MODULE 1 (B)

Earth and Earth’s System

 Learning Objectives
• explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across
whose boundaries matter and energy flow.

• explain the current advancements/information on the solar

system.

• state the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the

universe.
EARTH’S STRUCTURE
Earth’s planetary structure
• Earth’s interior
• Primarily composed of solids
• By mining and drilling we have examined only a
small part directly
• Geothermal gradient
• Indirect means
• Remote sensing
• Seismic waves
• Seismograph
• P (primary) waves
• S (secondary) waves
 Earth’s planetary structure
• Seismic waves
• Seismograph
On what average speed did the seismic waves travel through
earth from Chile to Athens? What maximum vertical motion
(vertical deflection) did Athens experience from this
earthquake?
 Earth’s planetary structure
• Earthquake’s produce two major
types of seismic waves
• P (primary) waves
• S (secondary) waves
Earth’s planetary structure
Which of Earth’s internal zones is the largest?
Earth’s planetary structure
• Core
• 1/3 of Earth’s mass
• Enormous pressure
• Iron and nickel
• Inner core
• Solid
• Outer core
• molten lava
Earth’s planetary structure
• Mantle
• Largest of interior zones
• Solid rocky material
• Less dense than core
• Plastic solid
• Outermost layer behaves
like an elastic solid (rigid)
• Lithosphere
Earth’s planetary structure
• Mantle
• Tectonic forces come from
movement of
asthenosphere
• Moho discontinuity
Earth’s planetary structure
• Crust
• 1% of Earth’s mass
• Exterior of lithosphere
• Density
• Oceanic crust
(basaltic)
• Continental crust
(granitic)
Earth’s planetary structure
• Lithosphere and asthenosphere
• Extreme uppermost part of
mantle
• Chemical composition like the
mantle
• Responds to stresses like the crust
• Elastic solid
• Asthenosphere
• Thick layer of the upper mantle that
responds to stress by deforming and
flowing slowly
• Plastic solid
EARTH AND EARTH
SYSTEM
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography

• The Spatial Science Perspective

• Location
• Characteristics of Place
• Spatial Distribution and Spatial Pattern
• Spatial Interaction
• The Changing Earth
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
Location
 absolute location
 relative location
 Pikes Peak: What can you learn
about the physical geographic
characteristics of this place
from the image?
Characteristics of Place
 How does an Australian desert
compare to the Sonoran Desert
of the United States?
 How do places on Earth vary in
their environment, and why?
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
• Spatial Distributions and Spatial
Patterns
• Spatial distributions
• What is the spatial distribution of
rainfall in the United States on one
day?
• Spatial pattern
• Where are certain features
abundant, and where are they
rare?
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography

Can you locate and propose possible explanation for

two patterns and two distributions in this scene?
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
• Spatial Interaction
• What are some examples of
relationships among places and
features on Earth?
• How do they affect one another?
• Geographic scales:
• Local
• Regional
• global
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
• The Changing Earth
• Weather Conditions change
• Earthquakes, streams, and landslides modify the landscape
• World’s climate have changed
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
The Earth System
 System
 Earth system
 Variables
 Subsystems

How do these systems

overlap?
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
• Earth’s Major Subsystems
• Atmosphere
• Lithosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
• Earth Impacts
• Dynamic Changes
• Seasons, ocean tides, earthquakes, floods, volcanic
eruptions
• Glacier National Park
• Long-term Changes
• World climates, drought cycles, rise or fall in sea levels,
erosion of coastlines
Major Perspectives in Physical Geography
The Environmental Perspective
 Environment
 Ecology
 Ecosystem
 Baltazar, R.A et al. (2016). Conceptual Science and Beyond; Earth and
Life Science: A worktext for Senior High School, Brilliant Creations
Publishing, Inc., Quezon City

 Tameta, A.D (2016).Earth and Life Sciences:K-12,Philippine

Edition,Cengage Learning, Manila City.

 Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-

content/uploads/2019/01/SHS-Core_Earth-and-Life-Science-CG_with-
tagged-sci-equipment.pdf

 Reece, Jane. B. et. al. Campbell Biology (9th ed.). Boston: Pearson,
2011.