Complex numbers

•Definitions
•Conversions
•Arithmetic
•Hyperbolic Functions
 Define the imaginary number
If z = x + iy
i = −1 then x is the real part of z
so that
and y is the imaginary part
i 2 = −1,
i 3 = i ⋅ i 2 = −i
i 4 = i 2i 2 = −1 ⋅ −1 = 1 If z = x + iy then
the conjugate of z ,
written z or z *
Im z Argand diagram Complex numbers: is x − iy
Definitions
y x + iy

r If the complex number z = x + iy then

the Modulus of z is written as z and
θ the Argument of z is written as Arg (z )
x so that
Re z
z = x 2 + y 2 = r , Arg ( z ) = tan −1 ( y / x) = θ
r , θ are shown in the Argand diagram
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 Cartesian form Im z
(Real/Imaginary form) y x + iy
z = x + iy r
Polar form θ
(Modulus/Argument form)
x
Re z
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ )
= r cisθ
Complex numbers: Polar to Cartesian form
Forms x = r cos θ
Principal argument y = r sin θ
If θ is the principal
argument of a complex
number z then Cartesian to Polar form
−π <θ ≤ π Eulers formula r = x2 + y2
Im z cos θ + i sin θ = e iθ θ = tan −1
( y / x)
NB. You may need to add or
Re z
subtract π −1
to tan ( y / x)
Exponential form in order that θ gives z in the
z = reiθ correct quadrant

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 Let z = a + ib Addition/ subtraction
and w = c + id z ± w = ( a + c ) ± i (b + d )

Multiplication Equivalence
z ⋅ w = (a + ib)(c + id ) Complex numbers:
Arithmetic z = w ⇔ a = c and b = d
= (ac − bd ) + i (ad + bc)
De Moivres theorem
Division (cos θ + i sin θ ) n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
z z ⋅ w z ⋅ w (a + ib)(c − id )
= = =
w w⋅ w w 2 c2 + d 2 Polar/ exponential form:
Powers/ roots
 ac + bd   bc − ad 
= 2 2 
+ i 2 2 
If z = r cis θ = re iθ
 c +d  c +d  then
z n = r n cis ( n θ )
Polar/ exponential form: Mult/division = r n e i ( nθ )
If z = r cis θ = re iθ and w = s cis ω = se i ω
then
z ⋅ w = rs cis( θ + ω ) = r se i( θ + ω )
and
n
z = n
( n)
r cis θ
( n)
iθ
and z r  r  i( θ − ω ) = n
re
=   cis( θ − ω ) =   e
w s s Main page
 Hyperbolic Sine & Cosine Functions
1 x 1 x
cosh x =
2
( )
e + e − x and sinh x =
2
(
e − e−x )

Other Hyperbolic Functions Equivalences

sinh x Complex cos i θ = cosh θ and
tanh x = , numbers:
cosh x sin i θ = i sinh θ
Hyperbolic
1 cosh i θ = cos θ and
cosech x = , Functions
sinh x sinh i θ = i sin θ
1
sech x =
cosh x
cosh x 1 Sine & Cosine Functions
coth x = = in Exponential form
sinh x tanh x
1 iθ
cos θ =
2
(e + e − i θ ) and
Eulers formula
1
cos θ + i sin θ = e iθ sin θ = (e i θ − e − i θ )
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 Complex numbers
That’s all folks!

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