ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 The respiratory system, often known as the
pulmonary system, is made up of a number of
organs that work together to oxygenate the
body during respiration (breathing). In this
process, air is inhaled and carried to the lungs
where gas exchange takes place, allowing oxygen to be drawn from the air and
carbon dioxide to be ejected from the body. The upper and lower respiratory
tracts are separated into two parts of the respiratory system at the level of the
vocal cords.
Nasal Cavity-The nasal passages filter and
warm the air, and make it moist before it goes
into the lungs. They also contain special cells
that are involved in the sense of smell.
Paranasal sinuses- to protect the organism,
mostly by humidifying the inhaled air and
facilitating the immune response of the
respiratory system.
Pharynx-usually called the throat, is part of
the respiratory system and digestive system. It carries air, food and fluid down
from the nose and mouth.
Larynx-It's a hollow tube that allows air to move from your throat's pharynx to your
trachea before entering your lungs. It is commonly known as the voice box since it
contains your vocal chords and is necessary for human speaking.
Trachea- trachea's main function is to carry air in and out of your lungs. Because
it's a stiff, flexible tube, it provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to enter your body
Bronchi- Your bronchi carry air to and from your lungs. The bronchi also help
moisturize the air you breathe and screen out foreign particles. Your airways are lined
with cells that create mucus
Lungs-is the process of gas exchange called respiration (or breathing). In
respiration, oxygen from incoming air enters the blood, and carbon dioxide, a waste gas
from the metabolism, leaves the blood.

The main function of the respiratory system is pulmonary ventilation, which is the movement of
air between the atmosphere and the lung by inspiration and expiration driven by the respiratory
muscles. The respiratory system works as a whole to extract the oxygen from the inhaled air
and eliminate the carbon dioxide from the body by exhalation. The upper respiratory mainly has
an air-conducting function, while the lower respiratory tract serves both the conducting and
respiratory functions. 
Besides its main function to conduct the air to the lower respiratory tract, the upper respiratory
also performs several other functions. As mentioned earlier, the nasal cavity and paranasal
sinuses change the properties of the air by humidifying and warming it in order to prepare it for
the process of respiration. The air is also filtered from dust, pathogens and other particles by the
nasal hair follicles and the ciliary epithelium.  
The portion of the lower respiratory tract, starting from the respiratory bronchioles, is the place
where gas exchange begins to occur. This process is also known as external respiration, in
which the oxygen from the inhaled air diffuses from the alveoli into the adjacent capillaries, while
the carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled. The newly
oxygenated blood then goes on to supply all the tissues in the body and undergoes internal
respiration. This is the process in which the oxygen from the systemic circulation exchanges with
carbon-dioxide from the tissues. Overall, the difference between external and internal respiration
is that the former represents gas exchange with the external environment and takes place in the
alveoli, while the latter represents gas exchange within the body and takes place in the tissues.