝑠
3
3
−3
1 𝑒𝑠
ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)} = ⋅ 𝑠
3
3
1 −3 3
ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)} = ⋅ 𝑒 𝑠 ⋅
3 𝑠
−3
𝑒 𝑠
ℒ{𝑓(3𝑡)} =
𝑠
5. Multiplication by power of 𝒕
𝑑 (𝑛)
ℒ{𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)} = (−1)𝑛 × {𝐹(𝑠)}
𝑑𝑠 (𝑛)
Given any function 𝑓(𝑡) with 𝑡 𝑛 multiplied to it, the Laplace transform can be achieved using the
following steps:
i. Separate 𝑓(𝑡) from 𝑡 𝑛 (that is, the rest of the given function excluding 𝑡 𝑛 );
iii. Get the 𝑛th derivative of 𝐹(𝑠) with respect to 𝑠;
iv. Finally, multiply (−1)𝑛 .
Example 2.5 Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 cos 3𝑡.
Solution:
Step i: “Separate 𝑞(𝑡) from 𝑡 𝑛 (that is, the rest of the given function excluding 𝑡 𝑛 )”
From the given function,

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 𝑛 𝑞(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 cos 3𝑡
𝑞(𝑡) is
𝑞(𝑡) = cos 3𝑡
and 𝑛 is
𝑛=2
Step ii: “Get the Laplace transform of 𝑞(𝑡), which will yield to 𝑄(𝑠)”
𝑄(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑞(𝑡)} = ℒ{cos 3𝑡}
𝑠
𝑄(𝑠) = 2
𝑠 + (3)2
𝑠
𝑄(𝑠) = 2
𝑠 +9
Step iii: “Get the 𝑛th derivative of 𝑄(𝑠) with respect to 𝑠”

𝑑 (𝑛) 𝑑2 𝑠
(𝑛)
𝑄(𝑠) = 2 { 2 }
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 9
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𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑 𝑑 𝑠
{ }= { [ ]}
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑠2 + 9
2 𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑 (𝑠 + 9) 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠) − (𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 + 9)
{ }= { }
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 + 9)2
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑 (𝑠2 + 9)(1) − 𝑠(2𝑠)
{ } = { }
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 + 9)2
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑 𝑠2 + 9 − 2𝑠2
{ } = { }
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 + 9)2
𝑑2 𝑠 𝑑 −𝑠2 + 9
{ } = { }
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠2 + 9)2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑2 𝑠 (𝑠2 + 9)2 (−𝑠2 + 9) − (−𝑠2 + 9) {(𝑠2 + 9)2 }
{ }= 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 [(𝑠2 + 9)2 ]2
2 (𝑠 + 9) (−2𝑠) − (−𝑠2 + 9)(2)(𝑠2 + 9)(2𝑠)
2 2
𝑑 𝑠
{ } =
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 (𝑠2 + 9)4
𝑑 2 𝑠 −2𝑠(𝑠 + 9)[(𝑠 + 9) + 2(−𝑠2 + 9)]
2 2
{ } =
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 (𝑠2 + 9)4
2
𝑑 𝑠 −2𝑠[(𝑠 + 9) + 2(−𝑠2 + 9)]
2
{ } =
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 (𝑠2 + 9)3
2
𝑑 𝑠 −2𝑠(𝑠 + 9 − 2𝑠2 + 18)
2
{ } =
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 (𝑠2 + 9)3
2
𝑑 𝑠 −2𝑠(−𝑠2 + 27)
{ } =
𝑑𝑠 2 𝑠2 + 9 (𝑠2 + 9)3
Step iv: “Finally, multiply (−1)𝑛 ”

𝑑𝑛
𝐹(𝑠) = (−1)𝑛 {𝑄(𝑠)}
𝑑𝑠 𝑛
2
𝑑 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = (−1)2 2 { 2 }
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 + 9
−2𝑠(−𝑠2 + 27)
𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠2 + 9)3
2𝑠(𝑠2 − 27)
𝐹(𝑠) =
(𝑠2 + 9)3
6. Division by 𝒕
∞
𝑓(𝑡)
ℒ{ } = ∫ 𝐹(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
𝑠
Given any function 𝑓(𝑡) that is divided by 𝑡, the Laplace transform can be achieved using the following
steps:
i. From 𝑓(𝑡)/𝑡, change it to 𝑓(𝑡) by multiplying it with 𝑡;
iii. Change 𝐹(𝑠) into 𝐹(𝑢) by substituting 𝑢 to all 𝑠.
iv. Finally, integrate 𝐹(𝑢) with respect to 𝑢, limits from 𝑠 to ∞.

sin2 𝑡
𝑔(𝑡) =
𝑡
Solution:
Take note that
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∞
𝑓(𝑡)
𝐺(𝑠) = ℒ { } = ∫ 𝐹(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
𝑠
given that
𝑓(𝑡)
𝑔(𝑡) =
𝑡
Step i: “From 𝑓(𝑡)/𝑡, change it to 𝑓(𝑡) by multiplying it with 𝑡”
From the given equation,

sin2 𝑡
𝑔(𝑡) =
𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) is
𝑓(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡
Step ii: “Get the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡), which will yield to 𝐹(𝑠)”
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ℒ{sin2 𝑡}
2
Finding an identity for sin 𝑡
1
sin2 𝑡 = (1 − cos 2𝑡)
2
and substituting it to the equation,
1
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ { (1 − cos 2𝑡)}
2
1
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{1 − cos 2𝑡}
2
1 1
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{1} − ℒ{cos 2𝑡}
2 2
1 1 1 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = [ ] − [ 2 ]
2 𝑠 2 𝑠 + (2)2
1 𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = − 2
2𝑠 2(𝑠 + 4)
Step iii: “Change 𝐹(𝑠) into 𝐹(𝑢) by substituting 𝑢 to all 𝑠”

1 𝑢
𝐹(𝑢) = − 2
2𝑢 2(𝑢 + 4)
Step iv: “Finally, integrate 𝐹(𝑢) with respect to 𝑢, limits from 𝑠 to ∞”

∞
𝐺(𝑠) = ∫ 𝐹(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑠
∞
1 𝑢
𝐺(𝑠) = ∫ ( − 2 ) 𝑑𝑢
2𝑢 2(𝑢 + 4)
𝑠
∞ ∞
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐺(𝑠) = ∫ − ∫ 2
2 𝑢 2 𝑢 +4
𝑠 𝑠
Before evaluating the integral, remember that the infinite limits must first be substituted
with something measurable, and then, later on, take the limits as it approaches ∞. That
is,
𝑀 𝑀
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝐺(𝑠) = lim { ∫ − ∫ 2 }
𝑀→∞ 2 𝑢 2 𝑢 +4
𝑠 𝑠
Let
𝑥 = 𝑢2 + 4
𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
2
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and the limits of integration
𝑦𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢2 + 4 = 𝑀2 + 4 ≅ 𝑀
𝑦𝑙 = 𝑢𝑙2 + 4 = 𝑠 2 + 4
Then,
𝑀 𝑀 1
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐺(𝑠) = lim { ∫ − ∫ 2 }
𝑀→∞ 2 𝑢 2 𝑥
𝑠 𝑠 4 +4
𝑀 𝑀
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐺(𝑠) = lim { ∫ − ∫ }
𝑀→∞ 2 𝑢 4 𝑥
𝑠 𝑠 2 +4
1 1 𝑥=𝑀
𝐺(𝑠) = lim { [ln|𝑢|]𝑢=𝑀
𝑢=𝑠 − [ln|𝑥|]𝑥=𝑠 2 +4 }
𝑀→∞ 2 4
1 1
𝐺(𝑠) = lim { [ln|𝑀| − ln|𝑠|] − [ln|𝑀| − ln|𝑠 2 + 4|]}
𝑀→∞ 2 4
1 1 1 1
𝐺(𝑠) = lim { ln|𝑀| − ln|𝑠| − ln|𝑀| + ln|𝑠 2 + 4|}
𝑀→∞ 2 2 4 4
𝐺(𝑠) = lim {− ln|𝑠|1/2 + ln|𝑠2 + 4|1/4 }
𝑀→∞
(𝑠2 + 4)1/4
𝐺(𝑠) = lim {ln | |}
𝑀→∞ 𝑠1/2
(𝑠2 + 4)1/4
𝐺(𝑠) = lim {ln | |}
𝑀→∞ (𝑠2 )1/4
4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐺(𝑠) = lim {ln | √ 2 |}
𝑀→∞ 𝑠
4 𝑠2 + 4
𝐺(𝑠) = ln | √ 2 |
𝑠
1 𝑠2 + 4
𝐺(𝑠) = ln | 2 |
4 𝑠
7. Laplace Transforms of Derivatives

The Laplace transform of the first derivative of any function is
ℒ{𝑓 ′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑓(0)
The Laplace transform of the second derivative of any function is
ℒ{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠2 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑠 𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′ (0)
The Laplace transform of the third derivative any function is
ℒ{𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠 3 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑠2 𝑓(0) − 𝑠 𝑓 ′ (0) − 𝑓 ′′ (0)
In general, the Laplace transform of the 𝑛th derivative of any function is
ℒ{𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑡)} = 𝑠𝑛 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑠𝑛−1 𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑛−2 𝑓 ′ (0) − ⋯ − 𝑠 𝑓 (𝑛−2) (0) − 𝑓 (𝑛−1) (0)
The Laplace Transforms of Derivatives property can be utilized in solving higher order derivatives.
For the meantime, let us demonstrate its accuracy in the following examples.
Example 2.7 Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡 using the transform of derivatives (use up to
2nd derivative).
Solution:
Remember that
ℒ{𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)} = 𝑠2 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑠 𝑓(0) − 𝑓 ′ (0)
Given
𝑓(𝑡) = sin2 𝑡
𝑓(0) is
𝑓(0) = sin2 (0) = 0
then the first derivative is
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 2 sin 𝑡 cos 𝑡
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𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = sin 2𝑡
𝑓 ′ (0) is
𝑓 ′ (0) = sin 2(0) = sin(0) = 0
and the second derivative is
𝑓 ′′ (𝑡) = 2 cos 2𝑡
Substituting these on the equation for Laplace Transforms of Derivatives,
ℒ{2 cos 2𝑡} = 𝑠2 ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} − 𝑠 (0) − (0)
2 ℒ{cos 2𝑡} = 𝑠2 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠
2[ 2 ] = 𝑠 2 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠 + (2)2
2𝑠
2 = 𝑠2 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠 +4
2𝑠
𝑠2 𝐹(𝑠) = 2
𝑠 +4
2𝑠
𝐹(𝑠) = 2 2
𝑠 (𝑠 + 4)
2
𝐹(𝑠) = 2
𝑠(𝑠 + 4)
8. Laplace Transform of Integrals

𝑡
𝐹(𝑠)
ℒ {∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢} =
𝑠
0
Given an integral of a function 𝑓(𝑢) with respect to 𝑢, limits from 0 to 𝑡, the Laplace transform of this
integral can be achieved using the following steps:
i. From 𝑓(𝑢), change it into 𝑓(𝑡) by substituting 𝑡 to all 𝑢;
ii. Get the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) – this will yield to 𝐹(𝑠);
iii. Finally, divide 𝐹(𝑠) in step ii by 𝑠.

𝑡
∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
0
Solution:
Let us solve the Laplace transform of the given function considering the given steps.
Take note that
𝑡
𝐹(𝑠)
ℒ {∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢} =
𝑠
0
Step i: “From 𝑓(𝑢), change it into 𝑓(𝑡) by substituting 𝑡 to all 𝑢”
From the given integral,

𝑡 𝑡
∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = ∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢
0 0
𝑓(𝑢) is
𝑓(𝑢) = 𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢
and 𝑓(𝑡) is
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
Step ii: “Get the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) – this will yield to 𝐹(𝑠)”
𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 }
Applying linearity property,
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𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑡 2 } − ℒ{𝑡} + ℒ{𝑒 −𝑡 }
2! 1 1
𝐹(𝑠) = 2+1 − +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1
1 1 1
𝐹(𝑠) = 3 − +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1
(𝑠 + 1) − 𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1) + 𝑠3
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠3 (𝑠 + 1)
𝑠 + 1 − 𝑠3 − 𝑠2 + 𝑠3
𝐹(𝑠) =
𝑠3 (𝑠 + 1)
2
−𝑠 + 𝑠 + 1
𝐹(𝑠) = 3
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)
Step iii: “Finally, divide 𝐹(𝑠) in step ii by 𝑠”
𝑡
1
ℒ {∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢} = 𝐹(𝑠)
𝑠
0
𝑡
1 −𝑠2 + 𝑠 + 1
ℒ {∫(𝑢2 −𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢} = ⋅ 3
𝑠 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)
0
𝑡
−𝑠2 + 𝑠 + 1
ℒ {∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑢 ) 𝑑𝑢} =
𝑠4 (𝑠 + 1)
0
INVERSE TRANSFORMS
Def. If the Laplace transform of a function 𝑓(𝑡) is 𝐹(𝑠), i.e. if ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠), the value of 𝑓(𝑡) is called
an inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑠) and can be written symbolically as 𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ −1 {𝐹(𝑠)} or
𝑓(𝑡) = ℒ −1 {𝐹}, where ℒ −1 is called the inverse Laplace transformation operator.
To find the inverse transforms, first express the given function of 𝑠 into partial fractions which will, then,
be recognizable as one of the following standard forms:
1
1) ℒ −1 { } = 1
𝑠
1
2) ℒ −1 { } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
𝑠−𝑎
1 𝑡 𝑛−1
3) ℒ −1 { 𝑛 } = , 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)!
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−1
4) ℒ −1 { }=
(𝑠 − 𝑎)𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)!
1 1
5) ℒ −1 { 2 } = sin 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑎
−1
𝑠
6) ℒ { 2 = cos 𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 + 𝑎2 }
1 1
7) ℒ −1 { 2 2 } = sinh 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 −𝑎 𝑎
𝑠
8) ℒ −1 { 2 } = cosh 𝑎𝑡
𝑠 − 𝑎2
1 1
9) ℒ −1 { } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑏𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2 𝑏
(𝑠 − 𝑎)
10) ℒ −1 { } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑏 2
𝑠 1
11) ℒ −1 { 2 }= 𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 + 𝑎2 )2 2𝑎
1 1
12) ℒ −1 { 2 2 2 } = 3 (sin 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑎𝑡)
(𝑠 + 𝑎 ) 2𝑎
Example 2.9 Find the inverse transform of

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𝑠+4
2
𝑠 −𝑠−6
Solution:
𝑠+4 𝑠+4
=
𝑠2 −𝑠−6 (𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 2)
So that, by partial fractions
𝑠+4 𝐴 𝐵 , where 𝐴 & 𝐵 are constants to be
= +
(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 2) (𝑠 − 3) (𝑠 + 2) determined
Hence,
𝑠+4 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 3)
when 𝑠 = −2, when 𝑠 = 3,
2 = 𝐵(−5) 7 = 𝐴(5)
2 7
𝐵=− 𝐴=
5 5
Then,
𝑠+4 7 1 2 1
ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 3)(𝑠 + 2) 5 𝑠−3 5 𝑠+2
7 2
= 𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡
5 5

2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5
𝑠3 − 6𝑠2 + 11𝑠 − 6
Solution:
2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5 2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5
=
𝑠3 − 6𝑠2 + 11𝑠 − 6 (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3)
So that, by partial fractions
2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 , where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are constants
= + +
3 2
𝑠 − 6𝑠 + 11𝑠 − 6 (𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 3) to be determined
2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
when 𝑠 = 1, when 𝑠 = 2, when 𝑠 = 3,
2(1)2 − 6(1) + 5 2(2)2 − 6(2) + 5 2(3)2 − 6(3) + 5
= 𝐴(−1)(−2) = 𝐵(1)(−1) = 𝐶(2)(1)
1 𝐵 = −1 5
𝐴= 𝐶=
2 2
Hence,
2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5 1 5
3 2 2 1 2
𝑠 − 6𝑠 + 11𝑠 − 6 = − +
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 3)
Then,
2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5 1 1 1 5 1
ℒ −1 { 3 } = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { }
2
𝑠 − 6𝑠 + 11𝑠 − 6 2 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 − 2 2 𝑠 − 3
Therefore,
2𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 5 1 𝑡 5
2𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡
ℒ −1 { 3 } = 𝑒 − 𝑒
𝑠 − 6𝑠2 + 11𝑠 − 6 2 2

5𝑠 + 3
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 2𝑠 + 5)
Solution:
Since the denominator is composed of non-repeated linear factor and a quadratic factor, then
5𝑠 + 3 𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶
2 = + 2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5) (𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5)
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where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are constants to be
determined
So that, using partial fractions,
5𝑠 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑠2 + 2𝑠 + 5) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)
when 𝑠 = 1, equating coeff. of 𝑠2 : coeff. of 𝑠:
8 = 𝐴(8) 0= 𝐴+𝐵 5 = 2𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶
𝐴=1 0 = 1+𝐵 5 = 2(1) − (−1) + 𝐶
𝐵 = −1 𝐶=2
Hence,
5𝑠 + 3 1 (−𝑠 + 2)
ℒ −1 { 2 } = ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { 2 }
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5) (𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5)
1 𝑠
= ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { 2 }
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 1 + 4)
2
+ ℒ −1 { 2 }
(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 1 + 4)
1 𝑠
= ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { 2 }
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 1) + (2)2
2
+ ℒ −1 { 2 }
(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 1) + (2)2
1 𝑠 2
= ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { 2 2
} + ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 1) + (2) (𝑠 + 1)2 + (2)2
1 𝑠+1−1 1
= ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { } + 2ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 1)2 + (2)2 (𝑠 + 1)2 + (2)2
1 (𝑠 + 1) 1
= ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { 2 2 )} + 3ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 1) (𝑠 + 1) + (2) (𝑠 + 1)2 + (2)2
Since
𝑠−𝑎 ,
ℒ −1 { 2 2 } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑏𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎) + 𝑏
1 and
ℒ −1 { } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎)
1 1
ℒ −1 { 2 2
} = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑏𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎) + 𝑏 𝑏
Therefore,
5𝑠 + 3 3
ℒ −1 { 2 } = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 cos 2𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 sin 2𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 5) 2
APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

The Laplace transform is useful in solving ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients.
Using the Laplace transform of derivatives, the Laplace operator can transform a linear differential
equation with constant coefficients into an algebraic equation in the transformed function. Upon solving
this algebraic equation for the transformed function, the inverse transform can be obtained, and the
solution of the original differential equation can be determined.
The Laplace transform of derivatives can be readily applied if the appropriate initial conditions are given
along with the differential equation.
Example 2.12 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 2.
Solution:
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides of the equation,
ℒ{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑒 𝑡 }
Using the Laplace transform of derivatives,

1
𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0) =
𝑠−1
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1
𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 2 =
𝑠−1
1
𝑠𝑌(𝑠) = +2
𝑠−1
1 + 2𝑠 − 2
𝑠𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠−1
2𝑠 − 1
𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠(𝑠 − 1)
So that,
𝐴 𝐵
𝑌(𝑠) = +
𝑠 𝑠−1
Using partial fractions,

2𝑠 − 1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑠(𝑠 − 1) 𝑠 𝑠 − 1
2𝑠 − 1 𝐴(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐵𝑠
=
𝑠(𝑠 − 1) 𝑠(𝑠 − 1)
2𝑠 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 1) + 𝐵𝑠
when 𝑠 = 0, when 𝑠 = 1,
2(0) − 1 = 𝐴(0 − 1) + 𝐵(0) 2(1) − 1 = 𝐴(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1)
−1 = 𝐴(−1) 1=𝐵
𝐴=1 𝐵=1
Hence,
1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = +
𝑠 𝑠−1
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the resulting algebraic equation yields to
1 1
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { }
𝑠 𝑠−1
𝑦(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒 𝑡
Example 2.13 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑎.
Solution:
ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑦(𝑡)} = 0
Using the Laplace transform of derivatives,
𝑠2 ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) + 𝑎2 ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 0

𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(0) − 𝑎 + 𝑎2 𝑌(𝑠) = 0
𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 0 − 𝑎 + 𝑎2 𝑌(𝑠) = 0
(𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑎
𝑎
𝑌(𝑠) = 2
𝑠 + 𝑎2
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the resulting algebraic equation,
𝑎
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = ℒ −1 { 2 }
𝑠 + 𝑎2
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎ℒ −1 { 2 }
𝑠 + 𝑎2
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎 ( ) sin 𝑎𝑡
𝑎
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𝑦(𝑡) = sin 𝑎𝑡
Example 2.14 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0.
Solution:
ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑒 −𝑡 }

ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} + ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑒 −𝑡 }
1
𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) + 𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠+1
1
𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(0) − 0 + 𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠+1
2
1
𝑠 𝑌(𝑠) − 0 − 0 + 𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠+1
1
(𝑠2 + 1)𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠+1
1
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 + 1)
Then,
𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶
𝑌(𝑠) = + 2
𝑠+1 𝑠 +1

1 𝐴 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶
2 = + 2
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 + 1
1 𝐴(𝑠2 + 1) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)
=
(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 + 1) (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 + 1)
2
1 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 1) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑠 + 1)
when 𝑠 = −1, equating coeff. of 𝑠2 , equating coeff. of 𝑠,

1 = 𝐴((−1)2 + 1) 0=𝐴+𝐵 0= 𝐵+𝐶
1 = 𝐴(2) 1 1
1 0= +𝐵 0= − +𝐶
2 2
𝐴= 1 1
2 𝐵=− 𝐶=
2 2
Substituting the constant 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶,

1 1 1
− 𝑠+
𝑌(𝑠) = 2 + 2 2 2
𝑠+1 𝑠 +1
1 1 1 𝑠 1 1
𝑌(𝑠) = [ ]− [ 2 ]+ [ 2 ]
2 𝑠+1 2 𝑠 +1 2 𝑠 +1
Taking the inverse Laplace transform of resulting algebraic equation,
1 1 1 𝑠 1 1
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = ℒ −1 { } − ℒ −1 { 2 } + ℒ −1 { 2 }
2 𝑠+1 2 𝑠 +1 2 𝑠 +1
1 1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡
2 2 2
1 −𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = (𝑒 − cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡)
2
Example 2.15 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑡 + 12𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 6, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1.
Solution:
𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) − 3𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡) = 4𝑡 + 12𝑒 −𝑡
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ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) − 3𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{4𝑡 + 12𝑒 −𝑡 }

ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} − 3ℒ{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} + 2ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 4ℒ{𝑡} + 12ℒ{𝑒 −𝑡 }
1 1
𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) − 3[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)] + 2𝑌(𝑠) = 4 ( 2 ) + 12 ( )
𝑠 𝑠+1
4 12
𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(6) − (−1) − 3[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 6] + 2𝑌(𝑠) = 2 +
𝑠 𝑠+1
2
4 12
𝑠 𝑌(𝑠) − 6𝑠 + 1 − 3𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 18 + 2𝑌(𝑠) = 2 +
𝑠 𝑠+1
2
4 12
(𝑠 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝑌(𝑠) − 6𝑠 + 19 = 2 +
𝑠 𝑠+1
4 12
(𝑠2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝑌(𝑠) = 2 + + 6𝑠 − 19
𝑠 𝑠+1
4(𝑠 + 1) + 12𝑠2 + 6𝑠(𝑠2 )(𝑠 + 1) − 19𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)
(𝑠2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)
4𝑠 + 4 + 12𝑠 + 6𝑠 4 + 6𝑠3 − 19𝑠3 − 19𝑠2
2
(𝑠2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)
6𝑠 − 13𝑠 − 7𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 4
4 3
(𝑠2 − 3𝑠 + 2)𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)
4 3 2
6𝑠 − 13𝑠 − 7𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 4
𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 − 3𝑠 + 2)
6𝑠4 − 13𝑠3 − 7𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 4
𝑌(𝑠) = 2
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
So that,
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
𝑌(𝑠) = + 2+ + +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠−2
6𝑠4 − 13𝑠3 − 7𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷 𝐸
2 = + 2+ + +
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠−2
6𝑠4 − 13𝑠3 − 7𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 4
𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
𝐴𝑠(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶𝑠2 (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐷𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐸𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)
=
𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)
4 3 2
6𝑠 − 13𝑠 − 7𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 4
= 𝐴𝑠(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶𝑠2 (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐷𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 2)
+ 𝐸𝑠2 (𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 − 1)
when 𝑠 = 0, when 𝑠 = 1,
4 = 𝐵(1)(−1)(−2) 6 − 13 − 7 + 4 + 4 = 𝐷(1)(2)(−1)
4 = 2𝐵 −6 = −2𝐷
𝐵=2 𝐷=3
when 𝑠 = −1, when 𝑠 = 2,

6 + 13 − 7 − 4 + 4 = 𝐶(1)(−2)(−3) 6(16) − 13(8) − 7(4) + 4(2) + 4 = 𝐸(4)(3)(1)
12 = 6𝐶 −24 = 12𝐸
𝐶=2 𝐸 = −2
equating coeff. of 𝑠4 ,
6 =𝐴+𝐶+𝐷+𝐸
6 =𝐴+2+3−2
𝐴=3
Hence,
3 2 2 3 2
𝑌(𝑠) = + 2+ + −
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠−2
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1 1 1 1 1
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 3ℒ −1 { } + 2ℒ −1 { 2 } + 2ℒ −1 { } + 3ℒ −1 { } − 2ℒ −1 { }
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠−2
𝑦(𝑡) = 3(1) + 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑒 2𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 3 + 2𝑡 + 2𝑒 −𝑡 + 3𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑒 2𝑡
Example 2.16 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1.
Solution:
ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) − 𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{4 cos 𝑡}

ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} − ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 4ℒ{cos 𝑡}
Using the transform of derivatives,

𝑠
𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) − 𝑌(𝑠) = 4 [ 2 ]
𝑠 +1
4𝑠
𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(0) − 1 − 𝑌(𝑠) = 2
𝑠 +1
2
4𝑠
(𝑠 − 1)𝑌(𝑠) − 1 = 2
𝑠 +1
4𝑠
(𝑠2 − 1)𝑌(𝑠) = 2 +1
𝑠 +1
2
4𝑠 + 𝑠 + 1
(𝑠2 − 1)𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠2 + 1
2
𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 1
𝑌(𝑠) = 2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 1)
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 1
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 + 1)
So that
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
𝑌(𝑠) = + + 2
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 𝑠 +1

𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
2 = + + 2
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 + 1
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 1
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 2 + 1)
𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 1) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1) + 𝐷(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)
=
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠2 + 1)
𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 𝑠 + 𝑠 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 𝑠2 + 𝑠 − 1) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠2 − 1) + 𝐷(𝑠2 − 1)
2 3 2 3
when 𝑠 = 1, equating coeff. of 𝑠3 ,

1 + 4 + 1 = 𝐴(2)(2) 0 =𝐴+𝐵+𝐶
6 = 4𝐴 3 1
3 0 = + +𝐶
𝐴= 2 2
2 𝐶 = −2
when 𝑠 = −1, equating coeff. of 𝑠0 ,
1 − 4 + 1 = 𝐵(−2)(2) 1 =𝐴−𝐵+𝐷
−2 = −4𝐵 3 1
1 1 = − +𝐷
𝐵= 2 2
2 𝐷=0
Hence,
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3 1
2 2𝑠
𝑌(𝑠) = + 2 − 2
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 𝑠 +1
3 1 1 1 𝑠
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { } − 2ℒ −1 { 2 }
2 𝑠−1 2 𝑠+1 𝑠 +1
3 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡
2 2
Example 2.17 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑦 ′ + 9𝑦 = 6𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0 = 𝑦 ′ (0).
Solution:
ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) − 6𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 9𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{6𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 }

ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} − 6ℒ{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} + 9ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 6ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 }
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) − 6[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)] + 9𝑌(𝑠) = 6ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 }

𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(0) − 0 − 6[𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 0] + 9𝑌(𝑠) = 6ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 }
𝑠 2 𝑌(𝑠) − 6𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 9𝑌(𝑠) = 6ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 }
(𝑠 2 − 6𝑠 + 9)𝑌(𝑠) = 6ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 }
For the Laplace transform of 𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 , we must first get the Laplace transform of 𝑡 2
2
ℒ{𝑡 2 } =
𝑠3
and then perform the First-Shifting property for 𝑒 3𝑡 . Thus,
2
ℒ{𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 } =
(𝑠 − 3)3
The algebraic equation will then be

2
(𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 9)𝑌(𝑠) = 6 ( )
(𝑠 − 3)3
12
(𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 9)𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 3)3
12
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 3)3 (𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 9)
12
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 3)3 (𝑠 − 3)2
12
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 3)5
1
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 12ℒ −1 { }
(𝑠 − 3)5
Remember that
1 𝑡 𝑛−1
ℒ −1 { } = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 − 𝑎)𝑛 (𝑛 − 1)!
For 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑛 = 5, we have

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𝑡 5−1
𝑦(𝑡) = 12 ⋅ 𝑒 3𝑡 ⋅
(5 − 1)!
4
𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 12𝑒 3𝑡 ⋅
4!
𝑡4
𝑦(𝑡) = 12𝑒 3𝑡 ⋅
24
1 3𝑡 4
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡
2
Example 2.18 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′′ + 2𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0; 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑦 ′′ (0) = 2.
Solution:
Taking the Laplace transform of each term,
ℒ{𝑦 ′′′ (𝑡)} + 2ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} − ℒ{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} − 2ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{0}

[𝑠3 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠2 𝑦(0) − 𝑠 𝑦 ′ (0) − 𝑦 ′′ (0)] + 2[𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] − [𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦(0)] − 2ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)}
=0
𝑠 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠 (1) − 𝑠(2) − 2 + 2[𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(1) − (2)] − [𝑠𝑌(𝑠) − 1] − 2𝑌(𝑠) = 0
3 2
𝑠3 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠2 − 2𝑠 − 2 + 2𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 2𝑠 − 4 − 𝑠𝑌(𝑠) + 1 − 2𝑌(𝑠) = 0

(𝑠3 + 2𝑠2 − 𝑠 − 2)𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠2 − 4𝑠 − 5 = 0
(𝑠3 + 2𝑠2 − 𝑠 − 2)𝑌(𝑠) = 𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 5
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 5
𝑌(𝑠) = 3
𝑠 + 2𝑠2 − 𝑠 − 2
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 5
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 2)
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 5
𝑌(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑌(𝑠) = + +
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 𝑠+2
Using partial fraction,
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 + 2
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)
when 𝑠 = 1, when 𝑠 = −1, when 𝑠 = −2,
1 + 4 + 5 = 𝐴(2)(3) 1 − 4 + 5 = 𝐵(−2)(1) 4 − 8 + 5 = 𝐶(−3)(−1)
10 = 6𝐴 2 = −2𝐵 1 = 3𝐶
5 𝐵 = −1 1
𝐴= 𝐶=
3 3
Hence,
5 1
3 1
𝑌(𝑠) = − + 3
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 𝑠+2
5 −1 1 1 1 1
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = ℒ { } − ℒ −1 { } + ℒ −1 { }
3 𝑠−1 𝑠+1 3 𝑠+2
5 1
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡
3 3
𝜋
Example 2.19 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 = 18𝑡; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ( ) = 0.
2
Solution:
Taking the Laplace transform for each term,
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ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)} + 9ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 18ℒ{𝑡}
[𝑠2 ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} − 𝑠 𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] + 9ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 18ℒ{𝑡}

1
[𝑠2 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑠(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)] + 9𝑌(𝑠) = 18 ( 2 )
𝑠
2 ′
18
𝑠 𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦 (0) + 9𝑌(𝑠) = 2
𝑠
2 ′
18
(𝑠 + 9)𝑌(𝑠) − 𝑦 (0) = 2
𝑠
Let 𝐾 = 𝑦 ′ (0)
18
(𝑠2 + 9)𝑌(𝑠) − 𝐾 = 2
𝑠
2
18
(𝑠 + 9)𝑌(𝑠) = 2 + 𝐾
𝑠
18 + 𝐾𝑠2
(𝑠2 + 9)𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑠2
𝐾𝑠2 + 18
𝑌(𝑠) = 2 2
𝑠 (𝑠 + 9)
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
𝑌(𝑠) = + 2 + 2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +9

𝐾𝑠2 + 18 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷
2 2 = + 2+ 2
𝑠 (𝑠 + 9) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 +9
𝐾𝑠2 + 18 = 𝐴𝑠(𝑠2 + 9) + 𝐵(𝑠2 + 9) + 𝐶𝑠3 + 𝐷𝑠2
equating coeff. of 𝑠0 , equating coeff. of 𝑠1 ,

18 = 9𝐵 0 = 9𝐴
𝐵=2 𝐴=0
equating coeff. of 𝑠2 , equating coeff. of 𝑠3 ,

𝐾=𝐵+𝐷 0 =𝐴+𝐶
𝐾 =2+𝐷 0 =0+𝐶
𝐷 =𝐾−2 𝐶=0
Hence,
2 𝐾−2
𝑌(𝑠) = 2 + 2
𝑠 𝑠 +9
1 1
ℒ −1 {𝑌(𝑠)} = 2ℒ −1 { 2 } + (𝐾 − 2)ℒ −1 { 2 }
𝑠 𝑠 +9
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + (𝐾 − 2) ( ) sin 3𝑡
3
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + (𝐾 − 2) sin 3𝑡
3
𝜋
To determine the value of 𝐾, use the condition 𝑦 ( ) = 0
2
𝜋 𝜋 1 3𝜋
𝑦 ( ) = 0 = 2 ( ) + (𝐾 − 2) sin ( )
2 2 3 2
1
0 = 𝜋 + (𝐾 − 2)(−1)
3
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1 2
0=𝜋− 𝐾+
3 3
1 2
𝐾 =𝜋+
3 3
𝐾 = 3𝜋 + 2
Therefore,
1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + (3𝜋 + 2 − 2) sin 3𝑡
3
𝑦(𝑡) = 2𝑡 + 𝜋 sin 3𝑡
Example 2.20 Solve the differential equation 𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) − 4𝑥 ′ (𝑡) + 4𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 ; 𝑥 ′ (0) = 0, 𝑥(1) = 0.
Solution:
Taking the Laplace transform of each term,
ℒ{𝑥 ′′ (𝑡)} − 4ℒ{𝑥 ′ (𝑡)} + 4ℒ{𝑥(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑒 2𝑡 }
1
[𝑠2 ℒ{𝑥(𝑡)} − 𝑠 𝑥(0) − 𝑥 ′ (0)] − 4[𝑠ℒ{𝑥(𝑡)} − 𝑥(0)] + 4ℒ{𝑥(𝑡)} =
𝑠−2
1
[𝑠2 𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑥(0) − 0] − 4[𝑠𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑥(0)] + 4𝑋(𝑠) =
𝑠−2
1
𝑠2 𝑋(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝑥(0) − 4𝑠𝑋(𝑠) + 4𝑥(0) + 4𝑋(𝑠) =
𝑠−2
1
(𝑠2 − 4𝑠 + 4)𝑋(𝑠) − (𝑠 − 4)𝑥(0) =
𝑠−2
Let 𝐾 = 𝑥(0)
1
(𝑠2 − 4𝑠 + 4)𝑋(𝑠) − (𝑠 − 4)𝐾 =
𝑠−2
2
1
(𝑠 − 4𝑠 + 4)𝑋(𝑠) = + (𝑠 − 4)𝐾
𝑠−2
1 + 𝐾(𝑠 − 4)(𝑠 − 2)
(𝑠 − 2)2 𝑋(𝑠) =
𝑠−2
1 + 𝐾(𝑠2 − 6𝑠 + 8)
𝑋(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 2)3
1 + 𝐾𝑠2 − 6𝐾𝑠 + 8𝐾
𝑋(𝑠) =
(𝑠 − 2)3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑋(𝑠) = + 2 +
𝑠 − 2 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)3
𝐾𝑠2 − 6𝐾𝑠 + 8𝐾 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + +
(𝑠 − 2)3 𝑠 − 2 (𝑠 − 2)2 (𝑠 − 2)3
𝐾𝑠2 − 6𝐾𝑠 + 8𝐾 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑠2 − 4𝑠 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 2) + 𝐶
when 𝑠 = 2, equating coeff. of 𝑠2 , equating coeff. of 𝑠1 ,

4𝐾 − 12𝐾 + 8𝐾 + 1 = 𝐶 𝐾=𝐴 −6𝐾 = −4𝐾 + 𝐵
𝐶=1 𝐴=𝐾 𝐵 = −2𝐾
Hence,
𝐾 2𝐾 1
𝑋(𝑠) = − 2 +
𝑠 − 2 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)3
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 46
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
1 1 1
ℒ −1 {𝑋(𝑠)} = 𝐾ℒ −1 { } − 2𝐾ℒ −1 { 2 } + ℒ −1 { }
𝑠−2 (𝑠 − 2) (𝑠 − 2)3
𝑡 2−1 𝑡 3−1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑒 2𝑡 − 2𝐾𝑒 2𝑡 ⋅ + 𝑒 2𝑡 ⋅
1! 2!
2𝑡 2𝑡
1 2 2𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐾𝑒 − 2𝐾𝑡𝑒 + 𝑡 𝑒
2
To determine the value of 𝐾, use the condition 𝑥(1) = 0
1
𝑥(1) = 0 = 𝐾𝑒 2 − 2𝐾𝑒 2 + 𝑒 2
2
2
1 2
0 = −𝐾𝑒 + 𝑒
2
2
1 2
𝐾𝑒 = 𝑒
2
1
𝐾=
2
Therefore,
1 1 1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 − 2 ( ) 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑒 2𝑡
2 2 2
1 2𝑡 2𝑡
1 2 2𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 − 𝑡𝑒 + 𝑡 𝑒
2 2
1 2𝑡
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 (1 − 2𝑡 + 𝑡 2 )
2
1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 1)
2
1
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 2𝑡 (𝑡 − 1)2
2
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 47
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 48
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
NAME: _____________________________________ SCORE: _____________________
COURSE-YR: ________________________ DATE: _______________________
Activity 1.2
Solve for the following:
1. Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 cos 2𝑡

2. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑠) = 7/(𝑠2 − 9) in exponential terms.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 49
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
NAME: _____________________________________ SCORE: _____________________
COURSE-YR: ________________________ DATE: _______________________
Activity 1.3
Solve the following initial value problems using Laplace transform:
1. 𝑦 ′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 3, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 7
2. 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 3 cos 2𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0
3. 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 4𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (0) = −1
4. 𝑥 ′′ (𝑡) − 2𝑥 ′ (𝑡) + 2𝑥(𝑡) = 0, 𝑥(0) = 1, 𝑥 ′ (0) = 1
5. 𝑦 ′′′′ + 2𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 , 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑦 ′′ (0) = 𝑦 ′′′ (0) = 0
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 50
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
VII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
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IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
NAME: _____________________________________ SCORE: _____________________
COURSE-YR: ________________________ DATE: _______________________
Quiz 1.2
Solve for the following:
1. (20 pts.) Find the Laplace transform of

𝑡 2 𝑒 3𝑡 sin 2𝑡
2. (10 pts.) Find the inverse Laplace transform of
8𝑠 + 12
𝑠2 + 4𝑠 + 29
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 52
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
NAME: _____________________________________ SCORE: _____________________
COURSE-YR: ________________________ DATE: _______________________
Quiz 1.3
Use the Laplace transform to solve for the given initial value problem.
1. (15 pts.) 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 1 − 𝑡; 𝑦(0) = 4

2. (15 pts.) 𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 53
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
VIII. ASSIGNMENT
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 54
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
NAME: _____________________________________ SCORE: _____________________
COURSE-YR: ________________________ DATE: _______________________
Assignment 1.2
1. Research on how to solve a Differential Equations with Polynomial Coefficients using Laplace
Transforms.
2. Give at least three (3) examples, with complete and detailed solution, on solving Differential Equations
with Polynomial Coefficients using Laplace Transforms.
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 55
IM No.: ELCE03-2S-2021-2022
IX. REFERENCES
A) Book/Printed Resource
Bird, J. (2020). Higher Engineering Mathematics, 6th Edition. Oxford, UK: Elsevier's Science and
Technology Rights Department.
Dulay, V. N. (2001). Reviewer/Text in Advanced Engineering Mathematics. Manila: Rex Book Store.
Kreszig, E. (2006). Advanced Engineering Mathematics 10th Edition. New York: John Wiley and Sons,
Incorporated.
Spiegel, M. R. (1965). Schaum"s Outline of Theory and Problems of Laplace Transforms. USA: McGraw
Hill, Incorporated.
B) ONLINE RESOURCES
http://www.soton.ac.uk/~cjg/eng1/modules/modules.html
http://www.mit.opencourseware.com
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) P a g e | 56

Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

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Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

DEGREE PROGRAM BSEE II COURSE NO. ELCE03

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transforms

II. LESSON CONTENT

1. Definition of Laplace Transform

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. solve the Laplace transform of any continuous function;

𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

𝐹(𝑠) = ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

TRANSFORM OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

𝒇(𝒕) 𝑭(𝒔) = 𝓛{𝒇(𝒕)}

PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Example 2.1 Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 3 − 8𝑡 2 + 1.

2. First Shifting Property

Example 2.2 Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 − sin2 𝑡.

From the given function

Substituting this in 𝐹(𝑠)

Find an identity for sin2 𝑡

3. Second Shifting Property

Example 2.3 Find the Laplace transform of

From the given function, 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎) is

Step iii: “Finally, multiply 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 (𝑎 is found from 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑎))”

4. Change of Scale Property

Example 2.5 Find the Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 cos 3𝑡.

From the given function,

Step iii: “Get the 𝑛th derivative of 𝑄(𝑠) with respect to 𝑠”

Step iv: “Finally, multiply (−1)𝑛 ”

Example 2.6 Find the Laplace transform of

Step i: “From 𝑓(𝑡)/𝑡, change it to 𝑓(𝑡) by multiplying it with 𝑡”

From the given equation,

Step iii: “Change 𝐹(𝑠) into 𝐹(𝑢) by substituting 𝑢 to all 𝑠”

Step iv: “Finally, integrate 𝐹(𝑢) with respect to 𝑢, limits from 𝑠 to ∞”

7. Laplace Transforms of Derivatives

8. Laplace Transform of Integrals

Example 2.8 Find the Laplace transform of

Step i: “From 𝑓(𝑢), change it into 𝑓(𝑡) by substituting 𝑡 to all 𝑢”

From the given integral,

Example 2.9 Find the inverse transform of

Example 2.10 Find the inverse transform of

Example 2.11 Find the inverse transform of

APPLICATION OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Example 2.12 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 2.

ℒ{𝑦 ′ (𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑒 𝑡 }

Using the Laplace transform of derivatives,

Using partial fractions,

Example 2.13 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑎2 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 𝑎.

ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 𝑎2 𝑦(𝑡)} = 0

Using the Laplace transform of derivatives,

𝑠2 ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0) + 𝑎2 ℒ{𝑦(𝑡)} = 0

Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the resulting algebraic equation,

Example 2.14 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0.

ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{𝑒 −𝑡 }

Using partial fractions,

when 𝑠 = −1, equating coeff. of 𝑠2 , equating coeff. of 𝑠,

Substituting the constant 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶,

ℒ{𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) − 3𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 2𝑦(𝑡)} = ℒ{4𝑡 + 12𝑒 −𝑡 }

when 𝑠 = −1, when 𝑠 = 2,

Taking the inverse Laplace transform of the resulting algebraic equation,

Example 2.16 Solve the differential equation 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 = 4 cos 𝑡 ; 𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1.

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