The Inverse Z-Transform: Scope and Background Reading

23/04/2018 i-z-transform
In [ ]:
cd matlab
pwd
The Inverse Z-Transform
Scope and Background Reading
This session we will talk about the Inverse Z-Transform and illustrate its use through an examples class.
The material in this presentation and notes is based on Chapter 9 (Starting at Section 9.6) of Steven T.
Karris, Signals and Systems: with Matlab Computation and Simulink Modelling, 5th Edition.
(http://site.ebrary.com/lib/swansea/docDetail.action?docID=10547416) from the Required Reading List.
Agenda
Inverse Z-Transform
Examples using PFE
Examples using Long Division
Analysis in Matlab
The Inverse Z-Transform

The inverse Z-Transform enables us to extract a sequence f [n] from F (z). It can be found by any of the
following methods:
Partial fraction expansion

The inversion integral
Long division of polynomials
Partial fraction expansion

We expand F (z) into a summation of terms whose inverse is known. These terms have the form:
r1 z r1 z r3 z
k, , , ,…
2
z − p1 (z − p1 ) z − p2
where k is a constant, and r i and pi represent the residues and poles respectively, and can be real or
complex1.
http://localhost:8888/nbconvert/html/dev/EG-247-Resources/week9/i-z-transform.ipynb?download=false 1/15
Notes
1. If complex, the poles and residues will be in complex conjugate pairs

∗
ri z r z
i
+
∗
z − pi z − p
i
Step 1: Make Fractions Proper

Before we expand F (z) into partial fraction expansions, we must first express it as a proper rational
function.
This is done by expanding F (z)/z instead of F (z)
That is we expand
F (z) k r1 r2
= + + + ⋯
z z z − p1 z − p2
Step 2: Find residues

Find residues from
F (z) F (z) ∣
r k = lim (z − pk ) = (z − pk ) ∣
z→p
k z z ∣z=p
k
Step 3: Map back to transform tables form

Rewrite F (z)/z:
F (z) r1 z r2 z
z = F (z) = k + + + ⋯
z s − p1 s − p2
Example 1
Karris Example 9.4: use the partial fraction expansion to compute the inverse z-transform of
1
F (z) =
−1 −1 −1
(1 − 0.5z )(1 − 0.75z )(1 − z )
Matlab solution
See example1.mlx (https://github.com/cpjobling/EG-247-
Resources/blob/master/week9/matlab/example1.mlx). (Also available as example1.m
(https://github.com/cpjobling/EG-247-Resources/blob/master/week9/matlab/example1.m).)
Uses Matlab functions:
collect – expands a polynomial

sym2poly – converts a polynomial into a numeric polymial (vector of coefficients in descending
order of exponents)
residue – calculates poles and zeros of a polynomial
ztrans – symbolic z-transform
iztrans – symbolic inverse ze-transform
stem – plots sequence as a "lollipop" diagram
In [15]:
syms z n
The denoninator of F (z)
In [16]:
Dz = (z - 0.5)*(z - 0.75)*(z - 1);
Multiply the three factors of Dz to obtain a polynomial
In [17]:
Dz_poly = collect(Dz)
Dz_poly =
z^3 - (9*z^2)/4 + (13*z)/8 - 3/8
Make into a rational polynomial
2
z
In [18]:
num = [0, 1, 0, 0];
3 2
z − 9/4z − 13/8z − 3/8
In [19]:
den = sym2poly(Dz_poly)
den =
1.0000 -2.2500 1.6250 -0.3750
Compute residues and poles
In [20]:
[r,p,k] = residue(num,den);
Print results
fprintf works like the c-language function
In [21]:
fprintf('\n')
fprintf('r1 = %4.2f\t', r(1)); fprintf('p1 = %4.2f\n', p(1));...
fprintf('r2 = %4.2f\t', r(2)); fprintf('p2 = %4.2f\n', p(2));...
fprintf('r3 = %4.2f\t', r(3)); fprintf('p3 = %4.2f\n', p(3));
r1 = 8.00 p1 = 1.00
r2 = -9.00 p2 = 0.75
r3 = 2.00 p3 = 0.50
Symbolic proof
n n
1 3
f [n] = 2 − 9 + 8
(2) (4)
In [22]:
% z-transform
fn = 2*(1/2)^n-9*(3/4)^n + 8;
Fz = ztrans(fn)
Fz =
(8*z)/(z - 1) + (2*z)/(z - 1/2) - (9*z)/(z - 3/4)
In [23]:
% inverse z-transform
iztrans(Fz)
ans =
2*(1/2)^n - 9*(3/4)^n + 8
Sequence
In [24]:
n = 1:15;
sequence = subs(fn,n);
stem(n,sequence)
title('Discrete Time Sequence f[n] = 2*(1/2)^n-9*(3/4)^n + 8');
ylabel('f[n]')
xlabel('Sequence number n')
Example 2
Karris example 9.5: use the partial fraction expansion method to to compute the inverse z-transform of
12z
F (z) =
2
(z + 1)(z − 1)
Matlab solution
Uses additional Matlab functions:
dimpulse – computes and plots a sequence f [n] for any range of values of n
In [25]:
open example2
Results
'Lollipop' Plot
'Staircase' Plot
Simulates output of Zero-Order-Hold (ZOH) or Digital Analogue Converter (DAC)
Example 3
Karris example 9.6: use the partial fraction expansion method to to compute the inverse z-transform of
z + 1
F (z) =
2
(z − 1)(z + 2z + 2)
Matlab solution
In [26]:
open example3
Results
Lollipop Plot
Staircase Plot
Inverse Z-Transform by the Inversion Integral

The inversion integral states that:
1 n−1
f [n] = F (z)z dz
j2π ∮ C
where C is a closed curve that encloses all poles of the integrant.
This can (apparently) be solved by Cauchy's residue theorem!!
Fortunately (:-), this is beyond the scope of this module!
See Karris Section 9.6.2 (pp 9-29—9-33) if you want to find out more.
Inverse Z-Transform by the Long Division

To apply this method, F (z) must be a rational polynomial function, and the numerator and denominator must
be polynomials arranged in descending powers of z .
Example 4
Karris example 9.9: use the long division method to determine f [n] for n = 0, 1, and 2 , given that
−1 −2 −3
1 + z + 2z + 3z
F (z) =
−1 −1 −1
(1 − 0.25z )(1 − 0.5z )(1 − 0.75z )
Matlab
Resources/blob/master/week9/matlab/example4.mlx). (also available as example4.m
In [27]:
open example4
Results
sym_den =
z^3 - (3*z^2)/2 + (11*z)/16 - 3/32
fn =
1.0000
2.5000
5.0625
....
Combined Staircase/Lollipop Plot
Methods of Evaluation of the Inverse Z-Transform

Method Advantages Disadvantages
Partial
Most familiar. Requires that F (z) is a proper
Fraction
Can use Matlab `residue` function. rational function.
Expansion
Requires familiarity with the

Invsersion Can be used whether F (z) is
*Residues theorem* of complex
Integral rational or not
variable analaysis.
Practical when only a small

sequence of numbers is desired.
Useful when z-transform has no Requires that F (z) is a proper
Long
closed-form solution. rational function.
Division
Can use Matlab `dimpulse` function Division may be endless.
to compute a large sequence of
numbers.
Summary
Inverse Z-Transform
Examples using PFE
Examples using Long Division
Analysis in Matlab
Next time
DT transfer functions, continuous system equivalents, and modelling DT systems in Matlab and
Simulink.
Answers to Examples
Answer to Example 1
n n
1 3
f [n] = 2 − 9 + 8
(2) (4)
Answer to Example 2
n
f [n] = 3(−1) + 6n − 3
Answer to Example 3
n n
(√2
‾) 3nπ 3(√2
‾) 3nπ
f [n] = −0.5δ[n] + 0.4 + cos − sin
10 4 10 4
Answer to Example 4
, ,
f [0] = 1 f [1] = 5/2 f [2] = 81/16 , ....

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23/04/2018 i-z-transform

The Inverse Z-Transform

Scope and Background Reading

Examples using PFE

Examples using Long Division

The Inverse Z-Transform

Partial fraction expansion

Partial fraction expansion

1. If complex, the poles and residues will be in complex conjugate pairs

Step 1: Make Fractions Proper

Step 2: Find residues

Step 3: Map back to transform tables form

Uses Matlab functions:

collect – expands a polynomial

The denoninator of F (z)

Dz = (z - 0.5)*(z - 0.75)*(z - 1);

Multiply the three factors of Dz to obtain a polynomial

z^3 - (9*z^2)/4 + (13*z)/8 - 3/8

Make into a rational polynomial

num = [0, 1, 0, 0];

1.0000 -2.2500 1.6250 -0.3750

Compute residues and poles

(8*z)/(z - 1) + (2*z)/(z - 1/2) - (9*z)/(z - 3/4)

Uses additional Matlab functions:

Simulates output of Zero-Order-Hold (ZOH) or Digital Analogue Converter (DAC)

Inverse Z-Transform by the Inversion Integral

where C is a closed curve that encloses all poles of the integrant.

This can (apparently) be solved by Cauchy's residue theorem!!

Fortunately (:-), this is beyond the scope of this module!

Inverse Z-Transform by the Long Division

z^3 - (3*z^2)/2 + (11*z)/16 - 3/32

Combined Staircase/Lollipop Plot

Methods of Evaluation of the Inverse Z-Transform

Requires familiarity with the

Practical when only a small

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Dz = (z - 0.5)(z - 0.75)(z - 1);

z^3 - (9z^2)/4 + (13z)/8 - 3/8

(8z)/(z - 1) + (2z)/(z - 1/2) - (9*z)/(z - 3/4)

z^3 - (3z^2)/2 + (11z)/16 - 3/32