DAY TWO

Complex
Numbers
Learning & Revision for the Day

u Complex Numbers and Its u Argument or Amplitude of a u De-Moivre’s Theorem

Representation Complex Number u Cube Roots of Unity
u Algebra and Equality of u Different forms of a Complex u nth Roots of Unity
Complex Numbers Number
u Applications of Complex
u Conjugate and Modulus of a u Concept of Rotation
Numbers in Geometry
Complex Number u Square Root of a Complex
Number

Complex Numbers and Its Representation

l
A number in the form of z = x + iy, where x, y ∈ R and Y
P (x, y)
i = −1, is called a complex number. The real numbers
Imaginary axis

x and y are respectively called real and imaginary parts

of complex number z. y
i.e. x = Re (z), y = Im (z) and the symbol i is called iota.
X′ X
l
A complex number z = x + iy is said to be purely real if O x Real
y = 0 and purely imaginary if x = 0. axis
l
Integral power of iota (i)
Y′
(i) i = −1, i 2 = − 1, i 3 = − i and i 4 = 1 Argand diagram
+1 +2
(ii) If n is an integer, then i 4 n = 1, i 4 n = i, i 4 n = −1
and i 4 n + 3 = − i
(iii) i n + i n +1 + i n +2
+ i n +3 = 0
l
The complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point P in a plane called
argand plane or Gaussian plane or complex plane. The coordinates of P are referred
to the rectangular axes XOX ′ and YOY′ which are called real and imaginary axes,
respectively.
Algebra and Equality of Argument or Amplitude of
Complex Numbers a Complex Number
If z1 = x1 + i y1 and z2 = x2 + i y2 are two complex numbers, then Let z = x + iy be a complex number, represented by a point
(i) z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 ) P( x, y) in the argand plane. Then, the angle θ which OP makes
(ii) z1 − z2 = ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 ) with the positive direction of Real axis (X -axis) is called
(iii) z1 z2 = ( x1 x2 − y1 y2 ) + i( x1 y2 + x2 y1 ) the argument or amplitude of z and it is denoted by arg ( z ) or
z1 ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) + i ( x2 y1 − x1 y2 ) amp ( z ).
(iv) =  y
z2 x22 + y22 The argument of z, is given by θ = tan −1  
 x
(v) z1 and z2 are said to be equal if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2 .
l
The value of argument θ which satisfies the inequality
NOTE • Complex numbers does not possess any inequality, −π < θ < π, is called principal value of argument.
e.g. 3 + 2i > 1 + 2i does not make any sense. l
The principal value of arg(z) is θ, π − θ, −π + θ or − θ
according as z lies in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th quadrants
Conjugate and Modulus respectively, where θ = tan −1
y
.
of a Complex Number x
l
If z = x + iy is a complex number, then conjugate of z is P (x, y)

Imaginary axis
denoted by z and is obtained by replacing i by −i.
i.e. z = x − iy
y
l
If z = x + iy, then modulus or magnitude of z is denoted by
| z| and is given by| z| = x 2 + y2 θ
x Real axis
Results on Conjugate and Modulus l
Argument of z is not unique. General value of argument of z
(i) (z) = z is 2nπ + θ.
(ii) z + z = 2 Re (z), z − z = 2 i Im(z)
(iii) z = z ⇔ z is purely real.
Results on Argument
(iv) z + z = 0 ⇔ z is purely imaginary. If z, z1 and z2 are complex numbers, then
(v) z1 ± z2 = z1 ± z2 (i) arg (z) = − arg (z)
(vi) z1 z2 = z1 z2 (ii) arg (z1 z2 ) = arg (z1 ) + arg (z2 )
 z1 
 z1  z1 (iii) arg   = arg (z1 ) − arg (z2 )
(vii)   = , if z2 ≠ 0  z2 
 z2  z2
a1 a2 a3 a1 a2 a3 (iv) The general value of arg (z) is 2nπ − arg (z).
π
(viii) If z = b1 b2 b3 , then z = b1 b2 b3 (v) If z is purely imaginary then arg (z) = ± .
2
c1 c2 c3 c1 c2 c3 (vi) If z is purely real then arg (z) = 0 or π.
where ai , b i , c i ; (i = 1, 2 , 3) are complex numbers. (vii) If| z1 + z2| = | z1 − z2|, then
| z| = 0 ⇔ z = 0
(ix)
 z1  π
| z| = | z| = |− z| = |− z|
(x) arg   or arg (z1 ) − arg (z2 ) =
− | z| ≤ Re(z), Im(z) ≤ | z|
(xi)  z2  2
| z1 z2| = | z1|| z2|
(xii) (viii) If| z1 + z2| = | z1| + | z2|, then arg (z1 ) = arg (z2 )
z1 | z1|
(xiii) = , if| z2| ≠ 0
z2 | z2|
Different forms of a
(xiv) | z1 ± z2|2 = | z1|2 + | z2|2 ± z1 z2 ± z1 z2
= | z1|2 + | z2|2 ± 2 Re (z1 z2 ) Complex Number
(xv) | zn | = | z|n , n ∈ N l
Polar or Trigonometrical Form of z = x + iy is
(xvi) Reciprocal of a complex number For non-zero complex z = r (cos θ + i sin θ), where r =| z| and θ = arg (z).
number z = x + iy, the reciprocal is given by If we use the general value of the argument θ, then the
1 z
z −1 = = 2 . polar form of z is z = r [cos (2 nπ + θ) + i sin (2 nπ + θ)], where
z | z| n is an integer.
(xvii) Triangle Inequality l
Euler’s form of z = x + iy is z = re iθ , where r =| z|,θ = arg (z)
(a)| z1 + z2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z 2 | (b) | z1 + z2 | ≥ || z1 | − | z 2 ||
(c)| z1 − z 2 | ≤ | z1 | + | z 2 | (d) | z1 − z2 | ≥ || z1 | − | z 2 || and e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ.
 (i) The nth roots of unity are 1, α , α 2 ,... , α n − 1 , where
Concept of Rotation i2 π

α =e n
Let z1 , z2 , z3 be the vertices of ∆ABC as shown in figure, then
z −z  z − z |z − z | (ii) 1 + α + α 2 + α 3 + ...+ α n −1 = 0
α = arg  3 1  and 3 1 = 3 1 e iα
 z2 − z1  z2 − z1 | z2 − z1 | (iii) 1 ⋅ α ⋅ α 2 ... α n −1 = [−1]n −1
C(z3)
Applications of Complex
Numbers in Geometry
1. Distance between A(z1 ) and B (z2 ) is given by
a AB = | z2 − z1|.
A(z1) B(z2) 2. Let point P (z) divides the line segment joining A (z1 ) and
B (z2 ) in the ratio m : n . Then,
NOTE • Always mark the direction of arrow in anti-clockwise sense mz2 + nz1
and keep that complex number in the numerator on which (i) for internal division, z =
the arrow goes. m+n
mz2 − nz1
(ii) for external division, z =
Square Root of a Complex Number m−n
l
If z = a + ib , then 3. Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A (z1 ), B (z2 ) and C(z3 ),

z = a + ib = ±
1
[ | z| + a + i z − a] then centroid G (z) of the ∆ ABC is given by z
2 1
= (z1 + z2 + z3 )
1 3
l
If z = a − ib , then z = a − ib = ± [ | z| + a − i | z| − a]
2
z1 z1 1
1
Area of ∆ ABC is given by ∆ = z2 z2 1
De-Moivre’s Theorem 2
z3 z3 1
l
If n is any integer, then (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ
l
If n is any rational number, then one of the values of 4. For an equilateral triangle ABC with vertices A(z1 ), B(z2 )
(cos θ + i sin θ)n is cos nθ + i sin nθ. and C(z3 ), z12 + z22 + z23 = z 2 z3 + z 3 z1 + z1 z 2
l
If n is any positive integer, then 5. The general equation of a straight line is az + az + b = 0,
 2 kπ + θ   2 kπ + θ  where a is a complex number and b is a real number.
(cos θ + i sin θ)1 / n = cos   + i sin  
 n   n  6. (i) An equation of the circle with centre at z0
where, k = 0, 1, 2,... n − 1 and radius r, is | z − z0| = r
(ii) | z − z0| < r represents the interior of circle and
Cube Root of Unity | z − z0| > r represents the exterior of circle.
Cube roots of unity are 1, ω, ω2 (iii) General equation of a circle is zz + az + az + b = 0,
−1 + 3 i −1 − 3 i where b is real number, with centre is − a and radius
where, ω = and ω2 = is aa − b .
2 2
7. If z1 and z2 are two fixed points and k > 0, k ≠ 1 is a real
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity | z − z1|
number, then = k represents a circle.
(i) 1 + ω + ω2 = 0 | z − z2|
(ii) ω3 = 1
For k = 1, it represents perpendicular bisector of the
0 if n ≠ 3 m, m ∈ N
(iii) 1 + ω + ω
n 2n
= segment joining A(z1 ) and B (z2 ).
3 if n = 3 m, m ∈ N 8. If end points of diameter of a circle are A(z1 ) and B(z 2) and
P(z) be any point on the circle, then equation of circle in
nth Roots of Unity diameter form is
By nth root of unity we mean any complex number z which (z − z1 ) (z − z2 ) + (z − z 2) (z − z1 ) = 0
satisfies the equation zn = 1.
DAY TWO COMPLEX NUMBERS 13

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 4
1 Real part of is 11 If z − = 2, then the maximum value of | z | is
1 − cos θ + i sin θ z j AIEEE 2009

1 1 1
(a) − (b) (c) tanθ / 2 (d) 2 (a) 3 +1 (b) 5 +1 (c) 2 (d) 2 + 2
2 2 2
12 If z is a complex number such that z ≥ 2, then the
2 + 3i sin θ 1
2 A value of θ, for which is purely imaginary, is minimum value of z +
1 − 2i sin θ 2 j JEE Mains 2014
π π
(d) sin−1 
3 1 
(a) (b) (c) sin−1  (a) is equal to 5/2
3 6 4  3 (b) lies in the interval (1, 2)
13 (c) is strictly greater than 5/2
3 ∑ (i
n =1
n
+ i n + 1 ) is equal to (d) is strictly greater than 3/2 but less than 5/2
13 If | z1| = 2, | z 2 | = 3 then z1 + z 2 + 5 + 12i is less than or
(a) i (b) i − 1 (c) −i (d) 0
equal to
z −1
4 If is a purely imaginary number ( where, z ≠ −1), then (a) 8 (b) 18 (c) 10 (d) 5
z +1
14 If z < 3 − 1, then z + 2z cos α is
2
the value of | z | is
(a) less than 2 (b) 3 + 1
(a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) −2
(c) 3 − 1 (d) None of these
z2
5 If z1 ≠ 0 and z 2 are two complex numbers such that is 15 The number of complex numbers z such that
z1
z − 1 = z + 1 = z − i , is
2z1 + 3z 2
a purely imaginary number, then is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ∞
2z1 − 3z 2
2
j
JEE Mains 2013
16 Number of solutions of the equation z + 7z = 0 is/are
(a) 2 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
7−z 17 If z z + ( 3 − 4i )z + ( 3 + 4i )z = 0 represent a circle, the area
6 If f ( z ) = , where z = 1 + 2i , then | f ( z )| is equal to
1− z 2 of the circle in square units is
|z | (a) 5 π (b) 10π (c) 25 π 2 (d) 25 π
(a) (b) | z |
2
 π  π
(c) 2| z | (d) None of these 18 If z = 1 + cos   + i sin  , then {sin (arg( z ))} is equal to
 5  5
7 If 8 iz + 12z − 18z + 27i = 0, then the value of | z | is
3 2

10 − 2 5 5 −1
(a) 3 / 2 (b) 2 / 3 (c) 1 (d) 3 / 4 (a) (b)
4 4
8 If a complex number z satisfies the equation 5+1
(c) (d) None of these
z + 2 z + 1 + i = 0, then z is equal to j
JEE Mains 2013 4
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 1 19 If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument
9 If α and β are two different complex numbers such that 1 + z 
θ, then arg   equals to
β −α 1 + z  JEE Mains 2013
| α | = 1, | β | = 1, then the expression
j
is equal to
1 − αβ π
(a) −θ (b) −θ (c) θ (d) π − θ
1 2
(a) (b) 1
2 20 Let z and ω are two non-zero complex numbers such that
(c) 2 (d) None of these z = ω and arg z + arg ω = π, then z equals
z −1 (a) ω (b) ω
10 If | z | = 1 and ω = (where z ≠ −1), then Re(ω ) is
z +1 (c) − ω (d) − ω
1 21 If z − 1 = 1, then arg ( z ) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) − 2
z+1 1 1
(a) arg (z) (b) arg (z + 1)
2 2 3
(c) 2
(d) None of these 1
z+1 (c) arg (z − 1) (d) None of these
2
 15
 1
22 Let z = cos θ + i sin θ. Then the value of ∑ Im ( z 2 m −1 ) at, 33 If Re   = 3 , then z lies on
m =1
z
θ = 2°, is (a) circle with centre onY-axis
1 1 1 1 (b) circle with centre on X-axis not passing through origin
(a) (b) (c) (d)
sin 2 ° 3 sin 2 ° 2 sin 2 ° 4 sin 2 ° (c) circle with centre on X-axis passing through origin
(i )
23 If z = (i )(i ) , where i = −1, then | z | is equal to (d) None of the above

(a) 1 (b) e − π / 2 (c) 0 (d) e π / 2 34 If the imaginary part of ( 2z + 1) / (iz + 1) is −2, then the
8 locus of the point representing z in the complex plane is
 π π
1 + i sin + cos  (a) a circle (b) a straight line
24  8 8  equals to
π π (c) a parabola (d) None of these
 1 − i sin + cos 
 8 8 z
35 If | z | = 1 and z ≠ ± 1, then all the values of lie on
(a) 2 8
(b) 0 (c) −1 (d) 1
1− z 2
(a) a line not passing through the origin
25 If 1, α 1, α 2 , K , α n − 1 are the nth roots of unity, then (b) |z | = 2
(c) the X-axis
( 2 − α 1 )( 2 − α 2 ) K ( 2 − α n −1 ) is equal to
(d) theY-axis
(a) n (b) 2 n (c) 2 n + 1 (d) 2 n − 1
z
26 If ω( ≠ 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + ω )7 = A + Bω. 36 If ω = and | ω | = 1, then z lies on
i
z−
Then, ( A, B ) is equal to 3
(a) (11
,) (b) (1, 0) (c) (−1, 1) (d) (0, 1) (a) a circle (b) an ellipse
27 If α , β ∈C are the distinct roots of the equation (c) a parabola (d) a straight line
x 2 − x + 1 = 0, then α 101 + β107 is equal to j
JEE Mains 2018 37 If z 1 and z 2 are two complex numbers such that
(a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2 z1 z 2
2
+ = 1, then
 1 25
z 2 z1
28 If x 2 + x + 1 = 0, then ∑  x r + r  is equal to
r=1
 x  (a) z 1, z 2 are collinear
(b) z 1, z 2 and the origin form a right angled triangle
(a) 25 (b) 25 ω
(c) z 1, z 2 and the origin form an equilateral triangle
(c) 25 ω2 (d) None of these
(d) None of the above
29 Let ω be a complex number such that 2ω + 1 = z,
38 A complex number z is said to be unimodular, if z = 1.
1 1 1
Suppose z1 and z 2 are complex numbers such that
where z = −3. If 1 −ω 2 − 1 ω 2 = 3k, then k is equal to z1 − 2z 2
is unimodular and z 2 is not unimodular.
1 ω2 ω7 j
JEE Mains 2017 2 − z 1z 2
(a) −z (b) z (c) −1 (d) 1
Then, the point z1 lies on a j
JEE Mains 2015
1+ ω ω2 1 + ω2
(a) straight line parallel to X −axis
30 The value − ω − (1 + ω ) (1 + ω) , where ω is cube
2
(b) straight line parallel to Y −axis
− 1 − (1 + ω 2 ) 1 + ω (c) circle of radius 2
(d) circle of radius 2
root of unity, is equal to
(a) 2 ω (b) 3 ω2 (c) − 3 ω2 (d) 3ω 39 If | z 2 − 1 | = | z |2 +1, then z lies on
31 If a , b and c are integers not all equal and ω is a cube (a) a real axis (b) an ellipse
root of unity (where, ω ≠ 1), then minimum value of (c) a circle (d) imaginary axis
| a + bω + cω 2 | is equal to
3 1 40 Let z satisfy z = 1 and z = 1 − z j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 2 Statement I z is a real number.
32 Let ω = ei π / 3 , and a, b, c, x , y , z be non-zero complex Statement II Principal argument of z is π /3.
numbers such that: (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
a + b + c = x ; a + b ω + cω 2 = y ; a + b ω 2 + c ω = z correct explanation for statement I
2 2 2
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
x + y + z not a correct explanation for Statement I
Then the value of 2 2 2
is:
a + b + c (c) Statement I is true, Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
 DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1 For positive integers n1 and n 2 the value of the expression 8 If a complex number z lies in the interior or on the
(1 + i )n1 + (1 + i 3 )n1 + (1 + i 5 )n 2 + (1 + i 7 )n 2 boundary of a circle of radius 3 and centre at ( − 4 , 0),
where i = −1, is a real number iff then the greatest and least value of | z + 1| are
(a) n1 = n2 (b) n2 = n2 − 1 (c) n1 = n2 + 1 (d) ∀n1 and n2 (a) 5, 0 (b) 6, 1 (c) 6, 0 (d) None of these
z2 9 If z is any complex number satisfying z − 3 − 2i ≤ 2,
2 If z ≠ 1 and is real, then the point represented by the
z −1 then the minimum value of 2z − 6 + 5i is
complex number z lies (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 6
(a) on the imaginary axis 10 A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin towards
(b) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the the North-East (N 45° E) direction. From there, he walks a
origin
distance of 4 units towards the North-West (N 45° W)
(c) on a circle with centre at the origin
direction to reach a point P. Then the position of P in the
(d) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through
Argand plane is
the origin
(a) 3eiπ / 4 + 4i (b) (3 − 4i )eiπ / 4
2π 2π
3 Let ω be the complex number cos + i sin . Then the (c) (4 + 3i )eiπ / 4 (d) (3 + 4i )eiπ / 4
3 3
number of distinct complex numbers z satisfying 11 If 1, a1, a 2 ... a n −1 are n th roots of unity, then
1 1 1
z +1 ω ω2 + + ... + equals to
1 − a1 1 − a 2 1 − a n −1
ω z +ω 2
1 = 0 is equal to
ω2 1 z +ω 2n − 1 n −1 n
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
n 2 n −1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4 2 2
12 For z ,ω ∈ C, if z ω − ω z = z − ω, then z is equal to
4 The locus of z = x + iy which satisfying the inequality
log1/ 2 z − 1 > log1/ 2 z − i is given by (a) ω or ω (b) ω or ω /|ω | 2
(c) ω or ω /|ω | 2 (d) None of these
(a) x + y < 0 (b) x − y > 0 (c) x − y < 0 (d) x + y > 0
10
 2kπ 2kπ 
5 Let z1 = 10 + 6i , z 2 = 4 + 6i . If z is any complex number 13 The value of ∑  sin + i cos  is
 11 11 
such that arg ( z − z1 ) / ( z − z 2 ) = π / 4, then z − 7 − 9i is k =1

equal to (a) 1 (b) −1 (c) − i (d) i

(a) 18 (b) 3 2 (c) 3 / 2 (d) None of these 14 Let z1 and z 2 be roots of the equation z + pz + q = 0, 2

6 Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are p, q ∈ C. Let A and B represents z1 and z 2 in the complex
integers. Then the area of the rectangle whose vertices plane. If ∠AOB = α ≠ 0 and OA = OB; O is the origin, then
are the roots of the equation zz 3 + zz 3 = 350 is p 2 / 4q is equal to
(a) 48 (b) 32 (c) 40 (d) 80 (a) sin2 (α / 2) (b) tan2 (α / 2) (c) cos2 (α / 2) (d) None of these

7 If α + i β = cot −1( z ), where z = x + iy and α is a constant, 15 If 1, ω and ω 2 are the three cube roots of unity α , β, γ are
then the locus of z is the cube roots of p, q < 0, then for any x , y , z the
(a) x2 + y2 − x cot 2 α − 1 = 0  x α + y β + z γ
expression   is equal to
(b) x2 + y2 − 2 x cot α − 1 = 0  x β + y γ + z α
(c) x2 + y2 − 2 x cot 2 α + 1 = 0
(d) x2 + y2 − 2 x cot 2 α − 1 = 0 (a) 1 (b) ω (c) ω 2 (d) None of these

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (d)

SESSION 2 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c)
16 40 DAYS ~ JEE MAIN MATHEMATICS DAY TWO

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 ⇒ x2 + y 2 = 1 10 Given,|z | = 1
1 ⇒ |z |2 = 1 ⇒ |z |= 1
1 Let z = ⇒ zz = 1
1 − cos θ + i sin θ 5 Given, z2 is a purely imaginary z−1 z−1
1 Now, 2Re(ω ) = ω + ω = +
= z1 z+1 z+1
2sin2 (θ / 2) + 2i sin(θ / 2)cos(θ / 2) Let z = ni. Then, (z − 1)(z + 1) + (z − 1)(z + 1)
1 1 =
= z2 z+1
2
2+ 3⋅
2i sin(θ / 2) [cos(θ / 2) − i sin(θ / 2)] 2z1 + 3z2 z1 2 + 3ni
= = 2zz − 2
cos(θ / 2) + i sin(θ / 2) 1 1 2z1 − 3z2 z2 2 − 3ni = =0 [Q zz = 1]
= = + cot(θ / 2) 2 − 3⋅ z+1
2
2i sin(θ / 2) 2 2i z1
1 1
= − i ⋅ cot θ / 2 ∴ Re(ω ) = 0.
4 + 9n2
2 2 = =1
4 + 9n 2
  z − 4  + 4
11 |z | =  
2 Let z = 2 + 3i sin θ is purely imaginary 7− z
 z z
1 − 2i sin θ 6 Given, f (z ) = and z = 1 + 2i
1 − z2 4 4
then we have ⇒ |z | ≤  z −  +
Re (z ) = 0 7 − (1 + 2i )  z  |z |
∴ f (z ) =
2 + 3i sin θ 1 − (1 + 2i )2 4
Consider, z = ⇒ |z | ≤ 2 +
1 − 2i sin θ 6 − 2i 6 − 2i |z|
= =
(2 + 3i sin θ)(1 + 2i sin θ) 1 − (1 − 4 + 4i ) 4 − 4i |z |2 − 2 |z | − 4
= ⇒ ≤0
(1 − 2i sin θ)(1 + 2i sin θ) 6 − 2i 1+ i 6 + 4i + 2 |z |
= × =
(2 − 6sin2 θ) + (4sin θ + 3sin θ)i 4(1 − i ) (1 + i ) 4(12 − i 2 ) Since,|z | > 0
=
1 + 4sin2 θ 8 + 4i 1 ⇒ |z |2 − 2 |z | − 4 ≤ 0
= = (2 + i )
Q Re(z ) = 0 4(2) 2 ⇒ [|z | − ( 5 + 1)] [|z |− (1 − 5)] ≤ 0
2 − 6sin2 θ
∴ =0 4+ 1 5 |z | ⇒ 1− 5 ≤ |z | ≤ 5+ 1
1 + 4sin2 θ Now, | f (z )| = = =
2 2 2
⇒
1
sin2 θ = ⇒ sinθ = ±
1 12 z ≥ 2 is the region on or outside circle
[Qz = 1 + 2i , given ⇒ |z |= 5]
3 3 whose centre is (0,0) and radius is 2.
1
−1  1  7 Given, 8 iz + 12z − 18z + 27i = 0 Minimum z + is distance of z, which
3 2
⇒ θ = ± sin   2
 3 ⇒ 4z 2 (2iz + 3) + 9 i (2iz + 3) = 0
lie on circle z = 2 from  − , 0 .
1
13 13 ⇒ (2iz + 3) (4z2 + 9 i ) = 0
 2 
∑ (i + i n +1 ) = (1 + i ) ∑i
n n
3 ⇒ 2iz + 3 = 0 or 4z2 + 9 i = 0
n =1 n =1 Y
3
i (1 − i 13 ) ∴ |z | =
= (1 + i ) 2
1− i
8 We have, ( x + iy ) + 2 x + iy + 1 + i = 0
= i − 1 [Q i 13 = i , i 2 = −1]
[put z = x + iy ]
4 Let z = x + iy A
z−1 x + iy − 1 ( x − 1) + iy
⇒ ( x + iy ) + 2 ( x + 1) + y 2 + i = 0
2 X′
(–2, 0) (– 1 ,0
( (0, 0) (2, 0)
X
= = ⇒ x + 2 ( x + 1) + y = 0 2 2 2
z + 1 x + iy + 1 ( x + 1) + iy
( x + 1) − iy and y+1= 0
×
( x + 1) − iy ⇒ x + 2 ( x + 1)2 + (−1)2 = 0
( x − 1)( x + 1) − iy ( x − 1) + iy and y = −1 Y′
( x + 1) − i 2 y 2 ⇒ x2 = 2[( x + 1)2 + 1]
= ∴ Minimum z +
1
( x + 1) − i 2 y 2
2 ⇒ x2 = 2 x2 + 4 x + 4
2
x2 − 1 + iy ( x + 1 − x + 1) + y 2 ⇒ x2 + 4 x + 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 2)2 = 0
= Distance of  − , 0 from (−2, 0)
= 1
⇒ x = −2
( x + 1)2 + y 2  2 
∴ z = −2 − i ⇒ z = 4 + 1 = 5
z − 1 ( x2 + y 2 − 1) i (2 y ) 2
⇒ = + β −α β −α =  −2 + 1  + 0 = 3
z + 1 ( x + 1)2 + y 2 ( x + 1)2 + y 2 9 =  
 2 2
z−1 1 − αβ β ⋅ β − αβ
Since, is purely imaginary. Alternate Method
z+1  Q |β | = 1 
We know,|z1 + z2 |≥||z1 |−|z2||
z − 1 and |β|2 = ββ = 1
∴ Re   =0  
 z + 1 ∴ z+
1
≥ |z| −
1
= |z|−
1
x + y −1
2 2 β −α 1 |β − α| |β − α| 2 2 2
⇒ =0 = = = =1
( x + 1)2 + y 2 β (β − α ) |β| | β − α| |β − α| 1 3
≥ z− =
⇒ x + y −1 = 0
2 2 [Q|z|=|z|] 2 2
 ∴ z+
1
≥
3 20 Let z = ω = r and let arg ω = θ ⇒ − ω2 = A + Bω ⇒ 1 + ω = Α + Βω
2 2 iθ [Qω14 = ω12 ⋅ ω2 = ω2 ]
Then, ω = r (cos θ + i sin θ) = re
1 3 On comparing both sides, we get
∴ Minimum value of z + is ⋅ and arg z = π − θ
2 2 A = 1, B = 1
Hence, z = r (cos( π − θ) + i sin( π − θ))
13 Fact: z1 + z2 + ... + z n = r (− cos θ + i sin θ) 27 α,β are the roots of x2 − x + 1 = 0
= − r (cos θ − i sin θ) Q Roots of x2 − x + 1 = 0 are − ω, − ω 2
≤ z1 + z2 + ... + z n z = −ω
∴ z1 + z2 + (5 + 12i ) ∴ Let α = −ω and β = − ω 2
21 Given,|z − 1| = 1 ⇒ z − 1 = e i θ ,
≤ z1 + z2 + 5 + 12i ⇒ α101 + β107 = (− ω )101 + (− ω2 )107
= 2 + 3 + 13 = 18 where arg(z − 1) = θ …(i)
= − (ω101 + ω214 ) = − (ω2 + ω )
2 ⇒ z = eiθ + 1
14 Consider z + 2z cos α ≤ z + 2 z
2
[Qω3 n + 2 = ω2 and ω3 n+1 = ω]
⇒ z = 1 + cos θ + i sin θ
2
cos α ≤ z + 2 z = −(−1) = 1 [1 + ω + ω2 = 0]
[Qe i θ = cos θ + i sin θ]
θ θ θ 28 x2 + x + 1 = 0
< ( 3 − 1)2 + 2( 3 − 1) = 2 cos 2 + 2i sin ⋅ cos
2 2 2 ⇒ x = ω , ω2
= 3+ 1−2 3 + 2 3 −2= 2 θ 1
⇒ arg (z ) = = arg(z − 1) [from Eq. (i)] 1 1
∴ z2 + 2z cos α < 2 So, x r + r = ω r + r = − 1
2 2 x ω
15 Let z = x + iy 22 Given that z = cos θ + i sin θ = e iθ or 2 according as r is not divisible by 3
15 15
|z − 1| = |z + 1|
∑ lm(z ∑ lm(e or divisible by 3.
2 m −1 iθ 2 m −1
∴ )= )
Re z = 0 ⇒ x = 0 m=1 m=1 ∴ Required sum
|z − 1| = |z − i| ⇒ x = y
15
= 17(−1) 2 + 8 ⋅ 2 2 = 49
∑ lme
i(2 m −1 )θ
=
|z + 1| = |z − i| ⇒ y = − x m=1
29 Given, z = 2ω + 1
Since, only (0, 0) will satisfy all = sin θ + sin 3θ + sin 5θ + ... + sin 29θ
−1 + z −1 + 3i
14 ⋅ 2θ   15⋅ 2θ  ⇒ω = ⇒ω =
sin  θ +
conditions.
∴ Number of complex number z = 1.  sin   2 2
 2   2  [Qz = −3]
=
2θ
sin  
2
16 Given z + 7z = 0 ⇒ ω is complex cube root of unity
2 1 1 1
⇒ z z + 7z = 0 ⇒ z (z + 7) = 0
sin(15θ)sin(15θ) 1 1 −ω 2 − 1 ω 2 = 3k
Case (i) : z = 0, ∴ z = 0 = 0 + i0 = = [Qθ = 2° ] Now,
sin θ 4sin 2° ω2 ω7
Case (ii) : z = −7 ∴ z = −7 + 0i 1
Hence, there is only two solutions. 23 Clearly, i = cos π + i sin π = e iπ /2 1 1 1
2 2
z = 0 and z = −7 i2 ⋅
π ⇒ 1 ω ω2 = 3k
iπ / 2 i − π /2
∴ (i ) = (e
i
) =e 2
=e
17 Given zz + (3 − 4i )z + (3 + 4i )z = 0 ( i )(i ) e − π /2 − π /2
1 ω2 ω
Let z = x + iy Now, (i ) = (i ) ⇒ z = (i )e
− π /2 Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0
Then, zz = x2 + y 2 ⇒ |z|=|i |e =1  
 ω7 = ω 
∴ x2 + y 2 + (3 − 4i )( x + iy ) 24 Let z = cos + i sin π
π
+ (3 + 4i )( x − iy ) = 0 8 8 Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 , we get
1 π π 3 1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2
⇒ x2 + y 2 + 6 x + 8 y = 0 Then, = cos − i sin
z 8 8 1 ω ω2 = 3k
⇒ ( x2 + 6 x ) + ( y 2 + 8 y ) = 0 8
 1 + cos π + i sin π  1 ω
2
ω
⇒ ( x + 3)2 + ( y + 4)2 = 32 + 42   8

Now,  8 8  =  1 + z 
⇒ [ x − (−3)] + [ y − (−4)] = 5
2 2 2
 1 + cos π − i sin π  1 + z 
−1 3 0 0
So, area of circle be π R2 = 25π  8 8 ⇒ 1 ω ω2 = 3k
8 8
[QR = radius = 5]  (1 + z )z   π π 1 ω2 ω
=  = z =  cos + i sin 
8

 (1 + z )   8
18 If z = 1 + cos θ + i sin θ, then arg(z ) = θ
8 ⇒ 3(ω2 − ω 4 ) = 3k
π π
2 = cos 8 ⋅ + i sin 8 ⋅ ⇒ k = ω2 − ω ⇒ k = −1 − 2ω
π/5 π 8 8
⇒ k = −(1 + 2ω ) ⇒ k = − z
∴ arg(z ) = =
2 10 [using De-moivre’s theorem]
⇒ sin(arg z ) = cos π = −1(Q sin π = 0) 30 Using 1 + ω + ω2 = 0, we get
π 5−1 1+ ω ω2 −ω
= sin   = sin18° = 25 Clearly, ( x − 1)( x − α1 )( x − α2 ) …
 10  4 ( x − α n −1 ) = x – 1 n ∆ = 1+ ω 2
ω − ω2
Putting x = 2, we get ω2 + ω ω − ω2
19 Given, z = 1 and arg z = θ ( 2 − α1 )( 2 − α2 )K( 2 − α n − 1 ) = 2n − 1 Applying C1 → C1 + C2 ,
1
∴ z = e iθ and z = 26 We have, (1 + ω ) = A + Bω 7
0 ω2 −ω
z
  We know that 1 + ω + ω = 0 2
∆ = 0 ω − ω2
1+ z 1+ z
Now, arg   = arg  
∴ 1 + ω = −ω2 ω2 + 2ω ω − ω2
1 + z 1 + 1  ⇒ (− ω2 ) 7 = A + Bω
 z = (ω2 + 2ω )(− ω + ω2 ) = − 3ω2
⇒ − ω14 = A + Bω
= arg (z ) = θ
 n π n π
31 |a + bω + c ω2|2 = (a + bω + c ω2 ) 38 Given, z2 is not unimodular i.e. z2 ≠ 1 + ( 2 )n1 cos 1 − i sin i 1 
(a + b ω + c ω ) 2 z1 − 2z2  4 4 
and is unimodular. n2 π π
2 − z1 z2 n2 
= (a + bω + c ω2 )(a + bω2 + c ω ) + ( 2 ) cos − i sin n2
[Q ω = ω2 and ω 2 = ω]  4 4 
z1 − 2z2
⇒ =1 n2  n2 π n2 π 
= a + b + c 2 − ab – bc − ca
2 2
2 − z1 z2 + ( 2 ) cos + i sin
 4 4 
1 ⇒ z1 − 2z2
2
= 2 − z1 z2
2
= [(a − b ) 2 + (b − c ) 2 + (c − a) 2 ] π n π
= ( 2 )n1 2cos 1  + ( 2 )n2 2cos 2 
n
2
⇒ (z1 − 2z2 )(z1 − 2z2 ) = (2 − z1 z2 )  4   4 
So, it has minimum value 1 for a = b = 1 2
(2 − z1 z2 ) [Qzz = z ] which is purely real ∀ n1 , n2 .
and c = 2. 2 2
2 2
32 Clearly, x + y + z = x x + y y + zz
2 ⇒ z1
2 2
+ 4 z2 − 2z1 z2 − 2z1 z2 2 Clearly, z = z
2 2
z−1 z −1
= (a + b + c )(a + b + c ) = 4 + z1 z2 − 2z1 z2 − 2z1 z2 ⇒ zzz − z2 = zzz − z2
2
2 2
⇒ ( z2 − 1)( z1 − 4) = 0
2 ⇒ z (z − z ) − (z − z )(z + z ) = 0
+ (a + bω + cω )(a + bω + c ω )
2
2
2 Q z2 ≠1 ⇒ (z − z ) ( z − (z + z )) = 0
+ (a + bω + cω )(a + bω + c ω )
2

2 2 2 ∴ z1 =2 Either z = z ⇒ real axis

= 3( a + b + c )
Let z1 = x + iy ⇒ x2 + y 2 = (2)2 or
2
z = z + z ⇒ zz − z − z = 0
2 2 2
x + y + z Point z1 lies on a circle of radius 2.
⇒ 2 2 2
=3 i.e. ( x2 + y 2 = 2 x )
a + b + c 39 Let z = re i θ represents a circle passing through origin.
  Then, |r 2e 2 iθ − 1| = r 2 + 1 3 ω = e 2 πi / 3 = imaginary cube root of unity
33 Given, Re  1  = 3 ⇒ Re  z 2  = 3 ⇒ (r 2 cos 2θ − 1) 2 + (r 2 sin 2θ) 2
 z  |z|  ∴ 1 + ω + ω2 = 0
= (r 2 + 1) 2
 1 z  ⇒ r 4 − 2r 2 cos 2θ + 1 = r 4 + 2 r 2 + 1 z+1 ω ω2
Q z = |z |2  π Now, ∆ = ω z + ω2
  ⇒ cos 2θ = − 1 ⇒ θ =
1
x 2 ω2 1 z+ω
⇒ 2 = 3 ⇒ 3 x2 + 3 y 2 − x = 0
x + y2 π π
⇒ z = r  cos + i sin  = ir z z z
So, it is a circle whose centre is on  2 2
= ω z + ω2 1
X-axis and passes through the origin.
40 Let z = x + iy ω2 1 z+ω
2z + 1 (2 x + 1) + 2iy
34 = Then, x + y =12 2

iz + 1 (1 − y ) + ix (applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 )
and x + iy = 1 − ( x − iy )
[(2 x + 1) + 2iy ] ⋅ [(1 − y ) − ix] 1 1 1 1
= ⇒ x + y = 1 and 2 x = 1 ⇒ x =
2 2
=zω z + ω2 1
(1 − y )2 − i 2 x2 2
(2 x − y + 1) − (2 x2 + 2 y 2 + x − 2 y )i 3 ω2
1 z+ω
= and y =±
1 + x2 + y 2 − 2 y 2 = z {[(z + ω2 )(z + ω ) − 1]
1 3
∴ Imaginary part ∴ z= ± i + [ω2 − ω( z + ω)] + [ω − ω2 (z + ω2 )]}
− (2 x2 + 2 y 2 + x − 2 y ) 2 2
= = −2 = z {z2 + z(ω + ω2 ) + ω3
1 3
1 + x2 + y 2 − 2 y Now, take, z = + i −1 − ωz − ω2 z} = z3
2 2
⇒ x + 2 y − 2 = 0, which is a straight line.  3 / 2 π ∴ ∆ = 0 ⇒ z = 0 ⇒ z = 0 is the only
3

∴ θ = tan −1   = solution.
z z 1  1/2  3
35 Clearly, = = , which
1 − z2 zz − z2 z − z 4 In the problem, base = 1 / 2∈(0,1)
is always imaginary. SESSION 2 ∴ z−1 < z− i ⇒
2
z−1 < z− i
2

36 |ω | = 1 ⇒|z | = z − i
n1
1 Clearly, (1 + i ) + (1 + i 3 )n1 ⇒ (z − 1)(z − 1) < (z − i )(z + i )
3
+ (1 + i 5 )n2 + (1 + i 7 )n2 [Q z
2
= z z]
It is the perpendicular bisector of the = (1 + i )n1 + (1 − i )n1 + (1 + i )n2 + (1 − i )n2
n1 ⇒ (1 + i )z + (1 − i )z > 0
line segment joining (0, 0) to  0,  i.e. π π 
1 
= 2  cos + i sin  ⇒ (z + z ) + i (z − z ) > 0
 3   4 4 
 z + z  z − z
1 n1 ⇒   + i >0
the line y = ⋅   π π 
6 +  2  cos  −  + i sin  −     2   2 
   4  4
 z + z −  z − z
⇒    >0
37 Given, z1 + z2 = 1 ⇒ z12 + z22 = z1 z2   π π 
n2
 2   2i 
z2 z1 +  2  cos  −  + i sin  −   
   4   4 ⇒ Re(z ) − Im(z ) > 0 ⇒ x − y > 0
⇒ z12 + z22 + z32 = z1 z2 + z1 z3 + z2 z3 ,
5 arg z − (10 + 6i ) = π
n2
  π π 
where z3 = 0 2 cos + i sin 
+
  4 4    z − (4 + 6i )  4
−1 y − 6 y−6 π
So, z1 , z2 and the origin form an
n π n π
equilateral triangle. = ( 2 )n1 cos 1 + i sin 1  ⇒ tan
x − 10
− tan −1
x−4
=
 4 4  4
[take z = x + iy ]
 y−6 y−6 2k π
10
2k π 
− 2z − 6 + 5i = 2 z −  3 − i 
5
13 We have, ∑  sin + i cos 
⇒ x − 10 x − 4 = 1  2  k =1  11 11 
( y − 6)( y − 6) 2kπ 2kπ 
 = i ∑  cos
10
1+ 5 
( x − 10)( x − 4) = 2 Distance of z from  3, −  − i sin 
    k =1  11 11 
 2
⇒ x2 + y 2 − 14 x − 18 y + 112 = 0 10 − i 2 kπ 10
where z lies on circle (i).
⇒ ( x − 7)2 + ( y − 9)2 = 18 = (3 2 )2 = i ∑e 11
=i ∑α
k

∴ min 2z − 6 + 5i = 2PA = 2  − 2 = 5

9 k =1 k =1
⇒ z − (7 + 9i ) = 3 2 2 
where α = e − i 2 π /11
iπ / 4 = i [α + α2 + α3 + ... + α10 ]
6 We have, zz = (z + z ) = 350 10 Clearly, 0 − 3e iπ / 4 = 3 e iπ /2
2 2

⇒ 2( x2 + y 2 )( x2 − y 2 ) = 350 z − 3e 4 α(1 − α10 ) (α − α11 )

=i =i
⇒ ( x2 + y 2 )( x2 − y 2 ) = 175 −3e − iπ / 4 3 1−α 1−α
∴ = i
Since x, y ∈ I , the only possible case z − 3e iπ / 4 4 (α − 1)
=i [Qα = cos 2 π − sin 2 π = 1]
11

which gives integral solutions, is N (1 − α )

x2 + y 2 = 25 …(i) P(z)
= −i
x2 − y 2 = 7 …(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) x2 = 16; y 2 = 9 14 Given, z2 + pz + q = 0
⇒ x = ±4; y = ±3 ⇒ Area = 48 3eiπ/4 ⇒ z1 + z2 = − p and z1 z2 = q
−1 Q OA = OB
7 We have, α + iβ = cot (z )
⇒ z1 = z2
⇒ cot(α + iβ ) = x + iy E z2
and cot(α − iβ ) = x − iy O ∴ = e iα = cos α + i sin α
z1
Now, consider z − 3e iπ / 4 = 4ie iπ / 4
Y
cot 2α = cot [(α + iβ ) + (α − iβ )] z = (3 + 4i )e iπ / 4
cot(α + iβ ) ⋅ cot(α − iβ ) − 1
= 11 Given z n = 1, where B(z2)
cot(α + iβ ) + cot(α − iβ )
z = 1, a1 , a2 ,... an −1 …(i)
( x + y − 1)
2 2
1 1
= Let α = , then z = 1 − A(z1)
2x 1− z α
∴ x2 + y 2 − 2 x cot 2α − 1 = 0 n

∴  1 −  = 1
1 α
[by (i)]
8 Given,|z + 4 | ≤ 3  α
X
Now,|z + 1 | = |z + 4 − 3 | ⇒ (α − 1)n − α n = 0 O
≤ |z + 4 | + | 3 | ≤ 3 + 3 = 6 ⇒ − C1 α n −1 + C2α n −2 + ... + (−1)n = 0 z1 + z2
1 1 1 ⇒ = 1 + cos α + i sin α
Hence, greatest value of|z + 1 | = 6 where, α = , ..., z1
1 − a1 1 − a2 1 − an −1 α α α
Since, least value of the modulus of a = 2cos  cos + i sin 
complex number is 0. 1 1 1 2 2 2
⇒ + + ...+
Consider,|z + 1 | = 0 ⇒ z = − 1 1 − a1 1 − a2 1 − an −1 (z1 + z2 )2 α
⇒ = 4cos 2 e iα
Now, |z + 4 | = |− 1 + 4 | = 3 C n(n − 1) (n − 1) z12 2
= 2 = =
⇒| z + 4 | ≤ 3 is satisfied by z = − 1. C1 2/ n 2 z
= 4cos 2 α / 2 ⋅ 2
∴ Least value of|z + 1| = 0 z1
2 2
12 z ω − ω z = z − ω ... (i) α
9 z − 3 − 2i ≤ 2 ⇒ (z1 + z2 )2 = 4cos 2 z1 z2
2 2 2
⇒ ( z + 1)ω = ( ω + 1)z
⇒ p2 = 4 q cos 2 α / 2
z +1
2 p2 α
z ∴ = cos 2
⇒ = = real 4q 2
(3, 2) ω 2
ω +1
z zω 15 Q p < 0, take p = − q 3 (q > 0)
⇒ =z ⇒ = zω ... (ii)
ω ω ∴ p1 /3 = q(−1)1 /3 = − q , − qω, − qω2
A
Also, from Eq. (i), zz ω − ωω z = z − ω Now, take α = −q , β = − qω, γ = − qω2
P(3, – 5/2) ⇒ zz ω − ωz ω − z + ω = 0 Then, given expression
⇒ (z ω − 1)(z − ω ) = 0 ⇒ z = ω or zω = 1
x + yω + zω2
⇒ z lies on or inside the circle i.e. zω = 1 = = ω2
1 2
xω + yω2 + z
( x − 3)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 22 = 4 ... (i) ⇒ z = ω or z = = ω/ ω
ω