Jour. Geol. Soc.
India (2022) 98:1237-1243
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2158-z
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Redox Condition and Mineralogical Evidence of the Magma Mixing
Origin of the Mafic Microgranular Enclaves (MMEs) from Sircilla
Granite Pluton (SGP), Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC), India
Ch. Ashoka,*, E.V.S.S.K. Babua, Sarbajit Dasha,b, G.H.N.V. Santhosha
a
CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad - 500 007, India
b
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad - 201 002, India
*E-mail: ashokchadp@gmail.com
Received: 15 July 2021 / Revised form Accepted: 23 March 2022
© 2022 Geological Society of India, Bengaluru, India
ABSTRACT
Mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) and Syn-plutonic dykes
(SPD) are commonly observed in granitoids and are believed to
have a similar period of origin as that of the host. Here the
petrographical and mineralogical characteristics of the MMEs and
Syn-plutonic dykes from Sircilla granite pluton (SGP), eastern
Dharwar craton (EDC), Southern India is presented. The contact
relationships of MMEs with the host granite are diffusive or
gradational, implying under-cooling and disaggregation of MMEs.
Petrographic features such as quartz ocelli, bladed biotite, and
acicular apatite grains in mafic enclaves suggest magma mixing/
mingling-related processes. Consequently, crystallization
temperature and pressure of hornblende and biotite from SPD
indicate rapid undercooling and hence suggest their emplacement
towards the final stage of pluton evolution. Mineral chemistry
studies reveal that the plagioclase in host SGP compositionally
varies from An 23 -An 27, while the Fe# in biotite vary from 0.47-
0.52. The composition of plagioclase and mafic phases in MMEs
and the SPDs exhibit variation in compositional range, plagioclase
(An 26 -An 30), hornblende Mg# (0.42-0.55), and biotite Fe# (0.46-
0.54). A decreasing trend in fO2 value in MMEs and SPD during
progressive crystallization suggest an orogenic tectonic setting of
magma formation. Intermediate composition of biotite and
plagioclase from MMEs suggest control of magma mixing processes
for their formation.
INTRODUCTION
Mafic microgranular enclaves (MME) and syn-plutonic dykes
(SPD) are associated with the granite plutons (Ahmad 2011; Jayananda
et al. 2014; Elangovan et al. 2017) and are believed to have a similar
age as that of their host rocks. During their ascent from the deeper
crustal sources, the mafic and the felsic components mix at various
stages of their compositional evolution. Magma mixing represents
mixing of melts from two or more different sources, having different
temperatures, density, crystallinity, viscosity, and rheological behavior
(Perugini and Poli 2012). Consequently, the study of felsic and mafic
rocks can contribute valuable information on the petrogenesis, physical
and chemical environments of magma mixing in relation to
temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity (Barbarin 2005; Kocak et
al. 2011; Azadbakht et al. 2020). Most of the previous studies show
0016-7622/2022-98-9-1237/$ 1.00 © GEOL. SOC. INDIA
that the MMEs that are reported from the calc-alkaline to felsic
intrusives are the product of the magma mixing and mingling processes
(Perugini et al. 2003; Jayananda et al. 2009).
MMEs and SPD are reported from many EDC granitic plutons,
which compositionally exhibit mafic to intermediate hybrid magma
composition and occur at various stages of felsic magma chamber
evolution (Jayananda et al. 2014). In the present work, a comprehensive
mineral chemistry of host granite, MMEs, and SPD are provided to
estimate the physicochemical conditions, oxygen fugacity (fO2), and
petrogenesis.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
The Dharwar craton is divided into two broad tectonic domains
(Fig. 1a), namely the western Dharwar craton (WDC) and the eastern
Dharwar craton (EDC), depending on crustal thickness, metamorphic
grade, and geochronological data. The two blocks are separated by
the Chitradurga shear zone (Ramakrishnan, and Vaidyanadhan, 2008;
Chardon et al., 2011). The WDC comprises tonalite–trondhjemite–
granodiorite (TTG) (3.45 to 3.23 Ga) suites (Guitreau et al. 2017) in
association with a wide range of greenstone belts (3400 to 2700 Ma)
(Maya et al. 2017). The EDC is defined by widespread late Archaean
tonalitic to granodioritic gneisses and calc-alkaline granite plutons
(Peucat et al. 2013) interlayered with ca. 2700 Ma narrow greenstone
belts and carries tracks of older (3140 to 3000 Ma) crust (Peucat et al.
2013; Dey et al. 2018; Jayananda et al. 2019). The Neoarchean
magmatism of EDC is characterized by NS to NNW trending calc-
alkaline plutons consisting of TTG gneisses, biotite granites, and syn-
to late-kinematic high-Mg diorites or sanukitoids (Jayananda et al.
2019).
The northern part of EDC is mainly composed of tonalitic to
granodioritic gneisses with age from 2.7 Ga – 2.54 Ga and N-S trending
2.57 Ga-2.52 Ga calc-alkaline plutonic belts, which are likely to be
associated with the Karimnagar granulite belt (KGB). The KGB
corresponds to the zone of accumulation of several smaller granitic
plutons that run along the NW- SE trending Pranahita-Godavari rift
basin (Fig. 1b). The lithology of KGB granitoid plutons are akin to
EDC granitoids, which represents that KGB is a part of the EDC. The
KGB is typically made of granite gneiss, charnockites, and calc-alkaline
granites. These constitute the supra crustal rocks as enclaves include
charnockite-enderbite gneiss, amphibolite, banded magnetite quartzite


Fig.1. (a) Generalized geological map of Dharwar Craton, southern
India (modified after GSI, 1996); (b) Detailed geological map of Karim
Nagar granulite belt(modified after Babu et al. 2015); (c) The geological
sketch map of Sircilla granite pluton (SGP).
(BMQ), subordinated with ultrabasic granulite, calc-granulite, and Mg-
Al pelites (Rajesham et al. 1993; Sarbajna et al. 2013; Meshram et al.
2021). The SGP also consists of supra crustal rocks such as amphibolite
and banded magnetite quartzite (Fig.1c and 2c). These features
Fig.2. (a) Sub-rounded shaped MME associated with host granite; (b) A disrupted syn-plutonic dyke exhibiting gradational to diffusive contact
with host granite; (c) Amphibolite supra crustal rock occur as enclave associated with Sircilla granite pluton (SGP).
1238
indicate that SGP is a part of KGB. The MMEs and SPDs
observed in SGP are abundant along with the marginal areas and
limited in the core region.
FIELD AND PETROGRAPHY
The granitoid is typically pink to grey in colour, with monzo to
syenogranite composition. MMEs are rounded and tabular in form
and have gradational to diffusive contacts with the host rocks (Fig.
2a). The contacts between the mafic and felsic facies are diverse,
ranging from curved and smooth to highly irregular, with mafic magma
penetrating the felsic host (Fig. 2a). MMEs, independent of their shape
or size, have narrow chilled rims that are typically richer in mafic
minerals (biotite and amphibole) and deficient in felsic minerals. The
syn-plutonic mafic dykes have been disrupted moderately, resulting
in small fragmentation (Fig. 2b). Disruption of the mafic dykes depends
upon the stage and degree of pluton evolution (Collins et al. 2000).
Chilled margins and cuspate to lobate contacts between the syn-plutonic
dykes and their host granite suggest an injection of relatively hot mafic
magma into comparatively cold crystallizing felsic magma in a partially
molten state.
The rock units investigated in this study are the monzo-
syenogranite (host), granodiorite (MMEs), and quartz diorite (syn-
plutonic dykes) based on their quartz-plagioclase-alkali feldspar
modal mineralogy (Supplementary Table 1) (Streckeisen 1976). The
host granite primarily consists of alkali feldspar, plagioclase feldspar,
quartz, and biotite with the subordinate amounts of magnetite, zircon,
titanite, and opaque minerals and usually have porphyritic to
hypidiomorphic granular textures. The MMEs are mainly composed
of plagioclase feldspar, quartz, alkali feldspar, and biotite with
accessory minerals including apatite, magnetite and zircons. Syn-
plutonic dyke contains primary minerals such as plagioclase feldspar,
hornblende, biotite, quartz, and alkali feldspar and apatite, epidote,
magnetite, opaque minerals as accessory phases. Plagioclase appears
as euhedral to subhedral crystals of varying sizes in both the felsic to
mafic rocks. Plagioclase crystals from MMEs contain inclusions of
biotite and quartz (Fig. 3b). Plagioclase from MMEs show twining
and sericitization and are associated with zircon (Fig. 3d). The ocelli
like textures present in quartz from the MMEs and SPD are caused
by the mantling effect of finer amphibole or bladed biotite aggregates
around the ovoid quartz (Fig. 3a). The ovoid quartz was produced

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.98, SEPT. 2022

Fig. 3. (a) Quartz ocelli encased in bladed biotite in the MME. (b) Plagioclase feldspar is hosted biotite and quartz crystals. (c) Randomly
oriented acicular apatite inclusions in alkali feldspar in MME. (d) plagioclase alter to sericite associated with zircon. Bt: Biotite, Qtz: Quartz,
Plg: Plagioclase, Amp: Amphibole, Ap: Apatite.
due to the dissolution of pre-existing crystals in the host granite due
to the high temperature of the injected mafic magmas and the
subsequent abrupt cooling, which results in the development of
amphibole and biotite (Hibbard 1991; Vernon 1991; Baxter 2002).
The presence of poikilitic quartz in hornblende, biotite, and plagioclase
in MME, as well as SPDs, is most likely the consequence of injected
mafic magmas acquiring early crystallized quartz (Jayananda et al.
2014). The unusual bladed biotite morphology, which is highly
elongated in one direction, is observed from MMEs and SPD
(Fig. 3a). Bladed biotite provides evidence for physically constrained
rapid development in undercooled conditions (Hibbard 1981; Jeen et
al. 2002). Acicular and stubby apatite crystals are abundant in the
MME and SPD, while apatite in felsic hosts has mainly a stubby
habit (Fig. 3c). It forms rapidly in a quenched mixing environment
(Hibbard 1991; Kumar 1995).
METHODOLOGY
Polished thin sections were obtained for the petrographic
characterization and microprobe analytical investigations. Mineral
chemistry was determined using Cameca SX-100 electron microprobe
equipment equipped with wavelength-dispersive spectrometers at a
voltage of 15 kV and a current of 20 nA. Standards include a variety
of natural minerals and oxides. The electron microprobe analyses of
plagioclase, amphibole and biotite from the selected MME, SPD
and host samples were carried out at CSIR-National Geophysical
Research Institute, Hyderabad.
MINERAL CHEMISTRY
The plagioclase feldspar from the host granite (syeno-monzo
granite), MMEs (granodiorite), and syn-plutonic dykes (quartz diorite)
have compositional variation from oligoclase to andesine
JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.98, SEPT. 2022

(Supplementary Table 2 and Fig. 4a). In addition, the host granite
contains some K-feldspar, and it falls in the orthoclase field (Fig. 4a).
The plagioclase composition from MMEs and SPDs vary from
Ab73-67–An28-26–Or5-0.5 to Ab69-72–An30-25–Or2.8-0.2, respectively. The
plagioclase from the host granite has Ab 76-72–An27-23–Or 1.2-0.6.
Amphiboles are only observed in the MMEs and SPD and not in
the host. Amphibole and biotite structural formula calculated based
on 23 and 11 oxygen per atom respectively are provided in
supplementary tables 3 and 4. A comparison between Na+K+Ca (apfu)
and Si (apfu) indicates that amphiboles are plotted in the igneous field
(Sial et al. 1998). Amphiboles from the enclaves varies distinctly
(Fig. 4b) from magnesian hornblende to Tschermak-Pargasite (Leake
et al. 1997, 2004), whereas amphiboles from the SPD show Mg-
hornblende composition (Fig. 4c).
Although biotite grains from all three lithologies fall in the Mg-
biotite field of (Fig. 4d) (Foster, 1960), biotites from granite and SPD
form clusters at the lower and upper ends, respectively, and biotites
from MMEs are scattered in between the two ends. Particularly, biotites
from the syn-plutonic dykes are more Mg-rich than the host granite,
and the biotite composition from MME fall in between them. The Fe#
for biotites from the host granite varies from 0.43-0.60, whereas it
varies from 0.4-0.44 and 0.43-0.50 for SPDs and MMEs, respectively.
Biotites from the syn-plutonic dykes and host granite are plotted in
the “re-equilibrated biotite” field in Fig. 4e (Nachit et al. 2005), whereas
biotites from MMEs fall in the primary as well as in the reequilibrated
fields. Nachit et al. (2005), demonstrated that only primary biotites
can be used to determine the temperature, pressure, and fugacity change
during magmatic evolution. The reequilibrated and neo form (or
secondary) biotites show modification due to post magmatic events
and hydrothermal events, respectively, and hence can’t be used for the
purposes as mentioned above. However, they also showed that
1239
sometimes primary biotites fall in the re-equilibrated/neo form field
hence a test regarding their octahedral Al content must be done. The
octahedral Al in biotites of the persent study, calculated on the basis
of 22 oxygen, varies from 0.5-0.8 (<1) and hence suggests that the
biotites are primary magmatic in nature rather than reequilibrated ones.
(iii) 1.4Kbar-1.6 Kbar, 570°C-588°C respectively. Similarly, Pressure
(Schmidt 1992), and Temperature (Ridolfi et al. 2010) calculated
for the amphiboles ranges between (i) 5.24 Kbar-3.9 Kbar, 855°C-
801°C and (ii) 3.2 Kbar-2.6 Kbar, 788°C-759°C for the MMEs and
the SPD, respectively.

P-T Condition for Amphibole and Biotite Crystallization DISCUSSION

The P-T condition for biotite and amphibole crystallization are
calculated for the monzo to syenogranite (host), granodiorite (MMEs),
and quartz diorite (SPD) from Sircilla granite pluton. Barometry by
Uchida et al., (2007) and thermometry by Henry et al., (2005) are
utilised to calculate the crystallizing P-T condition of biotites from
the host granite, the enclaves and the SPD, which are (i) 1.7 Kbar-
2.08 Kbar, 587°C-641°C (ii) 0.74 Kbar-2 Kbar, 596°C-708°C and
Oxygen Fugacity Condition of SGP Rocks
Magnetite and ilmenite are widely used to calculate the oxygen
fugacity during magmatic evolution. Besides, minerals like amphibole
and biotite are preferred to calculate the fugacity change during
progressive crystallization. As the host pluton is devoid of amphiboles,
the fugacity of host granite is calculated during biotite crystallization.

Fig.4. (a) Classification diagram of Or-Ab-An for the plagioclase from granite, mafic magmatic enclave, and syn-plutonic dyke; (b) Si (apfu) vs
Na+Ca+K (apfu) defines classification of amphibole in MME and syn-plutonic dyke; (c) Si (apfu) vs Mg/Mg+Fe2+ diagram showing classification

of hornblende from the MME and syn-plutonic dyke; (d) (AlVI + Fe3+ Ti)-Mg-(Fe2+ + Mn) ternary compositional variation diagram of biotite
from Sircilla granite pluton (SGP) rock types.A, phlogopite; B, Mg-biotite; C, Fe+2 biotite; D, siderophyllites and lepidomelane; (e) TiO2-FeOt-
MgO triangular diagram of SGP biotites explains primary and re-equilibrated conditions; (f) MgO-FeO-Al2O3 discrimination-plot displays
biotites from the SGP rock types are formed within the calc-alkaline magmatism.

1240 JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.98, SEPT. 2022

However, fugacity change during amphibole to biotite crystallization
is shown for both the enclaves and the SPD. Fugacity, (in terms of log
(fO2)) change (Ridolfi et al. 2010) during amphibole crystallization
from the MMEs and the SPD are -12.65 to -13.53, and -13.17 to -
13.8, respectively. Whereas the biotite crystallization records a log
(fO2) change from -15.43 to -17.15 and -17.21 to -17.45 for the enclaves
and SPD, respectively. However, the decreasing oxygen fugacity is in
contrast with the previous studies (Kocak et al. 2011; Anettsungla et
al. 2018; Azadbakht et al. 2020), which suggest an increase in fugacity
value with progressive crystallization (Fig. 5a). However, Cao et al.
(2016) and Yang and Fu (2020) showed that magmatic fO2 change is
not universal and rather depends upon the tectonic setting. They showed
that magma generated in an orogenic tectonic settings tend to decrease
their log f O2 value with gradual crystallization. As a tectonic
discriminator, a triangular plot between FeO-MgO-Al2O3 for the
biotites shows that all the three lithologies are plotted in the calc-
alkaline orogenic tectonic setting (Fig. 4f) (Abdel-rahman 1994).
However, it was possible to calculate the fugacity value of the host
granite during biotite crystallization, which suggests that despite having
a higher pressure of biotite crystallization, the host granite shows a
similar fO2 (-16.5 to -17.4) and temperature (587°C-641°C) change
as that of the enclave (Fig. 5b). This otherwise implies a late-stage
thermal and a chemical equilibrium between the host and the enclaves.
The compositional and oxygen fugacity variations observed in rock
types which is likely due to undercooling, and magma mixing/mingling
process.
Evidence of Magma Mixing/Mingling
Different field and textural observations give the first order-
evidence of magma mixing/mingling processes in SGP. For examples,
the presence of chilled margin, and sharp to diffusive contact between
the granite and the MME and the SPD signify they are coeval in nature.
Further, the MMEs occur in rounded to elliptical shapes in the host
granite. The variety of enclave morphologies is likely due to the
viscosity differences between the interacting magmas and the time
available for deformation and differential strain during the mixing
mechanism (Barbarin and Didier, 1992; Arvin et al., 2004).
Additionally, petrographical observations such as quartz ocelli, bladed
biotite, and acicular apatite grains in mafic enclaves suggest magma
mixing/mingling related processes. Barbarin and Didier, (1992) and
Barbarin, (2005), described the four-fold model of magma mixing
and mingling origin of MMEs and SPD, where the first step follows
mixing and homogenization of two different magmas (first is acidic
and second one is basic in nature). This process produces calc-alkaline
type magma. The first step is followed by mingling of, slightly
crystallized acidic magma with the mafic magma and formation of
mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). With increasing crystallization
of the felsic magma, composite or fragmented dykes are formed during
the third stage, which is followed by the formation of syn-plutonic
dykes at the final stage of pluton evolution. Basically, the SPD reflects
the original mafic component, as it is devoid of any kind of mixing or
mingling activity. This is due to SPD’s emplacement towards the end
of the pluton development, when most of the felsic magma has
solidified. During the incorporation of mafic globule of hot mafic
magma into felsic host the mafic magma is cooled to the temperature
of the cooler host. This results in chemical diffusion over the quenched
contacts (Bussy 1990), increasing the nucleation rates of precipitated
mafic silicates and producing a relatively fine-grained rim due to rapid
heat loss (Vernon 1990). However, due to the contact with the chilled
margin, the SPD is highly undercooled as compared to the MMEs.
The high rate of undercooling in SPD is reflected by the crystallization
temperature of amphiboles and biotites from SPD and MMEs; where
despite having the pure basic nature, the amphiboles and biotites from
the SPD show lower crystallization temperature than the same from


Fig.5. (a) Binary log fO2 vs temperature diagram for amphibole revel the MMEs and syn-plutonic dyke are formed under NNO buffer(Ridolfi et
al. 2010); (b) The temperature versus fO2 discrimination diagram (Wones 1972, 1980) for magmatic biotites explains that SGP rock types are
formed under the NNO buffer; (c) An (mol%)versus Ab (mol%) diagram indicating a magma mixing in the SGP; (d) Na + K vs. Aliv diagram
showing substitutions between pargasite (Prg) and hornblende (Hbl), and Ed: Edenite (Hterenbn et al. 1974).

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.98, SEPT. 2022 1241

the MMEs. This clearly states different undercooling rates and hence
suggests two distinct phases for the formation of MMEs, and the SPD.
Furthermore, a comparison between the An mol % and Ab mol %
of plagioclase (Fig. 5c) reveals that plagioclase from MMEs are plotted
in an intermediate field, with granitic plagioclase and SPD plagioclase
as the two end members. This suggests that the MMEs have an
intermediate magma composition, where the composition of the mafic
magma is altered by partial mixing (or mingling) with the host granite.
Similarly, despite having the same field of occurrence (in the Mg-
Biotite field), the biotites from the host and the SPD form two end
members, while the biotites from the enclaves are falling between them.
Previously discussed, biotites from the three different lithologies show
primary magmatic compositions. Hence the intermediate composition
of biotite from the enclave indicates their origin from an intermediate
type magma composition, and in the present situation, partial or
homogeneous mixing of two separate magma compositions is the most
plausible explanation for the origin of an intermediate magma
composition.
Additionally, amphiboles from MMEs have enriched Al, Ti, Fe2+,
Ca, Na, and K and lower Si and Mg concentration with respect to the
SPD (Supplementary Table 2). A comparison between AlIV vs. Na+K
(a.p.f.u) (Hietanen 1974), for these amphiboles indicates alkali
substitution for amphiboles from the MMEs (Fig. 5d). Hietanen,
(1974), showed that the alkali and Al content of the amphiboles increase
with an increase in the grade of metamorphism. However, the a.p.f.u
calculation shows that the studied amphiboles have an igneous origin.
In this scenario, it is plausible that the increase in total alkali and Al
concentration in MME amphiboles is due to their chemical
equilibration with the host granite, where the Na and K from the granite
might have diffused and replaced the Si and Mg in the MME
amphiboles. Anyway, this chemical equilibrium can only be achieved
when the granitic pluton has not crystallized fully. Moreover, the
composition of amphiboles from the MMEs indicates mingling process
during pluton evolution, where the SPD forms towards the end of the
pluton evolution.
CONCLUSION
— Field evidences suggests MMEs and syn-plutonic dykes display
sharp to diffusive contacts with host granite, which probably
promoted to undercooling and mingling.
— Petrographically, the SGP rock types show disequilibrium
textures such as bladed biotite, acicular apatite, quartz ocelli,
poikilitic biotite, and quartz in plagioclase, and amphibole, which
can be developed during rapid crystallization and magma mixing
conditions.
— The crystallization temperature of amphibole and biotite from
the enclaves and SPD suggest higher rate of undercooling in the
latter due to the contact with the chilled margin.
— The decrease in magmatic fugacity during progressive crystalli-
zation indicates an calc-alkaline orogenic setting for magma
formation.
— Intermediate plagioclase and biotite composition from MMEs
indicate partial mixing of the mafic dyke and the granite pluton.
— Elevated alkali and Al concentration in amphiboles from MMEs
suggest diffusion of Na and K from the pluton, which otherwise
suggests their involvement (partial?) during the initial stage of
pluton evolution.
Acknowledgments: The authors are thankful to Director; CSIR-
NGRI for permitting to publish this work. This work forms part of the
Ph.D. thesis of the first author. First author acknowledges the UGC-
RGNF Fellowship to carry out this work. Authors thank to Ms. S.
Manju, Senior Scientist, CSIR-NGRI for help with EPMA analysis.
Finally, we thank the anonymous reviewer for providing generous
1242
scientific comments on an earlier version which greatly improved the
paper.
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