Ilocos Region

Ilocos Region (Ilocano: Rehion/Deppaar ti

Ilocos; Pangasinan: Sagor na Baybay na
Luzon/Rehiyon Uno; Tagalog: Rehiyon ng
Ilocos) is an administrative region of the
Philippines, designated as Region I,
occupying the northwestern section of
Luzon and part of Central Luzon plain,
primarily by Pangasinan. It is bordered by
the Cordillera Administrative Region to the
east, the Cagayan Valley to the northeast
and southeast, and the Central Luzon to
the south. To the west lies the South China
Sea.[5]
 Ilocos Region
Rehion ti Ilocos
Sagor na Baybay na Luzon/Rehiyon na Sagor Luzon

Region I

Region

From top: Paoay Church

Calle Crisologo, Bangui Wind Farm

Ma-Cho Temple, Hundred Islands National

Park
 OpenStreetMap

Location in the Philippines

Wikimedia | © O penStreetMap

Coordinates: 16°37′N 120°19′E (https://geoh

ack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Il
ocos_Region&params=16.62_N_120.32_E_r
egion:PH_type:city(5301139))

Country  Philippines
Island group Luzon
Regional center San Fernando (La
Union)
Largest city San Carlos
 (Pangasinan)
Largest barangay Bonuan Gueset
(Dagupan City)

Area
 • Total 13,013.60 km2
(5,024.58 sq mi)
Highest elevation 2,361 m (7,746 ft)
(Mount Sicapoo)
Population (2020 census) [2]
 • Total 5,301,139
 • Estimate (2020) 5,220,807[1]
 • Density 410/km2
(1,100/sq mi)
Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
ISO 3166 code PH-01
Provinces 4
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Sur
La Union
Independent Cities 1 Pangasinan
Dagupan
Component Cities 8
Alaminos
Batac
Candon
Laoag
San Carlos
San Fernando
Urdaneta
Vigan
Municipalities 116
Barangays 3,267
Cong. districts 12
Languages Ilocano (Iloko) ·
Pangasinan · Bolinao
· Sambal · Kankana-
ey · Itneg · Isnag ·
Ibaloi · English ·
Filipino
GDP (2021) ₱643 billion

$13 billion[3]
 Growth rate (4.6%)[3]
HDI 0.743 (High)
HDI rank 6th in Philippines
(2019)

Map of the Philippines highlighting the Ilocos Region

The region comprises four provinces

(Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and
Pangasinan) and one independent city
(Dagupan). Its regional center is San
Fernando, La Union whereas the largest
settlement is San Carlos City, Pangasinan.
The 2000 Census reported that the major
languages spoken in the region are Ilocano
at 64% of the total population at that time,
Pangasinan with 32.5%, and Tagalog and
other languages with 3.21%.[6]

History

Prehistory

The region was first inhabited by the

aboriginal Negritos, before they were
pushed by successive waves of
Austronesian immigrants that penetrated
the narrow coast. Tingguians (Igorot) in
the interior, Ilocanos in the north,
Pangasinenses in the south, and Zambals
in the southwesternmost areas settled the
region.

Early history

As commercial trading routes became

established in Southeast Asia, the pre-
Hispanic Luyag na Caboloan (present-day
Pangasinan) area in the vicinity of Lingayen
gulf became maritime trading centers, as
gold mined from the Cordillera Mountain
Range came down along the Aringay-
Tonglo-Balatok gold trail,[7][8] and was also
traded in the neighboring settlement of
Agoo, whose coast at the time was
shaped in such a way that it was a good
harbor for foreign vessels.[9][10]

Evidence of trade between the then-

Pangasinense port of Agoo and China has
been excavated in the form of porcelain
and pottery pieces unearthed at the site of
the Catholic church during its renovation, -
which are now kept in the Museo de
Iloko.[9] Japanese fishermen eventually
established their first settlement in the
Philippines there, passing on their fishing
skills and technologies to the local
populace.[9]

Spanish colonial era

The Spanish arrived in the 16th century and

established Christian missions and
governmental institutions to control the
native population and convert them to
Catholicism. Present-day Vigan in Ilocos
Sur province became the diocesan seat of
Nueva Segovia. Ilocanos in the northern
parts were less easily swayed, however,
and remained an area filled with deep
resentments against Spain. These
resentments surfaced at various points in
the Ilocos provinces' history as
insurrections, most notably that of Andres
Malong and Palaris of Pangasinan, Diego
Silang and his wife Gabriela Silang in 1764,
and the Basi Revolt in the 19th century.
However, it was the Pangasinans in the
south who were the last to stand against
the Spaniards.[11]

American invasion era

In 1901, the region came under American

colonial rule, and in 1941, under Japanese
occupation.

Japanese occupation era

During 1945, the combined American and
the Philippine Commonwealth troops
including with the Ilocano and Pangasinan
guerillas liberated the Ilocos Region from
Japanese forces during the Second World
War.

Philippine independence

Several presidents of the Republic of the

Philippines hailed from the Region: Elpidio
Quirino, Ferdinand Marcos, and Fidel V.
Ramos. The province of Pangasinan was
transferred by Ferdinand Marcos from
Region III into Region I in 1973 and
afterwards imposed a migration policy for
Ilokanos into Pangasinan, to the moderate
detriment of the native Pangasinenses.
Before the administration of Ferdinand
Marcos, Pangasinan was not a part of the
region.[12] He also included Abra, Mountain
Province, and Benguet in the Ilocos region
in a bid to expand Ilokano influence among
the ethnic peoples of the Cordilleras.[13]

The Martial Law era

Various human rights violations were

documented in the Ilocos region during the
Marcos martial law era, despite public
perception that the region was supportive
of Marcos' administration.[14] In Ilocos
Norte, various farmers from the towns of
Vintar, Dumalneg, Solsona, Marcos, and
Piddig were documented to have been
tortured,[14] and eight farmers in Bangui
and three indigenous community members
in Vintar were "salvaged" in 1984.[14]

Ilocanos who were critical of Marcos'

authoritarian rule included Roman Catholic
Archbishop and Agoo, La Union native
Antonio L. Mabutas, who spoke actively
against the torture and killings of church
workers.[15][16] Other La Union natives who
fought the dictatorship were student
activists student activists Romulo and
Armando Palabay of San Fernando, La
Union, whose torture and death in a
military camp in Pampanga would lead
them to being honored as martyrs in the
fight against the dictatorship in the
Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani
memorial.[17]

In Ilocos Norte, one of the prominent

victims of the Martial Law era who came
from Laoag was Catholic layperson and
social worker Purificacion Pedro, who
volunteered in organizations protesting the
Chico River Dam Project in the nearby
Cordillera Central mountains.[18] Wounded
while visiting activist friends in Bataan, she
was later killed by Marcos administration
soldiers while recuperating in the
hospital.[19][20] Another prominent
opponent of the martial law regime was
human rights advocate and Bombo Radyo
Laoag program host David Bueno, who
worked with the Free Legal Assistance
Group in Ilocos Norte during the later part
of the Marcos administration and the early
part of the succeeding Aquino
administration. He would later be
assassinated by motorcycle-riding men in
fatigue uniforms on October 22, 1987 –
part of a wave of assassinations which
coincided with the 1986-87 coup d'état
which tried to unseat the democratic
government set up after the 1986 People
Power Revolution.[21] Both Bueno and
Pedro were later honored among the first
65 people to have their names inscribed on
the wall of remembrance of the
Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani,
which honors the martyrs and heroes who
fought the dictatorship,[22] and Pedro was
listed among Filipino Catholics nominated
to be named Servant of God.[23]

Transfer of provinces to the Cordillera

Administrative Region

When the Cordillera Administrative Region

was established under Corazon Aquino,
the indigenous provinces of Abra,
Mountain Province, and Benguet were
transferred into the newly formed region.

Geography

Political Map of Ilocos Region

The Ilocos Region is divided into two
contrasting geographical features. The
Ilocos provinces occupy the narrow plain
between the Cordillera Central mountain
range and the South China Sea, whereas
Pangasinan occupies the northwestern
portion of the vast Central Luzon plain,
having Zambales Mountains as its natural
western limit.

Lingayen Gulf is the most notable body of

water in Pangasinan and it contains
several islands, including the Hundred
Islands National Park. To the north of
Ilocos is Luzon Strait.
The Agno River runs through Pangasinan
from Benguet, flowing into a broad delta at
the vicinities of Lingayen and Dagupan
before emptying into Lingayen Gulf.

Administrative divisions

The Ilocos Region comprises 4 provinces,

1 independent component city, 8
component cities, 116 municipalities, and
3,265 barangays.[24]

Provinces
 Province Capital Population (2020)[25]

Ilocos
Laoag 11.5% 609,588 3
Norte

Ilocos Sur Vigan 13.3% 706,009 2

San
La Union 15.5% 822,352 1
Fernando

Pangasinan Lingayen 59.7% 3,163,190 5

Total 5,301,139 12

• Figures for Pangasinan include the independe

Governors and vice governors

 Political
Province Image Governor Vice Governor
Party

Mat t hew Marcos Cecilia Aranet a

Ilocos Nort e Nacionalist a
Manot oc Marcos

Jeremias C. Singson NPC Ryan Luis Singson

Ilocos Sur

Raphaelle Veronica Mario Eduardo

PDDS
Ort ega-David Ort ega
La Union

Mark Ronald DG.

Ramon Guico III Nacionalist a
Lambino
Pangasinan

Cities and municipalities

 †  Regional center

 ^  Independent City
 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Adams 2,189 159.31 61.51

Agno 29,947 169.75 65.54

Agoo 66,028 52.84 20.40

Aguilar 45,100 195.07 75.32

Alaminos City 99,397 164.26 63.42

Alcala 48,908 45.71 17.65

Alilem 7,361 119.33 46.07

Anda 41,548 74.55 28.78

Aringay 50,380 84.54 32.64

Asingan 57,811 66.64 25.73

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Bacarra 33,496 65.32 25.22

Bacnotan 44,388 76.60 29.58

Badoc 32,530 76.68 29.61

Bagulin 14,428 107.33 41.44

Balaoan 40,339 68.70 26.53

Balungao 30,004 73.25 28.28

Banayoyo 7,931 24.63 9.51

Bangar 38,041 37.36 14.42

Bangui 15,019 112.98 43.62

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Bani 52,603 179.65 69.36

Banna 19,297 92.73 35.80

Bantay 37,118 76.60 29.58

Basista 37,679 24.00 9.27

Batac 55,484 161.06 62.19

Bauang 78,449 73.15 28.24

Bautista 35,398 46.33 17.89

Bayambang 129,011 143.94 55.58

Binalonan 56,382 47.57 18.37

Binmaley 86,881 118.50 45.75

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Bolinao 83,979 197.22 76.15

Bugallon 74,962 189.64 73.22

Burgos 10,759 128.90 49.77

Burgos 12,793 44.38 17.14

Burgos 9,006 70.80 27.34

Burgos 23,749 131.32 50.70

Caba 23,119 46.31 17.88

Cabugao 38,884 95.56 36.90

Calasiao 100,471 48.36 18.67

Candon 61,432 103.28 39.88

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Caoayan 19,574 17.42 6.73

Carasi 1,607 82.97 32.03

Cervantes 19,449 234.70 90.62

Currimao 12,215 34.08 13.16

^Dagupan 174,302 44.47 17.17

Dasol 31,355 166.60 64.32

Dingras 40,127 96.00 37.07

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Dumalneg 3,087 88.48 34.16

Galimuyod 10,244 34.40 13.28

Gregorio del
4,472 41.66 16.09
Pilar

Infanta 26,242 254.29 98.18

Labrador 26,811 90.99 35.13

Laoac 34,128 40.50 15.64

Laoag City 111,651 116.08 44.82

Lidlidda 4,705 33.84 13.07

Lingayen 107,728 62.76 24.23

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Luna 37,318 42.90 16.56

Mabini 26,454 291.01 112.36

Magsingal 31,308 84.98 32.81

Malasiqui 143,094 131.37 50.72

Manaoag 76,045 55.95 21.60

Mangaldan 113,185 48.47 18.71

Mangatarem 79,323 317.50 122.59

Mapandan 38,058 30.00 11.58

Marcos 18,010 72.77 28.10

Nagbukel 5,465 43.12 16.65

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Naguilian 52,189 104.60 40.39

Narvacan 46,234 122.21 47.19

Natividad 25,771 134.36 51.88

Nueva Era 11,968 515.02 198.85

Pagudpud 25,098 194.90 75.25

Paoay 25,001 76.24 29.44

Pasuquin 29,678 210.54 81.29

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Piddig 22,475 216.20 83.48

Pinili 17,626 89.48 34.55

Pozorrubio 74,729 134.60 51.97

Pugo 19,337 62.84 24.26

Quirino 9,306 240.10 92.70

Rosales 66,711 66.39 25.63

Rosario 60,278 73.98 28.56

Salcedo 11,110 103.44 39.94

San Carlos City 205,424 169.03 65.26

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

San Emilio 7,206 141.44 54.61

San Esteban 8,381 19.62 7.58

San Fabian 87,428 81.28 31.38

† San Fernando
125,640 102.72 39.66
City

San Gabriel 18,943 129.87 50.14

San Ildefonso 8,190 11.35 4.38

San Jacinto 44,351 44.18 17.06

San Juan 26,674 64.37 24.85

San Juan 40,507 57.12 22.05

San Manuel 54,271 129.18 49.88

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

San Nicolas 38,895 40.18 15.51

San Nicolas 39,778 210.20 81.16

San Quintin 33,980 115.90 44.75

San Vicente 13,118 12.60 4.86

Santa 14,992 109.10 42.12

Santa Barbara 92,187 61.37 23.70

Santa Catalina 14,493 9.68 3.74

Santa Cruz 41,366 88.78 34.28

Santa Lucia 25,966 49.72 19.20

Santa Maria 30,006 63.31 24.44

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Santa Maria 34,220 69.50 26.83

Santiago 19,471 46.36 17.90

Santo Domingo 29,041 55.49 21.42

Santo Tomas 40,846 64.00 24.71

Santo Tomas 14,878 12.99 5.02

Santol 14,166 93.70 36.18

Sarrat 25,186 57.39 22.16

Sigay 2,552 81.55 31.49

Sinait 25,998 65.56 25.31

Sison 52,320 81.88 31.61

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Solsona 24,851 166.23 64.18

Sual 39,091 130.16 50.26

Sudipen 17,187 97.59 37.68

Sugpon 4,930 57.11 22.05

Suyo 10,766 124.00 47.88

Tagudin 41,538 151.19 58.37

Tayug 45,241 51.24 19.78

Tubao 31,763 50.75 19.59

Umingan 77,074 258.43 99.78

Urbiztondo 55,557 81.80 31.58

 Population
City/Municipality Area[28]
(2020) [27]

km2 sq mi /

Urdaneta City 144,577 100.26 38.71

Vigan City 53,935 25.12 9.70

Villasis 65,047 75.83 29.28

Vintar 33,339 614.35 237.20

Economy
Poverty Incidence of Ilocos Region
 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[29][30]

[31][32][33][34][35]

Although the economy in the southern

portion of the region, especially
Pangasinan, is anchored on aquaculture,
agro-industrial and service industry akin to
its Central Luzon neighbor, the economy in
the northern portion of the region is
anchored in the agricultural sector. The
economy in Pangasinan is driven by agro-
industrial (particularly in inland towns) and
aquaculture (in coastal areas) businesses,
such as milkfish (bangus) cultivation and
processing, livestock raising, fish paste
processing (bagoong), and others. Income
in the Ilocos provinces or northern portion
mostly come from cultivating rice,
tobacco, corn, sugarcane, and fruits;
raising livestock such as pigs, chicken,
goats, and carabaos (water buffalos).

The distribution of the economic activity in

the region may be seen from the collection
of tax revenue of the national government.
The bulk of the collections come from
Pangasinan, which posted 61% of the
total.[36]
The service and light manufacturing
industries are concentrated in the cities.
Dagupan, a major financial, commercial
and educational hub in the north, is mostly
driven by its local entrepreneurs, which
have expanded its network up to the
national level such as the CSI Group, Magic
Group, BHF Group, Guanzon Group, St
Joseph Drugs, and Siapno-Tada Optical,
among others. San Fernando in La Union
also has an international shipping port and
the upgraded San Fernando Airport. While
Laoag in Ilocos Norte has an international
airport.
The tourism industry, driven by local
airlines and land transportation firms in the
area like Pangasinan Solid North Bus,
Dagupan Bus Company, Farinas Transit
Company and Partas, focuses on the
coastal beaches and on eco-tourism.
There are fine sands stretching along
Lingayen Gulf area notably the historic
Tondaligan Beach in Dagupan and the rest
of the region's coastal areas.

The region is also rich in crafts, with

renowned blanket-weaving and pottery.
The Ilocanos' burnay pottery is well known
for its dark colored clay.[37]
Demographics
Population census of Ilocos Region
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1903 948,935 —    
1918 1,210,909 +1.64%
1939 1,459,294 +0.89%
1948 1,685,564 +1.61%
1960 2,042,865 +1.61%
1970 2,488,391 +1.99%
1975 2,726,220 +1.85%
1980 2,922,892 +1.40%
1990 3,550,642 +1.96%
1995 3,803,890 +1.30%
2000 4,200,478 +2.15%
2007 4,546,789 +1.10%
2010 4,748,372 +1.59%
2015 5,026,128 +1.09%
2020 5,301,139 +1.05%

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[38]

The Ilocos provinces are the historical

homeland of the Ilocanos. In the 2000
Census, the Ilocanos comprised 64% of
the region, Pangasinan people 32.5%, and
the Tagalogs 3%.[6]

Pangasinan is the historical homeland of

the Pangasinans. The population of
Pangasinan comprises approximately 60%
of the total population of the region. The
Ilocanos started migrating to Pangasinan
in the 19th century.[39] Pangasinan was
formerly a province of Region III (Central
Luzon) before President Marcos signed
Presidential Decree No. 1, 1972,
incorporating it into Region I. Minority
groups include the Tingguian and Isneg
communities that inhabit the foothills of
the Cordillera mountains, and Sambals
who settle in west Pangasinan.

The population is predominantly Roman

Catholic with strong adherents of
Protestantism such as the Aglipayan
denomination further north of the country.
There are also adherents to other religions,
such as Iglesia ni Cristo, Mormons, and the
like. There is also an undercurrent of
traditional animistic beliefs especially in
rural areas. The small mercantile Chinese
and Indian communities are primarily
Buddhists, Taoists, and Hindus.

Culture and the arts

Tampuhan by Juan Luna

The Ilocos region is noted for its
distinctive culture, shaped by the austere
demands of its geography.[40]: 55 

The region has given birth to numerous

artists who have won national acclaim -
among the most notable being writer and
activist Isabelo de los Reyes of Vigan who
helped publish the earliest currently-extant
text of Biag ni Lam-Ang; Badoc-born
Philippine Revolution era activist and
leader Juan Luna; and Binalonan-born
Carlos Bulosan, whose novel America is in
the Heart has become regarded as "[t]he
premier text of the Filipino-American
experience."[41]

The region is also home to several

National Artists of the Philippines,
including National Artist for Theater
Severino Montano who was conferred the
honor in 2001,[42] and National Artist for
Dance Lucrecia Kasilag, who was
conferred the honor in 1989.

Notable people

A view of San Fernando, La Union

Elpidio Quirino, sixth President of the
Philippines
Ferdinand Marcos, tenth President of
the Philippines
Fidel V. Ramos, twelfth President of the
Philippines, from Pangasinan
Bongbong Marcos, seventeenth
President of the Philippines
Gregorio Aglipay, founder of the
Aglipayan Church, he is from Batac,
Ilocos Norte
Manuel Arguilla, writer, patriot, and
martyr during the Japanese occupation
Salvador Bernal, his output included over
300 productions in art, film and music,
and earned him the award of National
Artist for Theater and Design in 2003,
from Dagupan
Gloria Diaz, Philippines- first Miss
Universe from Aringay, La Union
Victorio Edades, Father of Modern
Philippine Painting. A National Artist
awardee for Visual Arts (Painting) He
hailed from Dagupan
Josefa Llanes Escoda, founder of Girl
Scouts of the Philippines, from Dingras,
Ilocos Norte.
Lucrecia Roces Kasilag – National Artist
of the Philippines for Music, from San
Ferndando, La Union
Juan Luna, famous Filipino painter of the
Spoliarium from Badoc, Ilocos Norte
Antonio Luna, army general who fought
in the Philippine–American War, He is
from Badoc, Ilocos Norte.
Antonio Mabutas – Agoo-born first
bishop of Diocese of Laoag and the
second Archbishop of the Archdiocese
of Davao, historically noted as the first
Roman Catholic Archbishop to write a
pastoral letter to criticize human rights
violations under the Marcos
dictatorship.[15][16]
Bienvenido Nebres – Bacnotan-raised
academic, National Scientist of the
Philippines for Mathematics, former
Provincial Superior of the Society of
Jesus in the Philippines
Armando "Mandrake" Ducusin Palabay -
Filipino student leader and activist from
San Fernando La Union, honored at the
Philippines' Bantayog ng mga Bayani as
a martyr of the resistance against the
Marcos dictatorship.[17][43]
Orlando Quevedo, cardinal and third
Archbishop of the Archdiocese of
Cotabato. First cardinal from Mindanao.
He is from Sarrat, Ilocos Norte.
Artemio Ricarte, Filipino general during
the Philippine Revolution and the
Philippine–American War
Diego Silang, male revolutionary leader
during the Spanish Occupation
 Gabriela Silang, female revolutionary
leader during the Spanish Occupation
Teofilo Yldefonso, The first Filipino and
Southeast Asian to win an Olympic
medal and the only male Filipino
olympian to win multiple medals. He is
from Piddig, Ilocos Norte.

See also
Amburayan
Ilocos
Solid North

References
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 2020-2025" (https://www.doh.gov.ph/node/
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2. Census of Population (2015). "Region I
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428182416/http://www.census.gov.ph/dat
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Philippine Statistics Authority. January 31,
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3/pr0319tx.html) on April 28, 2003.
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7. Panela, Shaira (March 19, 2017). "Looking
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(https://www.rappler.com/science/163689-
filipino-archaeologist-traces-ancient-gold-tr
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(https://web.archive.org/web/2022010312
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External links
Media related to Ilocos Region at
Wikimedia Commons
Ilocos Region travel guide from
Wikivoyage
Geographic data related to Ilocos
Region (https://www.openstreetmap.or
g/relation/1552186) at OpenStreetMap

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