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BACTERIOLOGY REVIEWER
Bacteria
Aerobic Gram-Positive(+) Cocci
A. Staphylococcus
1. S. aureus
2. S. epidermidis
3. S. saprophyticus
4. S. lugdunensis
5. Micrococcus
B. Streptococcus
1. S. pyogenes (Group A)
Important Notes Tests
• Catalase(+), In Clusters,
• Cream/off-white colonies on
BA
• Normal Flora of anterior nares
• Coagulase(+), DNase (+)
• Skin and wound infection
• β- hemolytic on SBA
(folliculitis boils/Furuncles,
• Ferments Mannitol (+)
Carbuncles, impetigo)
(Yellow colonies on MSA)
• Food poisoning/Enterocolitis
• PYR and ornithine (-)
(caused by enterotoxin A-J, except
F) and Adult Joint Infections • Columbia Colistin-Nalidixic
Acid Agar (CNA)
• Toxic Shock Syndrome (caused by
TSSToxin-1/enterotoxin F= phage • Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar
group I) (PEA)
• Scalded Skin Syndrome/Ritter’s • Vancomycin- antimicrobial
disease/Lyell’s syndrome (caused choice for MRSA (methicillin
by epidermolytic/Exfoliatin toxin= resistant S. aureus)
phage group II)
Note: (No Endotoxin- can only be
• Has Protein A on its cell wall
found on cell wall of gram
• Production of clumping factor,
Negative Bacteria)
hemolysin, and DNAse
• Most common CoNS
• Coagulase(-)
• Hospital-acquired UTI
• Novobiocin (S)
• Surgical insertion of prosthetic
• Red colonies on MSA
devices (heart valves & CSF shunt)
• Coagulase(-)
• UTI among young sexually active
• Novobiocin (R)
females
• Red colonies on MSA
• Coagulase(-)
• Frequent cause of endocarditis • PYR (+)
• Ferments Mannitol (yellow)
• Coagulase(-), Tetrads
• Yellow and non hemolytic on
• NF of the skin and mucous
SBA
membranes
• Microdase/Modified Oxidase
(+)
• Obtain energy through fermentation
• Catalase(-), In Chains and Pairs
of sugars to Lactic acid
• Always considered pathogenic
• Strep throat (pharyngitis and
tonsillitis)
• β- hemolytic (due to
• Pyodermal infection (Impetigo, Streptolysin S)
Erysipelas, cellulitis)
• PYR/Taxo A(+)
• Streptococcal Toxic Shock
• Bacitracin(S)
Syndrome/STTS (caused by
erythrogenic toxin= rash seen in
Scarlet Fever)
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
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• Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh-eating

disease)
• Otitis media, pneumonia
• Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and
Post Streptococcal Acute
Glomerulonephritis (AGN)
• Early onset infection/Newborn
(pneumonia, meningitis,
sepsis/bacteremia)
2. S. agalactiae (Group B)
• Immunocompromised (Endometritis
w/ wound infection, post-partum
fever, endocarditis, pyelonephritis)
3. S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis • Lancefield group C or G antigens
(Group C) • Resembles S. pyogenes diseases
4. S. bovis/S. equines (Group D non-
enterococcus)
• Endocarditis, UTIs, abscesses,
wound infection, bacteremia
5. Enterococcus (Group D)
E. faecalis/E. faecium
• NF of URT (Upper Respiratory
Infection)
• Lobar pneumonia (rusty brown
6. S. pneumoniae sputum)- alcoholics and elderly
• Otitis media
• Meningitis
• Important cause of CAP
• NF of the oral cavity, GI tract, URT
(common member)
• Major cause of subacute Bacterial
Endocarditis (SBE) in damaged
7. Viridans streptococcus heart valves
• Enter the blood through Dental
procedures
• Abscesses, meningitis, empyema,
wound infection
• Formerly known as Nutrionally
Variant Streptocci
• Vitamin B6
8. Abiotrophia and Granulicatella (Pyridoxal/Pyridoxamine)
Dependent
• CNS and opthalmic infections,
endocarditis
• Endocarditis, Lung and Brain
9. Gemella
abscesses, meningitis, osteomyelitis
• Ventriculitis, osteomyelitis,
10. Leuconostoc
postsurgical endophthalmitis
• β- hemolytic
• CAMP(+) *B-Lysin from S.
aureus (arrowhead hemolysis)
• Hippurate Hydrolysis(+)
• PYR(-)
• Bacitracin(R)
• Isolation in blood cultures
indicates colon cancer
• a-hemolytic, nonhemolytic,
rarely β- hemolytic
• Bile Esculin(+)
• PYR/6.5% NaCl (-)
• a-hemolytic, nonhemolytic
(most common), β- hemolytic
• Bile Esculin(+)
• PYR/6.5% NaCl (+)
• a-hemolytic Diplococci
(Lancet or pullet shape)
• Grows on SBA at 5-10% CO2 ,
48 hrs (Mucoid, Umbilicated)
• Optochin/Taxo P (S)
• Bile Solubility (+)
• a-hemolytic, nonhemolytic
• Optochin/Taxo P (R)
• Bile Solubility (-)
• Bile Esculin (-)
• 6.5% NaCl/PYR (-)
• Strep. anginosus/milleri-
Butterscotch/Caramel smell
• PYR (+)
• 6.5% Nacl (-)
• Bile Esculin (-)
• PYR (+)
• Leucine Aminopeptidase/LAP
(+)
• PYR (-)
• LAP (-)
• Vancomycin resistant

Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon

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Aerobic Gram-Positive(+) Bacilli

Non Spore-Forming
A. Corynebacterium
• Diphtheria (pseudomembrane at
the back of the throat)
• Found only in humans
1. C. diphtheriae
Notes: Rhodococcus equi- former
species of Corynebacterium and
Nocardia. Produce Pink colonies,
asaccharolytic
• Cause of nosocomial infection
2. C. jeikeium • Infection in Immunocompromised
Patients
3. C. urealyticum • UTIs
• Causative agent of Erythrasma
4. C. minutissimum
(macular infection in DM)
5. C. ulcerans/pseudotuberculosis • Produce phospholipase D
• Spontaneous abortion
• Granulomatosis infantisepticum
• Meningitis
B. Listeria monocytogenes
• Animal products (Deli meats,
dairy products)
• Listeriosis
• Occupational exposure
• Domestic swine/slaughter houses
C. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae • Resistant to salting, pickling, and
smoking
• Erysipeloid (cellulitis/skin lesions)
D. Arcanobacterium • Wound and tissue infections
Spore-Forming
A. Bacillus • Frequent laboratory contaminant
• Anthrax (livestocks)
Forms:
a. Cutaneous- “Black
Eschar”/“Malignant pustule”
1. B. anthracis b. Pulmonary- “Woolsorter’s
Disease”/Ragpickers Disease”
c. Gastrointestinal- spore
ingestion
• Potential Bioterrorism Agent ∆
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• Picket fence/“Chinese
Letters”/Palisades/V and L
• Pleomorphic, nonmotile
• Elek Test/In vitro-
immunodiffusion (KL agar)
• Culture Media:
Tinsdale (Black colonies w/
brown halo), Cystine-
Tellurite, Leoffler, Pai
• Shick’s test
• Urease (-)
• Pyrazidamise (+)
• Rapid Urease (+)
• Coral Red fluorescence under
Wood’s lamp
• Urease (+), pleomorphic
• Brown halo on Tinsdale
• CAMP (+) /Arrowhead
• Tests mostly resembles S.
pyogenes but catalase (+)
• “Umbrella” Motility = @RT
• Tumbling/“End-over, end”,
motility = wet mount, Rocket
• Cold enrichment
• Catalase (+), Neomycin (S)
• Pleomorphic, nonmotile
• H2S (+)
• Catalase (-)
• Neomycin (R)
• Catalase (-), nonmotile
• Square ends
• Boxcar morphology
• Lecithinase (+)
• Catalase (+)
• Medusa Head colonies
• “Inverted Pine Tree” growth
• Bamboo rods
• Nonhemolytic, nonmotile
• String of Pearl test
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2. B. cereus
3. B. subtilis
Filamentous (Actinomycetes)
A. Nocardia
1. N. asteroides
2. N. brasieliensis/N. caviae
B. Actinomadura madurae/pelletieri
C. Streptomyces griseus
Aerobic Gram-Negative(-) Diplococci
A. Neisseria
1. N. gonorrhoeae
2. N. meningitidis
3. Kingella (coccobacilli)
K. kingae
K. denitrificans/oralis
B. Moraxella cattarhalis
Aerobic Gram-Negative(-) Bacilli
Enterobacteriaceae/Fermenting
Opportunistic Pathogen
A. Escherichia
1. E. coli
• Food poisoning (Rice Products)
• Oppostunistic wound, brain, bone,
and eye infections
• Hay’s bacillus
• Petrichor (Post-Rain smell)
• “Farmer’s Lung” (Pulmonary)
• Mycetomas (cutaneous)
• Mycetoma
• 3rd most common aerobic
actinomycetes
• Gonorrhea (the clap)
• Males- Acute urethritis (prostatis
& epididymitis)
• Females- Asymptomatic
(common), PID, ectopic pregnancy,
perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis)
• Neonates- Opthalmia
Neonatorum/conjunctivitis-
requires Erythromycin to treat
• Contains Cytochrome Oxidase
• Meningococcal meningitis/
meningococcemia (sepsis/blood)
leading to DIC and “Waterhouse-
Friderichsen syndrome”
• Epidemic meningitis (CSF) and
meningococcal pneumonia
(sputum)/Nasopharyngeal swab
• Joints and bones infections
• Endocarditis
• Member of HACEK (fastidious)
• Isolated from throat and mouth
• NF of URT
• Otits media, sinusitis, RT infection
• Antigens (serogrouping)
O (somatic)- cell wall; heat stable
K (envelope)- capsular; heat labile
H (flagellar)- flagellar; heat labile
• Normal Flora of the GI tract
• UTI, appendicitis, peritonitis,
gallbladder infections, endocarditis,
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• β- hemolytic, motile
• Morphology similar to fungi
• Partially Acid-Fast
• Often form branched hyphae
• Sulfur granules, Catalase (+)
• Chalky/Velvety appearance
• Bread Crumbs
• “Paraffin Bait Technique”
• Similar to Nocardia
• Cellubiose/Xylose (+)
• ID done by reference lab
• “Kidney Bean” morphology
• Sensitive to Fatty Acids/Temp
• Culture:
a. Required Enriched (CA)
and Selective (TM, MTM,
ML,NYC, GC Lect) Media
b. DO NOT GROW on BA
c. Capnophilic (grow on BA)
• MALTOSE (-)
Oxidase and Glucose (+)
• DNase and Nitrate (-)
• Culture: same with N.
gonorrhoea but GROWS on
both BA and CA
• Maltose (+), LACTOSE (-)
• Oxidase and Glucose (+)
• DNase and Nitrate (-)
• N.lactimica – Lactose (+)
• Grow on BA, CA, and MTM
• Can’t grow on MAC
• Reduce NITRATE (+)
• DNase, Nitrate, Oxidase (+)
• Dark Purple (TMpPD)
• Asaccharolytic/ all carb test (-)
• Grows on MAC:
LF-pink, NLF- colorless
• “All Ferment Glucose,
OXIDASE (-), Nitrite (+)”
• Most are Motile
• Green Metallic Sheen on
“EMB”, ß-hemolytic: SBA
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meningitis in newborn, • LF, TSI: A/AG, IMVC: + + - -

gastroenteritis, food poisoning • Pink/red colonies on MAC
• Stimulation of adenylate cyclase
• Community-acquired Cystitis 3. Enterotoxigenic (ETEC)-
Strains: “Traveler’s Diarrhea”/tropical
1. Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)- climate/severe epidemic diarrhea
causes Hemorrhagic Colitis & 4. Enteroinvasive (EIEC)-
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome bloody diarrhea with pus/
(HUS), bloody diarrhea with no dysentery, sereny test
pus, Shiga Toxin- serogroup (NONMOTILE)
O157:H7, does not grow on SMAC 5. Uropathogenic (UPEC)-
2. Enteropathogenic (EPEC)- most common cause of UTI
infantile/watery diarrhea and kidney infection
• Raw meat and milk
6. E. hermanii
• Wounds, spinal fluid • Yellow pigmented colonies
7. E. vulneris • Wounds
B. Klebsiella • K antigen- serogroup • NONMOTILE
• Lower respiratory tract infection • LF
• Wound infections, UTI, bacteremia • TSI= A/AG
1. K. pneumoniae
• Nosocomial outbreak • IMVC= - - + +
• K. pneumoniae – most commonly • Ornithine(-)
isolated
2. K. oxytoca • K. rhinoscleromatis/ozanae- • Indole (+)
rhinoscleroma/nasal infection
• Group 47 • Indole (+)
3. K. ornithinolytica/planticola
• Urine, RT, blood • Ornithine(+)
• Granuloma • Donovan bodies
4. K. (Calymmatobacterium)
Inguinale/Donovanosis- sexually • Does not gram stain and grow
granulomatis
transmitted on lab media (CA, others)
C. Enterobacter/Pantoea/Cronobacter • Occasional clinical isolates
• LF, TSI= A/A
• IMVC= - - + +
1. E. cloacae • Most common
• Arginine (+)
• Lysine (-)
• Arginine (-)
2. E. aerogenes • 2nd most common
• Lysine (+)
3. E. agglomerans • Septicemia, contaminated IV fluids
• Pathogen in neonates • Yellow-pigmented colonies
4. E. sakazakki/E. cowanii • Brain abscesses, respiratory and
wound infections
5. E. gergoviae/E. hormaechei • Blood, wounds, sputum • Rarely blood cultures (E. ger)
D. Citrobacter
• Late LF, TSI: K/AG, “H2S(+)”
• IMVC= - + - +
• Most common
1. C. freundii • Colonial morphology mistaken
• UTI, pneumonia
as Salmonella
• Lysine, Urease (-)
2. C. diversus • Nursery outbreaks • H2S (-)
3. C. amalonaticus • Found in feces

Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon

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• Produce pink to red pigment called
E. Serratia
Prodigiosin at RT (22˚C)
• Nosocomial outbreaks: burn units,
1. S. marcescens chemotherapy, nurseries
• Most common clinical isolate
2. S. rubidaea/ liquefaciens • From human sources
• Isolated from respiratory tract (1)
3. S. odorifera
and blood and CSF (2)
• Anatomical sites
F. Hafnia alvei
• Originally from stool cultures
G. Proteus • Tribe Proteeae*
• “Burned Chocolate” odor/dried
fish
• Urine, wound, ear infection
1. P. mirabilis
• Associated with Kidney Stones
• Produce biofilms associated with
2. P. vulgaris catheters
3. P. penneri
• Tribe Proteeae*
H. Morganella morganii • UTI
• Nosocomial,post operative infection
I. Providencia
• Tribe Proteeae*
1. P. rettgeri • Nosocomial outbreaks
2. P. stuartii • Urine
3. P. alcalifaciens
• Pathogen of fish and animals
J. Edwardsiella tarda
• Resembles Salmonella
Overt Pathogen
• Gastroenteritis
• Many animal reservoir (Pet reptiles)
A. Salmonella (S. enterica/S. bongori)
• Undercooked poultry, eggs, dairy
products, and contaminated water
• Typhoid fever (severe
salmonellosis/ “High Grave
Serotypes: Fever”)- spread by Chronic carriers
• Rose Spots- 2nd week of fever
1. S. Typhi • Only human reservoir
• Cholecystectomy- removal of
gallbladder
• Paratyphoid fever
2. S. Paratyphi A, B, C
• Only human reservoir
• Most human infections in the U.S.
3. S. Thypimurium/Enteretidis
• Salmonella Bacteremia
4. S. Cholerasuis • Salmonella Bacteremia
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• DNase, Lipase, Gelatinase (+)
-unique
• LLF, TSI= K/AG or K/A
• IMVC: - - + +
• Dirty, musty odor
• Potato Odor
• LLF, Lysine, ONPG, KCN (+)
• Delayed Citrate (+) reaction
• Non-Lactose Fermentor
• TSI= K/AG, “H2S (+)”
• Phenylalanine/PDA, Lysine,
Tryptophan Deaminase (+)*
• “Swarming Colonies” on BA
• IMVC: (-) + v v
• Ornithine (+)
• IMVC: (+) + - -
• Ornithine (-)
• Sucrose (+)
• Newly recognized species
• NLF, TSI= K/AG
• Phenylalanine/PDA, Lysine,
Tryptophan Deaminase (+)*
• IMVC: + + - -
• NLF, TSI= K/A
• Phenylalanine/PDA, Lysine,
Tryptophan Deaminase (+)*
• IMVC: + + - +
• NLF, TSI= K/AG, “H2S (+)”
• IMVC: + + - -
• NLF, TSI= K/A, “H2S (+)”
• IMVC: - + - +
• Urease, PDA (-)
• Green with black center
colonies on HE
• For S. Thypi:
1. Vi antigen– capsular; heat
labile. After heating- (+)
agglutination to D-grouping
sera
2. Citrate (-)
3. Only small amount of H2S
unlike others
• Notes: O and H antigens-
serogrouping
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B. Shigella
1. S. dysenteriae (Serogroup A)
2. S. flexneri (Serogroup B)
3. S. boydii (Serogroup C)
4. S. sonnei (Serogroup D)
C. Yersinia
1. Y. pestis
2. Y. enterocolitica
3. Y. pseudotuberculosis
• Shigellosis • NLF/LLF, TSI= K/A
-Bacterial Dysentery • IMVC: - (+) - -
• Only human reservoir • Lysine decarb, Urease (-)
• Fecal-oral, food poisoning • NONMOTILE
• Daycare centers/nursing home
outbreaks • Notes: O antigen-
• <50 bacteria= highly pathogenic serogrouping (No H because-
• Lost of Anal Wink Reflex in infant flagellar)
• Most virulent species • Mannitol (-)
• Enterotoxin- affects large intestine • ONPG (-)
• Neurotoxin- paralysis
• Complication: ileus, HUS, seizures • Notes: Produce Shiga Toxin-
• Mosts common in the Philippines HUS
• “Gay Bowel Syndrome” • Mannitol (+)
• Mild diarrhea • ONPG (-)
• Mannitol (+)
• Mild diarrhea
• ONPG (-)
• Late Lactose Fermentor *
• Mild diarrhea
• Mannitol (+)
• Most common in the U.S
• ONPG (+)
• Coccobacilli
• Zoonotic
• Bipolar staining, “Safety pin”
• Plague
A. Forms: Bubonic/glandular (High
fever with painful lymph nodes-
buboes) and Pneumonic (blood stream • NONMOTILE at both 37˚C
and respiratory tract) and 25˚C
B. Three Pandemics:
• IMVC: - + - -
1. Egypt => Europe
• Ornithine (-)
2. “Black Death”
3. Burma => world • TSI= K/A
Rats- hosts, natural reservoir • Urease (-)
Fleas (Xenopsylla cheopsis)-
vectors
• Potential Bioterrorism agent ∆
• CIN (cefsulodin-irgasan-
• Most commonly isolated novobiocin) medium
• Acute enteritis • YSA- CIN + Mannitol
• Mesenteric lymphadenitis/ • Cold enrichment
Enterocolitis (Appendicitis-like) • NONMOTILE at 37˚C
• Arthritis, erthema nodosum • Motile at 25˚C*
• Pigs- natural reservoir • Late Lactose Fermentor but
• Household Pets TSI= A/A
• Contaminated water and meat • Sucrose (+)
• Can survive cold temperature • IMVC: v + - -
• Ornithine/ONPG (+)
• Rare cause of Mesenteric • NONMOTILE at 37˚C
lymphadenitis in children • Motile at 25˚C*
• Birds (turkey, geese, pegions) and • IMVC: - + - -
Rodents (guinea pigs)- natural • Urease (+)
reservoir • Other Enterobacteriaciae
• Pseudotubercles (caseous • Tatumella ptyseos-
swelling) NONMOTILE, PDA (+)
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
8|Page
Other Fermenting Bacteria
• Inhabitants of Aquatic
Environment
• 12 species (clinically significant)
A. Vibrio
• HALOPHILIC- salt loving
(Except V. cholerae and V.
mimicus)
• Cholera/Asiatic/Epidemic cholera
• Cholera toxin/choleragen-
enterotoxin
• Ingestion of undercooked seafood,
contamindated water, ice cream
1. V. cholerae O1
• “Rice Water” Stools
• 3 Serotypes: Ogawa, Inaba,
Hikojima
• 2 Biotypes: Classical (Bangladesh),
El Tor (worldwide)
• Mild cholera-like illness
2. V. cholerae non-O1 • Lack the cholera toxin gene
• Cholecytitis, ear infection, cellulitis
• 2nd most common
• Gastroenteritis/mild to moderate
cholera-like disease
3. V. parahaemolyticus
• Limited coastal/estuarine areas
• “Summer’s Diarrhea” in Japan
• Produce heat stable hemolysin
• 2nd most serious after cholera
• Cause Highly virulent Septicemia
4. V. vulnificus from ingestion of raw oysters
• Progressive Wound Infection-
marine water exposure
• Least pathogenic (otitis media,
5. V. alginolyticus wound infecions)
• Strict halophile
6. V. mimicus • Non-halophile
• Fresh and salt water (reptile, fish)
• “Red Leg Disease” in frogs
B. Aeromonas • Easily survive Freezing (Ice)
• Cellulitis and diarrhea
• Self limiting infections
1. A. hydrophila —Gastroenteritis, wound infection
2. A. veronii veronii/shubertii —Wound infection
3. A. veronii biovar sobria —Septicemia
4. A. trota —Gastroenteritis
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• Indole and Oxidase (+)
• Curved g-rods/Comma-shaped
• Facultative anaerobe
• “Darting Motility” in Hanging
Drop slide
• String Test (+)
• Transport media: Cary-Blair
• Selective and differential
media: TCBS agar (thiosulfate
citrate bile salt sucrose)
• Enrichment: Alkaline Peptone
Water (APW) w/ 1%NaCl
• Grows on 6% NaCl
• Sucrose Fermenting
• TCBS (Yellow)
Notes
• V.cholerae O139- new
serogroup from India (8th
cholera epidemic), cause severe
diseases same with O1
• Sucrose Fermenting
• TCBS (Yellow)
• Non-Sucrose Fermenting
• TCBS (Green)
• Kanagawa (+) in Wagatsuma
agar (High-salt mannitol
medium)
• “Lactose (+) vibrio”
• Non-Sucrose Fermenting
• TCBS (Green)
• Sucrose Fermenting
• TCBS (Yellow)
• Non-Sucrose Fermenting
• TCBS (Green)
• Identified after Vibrio has been
ruled out (same disease)
• Grows on CIN (cefsulodin-
irgasan-novobiocin) medium
• Does not grow on 6% NaCl
• Oxidase, Catase, ONPG (+)
• A. hydrophila: ß-hemolytic,
IMVC: + - + +, Oxidase and
ONPG (+)
9|Page
• Self-limiting Gastroenteritis
(Undercooked seafood)
• Bacteremmia, meningitis
C. Plesiomonas shigelloides
• Cross-agglutinate with Shigella
(share antigenic and biochemical
profiles)
• Broken Skin (water and soil)
D. Chromobacterium violaceum
• Cellulitis, abscess, septic shock
Peptone Fermentors
• Abortion in Domestic animals
• Major cause of food poisoning,
Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and
septic arthritis
• GI and reproductive organs of
A. Campylobacter animals
• Direct contact- handling of infected
pets, exposure to animals
• Indirect-undercooked poultry and
meat, contaminated water
• Sexually transmitted
• Most infections (Guillan-Barre)
• Most common cause of Bacterial
1. C. jejuni
Gastroenteritis worldwide
• Warm-blooded animals (birds)
• Cattle and sheep
• Blood- specimen of choice
2. C. fetus
• Rare cause of extraintestinal
infections- Septicemia, jaundice
3. C. coli • Pigs
• Peptic and Duodenal Ulcers
• Linked to Stomach Cancer
• Chronic superficial gastritis/type
B. Helicobacter pylori B gastritis
• Specimen: Gastric Biopsy materials
• No human reservoir
• No exact means of transmission
Fastidious
• Member of HACEK (fastidious)
A. Haemophilus -important cause of endocarditis
• Normal flora of URT
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• Grows on CIN
• Recently moved to
Enterobacteriaciae (except
Oxidase +)
• Purple/violet on NA
• Glusose fermetor, oxidase (+)
• Indole and Oxidase (+)
• Microaerophilic,
• Capnophilic
• Assacharolytic
• Hippurate hydrolysis, oxidase
and catalase (+)
• UREASE (-)
• S-shaped, spiral, curved bacilli,
“Seagull-Wing” appearanc
• “Darting motility” on wet
mount
• Single flagellum at one pole
• Transport media: Cary-Blaire
• Selective media: Campy BAP,
Butzler, Modified Skirrow,
Medium V, Campy Thio,
Campy-colistin vancomycin
amphotericin B, Charcoal
cefoperzone deoxycholate agar
• Grows at 42˚C
• Cephalothin (R)
• Nalidixic acid (S)
• Complement Lysis (+)
• Does not grow at 42˚C
• Incubated at 37˚C
• Cephalothin (S)
• Nalidixic acid (R)
• UREASE (+)
• Microscopic similar to
Campylobacter except
Mulitiple flagella at one pole
• Urea Breath Test- labeled
CO2 is measure by scintillation
counter (rapid urease rxn)
• Media: Stuart medium, Choc,
Skirrow, Brucella agar
• Christensen’s Urea medium,
fecal antigen detection
• Oxidase, Catalase, Nitrite (+)
• Oxidase, Catalase (+)
• Carbohydrate fermentor, nitrite
(+)
• Nonmotile
10 | P a g e
• Obligate parasite on mucous
membranes
• “Blood-lover”
• Growth requirements: Hemin (X
factor) – release from hemoglobin,
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide/
NAD (V factor- heat labile)
• Invasiveness (capsule)
• Type B (Hib) – most invasive
infections, Pediatric population;
major cause of Meningitis in
children, Epiglottitis, arthritis,
1. H. influenzae
cellulitis (cheek), acute pharyngitis
• Nontypeable – don’t have capsule,
respiratory tract infections:
sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis,
pneuomonia
• “Pink eye”- very contagious
2. H. aegyptius/biotype III
conjunctivitis
• Brazilian Purpuric Fever (BPF)-
3. H. influenzae biogroup aegyptius
invasive disease after conjunctivitis
• Chancroid (soft chancre) – genital
4. H. ducreyi ulcer and Buboes (swollen lymph
nodes)- inguinal lymphadenopathy
• Causative agent of endocarditis
5. H. parainfluenzae, H.
• Low pathogenecity
paraphrophilus
6. H. aphrophilus • Prefix “para”- require V factor
only for growth
• Pasteurellosis (Cellulitis- most
common manifestation,
osteomyelitis meningitis, joint
B. Pasteurella multocida infections, pneumonia,
endophthalmitis)
• Normal RT/GI flora of animals:
Cats & Dogs (bites,scratch, feces)
• Brucellosis/“Undulent Fever”
-Mediterranean/Malta/Gibraltar
Neopolitan/Cyprus fever
-Bang’s disease
• Biosafety Level 3 organism
C. Brucella • Potential Bioterrorism agent ∆
• Normal GI flora of animals
• Infection from Contaminated Milk
products/exposure from slaughter
houses (abbatoir workers,
veterinarian, meat packers)
• Goats
1. B. melitensis
• Most common/pathogenic
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• Choc agar- both X & V
(“Mousy or Bleach-like odor)
• SBA- X only (cannot grow if
pure if culture except
Satellitism- around V factor
producing oranisms: S. aureus,
S. pneumoniae, Neisseria)
• QUAD plates
• Impregnated strips
• Do not grow on MAC
• Virulence factors: capsule, IgA
proteases, adherence,
lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
• Isolates should be tested for
ß- lactamase
• Require both X and V
• Will not grow on SBA
• Indole, Ornithine decarb (-)
• Urease (+)
• Same with H. influenzae but
Sucrose (+)
• Require both X and V
• Indole, Ornithine decarb (-)
• Urease (+)
• Require both X and V
• “School of Fish” formation
• Require X factor only
• Oxidase (-)
• ALA/Porphyrin Test (+) only
-test for Hemin (X), if (+) =
would not require hemin
• H.aphrophilus – no factor req.
• “Sick” TSI reaction
• Grows on both CA and BA but
not MAC
• Oxidase, Catalase, Indole,
Nitrate (+)
• Nonmotile, pleomorphic that
shows Bipolar staining
• Urease (+), OCN (+), H2S (+)
• Strict aerobe, some are
capnophilic, facultative
intracellular parasite, nonmotile
• Serology- presumptive
diagnosis (agglutinin
absorption reaction)
1. Bone Marrow- most sensitive
2. Biphasic Blood Culture Bottle
• Fastidious but will grow on
Brucella Agar, BYCE
(Brucella Buffered Charcoal
Yeast Extract) , MTM, Farrel,
Kuzdas & Morse
11 | P a g e
2. B. suis • Swine
3. B. abortus • Cattle
4. B. canis • Canines
5. B. neotomae • Dessert wood rat
6. B.ovis • Sheep
• Tularemia/“Deerfly Fever”
-Skin ulcers (ulceroglandular),
infections on lymph nodes
(glandular), eyes (ocuglandular),
2. Francisella tularensis
lungs, oropharynx, and GI system
• Carried by wild animals (deers,
rabbits, beavers, squirrels)
• Insect (deerfly) and tick bites
• Biosafety Level 3 organism
• Potential Bioterrorism agent ∆
3. Legionella • Legionnaire’s Disease (severe
legionellosis) -pneumonia/febrile
• Pontiac Fever- flu like symptoms
• Water sources/systems: lakes,
rivers, hot springs, humidifiers,
1. L. pneumophila whirlpools, air conditioning
chillers (airborne)- bronchial wash
• Resistant to common chlorine
concentration
• Requires “L-Cysteine”
2. L. micdadei • Pneumonia
4. Bordetella • Pertussis/“Whooping Cough”
• Three stages:
Catarrhal- general flu-like
symptom
Paroxysmal- repititive coughing,
“whoop” at the end
Convalescent- recovery phase
• From mucous membranes of the RT
1. B. pertussis
of humans (Nasopharyngeal swab)
• Virulence:
Pertussis toxin(PT)/
lymphocytosis promoting factor-
exotoxin, hemagglutinin, LPS,
Adenyl cyclase- most important
2. B. parapertussis • Mild respiratory infections
• Kennel Cough in dogs
3. B. bronchiseptica*/bronchicanis • Contains silent copy of pertussis
toxin gene/RT infections
• Ubiquitous in the environment: soil,
water, food, plants, milk
Nonfermentors • Multidrug resistant
• Septicemia, meningitis,
osteomyelitis, wound infections
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• Fuchsin Dye inhibition (+)
• Capnophilic
• Thionine Dye inhibition (+)
• Fuchsin Dye inhibition (+)
• Only H2S (-)
• Do not cause human disease
• Glucose- “Cystine” Blood
Agar- medium of choice
• IsoVitalex supplemented CA
• BCYE
• Ulcer scrapings (recommended)
• Strict aerobe, facultative
intracellular parasite, nonmotile
• Serology- Agglutination, DFA
1:160/fourfold- indicates
tularemia
• Oxidase, Hippurate hydrolysis
(+), assachrolytic, aerobic
• Cannot grow on BA
• BYCE- recommended
• Urine antigen test- most
common
• DFA test- most rapid
(fluorescein isothiocyanate)
• Autofluoresce when exposed
to UV
• Gelatinase, ß-lactamase (-)
• Calcium alginate/Dacron swabs
• Fastidious, Urease (-)
• Mercury Droplets-like
colonies, ß-hemolytic
• Bordet-Gengou (Potato
infusion) agar
• Regan-Lowe (Charcoal-Horse
blood agar)- also transport, best
• Amies transport medium
• Cephalexin are added to media
• Will not grow on MAC
• Polymerase Chain Reaction -
best identification method
• Fastidious, Urease (+)
• Nonfastidious,
• Rapid Urease (+)
• TSI= K/K or K/NC (No
Change) – first clue
• Non-spore forming
• Grow on SBA but varied
growth on MAC
12 | P a g e
• OF (Oxidative-Fermentative)
glucose test - Hugh and Leifson
formulation
-determines if glucose is broken
down oxidatively or fermentatively
• Two Tubes:
1. Open- Unsealed
2. Close- Sealed with Mineral
Oil/Vaspar(paraffin and petroleum)
A. Pseudomonas/Burkholderia*
• “Swimmer’s Ear”/External Otitis
• Contact lens infections (Keratitis)
• Jacuzzi/Hot Tub Syndrome
• Most common cause RT infections
to Cystic Fibrosis patients
• Bacteremia(Ecthyma gangrenosum)
1. P. aeruginosa • Burn wound infections
• Most important NBF (Non-
fermentative gram-negative bacilli)
• Nosocomial infections (ICU),
swimming pools, whirlpools
• Member of pseudomonas
fluorescent group
• Resistant to many disinfectants
2. P. fluorescens • Members of pseudomonas
3. P. putida fluorescent group
• Saprophyte, immunosupressed and
4. P. stutzeri
surgical patients
• Second common cause to RT
5. B. cepacia* infections to Cystic Fibrosis
patients
• Glanders (livestock disease-horses)
• CDC considers too dangerous for
6. B. mallei*
routine lab study
• Potential Bioterrorism agent ∆
• Melioidosis/Pseudoglanders
-granulomatous pulmonary disease
7. B. pseudomallei* • “Vietnamese Time Bomb”
• Endemic to Southeast Asia,
northern Australia, found in soil
• Contaminants of swimming pool,
8. Sphingomonas (P.) paucimobilis hospital, and lab equipments
• Peritonitis, septicemia
• Misidentified as Salmonella
9. Shewanella (P.) putrefaciens
(enteric)
• Brevundimonas diminuta
10. Other species • Brevundimonas vesicularis
Note: Ex-Pseudomonas: Bold • P.gladioli
• P.mendocina
• P.alcaligens
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• Oxidizer or Saccharolytic-
Acid/Yellow (+) on Open tube
only
• Oxidizer/Fermentor-
Acid/Yellow (+) on both Open
and Close tube
• Asaccharolytic or Inert-
Green/Alkaline or neutral (-)
negative on both
• Oxidase (+)
• Green Metallic Sheen on
“BA” due to Pyocyanin (+) -
blue water soluble pigment and
Pyoverdin- yellow/green
fluorescein
• “Fruity/Grape-like/Taco-
like/Corn tortillas odor
• Blue-Green colonies on MAC
• “Pseudocel/CeTriMide
Agar”- enhances fluorescein
production
• Seller’s or FN (Fluorescent-
Nitrate) media
• Very resitsant
• Produce Pyoverdin
• Pyocyanin (-)
• Wrinkled, leathery, and
adherent colonies
• Light yellow/Brown pigment
• Lactose (-)
• Nonwrinkled colonies
• PC (P.cepacia) agar
• Nonfluorescing yellow pigment
• Lysine decarb (+)1/2
• Nonmotile, grows on MAC
Note: P. alcaligenes- do not
produce Pyoverdin (fluorescein)
• Wrinkled colonies
• Lactose (+)
• Yellow-pigmented
pseudomonad
• Does not grow on MAC
• Produce large amount of H2S
• Yellow colonies on HE
• Comamonas species:
P.acidovorans
P.testosteroni
• Methylobacterium extorguens
13 | P a g e
B. Acinetobacter
1. A. baumanni (Herellea vaginicola)
2. A. lwoffii (Mima polymorpha)
C. Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas)
maltophilia
Miscellaneous Nonfermentors
D. Alacaligenes species
1. A. faecalis/A. odorans
2. A. xylosoxidans
E. Agrobacterium species
F. Oligella ureolytica
G. Ochrobactrum anthropi
H. Chryseobacterium/Flavobacterium
1. C. meningosepticum
2. C. odoratum
3. C. indologenes
I. Chryseomonas and Flavimonas
J. Sphingobacterium species
Mycobacteria
Tuberculosis complex
A. M. tuberculosis
B. M. bovis
C. M. africanum
• Nosocomial infections:
• *UTI, septicimia, pneumonia,
meningitis, tracheobronchitis, eye
infections, endocarditis, cellulitis
• Transient flora from hospitals*
• Not part of human flora
• With Peritrichous Flagella
• Nonmotile
• Nosocomial, outbreaks of
meningitis (contaminated
respiratory therapy equipment)
• “Nebulizers”
K. Moraxella species
1. M. noliquefaciens/M. lacunata
2. M. phenylpyruvica/M. atlantae
Photoreactivity:
• Photochromogens- produce
Carotene pigment upon exposure to
light
• Scotochromogens- produce pigment
in light or the dark
• Nonchromogens- buff color
Specimens:
Sputum, Brochial washing, Urine,
Blood and bone marrow, Stool,
Tissue, other body fluids/CSF
• NALC (N-Acetly-L-Cysteine) and
NaOH- use for liquefying/digestion
and decontamination of sputum
• Nucleic acid assays: AccuProbe,
Strip assays, Direct nucleic
amplification, PCR,
chromatography
• Tuberculosis
-“Ghon Complex”/Primary TB
• Bovine tuberculosis (cattles)
• Zoonotic
• Latest to be discovered
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
• OXIDASE (-), Nitrite (-)
• Nonmotile, Catalase (+)
• Grows on MAC (Purplish
Hue) and EMB
• Saccharolytic
• Asaccharolytic
• OXIDASE (-), Maltose (+)
• Lysine decarb (+) 2/2
• Oxidase (+)
• Nonmotile
•Acid-Fast Bacilli
1.Ziehl-Neelsen: heating/hot
2.
Kinyoun: cold
•Nonmotile, non-spore forming,
strict aerobes
• Isolator Lysis-Centrifugation
System (ILCS)- saponin
• Catalase
-30% H2O2 + Tween80
Media:
• Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) agar
• Petragnani, ATS
• LJ-Gruft
• Middlebrook solid (7H10,11)
• Middlebrook 7H9 broth/12,13
-MGIT (M. growth index tube)
• BACTEC 460TB/BacTALERT
• Cording (rough colonies)
• NIACIN (nicotinic acid)
• NITRATE (+)
• NAP (susceptible), T2H (R)
• Slow grower, Nonchromogen
• BGC vaccine (Bacille
Calmette-Guerin)
• Susceptible to T2H/TCH
• Nonchromogen
14 | P a g e

Nontuberculous/Aytpical/MOTT • Same with Tuberculous

• “Fried Egg”- dense center clns
• Most common systemic bacterial
A. M. avium complex/intracellulare • Slow grower= >7 days
infection in patients with
(MAC/MAI) • Nonchromogen
HIV/AIDS- lung/lymph infections
• Tellurite reduction (+)
• Nontuberculous mycobacterial
• Slow grower
Pulmonary Infections
B. M. kansasii • Photochromogen
• Isolated from tap water around the
• Nitrate (+)
world
• Isolated from Aquariums
• “Swimming Pool Granuloma”- • Photochromogen
C. M. marinum
Blue-Red subcutaneous nodule on
the elbow, knee= skin infection
• “Buruli ulceration”
D. M. ulcerans • Nonchromogen
• Skin leons/infection
E. M. gordonae • Tap-water Bacillus • Slow grower, Scotochromogen
• Cervical lymphadenitis • Slow grower
F. M. scrofulaceum
• Infections in chldren • Scotochromogen
• Requires hemin (ferric
G. M. haemophilium • Skin infection ammonium citrate)
• Grows on CA
• Weakly virulent
H. M. fortuitum/M. chelonae/M. • Abscesses, osteomyelitis, wound • Rapid grower= <7 days
abscessus and lung infection • Can grow on MAC without
crystal violet
• Crohn’s disease
I. M. paratuberculosis
• Regional enteritis
• Cannot be grown on artficial
• Leprosy/Hansen’s Disease
J. M. leprae media
• Armadillo- natural reservoir
• Diagnosis through skin lesions
Anaerobic Gram-Positive(+) Bacilli
Spore-Forming
(Exogenous Anaerobes)
A. Clostridium
• “Tackhead bacillus”
• Tetanus
• Round/Terminal spores-
• Lockjaw (Trismus), Distorted Grin
Resembles Tennis Racket or
1. C. tetani (Risus Sardonicus), “Spastic
Drumstick/lollipop
Paralysis”
• Motile, Gelatinase, Indole (+)
• Produce tetanospasmin
• Lecithinase, Lipase (-)
• Botulism- results to acute flaccid • Gelatinase, Indole,
paralysis and death Lecithinase, Lipase (+)
2. C. botulinum
-Infant botulism- most common • Motile
• Spoiled Canned-Good Bacillus • Spores resembles tennis racket
• Double Zone of ß-hemolysis
• Gas Gangrene (Myonecrosis)
on SBA, saccharolytic
• Major cause of Food Poisoning
• Reverse CAMP (+)
3. C. perfringens • Most important pathogen in the
• Nagler Test
genus
• Lecithinase (+) - EYA
• Post-abortion sepsis, enterocolitis
• NONMOTILE

Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon

15 | P a g e

• Antibiotic-associated
• CCFA (cycloserine-cefoxitin-
Pseudomembranous Colitis
fructose-agar)
4. C. difficile • Produce enterotoxin A/cytotoxin B
• Indole, Lecithinase, Lipase (-)
• Cultures should be performed on
• Motile
watery/unformed stools only
Non Spore-Forming
• Pelvic/genital actinomycosis- • “Spider Colonies” – first week
contaminated IUD (Intrauterine • “Molar Tooth” colonies- after
A. Actinomyces israelli/naeslundii device) • Exudates produce Sulfur
• Cervicofacial disease Granules
• Chest and abdomen infections • Capnophilic, Catalase (-)
• Called “Anaerobic diphteroids”
• Rarely pathogenic, NF of GIT/skin
B. Propionibacterium acnes/propionicus • Catalase, Indole (-)
• ACNE formation and SBE
(subacute bacterial endocarditis)
• Bacterial Vaginosis, PID, and • Curved bacillli
C. Mobiluncus
abdominal infections • Motile, Catalase, Indole (-)
• NF, helps to maintain acidic • Nonotile, Catalase (-)
D. Lactobacillus environment in the vagina • Aerotolerant anaerobes
• If low, increase risk of BV • Small a-hemolytic on SBA
E. Bifidobacterium • Nonpathogenic,
F. Eubacterium • NF of mouth and intestine
Anaerobic Gram-Negative(-) Bacilli
(Endogenous Anaerobes)
• Non-hemolytic on anaerobic
• Most common cause of anaerobic
BA
A. Bacteroides fragilis infections
• Bile Esculin (+) on BBE
B. ureolyticus • Normal flora of the colon
(bacteroides bile esculin) agar
• Produce foul odor
• Catalase (+)
• Brick Red Fluorescence
(young) and brown to black
• NF of RT, GIT, urogenital tract
(old) under UV light
B. Prevotella melaninogenica • Infections in the head, neck, UGT,
• Will grow on KVLB
and RT
(Kanamycin Vancomycin (R)
Laked Blood agar)
• Brick Red Fluorescence under
• NF of RT, GIT, urogenital tract
UV light
C. Porphyromonas • Infections in the head, neck, UGT,
• Will not grow on KVLB
and RT
• Susceptible to Vancomycin
• Trench Mouth- ulcerative
gingivitis
• Vincent’s Stomatitis/Angina
D. Fusobacterium • Opalescent with speckles
• Pulmonary, blood, sinus, dental
F. nucleatum- most common • Indole, Lipase (+)
infections and Brain abscesses-
F. necrophorum- more serious • Nitrate, Catalase (+)
associated with metastatic
conditions

Anaerobic Gram-Positive(+) Cocci

• Catalase (+)
A. Peptococcus niger • Produce Olive-Green colonies
that become Black

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B. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius • NF of the intestine, female genital

P. magnus- Finegoldia magna tract, oral cavity, and respiratory • Inhibited by SPS (Sodium
P. asaccharolytica- Peptoniphilus tract Polyanethol Sulfonate)
asaccharolytica • Associated with Polymicrobial
C. Coprococcus species Liver, brain abscesses, wound
infections
Anaerobic Gram-Negative(-) Cocci
• Asaccharolytic
A. Veilonella
• Nitrite (+)
B. Acidaminococcus fermentans
C. Megasphaera elsdenii
Atypical Bacteria
• Obligate Intracellular Parasites
A. Chlamydia/Chlamydophila* • Cannot produce ATP
• Contain both DNA and RNA
• “Trachoma” (Leading cause of
Blindness)
• Inclusion conjunctivitis
• Lymphogranuloma venereum
(LGV) • Cytological Method
1. C. trachomatis
• NGU (Nongonococcal Urethritis) • Cell cultures, Serology
• Salpingitis- inflammation of the • NAATs (Nucleic Acid
Fallopian Tube Amplificatin Test)- most
• Perihepatitis (Fitz-Hugh-Curtis) common diagnostic method
Syndrome
• Psittacosis
2. C. psittaci* • Ornithosis
• Parrot Fever
• Formerly known as strain TWAR
3. C. pneumoniae* (Taiwan &America)
• Can cause Guillan-Barre Syndrome
• Smallest free-living organism
B. Mycoplasma • Fried-Egg appearance (Dienes
Stain) • M. pneumoniae involves
• Tracheobronchitis detection of cold agglutinins
• Primary Atypical Pneumonia that have anti-I specificity
(I antigen)
1. M. pneumoniae • Walking Pneumonia
Media:
• Eaton Agent/Pleuropneumonia-like
• For both- SP4 and A8 agars,
Organism (PPLO)
Shepard’s 10 B broth.
• PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)
• For M. hominis- supplemented
2. M. hominis • Postpartum fever PPLO agar, Hayflick’s
• Salpingitis, Pyelonephritis Biphasic Medium.
• ‘T-strain mycoplasma’ • For Ureplasma- Shephard A-
• NGU (Nongonococcal Urethritis) 7B agar
C. Ureaplasma urealyticum
• Requires urea

D. Rickettsia/Orientia/Ehrlichia/
Disease Vector Reservoir
Coxiella/Bartonella/Anaplasma
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
1. R. rickettsii Tick Dogs, Rodents
• Proteus OX-2
• Bouttoneuse Fever (Taches
2. R. conorii Tick Dogs, Rodents
Noires- Black Dot)

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3. R. akari • Rickettsial Pox Chigger Mouse

• Epidemic Typhus
4. R. prowazekii Louse Flying Squirrel
• Brill-Zinsser Disease
5. R. typhi • Endemic (Murine) Thypus Rat flea Rats
6. O. tsutsugamushi • Scrub Thypus Mites/Chigger Rodents, Mice
7. B. quintana • Trench Fever Body Louse Humans
• Oroya Fever Sand Fly
8. B. bacilliformis Humans
• Verruga Peruana (Phlebotomus)
9. B. henselae • Cat Scratch Disease Cat
None
10. C. burnetii • Q Fever
(Inhalation)
11. E. canis • Ehrliciosis Tick
12. E. sennetsu • Sennetsu Fever Notes for Rickettsiae:
• Obligate Intracellular Parasites
• Human Monocytotropic
13. E. chaffeensis • Well-Felix serologic test
Ehrliciosis
(utilize Proteus antigen)
• Grown in embryonated eggs
• Human Granulocytotropic and tissue cells but required
14. A. phagocytophilum
Ehrliciosis biosafety lever 3 laboratory
when cultured
Spirochetes
A. Treponema
• Darkfield (White against
Black)
• Syphilis • Nontreponemal test- VDRL
• French Disease/Italian Disease (Venereal Disease Research
• Lues Laboratory)
1. T. pallidum
• The Great Pox • Treponemal test- FTA-ABS
• Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (Fluorescent Treponemal
(during treatment) Antibody Absorption) and TP-
PA (Treponema Pallidum
Particulate Antigen)
2. T. pallidum subsp pertenue • Yaws
• Bejel
3. T. pallidum subsp endemicum
• Endemic Syphilis
4. T. carateum • Pinta
• Can be examined under Light
B. Borrelia
Microscope
• Direct Microscopic Exam
• Relapsing Fever
(most useful): Blood smear –
• Tick-borne (Ornithodorus)
1. B. recurrentis Giemsa or Wright Stain
• Louse-borne (Pediculus humanus • Also Darkfield
humanus)
• Kelly’s medium
• Lyme Disease
• Pseudojuvenile Rheumatoid
2. B. burgdorferi Arthritis • Western Immunoblotting
• Erythema Chronicum Migrans -
Bull’s Eye rash
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon
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C. Leptospira
1. L. biflexa
2. L. interrogans
Miscellaneous Organisms
1. Actinobacillus/Aggregatibacter*
actinomycetemcomitans
2. Eikenella corrodens
3. Gardnerella vaginalis
4. Streptobacillus moniliformis
5. Spirillum minor/Spirillum morsus
muris
6. Cardiobacterium hominis
7. Tropheryma whippelii
8. Capnocytophaga species
References: Success in Clinical Laboratory Science, Pearson (Fourth Edition) by Ciulla and Lehman
Lecture Notes in Bacteriology for AUP MLS 100% Students, by Ferdinand Mendoza
• Have Hooked Ends • Corkscrew motility
• Saprophytic leptospiras
• Leptospirosis
• Weil’s Disease (Icteric)/ Infectious • Direct examination (Darkfield),
Jaundice Blood- most sensitive, CSF,
and Urine
• Pretibial fever
• Silver Stain
• Ft. Bragg fever
• Media: EMJH (Ellinghausen-
• March fever
McCullough-Johnson-Harris),
• Seven-day fever Fletcher’s, and Stuart
• Swineherder’s disease
• Infections caused by animal bites, • Gram (-) Bacilli
which result to ‘Cellulitis’ • “Starlike center colonies” in
• Asso. w/ endocarditis and gum SBA
disease • Dots and Dashes of Morse
• Member of HACEK (fastidious) Code (Staining)
• Human Bite Wounds and
• Gram (-) Bacilli, oxidase (+)
Clenched-Fist Wounds on the face
• Seldom found of pure cutures
• Abscesses of the Oral cavity
• Flat spreading on BA
• Endocarditis
• “Pitting of Agar”
• Member of HACEK (fastidious)
• Gram Variable (+ appear -)
• Bacterial Vaginosis
Coccobacilli
• Isolation may not be clinically
• Presence of Clue Cells
significant, cultures are not
• Amsel and Nugent scoring
recommended
systems are used
• Streptobacillary Ratbite
Fever/Streptobacillosis
• Gram (-) Bacilli
• “Haverhill Fever”
• Infusion Broths – (Dextrose
-Erythema Arthriticum
Veal and Tomato Extract Veal)
Epidemicum (milk or waterborne)
• Develop L Forms
• Spirillary Ratbite Fever
• Sodoku • Gram (-) Spirilla
• Spirillosis
• Gram (-) Bacilli, nonmotile
• associated with endocarditis • Weak Indole Positive (-)?
• Member of HACEK (fastidious) • Oxidase (+), Catalase (-)
• Will grow on SBA, +YE
• Whipple’s Disease (Intestinal
• Gram (+) Bacilli
lipodystrophy)
• “Gliding motility” on
• Periodontal disease Darkfield Microscopy
• Isolated from oral cavity, • Gram (-) Bacilli
• Fermentor, Fastidious
Prepared by Jethro Rada Jr., RMT… puhon