Unit § Angles and trigonometry Trigonometry 1. Sketch these triangles and label the hypotenuse, opposite and adjacent sides. a A bp c N L Q B M fc R 2 White sin x, cos x and tan 2 as fractions for this triangle. 6 azure The first one has been started for you. NIT | soncantoa. 10 . 3] 3 _ Use your calculator to find, correct to 2 decimal places HE} a sin 22° b tan 36° © cos 70° tan 58° J) 4 Copy and complete. Use your calculator to find each angle to 1 decimal place. l2e5| a tanx=0345 = x=tan() b sind=0806 @=[_}(0.806) © cosy =0.7625 05) d sina=2 a-—8) © cosb=e b= cos) 5 Sophie is calculating the length of the side marked in this triangle. Copy and complete her working, GOH CATO) 5 hint Round your A answer to 1 dp. and tana 2 E put in the units, adj opp 5 tanger =% ie Som t25x ‘aj x ol Calculate the length of the side marked x in each triangle. hi Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place. 6 Hi Use the same method as in Q5. a b Write SOH CAH TOA, Underline the information you are given, Use the ratio with to underlines. 130m ‘3.1m 151Unit § Angles and trigonometry J 7 Calculate the size of angle x [HE] The working has been started for you ra hcl tela SOHERITOA 150 opp adj cos = Oo ‘12om o adj -=G ao 2 cos. Calculate the size of angle ABC in this triangle. Give your answer correct to 0.1°, A 8 hint Sketch triangle ABC. Bom Label angle ABC. Then use the same method as in QB. c sa 8 9 Which angle is an angle of elevation and which is an angle of depression? Real / Problem-solving From the top of a vertical cliff, C, a boat, B, can be seen out at sea. The cliff is 90m high. The boat is 110m from the base of the cliff. 2 Copyand complete the diagram to show the information you are given. c 90m 8 A b. What is the angle of elevation of the cliff top from the boat? Q1Ob hint Find the angle at 8. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place. 11 Copy and complete this table. Leave your answers in surd form. aan TEEN back saa eee a a at Key point 12 sin cos tan 152Unit Angles and trigonometry Problem-solving A rectangle BCEF is constructed inside a regular hexagon ABCDEF. Work out the size of angle DEC. 5 B Diagram NOT E lc D E ABCDE isa regular pentagon, [BCF and EDF are straight lines. ‘Work out the size of angle CFD. ‘You must show how you got your answer. G marks) June 2014, O11, IMAGE ee Problem-solving Work out the size of angle QSP Give reasons for your working. ABCD is a trapezium, | 4 Diagram NOT | accurately dawn | Oem B c AD = 10cm, AB = 9em, Di ‘Angle ABC = angle BCD. Calculate the length of AC. | Give your answer correct to 3 significant figures. (§ marks) Nov 2012, QIS, IMAO/2H aorenanaed Problem-solving A rectangular garden measures 25m by 20m. A path is laid diagonally across the garden and along the whole of its perimeter, What is the total length of the path? Problem-solving The ratio of the interior angles of a pentagon is 1:2:3:4:5. Work out the sizes of al five interior angles.154 Unit Angles and trigonometry 10 a Problem-solving The exterior and interior angles of a regular polygon are in the ratio 1:2. How many sides does the polygon have? Problem-solving The area of triangle ABC is 42cm? 20m 8 c Calculate the size of angle a. jive your answer correct to 1 decimal place. Reasoning Sarah sees an aeroplane. She estimates it is flying at a height of 56 000 feet. The angle of elevation to the aeroplane is 49°. \Whatis the horizontal distance between Sarah and the plane? Give your answer correct to 3 sf B Bp bo 2. Find the length (to 2.d.p) of i AB fl AC. b Work out the perimeter of the triangle. Problem-solving In a right-angled triangle the shortest side is 4cm and the longest side is8em. Work out the exact perimeter of the triangle. Problem-solving The length of the diagonal of a square is 10cm. Work out the length ofa side of the square. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place. Problem-solving The diagram shows a circle centre 0, Angle OBA is 90°. coon | OX Pe 2 Work out the radius of the circle, b Work out angle OCB.Unit Angles and trigonometry © The angle marked xis called the interior angle. The angle marked y is called the exterior angle. Lryxo_ 2+ y = 180° (angles on a straight line add up to 180°) lesson 5.1 For any polygon, interior angle + exterior angle = 180° Mastery lesson 53 © The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior angles at the other two vertices. angle d= angle a + angle b.. Mastery lesson 5.1 The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with m sides = (2-2) x 1802, Mastery lesson 52 © The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is always 360°... Mastery lesson 5.3 © The exterior angle ofa regular n-sided polygon is. Mastery lesson 53 © Ina right-angled triangle the longest side is called the hypotenuse and is opposite the right angle... Mastery lesson 5.4 © Pythagoras’ theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. CaP R i... f : Mastery lesson 5.4 A triangle with sides a, b and c, where cis the longest angled only if c2 = a? + b Mastery lesson 5.4 Ina right-angled triangle, the side opposite the angle Bis called the opposite. The side next to the angle @is called the adjacent. Mastery lesson 5.6 opposite, & hypotenuse stot 155Reflect 156 Unit § Angles and trigonometry © The sine of angle dis the ratio of the opposite side to the opp hypotenuse, sin @= 2Pe byp © The cosine of angle @is the ratio of the adjacent side to the typotenuse, cos @= 22) ypotenuse Cos B= © The tangent of angle @is the ratio of the opposite side to the opp adj adjacent side, tan 6 © You can use sin, cos“ or tan-? on your calculator to find an angle ‘when you know its sin, cos or tan © The angle of elevation (e) is the angle measured upwards from the horizontal. The angle of depression (d) is the angle measured downwards from the horizontal. qd © The sine, cosine and tangent of some angles may be written exactly... Mastery lesson 5.7 30° 45° 60° 0 90° 1 Bz B sin $ 2 3 0 1 a @ 1 cos ; Z ; 1 ° 3 a v 0 tan - 1 3 ‘Notation’ means symbols. Mathematics uses a lot of notations, For example: meansis equalto © means degrees. LL means aright angle Look back a this unit. Write alist ofall the maths notation used ‘Why do you think this notation is important? Could you have anwsered the questions in this lession without understanding the maths notation? Mastery lesson 5.6 Mastery lesson 5.6 Mastery lesson 5.6 sraseeesaneesessesee Mastery lesson 5.7 Mastery lesson 5.6Unit Angles and trigonometry Log how you did on your Student Progression Chart. 1 Reasoning ABCDEFGHIis a regular nonagon. 2 What is the sum of the interior angles? bb Work out the size of angle Hi. (@ marks) [J] 2 PORisaright-angled triangle. a PR=123¢m RQ=6.4em Calculate the length of PO. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places. (3 marks) 3 Communication ABC and DEF are straight lines. D E F ACis parallel to DF. \e) BE=CE Work out the value of x. Give reasons for your answer. (a % Communication c (3 marks) AC is parallel to DG. Prove that the angle sum of any aan triangle is 180°. > 5 Write down the value of a tan 0° sin 90° cos 0° 0s 45° sin 60° (marks) (4 marks) B 8 g a 5 s > 8 ae Active Leary) Homework, practice and support: Higher 5 Unit test 157Unit § Angles and trigonometry ] 6 XvZisaright-angled triangle z 76m mn Calculate the size of the angle marked x. " Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place. y @ marks) 7 Reasoning Kari builds a skate ramp with 2 metres of wood. She wants the vertical height of the ramp to be 1 metre. What does the angle of elevation need to be? (3 marks) 8 Reasoning A ship is sighted from the top of a lighthouse. The angle of depression from the lighthouse to the ship is 45°. The distance from the top of the lighthouse directly to the ship is 4 miles. Calculate the horizontal distance of the ship from the bottom of the lighthouse. Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places. (3 marks) 9 Problem-solving A rectangular lawn has a diagonal path running across it The lawn is 10m wide and 15m tong. Work out the length of the path. Give your answer in surd form. (8 marks) Sample student answers Which student gives the best answer? Explain. ie 35cm ABC is a right-angled triangle. BC=3.Sem Angle ABC = 90° and angle BAC = 65° Calculate the length of AC, Give your answer correct to 2 decimal places. @ marks) Student ¢ Student A hyp=3.5 sin 65" =3,172077255 =3.170m 158Top athletes and sports teams use graphs to track their progress, particularly when new training methods are introduced, so that they know how much of an improvement they have made. ‘Two groups of athletes followed two different training 3 programmes. They recorded the soreness in their muscles & 8 Soe Eeomes Group B using a scale of 0 to 5. The graph shows their results Giving your answers as a scale reading, how much difference was there in the first readings for the two groups? how much difference was there in the last two readings? Which group had the better training session? a 10 20 30 40 50 60 Minutes after exercise Prior knowledge check solve Work out 3x45-9 B42 6-3 (247-2 Write down the reciprocal of 1 4 3 - Miguel walks 7.5km in 1.5 hours. What is his speed? 3 hint Speed = distance time When «= 5, work out neh 2-3 Bie 2 e 159Unit 6 Graphs 7 8 160 @ Copy and complete the table of values fory=2x+1 Real The graph shows the amount an electrician charges his customers. x 2[alolifz Electrician's charges y b Plot the graph of y=2x +1. For each of these graphs, work out i the gradient li the y-intercept. 7234 5% ehas N34 be 2: 3 La Ls. 0 are eer es Number of hours worked ‘a How much does the electrician charge { for 1 hour's work li for 5% hours’ work? b The electrician charges a call-out fee i How much is the call-out fee? li, How many minutes of work does the call-out fee include? Iii How much does the electrician charge per hour after the initial call-out fee? Challenge 10 The graphs of y=x?+2and y=2x+5 are plotted on the grid, y 2 1 10: 9 BRIT TR 4* Give the coordinates of the two points of intersection of these graphs.Unit 6 Graphs Linear graphs «Find the gradient and y-intercept from alinear You can use linear graphs to show how. equation, ‘wo values are related, like converting + Rearrange an equation into the formy=mx +e, money from pounds to dollars, + Compare two graphs from their equations. + Plot graphs with equations aa + by =. Fluency Which graph has positive gradient? x Which has negative? ‘What are the x- and y-intercepts of each graph? o SE Rearrange 2x ~ y=5 to make y the subject. ———_____________ Questions in this unit are targeted at the steps indicated. (On squared paper, draw a line with gradient 5 $ 3 Copy and complete this table for the graphs on the grid [Equation oftine | _ Gradient | _grntereapt Discussion How can you find the gradient and the y-intercept from the equation of a line? Active Learn Homework, practice and support: Higher 6.1 161Unit 6 Graphs Pore! Alinear equation generates a straight-line (linear) graph, The equation for a straight-line graph can be written as y = mx + ¢ where m is the gradient and cis the y-intercept. Write the equation of, a linea b line. Write down the formula a y=mese soht Work out the gradient m=2 __| gradient from points yrinterceptis (0,-8).50¢=-8 | onthe line, Find the Equationofine Ais y=2x- 6 Ly-intercept b y=mere Substitute the aneae values into the aed formula yrinterceptis 0,2),60 6 =2 Ox +2 Equation ofline Bis y 4 9 Match each line to an equation. y=3x+1] | y=2e+1] [| ye2x-2] [| ye2e-2 b_ Which line passes through the origin? Reena © Which line is the steepest? The origin isthe point (0, 0). 4 Which lines have the same intercept? © Which lines are parallel? ‘Qée hint Parallel lines have the same gradientUnit 6 Graphs 5 Write the equations of these lines. Q5 hint Read the scale of both axes carefully. 6 Here are the equations of some linear graphs. Which of these graphs across the y-axis at the same point bare parallel? i y=2e-3 iiy=3r+1 itig= ivysderl vy To find the y-intercept of a graph, find the y-coordinate where x = 0. To find the x-intercept of a graph, find the x-coordinate where y = 0. 7 For the equation 2y ~ x =3 i copy and complete the table of values Gna aeol x[o ‘what is the value of y? y 0 |i_plot the graph on suitable axes, b Repeat part a for the lines with equation ixeys4 ii xty=T Discussion Where do you think the graph of x + y =3 will cross the axes? Where will x+y =-1? =3,a+y=handx+y=7. 8 In Q7 you drew the graphs of 2y ~ Rearrange each equation to make y the subject. b_ Read the gradients and y- intercepts from each. «Look back at your graphs in Q7 to check the gradients and y-intercepts are correct. ‘To compare the gradients and y-intercepts of two straight lines, make sure their equations are in the form y = mx +c. 9 Reasoning Which is the steepest line? b ayese=7 c¢ ax+ty © 6x-2y=9 Q9 hint Rearrange to y= mex + cif necessary, 10 Communication / Problem-solving Which of these lines pass through (0, 3)? Show how you worked it out. A y=3u-3 B 4y-8y=12 C Sy=3r-15 D 2x-y=3 E 3xtyn3 163eat 164 Unit 6 Graphs 1 Write the equation of each line. 2 The equation of a line is y = 3x + ¢.Find the value of ¢ when x = 4 and y= 15. a y=2e-1 b ya-x+4 (On the same grid, draw these graphs from their equations. y 8: Plot the y-intercept. Decide if the gradient is positive or negative, Drawa line with this gradient, starting from the y-intercept. Extend your line right across the grid, Label the line with its equation, Active Learn Homework, practice and support: Higher 6.26 Unit 6 Graphs Draw these graphs from their equations. Use a coordinate grid from -10 to +10 on both axes. a ynme+s c y=3e do yadxe2 fF ya-3ur2 Reasoning Match each equation to one of these sketch graphs. yeseet| [y-2ee3| [y--ees] [oy ya3rs3 8 c D E ¥) ¥ ¥ y 3 3 1 z > ¥ z ? Reflect What does it mean in maths to sketch a graph? What information do you include on a sketch? How is this different from plotting a graph? Sketch the graphs of Q5 hint Find the x- and a yaar b ys3xtt crtye5 y-intercepts. Join them with a straight line a Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of the graph with equation Q6 hint Mark the x- and y-intercept and join with a straight line. ys iv y-2e=4 b Sketch the graphs. e ‘linear function has a graph that is a straight line, 7 10 Reasoning Which of these are linear functions? aco a yar b y-¥ c ya2ee1 them as y = mx +c? do 3x+2y=5 © yaatts f yat Reflect y = mx + cisa linear equation. In your own words, how would you describe what ‘linear’ means? Reasoning a Does the point (3,6) lie on (9 hint Substitute the values of x and y into the the line y =x? equation ofthe line. Dye er ellie Do both sides ofthe equation have the same value? thelne y= 22 +52 What does it mean if they do? What does it mean if © Does the point (-2, -7) lie on they denote the line y= ~4 ~1? (10 strategy hint Substitute the gradient (m) Problem-solving Astraight ine has | into the equation y = mx + ¢ gradient 2. The point (4 5) lies onthe line. | Then substitute the given values of x and y (the Find the equation ofthe line coordinates ofthe point) and solve to find c. 165Unit 6 Graphs 11 Problem-solving Work out the equations of these straight-line graphs. The line with gradient 3 that passes through the point (0, 5) The line with gradient -1 that passes through the point (3, 0) The line with gradient 4 that passes through the point (6, 1), The line with gradient -2 that passes through the point (6, ~4) ance 12. Find the gradient of the line joining points A (-3, -2) and B (5,4) by drawing the graph and using the formula difference in y-coordinates ifference in «coordinates ® difference in x-coordinates Qiza gradient busing the formula m= %2—% where A= 6r,.y,) and B= (to ys) (-3,-2) (5,4) Discussion Which method do you prefer? If you didn’t draw a graph, could you still use method a? 13. Reasoning P is the point (-2, 6). Qs the point (10, 0) a Find the gradient of line PQ. b_ Write y = mx + cusing your gradient from part a, Substitute the coordinates of Qinto this equation. Solve to find c. < Write the equation of the line PQ. ‘14 To find the coordinates of the point where these graphs intersect y=4n-3 ya-xel2 ‘write the two equations equal to each other Pare b solve to find x ee © substitute 2 into one of the first equations to find y write the coordinates (x,y) 415. Find the coordinates of the point where these graphs intersect. mic on aoe ney) asy= mx +c. 1 Find the area a b Qi hint Remember to give ofeach shape. 2mm sem units for your answer. ‘mm Tom Active alm Homework practice and support: Higher 6.3Unit 6 Graphs ‘A distance-time graph represents a journey. ‘The vertical axis represents the distance from the starting point. ‘The horizontal axis represents the time taken. 2 Real Sophie drives from her house to a cinema, The distance-time graph shows her journey. Sophie's trip to the cinema 10 gs Ege : 6 2 $54 a2 ° Spm 9pm How far is Sophie's house from the cinema? What time does Sophie arrive at the cinema? How long does she take to drive to the cinema? How long is she at the cinema? What was her speed on the way to the cinema? Work out the gradient for her drive to the cinema, What do you notice? Discussion What does a horizontal line mean on a distance-time graph? ‘What does the gradient mean? On a distance-time graph, the gradient is the speed. 3. Real / Modelling Amal drives to her friend's house. ‘She drives 150km in 2.5 hours. Then she stops for a half-hour break She then drives 70km in 1 hour and arrives at her friend's house On graph paper draw a horizontal axis from 0 to 4 hours and a vertical axis from Oto 220km. Draw a distance-time graph to show Amal’s journey. Work out her speed for the first part of the journey. aoance 4 Kirsty is practising speed skating, She covers the 1200m straight course in 75 seconds. She rests for 1 minute then skates back to the Q4a hint Work out how far start line at 10rr/s, Kirsty travels in 1 second, or in 2 Draw a distance-time graph to show Kirsty’s 10 seconds, Plot this asa point skating practice. b_ Work out the fastest speed she travelled Q4b hhint What units do you need to use? 167Unit 6 Graphs : a a ea Simon went fora cycle ride He lft home at 2pm, ‘The travel graph represents part of Simon’ cycle ride AAC Jp Simon stopped fora rest How many minutes aaa did he res? (1 mark) ee : How far was Simon from 2 : eel home at Spm? (mark) 29, i At Spm Simon stopped for Aan see Le oon ae ff ‘Then he cycled home at a 2 ll seat steady speed. 2g inant ataees Ittook him I hour 30 minutes g 2 H f to get home. = psy 1 : € Complete the travel graph. £ spots - marks) 2 64 / esa ‘March 2013, 03, 1MAo2H FE 44: t ta Q5 communication hint : a) Steady speed means traveling | Spm Pes the same distance each minute. otal distance t Average speed = ‘Be Peed total time Make sure your units match, [=] © Real / Modelling The table shows a train journey from Birmingham to Shrewsbury. (238) The train stops at Wolverhampton and Telford on the way. Station Time Birmingham New Street (departing) | 1432 (Wolverhampton (arriving) ae Telford (arriving) 1459 ‘Shrewsbury (arriving) 1519 When a train arrives at a station, it stays for 3 minutes before leaving for the next station. There are 16 miles between each pair of stations. 2 Drawa distance-time graph for this journey. b Work out the speed of the train between (Q64 hint Do you think the average speed Birmingham and Wolverhampton. for the whole journey will be faster or © Work out the speed of the train between slower than the speed over each part of Telford and Shrewsbury. reo yi What was the average speed for the whole journey? 7 Lookat the graph you drew for Q3, What was Amal’s average speed for the whole journey? 168Unit 6 Graphs 8 Real / Modelling Train A travels ‘Train journeys to and from Manchester from Manchester to London. Train B travels from London to eel Manchester. a Use the graph to estimate how far they are from London when they pass each other. Work out the speed for each part of the journey for Train A © When was Train B travelling fastest? How can you tell this London. from the graph? 2pm, Spm 4pm, ‘Spm Which train travelled faster ee) ‘on average? Discussion Are these distance-time graphs good models Q8a hint Look at the for train journeys? What assumptions have been made? lunits on the graph. Pome ‘The gradient of a straight line graph is the rate of change. 9 Reasoning Josh runs water into these three containers at a constant rate. Adsl wi i Time Train A Train 8 4100: Distance (miles) @ Inwhich container does the depth of water increase by the same [99 communication amount every second? hint Constant rate b Which graph shows the depth of water increasing steadily? ‘means the same Match each graph to one container. amount flows in Discussion Why is graph li curved? every second, 10. Reasoning Here are three vases. They are all cylinders and all the same height. Skye fills the vases with water at the same rate. C90 On the same axes, sketch three graphs showing the rate at which water fills the vases. Q10 hint Which vase will be full frst? Which wil be full last? Depth Time Porn A velocity-time graph has time on the x-axis and velocity on the y-axis The gradient is the rate of change of velocity, or acceleration. ‘A positive gradient means an object is speeding up. change in velocity time The area under a velocity-time graph is the distance travelled, Acceleration = 169Unit 6 Graphs Real Gavin goes for a run. The graph shows his journey. Velocity-time graph of Gavin's run s T Q11b hint Read seconds from the raph and change to minutes, 16: 14: 1.2: 1.0: os: 06: oa: 0.2 Velocity (mis) ole u 0 240 480 720 960 1200 Time (seconds) Work out Gavin's maximum velocity how many minutes he ran at 1.1 m/s his acceleration for the first part of the journey the distance Gavin ran during the last 120 seconds, QLic hint Gracient ofthe line segment PQ. acceleration (m/s?) change in velocity (m/s!) time (5) QL1d hint Find the area of the triangle under the line segment TU. Read the height from the velocity axis and the base from the time axis. 1440 Dns Ck Copy and complete this description of Gavin's run. He accelerated at{_] m/s? for the first (_] then ran at a constant velocity of [_}m/s for[_] minutes. Next Discussion How do you show constant speed, constant acceleration and constant deceleration on a velocity-time graph? Reflect Why do we call the graphs in this lesson ‘rate of change’ graphs? What kind of rates of change might you find in everyday life? Real-life graphs + Draw and interpret real-life linear graphs. + Recognise direct proportion. + Draw and use a line of best fit. Fluency Here is a sketch of a graph with a gradient of ~ 4. What is its equation? 170 minutes, Deceleration is negative acceleration. Itmeans that an object, Is slowing down, 12 hint What can you think of that changes? Engineers use graphs showing the performance of car engines to work out the most efficient speeds to save fuel Active L@arn Homework, practice and support: Higher 6.4