Gas Dywamies Syllabus ¢ Ch. Ch. 1. Trtvoduction ded Definteons 2. One-Dimensional Flows 3: Method of Analysis 4. System and Contvol Vo lume SY Ca wamics Concepts “a= Seven & F. Conservation “th oe 8. Comserucction of Eaorgy 9. Universal Lew of Gases CEquetion ef Shite) 2. Basie Concepts of Compressible Flow 2b Velcity of Sound 2.2. Mach Number 213. Physical Differences Between Flow Types 24. The Adiabstic Steady Flow Ellipse 25. Stagnation State 2.6 Critical State 3. Tsertvopic Flow in Variable Avea Duet B.\+ General Feature s B2- Dependance of Mach Number on Avea Variation 3.3 Mech Number Possibility ot the Theat Sie Cribical Conditions 3.5. Lsentvep ic Flaw Equations 3.6. Choking 3h Tsentrepic Flos in a Convergi Moz yle 3.8. Isentvepic Flow tn a Converging - Diverging Nelo 3.9. Impulse Funeteon 3.10. Important Metes on Tsenttrepic Flow J Adiahetle FlowChey. 4. ue Shock Waves ty Inkvoduction 2. Govering Equations of Stationary Movmal Shock Wave WB. Non- Isertrepic Flow in Converging -Di img No: u.¥, Normal Sheth Wave Table Oe OMeTng Nezyl ue a. a. Ch.5. Sua. 5. Moving Normal Shecle Weve 6 Shek Wave Strength Fe Oblique Sheck Weave Constant Avea Duct Flow with Erich Heat Wan ste Gover ing Equodions ef Flow ia Constant Avec Duct with Friction Fon ov with 52. Fanno Line 5.3. Realations Fey Fricttonal Flow S++. Frictionless Flow with Heat Tranc fer in Constanh Area Duct 5.5. Ray leigh Line Refevences % « le Compressible Fluid Flow) Patvice H. Costhuizen William €. Cavseallen , 1997 2- “Gas Oymamies”, James E-A.Som J TheeG. keith, 3. 2006 . ° 11806 Syyph puedeCH.1. Tntveducton SS ees Fluid Mechanics Stedke Dynamice 0 Gas Ognamics Aorodynumicr Hyolvoelyrrerm ies 4.4, Defiavtiens Gas Qynamics ; flow of Flow) ond is a ent brench of He elgneum Sc Ss. Te is the subjed which ebeals ride He, compess:ble gases Ceften itey~ lucel Avan ia Compressible flail: It is the Fluigl yet, howe the abiltty of compression ie. preceptible ours denaty of tluiol (AAz0)- Compressible Flow, Tt 1 the Plow with ASLO when A velecity cheungyes Incomprestible Plaid t Tt is the fluid Had with torel He 7 extemal effects with AP= 0 vTt ic the flow in which ne chony Tncempressible flow : in density of te uid is hoppened (AA=0). Steucy flow 1 Tt means thect +a Fluid propevtios 5 in any pert in tli spaces de net alepercel Hii Hung. Slond yelieroat wah GORA ees Ne / Unsteady flows Tt meus thet the Fluiol properties sin 4 port atl space , depend eon the Bax, Aer) 2g AtSE \2+ One - Dimensional Flow Tt an be seid that the flow is one —olimension lS Flow aihen te flaicl properties ave uniform in anye ormss-sechion of a duct and variable along the flew diction ently . Deane) 4.0 i enacts) =o , 1 Prpets)_, oa Je - Tt How ia slighd eo cvoss- Section ave cen he concideved one dimension flow —thtavy vadins of duct curuntuve, de Flu con be considered ert -djmorsiened flow - pee eg a Tn 4 aivofeil case can net Le cansioleyed - = cre wel eneie ul Mews, where it ic impavhant g to ddtrmine He dag 4 Idt Lerces inspite of |. (ev vaclint of Has pak cuvusture, 5 uit V3. Methoel of Analy ss To omalyse fa flew. problem methmetically.., theve ave two types of laws, the First type is celled Conseveadion Laws. anrel the second type is collec! Constitutive Laws . The First type consists of de Following laws : 1. Conservation of Mass lux C Crctinuity. Equation). 2. Consevewthon of Mementum Law (Mewten Seoud law). 3B. Conservation ef Enawya law CFivst Low of Thermodynamics) 4. Seconol Law of Fvemodlyncanics Fe seconcl type cleals with He natwe ef the used gas ard velates As Bigcteal Preporticr of te gos for excumple ths equation of ctede.-5- Liu, System ancl Centred Velume unity, of the matttr sented The system is a constant + by boundaries from the surrounding . The system aun be meveel ancl exchangy eneny 4 but net mccttoey . Fe system is not applicable Por Fluial dagen ics. The contre 2 volume ix an arbitrary Finced volume in pace bounded by comtvel surface . The matty and energy cam be transmittecl through the ontol suvdace + We conte velume con be applied in fluid sdypnantcs. The choice of condvel volume must be opropricts to Hx nature of Problem fer simplification of mathmatical onaly sis. @ Ente “The contvol volume can be a finite a, g for a certain cess section » anal an infidel? acces for He whole demaine om © te @ 1 1 AT toml oes £5, Termodgnamics Cnevpt s 2 Tt is the property, of the system he property may be intemal Foy the sydtem matt or external for the system position. Thive are two types ef properties : Extensive ~~ depend on Hx mass of te system , fo example tL, eneryy (E)- Trtensive — dent clepend en the mass of Hu system, for exemple the energy Per unit mass (€)- ~ Sheke 1 This the situation of tha system described by its Properties values . ~ Process; Tt tr Ha event thot happens when te state off system has been changed cle \ It is series of processes that Hu state in Hu ond should be identical to He stete in tle begining. = Preperty-6- = Potenkiad Enavgy (PE): PE= maz - Kinetic Energy (ke): KE= tem" - Latenod Energy (U)s Tk ts caused by the motion onel construction of wetliv particles. ~Enthedpg (h) 2 hauspy sur£ (Keg) ws Specific Volume ~ Specitic Heat at Constewt Prsuve (G) 1S GP) ~ Specific Hent ot Constiucl Volume (Cy): G, (Bu h - Specific Heat Rat's (k): We = - Acliabatic Rocess 1 Tt ua process in which ne heat tramchey betwen the system anol te survoumdtinsy, meckies, og. =O — Reversible Recess : Tt is the process thuct can be invevsed with coming back dhe system anol survouncling. media te the stevting state, The reversible Process is on idle! process. ~Trrevev sible Process 1 Tt is Hue process thet con nef be inverted tote davtirg stote, - Entropy (5). Ass SC). de = SE (Teg ic)16. Conservation of Mass Law (Continuity, Cqratien) The conservation of mass for a system is given as: dM system =O 4 The mass of the system dosit change neithsr at with place nov with tine. Fey cntve® volume =0 © Continuity Equection) at Fev Ons -olimensioncl steely flows Mey _ mt © Mut =a PVA » where VLA __@ out ete m2 2 PVA ——_@ he eis, Substituh; Eqs O,.OF@D wm €y. @D feild? at wd 7 ca 7 4 olud av stream tube & PVA =S_ PVA finde Cv, = LAP 2 indets oulte? s ? ue : 4 say Fe Civ, bebween DH @) thuowve an 4 le. owe ome Mbt H ome cutlet. ve A e b = wh = LMA, 22YAL "EEE Fey all cross-sections bélweon O 4 © (Finite ov.) Be Foy infinitesmal Ci. PVAz (P+ SA)(V4Sv)(A +5A) => wy, as wn (Derive)-8- VF. Conservation of Memunttuan Newton 24 Law ef motion Far asy stem can be given es | SE = dmv) ania For the Cotvel Volume » sE —" net . § Von J Tobin (Momorition Gyaudon) Fer Three - dimension flow there ave thee auctions of (2.9.2) directions s be excunpl in x chiredion Ha mumentunm eqeation 12 writhen es j = Cm Vide , . Ti = Dee + J vedi = [ved For one -climensioncl’ stendy tow » R= xGHw- =v) ae For one inlet ancl enc autht How » 1 Po = SE aM (Vix- Vie) There ave tuo » af forces included in te torm (EF). “The 14 ix He surkace fyces oplied ov the Fluiol on He ai suvface CResuve force , Viscose tercedr Friction force) » Tee 2 Fype iv Ae beoly Bovces Cweighd) ancl itis neglected im gas flow. Fer Frid ters sheoly flow the lest epretien becemes Eat Spi LB Gorierention of Enea Fivst low ct Tisrmeclynasnics Pov a system an be given as: w= de - dé For He Control volume G-w = aoe +f edm Whove . v e€=2 Uu > — +7t > tge ? J estes-9- 14 Universal law et Geses (Equction of state) Retet Gas is an ideal cmpressible fluid which obeys He UniversaD lew of Gases thot t given as: Pr=RT whare Pr Absolite pressive CRas= Bag. + Ben), Ds Speebic colina (24) dive)” & Re Ges constant . = Ty Absolute temperatwe Ck) Tha equation of state for a perfect gos or a mole basic, Can be written as, PY =mRT =nRT wher) is tHe volume of He mars (m) or then moles of the gas. Bz MR 2 Univers gas com chat = $314.3 T/kg-mole. tc Mi Moll mass of ges ENS G2 oh Example! Foy edmospheic air bebveen altitude the molal mass MA = 28.966 Ky Acgrmol Final He gas con stent. — R . 33142. New ees = SEN} 2 usT Thea © +. (00 km 28-4-410- CH.2. Basic Cencopt: of Grpressible Flaicl Flee 2.t. Velocity ef Sorrel The acoustic waves ane small Pressure waves that transfers in a plane , cylindrical er spravical shape , these waves are Formed duet to disturbances in to How Consiolr a plane wave ac shown in figure jue 4o yes fluid, Hu veloc’ ide Ae awe ii (OO 2 vel (a) Moving wowe wha velocitgs Cb) The metion is veladive te inside a Plow a CV. Pincel era weve Chava in Flow properties ove beppensd duc to the _ movemut of sound wave. TS anellyse thir problens meAnmedicaly a cv. i considered Fixed on He soured esacr, Aoplping, Continuity &, Pak = (Prdfasrdvy A + fa df? , dv a> SA 4 OY Pa @ (Derive) =o Te opply He momentum opnaction 4 mutt be noted theck the thickesss of He wave is very smalltherefore Ie Viscogity force which is proportional te the aves of CV. wall , fan be neglected, The monttn cg. becomes, PA = (P+dP)A = mfla+d)- a] but Ma Pad ¢c- AP+fPadVso0 ——_®@ This quedo ts sietiler te Euler's equechion Per non. Uiscous Pldid threo intinidesiel CV.By substibicting (dv) Frou. eg-@ ints og. @ we get, 2_ dP w= OP The gas thet a sound weve passes thyousl, has Ade perienceal an isentropic process since He precess is aclinbed'c veversible, Fev veep Flew Se = constenk = C P=c7 QP =(3 OP). KP = 5 cas 3 (5) SERT = W2¥RT San fer Fer air Mah & R297 Teg sk ve [a = 20.04dT | mk, Tin Ke units 2.2. Mach Number This debinel by te tollowiny equation , Made where (Vic Ha fluc vekoity JF) ¥‘-i fy P Be CBS Gr)ed o » but for perfed ges Fak, a (a) is the sorrel velocity correspond, +o He Flutel condition that the Flurd velocity (V) is measuvect. Aecovoling to He Mach number Hu Flow $s alividesl iho y Tncompressible flac Meddino Subsonic Flow Mcd Senic flow Met b Teusenic flow Supersonic flow M> Hypersonic flo My74 ace ids oka ema Wi POLS Aebhet@: wotbe ys~12- 2:3. Physical Otforences Between The Flow Types a) Incompressible 4) Sub lanic, <) Sonic Wea Meo) (da 5Me4) (v20 » M214) = > Mach Cone Mach tag eee A) Supersenie — (v>a,mM>4) =g.y. Th Adiabat Steady Flow Ellipse The asin Sheedy Glow enevyy Gyn hee he y = conch. 2Cp CT -T = ve V=N 2G, (Te-T) er OFe (oT) whin a Hucretially so, T=9 lance z oe t g y - ee 4 Qe ———_O 4 — eolewe ag = OKT. Consider a styeam tube in which the Plows closenat ee het with He Fluicl in Neigh boving Strecun tubes. TH stodgy energy eqn is hr = court. ————@ Far perfect Oyo he@re*RK7 ; et ea gph 3 RT bud > a” = SRT Thovetove 2 he &@ wP m7 ene 7- 14. From equs (2) 9 @ Fn VO meh Bay TH = const @ Fer stagnation couditiens (vz0) , eqn @ will be zu ae Ct where Gis Hue speed of soumel A Staguct ion conettencs. Sibel ete yn. OF Om “qs @ + get, [a-e-«] —e WI" © is cabled acliahic Stead Plus ellipse which is a uch oleui ce to extaminp He velestion chs behven the fles veloc, asd speeol of The « be ' sareid, Te Biff g, plotted £ Forey “tan Oodle of “a = Const. ————~ © a Tncompressible £low (M Te, 2 Gre, Ss Wyle Tncwease of entrar y. 6 >To, AS= Cpdn Ten Rtn Ba Tor Ry, AS2 —R In & 2 Few isekvopic Flow ASszo~ & RiaRa Ot . 2 To + Ve = OT, + Me CeTo + Ve. et Qn = + Vea) 2 ¥RT Toe Lit SE MP] ) vey IMPORTANT 73 27 (t+~46- Te, = (4+ oS mM, ) Coe Baye (R) = mG an te B v-l a gob em] : a Decive all velations & Z0E 2.6. Critic? Stee gages nee Sente Flow CM=1) is called abso crificaf? state. Gikicef shake is consicleved an important veference state. Te supuseript *) veers to Hat He propoty ig o& eritial dete . Té is chav Wat Ve eat 2 feRT* fecause M=M*= 4 mp Also, it is easy to derive EF ,fyt by subsihding Med i, LY Ee x phase PA PST can 7 fod then Phegnct ion / Preperties are known. (How 7)Ae Chi. Lserdropic Flow in Variable Area Onc Basically, He awe three flchs that may cause changes in As properties A compressible few as hollows: Variation of dud avea Friction Heat excluenyl with surrounding, Tn this chaphy, te Hfect of area vavichion of duct call be considered only with weglecding the ether to effeds. BA Generel? Feakwes Tee isevctropic Flow is an cediabetic reversible flecg and its called also variable orea duc simple flow. In eter wovel the onby effect on tne flow is A varction of avece. Why do we study Hie isertreple Plow % - Althouph the iseritrepic flow is an ideal flow, it tt considived on AbicianA tool by whieh rel flows ave 4 be Compavad ane sticlied suc as flow aside woxzles and atus evs - Alto, amy eelativty shevt adiabatic flow con be considered an \serbropic Flow due to negligible friction effed, 2 Bound, ag cats 5 Cech, SBS wee AN sy - oh I J poo { : 1 4 ‘ $-% I we am Law of Hemmelpannics Lee S=S, fee Continuity Ep BVA => IL, dv dA _ ma 2VA RTE rs-13- 3-2. Depencance ef Mach Number on Area Variation From o. ® At Now speed £ is very small and can be ignored . 3. At high speed UP with PU comet be ignored « We know Hhat dP ae a= => df= a © Ahavefor, by substitatig opm © toto equ. B-2), weg, dP_M dP = py* lA => (i-m) dP av" dA Mow , substitite equ ©) @ inte “qe (3-3) fer dP te ga, a df ow dA (3-4) Po i-M A By using oe @ op G-4) becomes 7 WV Bh OA 2 os) Vv 4-m" A Baise