18

BOX 1.1 Ayers and Kettinger Describe Five Pathways to Increased

Efficiency

1. LOWER COSTS AND s2 .-•-'""

GREATER SERVICES
cl si
*5£j~ —
- ...
c2

TIME
2. LOWER COSTS AND
CONSTANT SERVICES

3. CONSTANT COSTS AND

GREATER SERVICES

TIME
..--
4. HIGHER COSTS AND s2 . . . . "c2*
GREATER INCREASE
IN SERVICES

TIME
5. LOWER COSTS AND
SMALLER DECREASE
IN SERVICES cl si
* * ---"•"•'::— s2
....c2"*"

TIME

cl = costs maintained at current levels in

constant dollars
s2 = services maintained at current levels
c2 = costs in constant dollars in an
alternative scenario
s2 = services in the alternative scenario

(Source: Q. Whitfield Ayres and William J. Kettinger, "Models of Increasing Pro-

ductivity," in: "Information Technology and Models of Governmental Productivity,"
Public Administration Review 33 (November/December 19831: 561-566.)