1.

0 Introduction

1.1 Definition of Occupational, Safety and Health Administration

Safety and health are among the top concerns people have. These are some
of the factors that keep us striving for success. There are many concerns
among people when it comes to health and safety. In general, we want to
encourage others to drive safely and make healthy choices throughout their
lives. Usually, we think about our daily activities, traveling, staying active, and
so on. Our workplaces give little thought to the safety and health of our daily
lives. There are many different workplace accidents, life-altering injuries, and
even deaths. Incidents range from asbestos to building collapses. These
things should not be taken lightly. OSHA was founded to minimize these
incidents and injuries. 

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) was created

to keep employers, workers, staff and everyone in the workplace safe and
healthy. OSHA uses three basic strategies approved by the Occupational
Safety and Health Act to help employers and workers reduce workplace
injuries, illnesses, and deaths. Strong, fair and effective enforcement.
Education and compliance support. (U.S. Department of Labour) President
Lyndon B. Johnson proposed legislation for OSHA, which was later enacted
under President Nixon. Despite failed attempts to reduce workplace hazards,
injuries and deaths, President Richard Nixon eventually passed his
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. OSHA's mission is to: “Under
the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, Congress established the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to set and enforce
standards and provide training, public relations, education, and support to
ensure the safety and health of working men and women. (U.S. Department
of Labour) Richard Nixon, President, has initiated a few actions that will lead
to the full formation of "OSHA." In December 1970, Nixon signed the
Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act, giving the federal
government authority to set and enforce safety and health standards for most
workers in the country. (U.S. Department of Labour) OSHA was eventually
formed in response to increased worker injuries and deaths in the 1960s and
expanded until regulations and laws put an end to worker abuse. 

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 "OSHA" has been growing for over 50 years. They have a larger
workforce these days and unemployment is at an all-time low. With a larger
workforce and more workers, OSHA needs to increase its inspections and
rules and regulations. "OSHA" has a whopping 7 million workplaces under its
jurisdiction and has six different priorities when it comes to inspection. "1.
Imminent Dangerous Situations: These are workplace issues that can result
in death or serious physical or mental harm. Those are top priorities. 2.
Seriou’s injury or illness: A work-related fatality must be reported to him within
eight hours of the accident. All other related injuries are allowed within 24
hours from the time he was injured. 3. Worker Complaints: If there are
allegations of danger or violations, they will be treated with high priority and
employees may request that allegations be submitted anonymously. 4.
Recommendations: Inspection for hazards from other locations is permitted.
Five. Targeted testing:
Priority is given to these inspections if they cover high-risk industries with high
rates of injury and illness. 6. Follow-up checks: Check for defects and
changes in hazards in the workplace. "(U.S. Department of Labour) OSHA he
falls into four main categories. General industry, construction, shipping,
agriculture. “Of the 4,779 private industrial worker deaths in calendar year
2018, 1,008 or 21.1% were during construction, meaning one in five workers
died during construction last year. Falls, collisions with objects, electrocution
and entrapment are the leading causes of death (excluding traffic accidents)
for private sector workers in the construction industry.” (U.S. Department of
Justice) These four categories are: He emphasized OSHA's jurisdiction.
General industries are jurisdictions other than agriculture, marine, and
construction. "Slips, trips and falls on slippery floors Back and arm strain from
lifting heavy trays and boxes Burns from hot dishes and utensils Cuts during
cooking." 

1.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act

The Occupational Safety and Health Act is a law passed by the US Congress
in 1970 to ensure safe working conditions nationwide. We also established
the Federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to set and
enforce workplace health and safety standards. Signed into law by President
Richard Nixon in December 1970, the Occupational Safety and Health Act
(commonly called the Occupational Safety and Health Act) was enacted to

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provide safe working conditions by permitting standard labour practices.
Congress has found that workplace injuries and illnesses contribute to lower
output and wages, higher medical costs and disability benefits. This law aims
to ensure that workers are protected from hazards that may affect their safety
and health, such as: B. Exposure to toxic chemicals, harmful noise, heat
stress, and unsanitary conditions. 

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) serves as

the enforcement agency for occupational safety and health laws. While this
act empowered OSHA to create industry-specific guidelines, it also outlines a
"general obligation" provision that applies to all employers in all industries.
This provision, formally Section 5(a)(1) of the Act, effectively functions as an
order from OSHA, requiring employers to provide a safe environment for their
workers. In some parts of the country, OSHA-approved government agencies
help set and enforce occupational safety standards. But these standards must
be at least as stringent as federal guidelines. 

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2.0 Problem Statement

Malaysia's health and safety policies are very thorough and are regularly reinforced
with rigorous safety inspections and DOSH audits, but accidents on the factory floor
remain a concern. Establishing a workplace health and safety program is one of the
best ways to secure your most valuable asset: your employees. Health and safety
programs encourage a proactive approach to 'find and eliminate' workplace hazards
before they cause harm or illness. Instead of reacting to events, management and
employees work together to identify and resolve problems before they occur. 

Although some precautionary measures have been taken to prevent and

avoid serious crop production problems, health, safety and environmental problems
are still unavoidable and occurring out of control. Examples of potential problems can
arise during activities such as gas or chemical spills, machine failures, or
irresponsible workers. Similarly, changing project schedules, the sequence of events,
and the fast pace of some production projects can lead to unexpected problems. One
of the biggest fears of homeowners is usually the reassurance that their company will
be up and running as soon as they can reasonably expect. If there is a problem and it
has to be delayed, it will affect the production of the product and cause great losses. 

In order to improve health, safety and environmental quality, project activities

had to be suspended for a period of time, resulting in the inability to meet the
required schedule and targets. Due to the setting, production may take longer than
usual, and there may be discrepancies between the production and the customer.
Therefore, it is necessary to resolve considerations between customers and
companies and find suitable solutions. Therefore, this report discusses specific
actions and effective methods to overcome problems and deal with situations and
complexities. 

2.1 Research Question

 What is the level of awareness among construction companies?

 What is the level of attitude of the construction companies towards safety
provision for their workers on site and attitude towards self-regulations of
OSHA?
 What is the level of compliance of the construction companies at
construction sites?

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 What is the health and safety management process at construction sites?
 What are the issues faced by the construction companies?
 How does it all affect the labourers‟ job performance?

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3.0 Research Objectives

The target of this research is to maintain the outputs of the products, so the
production line won’t be affected by the problems that have been caused by the
company itself. The DOSH has been initiated to oversee the workers’ thinking,
groundworks and conveyance of the company’s services quality towards health,
safety, and environment. But this is not the major case here. The specific aims of
why this report is written are:

 To revamp the performances conventionally and minimise the environmental

aftermath.
 To promote a better yield quality that constantly cast about in safety,
effectiveness, and employee care for all services.
 To ease the employer and employees in finding an acceptable “benchmark”
of work whether it follows or not the standard equitable practices.
 To banish hazards at source and segregate workers by obeying the
underlying requirement of DOSH

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 4.0 Literature Review

The purpose of this literature review is to provide the reader with a broad overview of
previous research that has influenced the factors.

4.1 Summarization of the articles

No. Authors Problem Statement Objectives Key Findings

1.  W. Kip  OSHA is not  To see impact,  The magnitude
Viscusi effective well in of OSHA in of the effect is
workplace. workplace modest, and
the effect is not
robust with
respect to
different risk
variable.
2.  Joshi, S.,  Low quality at  To introduce  Unsafe working
 Shrestha work. and maintain a conditions
S.,  Not apply OSHA high standard  Lack of
 Vaidya, S in workplace of safety and supervision and
health at training
workplace,  Use of old
 To have an machinery and
overall picture equipment
of the present  Lack of
workplace sufficient
scenario, maintenance
 Bad house-
keeping
practices
 Violation of
safety rules
 Overcrowded
production units
with very
congested
space
3.  Yohama  Lowest salaries  Review the  The Organic

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 Caraballo- for their workers current status Law on
Arias MD and highest and challenges Prevention,
levels of on relevant Conditions and
hyperinflation, aspects of Environment
devaluation, OSH in (LOPCYMAT)
crime, and Venezuela. and the
violence of the socioeconomic
world. crisis in
Venezuela
have had a
significant
impact on OSH,
with 5 people
dying per day
due to
occupational
accidents or
diseases and a
mass exodus of
highly qualified
and talented
professionals.
4.  W. Kip  Higher expected  To provide a  The conceptual
Viscusi penalty level conceptual analysis
increase health analysis of the indicated that
and safety, likely effects of the
whereas very regulations effectiveness of
severe penalties  To analyse the job hazard
may have a determinants of regulations
counterproductive health and hinges critically
effect. safety will increase if
investment and such allocations
industry injury will diminish the
rates. expected
penalties
associated with
noncompliance

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 with OSHA.
5.  Ismael  Peru has issued  To see the  Specialty in
CruzRaul 80 legal positive effects occupational
 Huerta- regulations of the and
Mercado related to safety implementation environmental
and health at to protect medicine.
work since 1908, occupational
70 international safety and  Master program
conventions and health in occupational
30 ILO and
recommendations environmental
have been signed medicine.
and ratified, and
a Regalement on  Master program
Safety and Health in occupational
at Work was and
promulgated in environmental
2005. health.

 Master program
in ergonomics.

 Specialty in
occupational
nursing.

 Master program
in prevention of
occupational
hazards
6.  Suárez  High numbers of  To contribute  This study
Sánchez, accidents that to knowledge identified future
F. A., occur in of the subject, trends of
 Carvajal construction and showing trends research and
Peláez, G. the through and implementation
 I., & Catalá consequences exploratory in OSH in

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 Alís, J. this has for study that may construction,
workers, serve as a such as
organization, starting point rewards in
society, and for future safety
countries. research incentivization
programs,
increasing the
usage of
information
technology
tools,
implementing
proactive
measures,
integrating
environmental
and OSH
management
system
standards, and
using
technological
tools to train
workers.
7.  Arsiah  Most accidents  To improve the  Research to
Bahron result from a overall safety explore safety
Sharija Che combination of performance, and health
Shaari Datu contributing we need to issues at
Razali Datu causes and one investigate the construction
Eranza or more unsafe level of sites in Kota
acts and unsafe awareness Kinabalu,
condition among the Sabah, with
contractors and input from
their government
employee’s agencies. This
concerning research will
safety and target

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 health matters. companies'
 The study will managers and
also determine workers at
the level of construction
attitude sites in Sabah
concerning the States,
underlying inclusive of
principles of government
the and private
Occupational sectors.
Safety and
Health Act
1994 that
promotes self-
regulation.
 The research
will determine
the level of
compliance of
the
construction
companies and
also the health
and safety
management
process at
construction
sites.
8.  David  Facing an  To protect this  OSHA should
Michaels, unprecedented, right by issue an
 Gregory R. massive ensuring that Emergency
Wagner  worker safety employers Temporary
crisis eliminate Standard (ETS)
 the lead hazards that to address
government could injure workplace-
 agency workers or related risks of

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 responsible for increase their SARS-CoV-2,
worker health and risk of illness and federal
safety, has not subsidies of
 fulfilled its these efforts
responsibilities. should be
considered.
The COVID-19
pandemic
requires strong
and immediate
action by
government
agencies,
unions,
employers, and
workers to
protect workers.
9.  Gail M.  Health care  To prevent  The memo
Pfeifer, MA, settings, such as ergonomic focuses on five
RN hospitals and injuries, specific areas
long-term care whether that of danger:
facilities, have system is being musculoskeletal
some of the implemented, disorders
highest rates of and whether related to
injury and illness employers are patient or
in the country— being properly resident
with a total case trained in the handling;
rate of 6.4 work- use of safety workplace
related injuries equipment, as violence; blood-
and illnesses for well borne
every 100 full-  as suggested pathogens;
time employees language for tuberculosis;
in calendar year issuing and slips, trips,
2013,  citations. and falls.
10.  Muhammad  Issues related to  To propose  The result
Syaidan occupational strategies for shows that the

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Abdullah, safety and health improvement of lack of attitude
Muhammad (OSH) in the OSH of workers
Ifwat agriculture sector compliance towards OSH;
Ahmad is gaining extra among inappropriate
attention, contractors in and inadequate
especially paddy and rice of OSH
accidents that  industry based Training among
occur at on their main workers; and
workplace. problems lack of effective
communication
between the
company and
its employees
were the three
main problems
faced by these
contractors.

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5.0 Framework

5.1 Conceptual Framework

SAFETY CLIMATE

REGULATIONS
EDUCATION & RISK ASSESSMENT
(CORPORATE POLICES,
TRAINING (IDENTIFICATION & ANALYSIS)
STANDARDS AND LAWS)

ACCIDENT ANALYSIS THE ACCIDENTE

RISK PREVENTION
OCCURS
(RESPONSE & CONTROL)

THE ACCIDENTE DOES NOT

OCCUR

F ig . 1 . O c c u p a tio n a l S a fe ty a n d H e a lt h C y c le . A d a p te d fr o m C a r v a ja l, G . I . (2 0 0 8 ). M ode lo d e c uan tificac ión d e r iesg os

laborales en la construcción: RIES-CO. (Doctoral Thesis). Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, España.

Diagram 5.1: Show that the procedure that being use in Occupational Safety and
health.

5.2 Hypothesis

 Risk assessment.
 Risk prevention.
 Education and training.
 The accident occurs.
 Accident analysis.
 Regulations.
 The accident does not occur.

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6.0 Conclusion or Summary of Chapter

A hazard is any cause of potential harm, harm, or adverse health effect to something
or someone, and a risk is the likelihood or likelihood that a person will be harmed or
adversely affected if exposed to the hazard. is. [8] A hazard is something that can
cause harm or adverse effects. B. For individuals as health effects, and for the
environment and organizations as damage to property and equipment. There is a six-
step risk assessment process that can be implemented with minimal guidance and
understanding. That is, identifying the hazard, identifying the risks associated with it,
hooding, assessing the risk, including severity levels, and assigning priorities for
remediation. Next is risk management. This includes removal, building barriers,
administrative controls, and personal protective equipment. In addition, process
documentation and process monitoring and checking. 

The implementation of the recommendations is the need to maintain these

relationships and open communication about emerging health and safety issues and
potential solutions. The first recommendation is a stay focused on key hazards. The
Mining Legislative Review Committee’s working gatherings are being realigned to
mirror the need for hazards distinguished through the Review’s hazard evaluation.
The Committee has made a Ground Control Sub-advisory group and, at its next
gathering, will talk about growing the Diesel Sub-board of trustees into a Ventilation
and Industrial Hygiene Sub-council. The two changes show the mining business’ duty
to concentrate on these key hazards. Both Sub-councils will keep on taking a shot at
these issues, prescribing administrative changes to decrease dangers.

Second, study whether the positions, roles and responsibilities stipulated

under the Occupational Health and Safety Act meet the current needs of Ontario
workplaces. In their work, the Advisory Group and Working Groups identified several
issues that could affect all workers in Ontario and require input from a broader range
of workplaces. The nature of work and the structure of workplaces have changed
significantly in the time since the OHSA was created. Jurisdictions around the world
have created models of worker and employer rights and responsibilities that are
different from the Occupational Health and Safety Act.

Third, NIOSH should be given sufficient funding to develop a database

describing the types and levels of work-related exposures. Exposures considered
should include multiple physical, biomechanical and psychosocial factors. The

15 | B R S 2 0 1 0 3
database should be constructed in a structure that allows for full-spectrum exposure
to specific professional and industry conferences and links to collections of
information on population well-being. The database should be changed and updated
on a regular basis. The effects of these and different exposures on the direction of
proper maturation during life expectancy have not been studied. Thus, there are few
studies on how later-life exposure affects age-related processes that are currently
altered by a series of earlier word-associated exposures. These issues at and are
expected of employees who are explicitly exposed in their work environment.
Additional aspects that need research include how these combined and age-related
exposures affect physical, mental, and social functioning later in life, as well as more
important factors such as growth and development. Includes disease outbreaks and
characteristic histories that cause well-established major human disorders.
Osteoarthritis. Emphasizing the impact of workplace exposures on psychological
well-being and performance is particularly useful for those with social anxiety in their
work environment and those identified as having altered job demands and relevance.
is even more necessary for 

These efforts are important because the only way to eliminate workplace
injuries, illnesses and deaths is to stay on this path of continuous improvement. The
release of this report marks an important milestone in our journey of change and
improvement. This is not the end of the process of improving mine health and safety.
There is much to be done. Health and safety are not static issues, they are constantly
changing as work and technology evolve. Only through partnership can we continue
to improve health and safety outcomes. 

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7.0 References

B
Bahron, A., Che, S., Datu, S., & Datu Eranza, R. (n.d.). ISSUES IN HR-SAFETY
PRACTICES AND WORK SAFETY: A PROPOSED STUDY IN KOTA KINABALU
CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES. https://www.ums.edu.my/fpep/files/MGMT06_2013.pdf
‌
C
Caraballo-Arias, Y. (2015). Occupational Safety and Health in Venezuela. Annals of
Global Health, 81(4), 512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.022

Cruz, I., & Huerta-Mercado, R. (2015). Occupational Safety and Health in Peru. Annals of
Global Health, 81(4), 568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.027

Challenges Face By Employers In Malaysia During Covid-19 Pandemic. (2021,

September 23). Edubirdie. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from
https://edubirdie.com/examples/challenges-face-by-employers-in-malaysia-during-covid-
19-pandemic/

J
Joshi, S., Shrestha, S., & Vaidya, S. (2011). Occupational Safety and Health Studies in
Nepal. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 1(1), 19–26.
https://doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v1i1.4725

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OSHA: Guidelines in Occupational Related Safety And Health In Malaysia. (2022, March
18). Edubirdie. Retrieved March 19, 2023, from https://edubirdie.com/examples/osha-
guidelines-in-occupational-related-safety-and-health-in-malaysia/

S
SUÁREZ SÁNCHEZ, F. A., CARVAJAL PELÁEZ, G. I., & CATALÁ ALÍS, J. (2017).
Occupational safety and health in construction: a review of applications and trends.
Industrial Health, 55(3), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2016-0108

V
Validate User. (n.d.). Jamanetwork.com. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-

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abstract/2770890
Viscusi, W. K. (1986). The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulation, 1973-
1983. The RAND Journal of Economics, 17(4), 567. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555482

Viscusi, W. K. (1979). The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulation. The Bell
Journal of Economics, 10(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.2307/3003322

W
Wallis, L. (2015). OSHA Gets Serious About Workplace Safety for Nurses. AJN, American
Journal of Nursing, 115(9), 13. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000471230.85208.d2

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8.0 Appendix

8.1 The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulation, 1973-1983.

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8.2 Occupational Safety and Health Studies in Nepal

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8.3 ‌Occupational Safety and Health in Venezuela

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8.4 The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

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8.5 Occupational Safety and Health in Peru

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8.6 Occupational Safety and Health in Construction: A Review of
Application and Trends.

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8.7 Issues In Hr-Safety Practices and Work Safety: A Proposed Study in
Kota Kinabalu Construction Companies

25 | B R S 2 0 1 0 3
8.8 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Worker
Safety During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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8.9 OSHA Gets Serious About Workplace Safety for Nurses

27 | B R S 2 0 1 0 3
8.10 Overcoming Issues in Occupational Safety and Health Compliance
among Contractors in Paddy and Rice Industry

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