ATTITUDE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ADHERENCE

TO MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOL

OF CENTRAL PHILLIPINE ADVENTIST

COLLEGE RESIDENTS DURING

THE CORONAVIRUS DISEASE

2019 PANDEMIC

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of college of Nursing
Central Philippine Adventist College
Alegria, Murcia

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the
Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Amy Rose Abueva

Cherishiel Arcon

Regine Leqin

July 2022

I
 ABSTRACT

In the early phases of a pandemic, vaccines may not be available. The

adherence to minimum health standard against COVID-19 has a positive impact
on our lives in combatting the transmission of the virus. We know that individual
responsibility and commitment to abide by health guidelines is key to the success
of our school administrator efforts. Institutional controls are only as effective as
the willingness of individuals to carry them out Thus, The purpose of this study is
to assess the Attitude, Risk perception and the adherence of CPAC residents to the
MHPs against COVID-19 Pandemic.
The study used correlational where the relationship of attitude, risk
perception, and adherence of CPAC residents to the MHPs against COVID-19
pandemic will be analyzed in relation to their profile: age, sex, level of education
and designation. This study conducted at Central Philippine Adventist College,
Alegria, Murcia. Fish bowl techniques and slovin formula was used in selecting
the respondents and sample size. Meanwhile, IBM SPSS was used to statistical
treatment this is to determine the relation of attitude, risk perception, and
adherence in CPAC during the pandemic.
The study result showed that out of the respondents, 73% of women and
55.4% of respondents between the ages of 21 and 25 were in college. Positive
attitudes toward COVID-19 prevention strategies and a neutral risk perception of
COVID-19 were the outcomes.They had high adherence to physical distancing
which indicated 3.96, and wearing of face mask 3.88 while very high adherence
to hand washing as the result 4.30.
The relationship between the attitude and level of adherence to minimum health
protocols was highly significant at a level of significance 0.01.Whereas, the
relationship between risk perception and adherence to minimum health protocol
was significant at a level of significance 0.05
Therefore the researcher concluded, there is highly significant
relationship between positive attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measure and
adherence to MHP and significant relationship between risk perception against
COVID-19 and adherence to MHP.

II
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE I
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- II

TABLE OF CONTENTS ---------------------------------------------------------------- III

LIST OF TABLES ----------------------------------------------------------------------- IV

LIST OF FIGURES ---------------------------------------------------------------------- V

APPENDICES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- VI

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

INTRODUCTION 1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 3

HYPOTHESIS 4

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 4

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS 8

DEFINITION OF TERMS 9

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LITERATURE 12
RELATED STUDIES 16
SYNTHESIS 21

III
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN 22
SAMPLING PROCEDURE 22
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT 23

PILOT STUDY 23

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 23

DATA ANALYSIS 24

CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE PARTICIPANTS

26

PARTICIPANT’S ATTITUDE TOWARD COVID-19 PREVENTIVE

MEASURE
28

PARTICIPANT’S RISK PERCEPTION COVID- 19

29

PARTICIPANT’S LEVEL OF ADHERENCE

30

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTITUDES

AND ADHERENCE TO

MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOL

31

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK PERCEPTIONS

AND ADHERENCE TO

MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOL

32

IV
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 34

CONCLUSION 36

RECOMMENDATIONS 36
REFERENCES 37
APPENDICES 36

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

TABLE 1 PROFILE OF THE PARTICIPANTS 26

TABLE 2 PARTICIPANT’S ATTITUDE

TOWARDS COVID-19 PREVENTIVE MEASURES 28

TABLE 3 PARTICIPANT’S RISK PERCEPTION COVID-19 29

TABLE 4 PARTICIPANT’S LEVEL OF ADHERENCE TO MHS 30

TABLE 5a RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTITUDE AND

ADHERENCE TO MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOLS 31

TABLE 5b RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK PERCEPTION AND

ADHERENCE TO MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOLS 32
TABLE 6 GOOD AND SCATES 52

V
TABLE 7 SURVEY QUESTIONARE 64

VI
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 6

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 7

VI
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by SARS

coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), a

pathogen that causes respiratory sickness and is comparable to SARS coronavirus.

COVID-19 infection can range from a simple illness to a life-threatening condition.

When an infected individual coughs or sneezes, the SARS CoV-2 virus is carried in the

nasopharynx and spreads mostly by saliva droplets or nasal discharge. The novel

coronavirus was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan China. (S. Talabis et al.,

2021) in his study reported that due to the quick surge in the number of cases, its status

immediately became a pandemic. Currently, coronavirus is affecting 213 countries and

territories around the world. In fact, as of 27 May 2020, more than 5.7 million cases

and 353,664 deaths were reported globally. The USA, Brazil, Russia, Spain, Italy,

France, and the UK are the most affected countries. (Caldwell, et.al 2021) the

Philippines is one of the most severely affected countries by COVID-19 in the Western

Pacific Region that, during the first epidemic wave, has over 580,000 confirmed cases

and more than 12,000 deaths, with a peak in incidence in August 2020. According to

the Department of Health (DOH) 2020, 64.2% of cases reported from National Capital

Region (NCR), followed by Central Visayas (14.8%), CALABARZON (11.7%), and

Central Luzon (3.6%), Out of the 772 confirmed deaths, 65% are male, with the most

affected age group over 70 years (36.2%) followed by 60-69 years (31.7%), 71.8% of

deaths reported from NCR, followed by

1
 CALABARZON (12.0%), Central Luzon (3.7%), and Central Visayas (3.7%),

Extension of modified enhanced community quarantine in NCR, Laguna and Cebu City

until 31 May 2020.

Due to ‘high-risk’ of COVID-19 spread. Rest of the country has been divided

into ‘moderate risk’ to be put under general community quarantine after 15 May

(Region II, III, IV-A except Laguna, CAR, VII except Cebu, IX, XI, and XIII) and

‘low-risk’ to maintain minimum health standards (Region I, IV-B, V,VI, VIII, X, XII,

and BARMM).

The pandemic has also caused a variety of social, political, and economic crises,

some of which resulted from unintentional impacts of public health measures targeted

at controlling the virus. According to WHO (2020), the virus can spread from an

infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when they cough, sneeze,

speak, sing or breathe. These particles range from larger respiratory droplets to smaller

aerosols. It is important to practice respiratory etiquette, for example by coughing into

a flexed elbow, and to stay home and self-isolate until you recover if you feel unwell.

Before the widespread availability of an effective COVID-19 vaccine, it is

crucial to control the rate of transmission by ensuring adherence to behavioral

modifications, such as localized lock-downs, restriction of mobility and strict

adherence to Measure Health Protocol (MHPs) i.e., wearing masks - face shields, Hand

washing, and physical distancing, all of which can be implemented as public health

measures. Ward et. al (2021) the study showed that Inter- agency Task Force

guidelines and World Health Organization protocol are developed to improve quality of

2
 care, reduce changes of practice and ensure that evidence is used when appropriate.

Central Philippines Adventist College (CPAC) school management strictly

implemented and provided MHPs to prevent the transmission of COVID-19. However,

residents have experienced the COVID-19 outbreak. The purpose of this study is to

assess the Attitude, Risk perception and the adherence of CPAC residents to the MHPs

against COVID-19.

Statement of the Problem

This study will determined the adherence of MHPs that will help reduce the risk of

exposure and spread of COVID-19 at Central Philippine Adventist College then answers

the following specific questions:

1. What are the profile of the participants based on their:

a.Age

b.Sex

c.Level of education

d.Designation

2. What are the participant’s attitude towards COVID-19 preventive measures?

3. What is the risk perception of the participants of COVID-19?

4. What is the level of adherence of the participants to the following minimum health

standards?

a. Physical Distancing

b. Wearing of Face Mask

c. Hand washing / Alcohol

5. Is there a significant relationship between the participant’s attitude and risk

3
 perception to the adherence to minimum health protocols?

Hypothesis

There is significant relationship between the participant’s attitude and risk

perception to the adherence to minimum health protocols.

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored on the Health Belief Model by Hochbaum, Rosenstock (1974) as

participant’s behavior in the face of an illness or the risk of falling ill. It was developed

in the 1950’s and considers that positive factors increase pro-health behaviors while

negative factors decrease or inhibit them. Thus, to adopt a health care behavior and/or

avoid risks for diseases, the participants must: (1) believe to be susceptible to the

disease; (2) believe that the disease will negatively impact, at least moderately, their life;

(3) believe that adopting certain behaviors is indeed beneficial to reduce their

susceptibility or, if they already have it, its severity; (4) overlap important psychological

barriers, key for a successful prevention or treatment (Seangpraw et al., 2022)

This theory is used in this study because it evolved to address public health concerns and

has been applied to a broad range of populations and health behaviors. Indeed, COVID-

19 pandemic are nowadays leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, it is

crucial to control the rate of transmission by ensuring adherence to behavioral

modifications, such as localized lock-downs, restriction of mobility and strict adherence

to MHPs i.e., wearing masks - face shields, hand washing, and physical distancing, all of

which can be implemented as public health measures. The Health Belief Model contains

several constructs that are hypothesized to predict why people engage in prevention,

4
screening, and/or controlling health conditions. Personal characteristics, such as age,

gender, and ethnicity modify individual perceptions, such as perceived susceptibility,

severity, self-efficacy, and benefits & barriers (Introduction, 2019).

Health Belief Model theories can help us identify factors that involved in protective

behaviors to plan the adherence MHPs during the COVID-19 pandemic. We believe that

this theory is applicable to our study, when during the school’s attempt to manage the

COVID -19 pandemic inside the campus and during the sudden outbreak in the

community. Hence, CPAC residents were highly at risk of COVID-19 contacting severe

acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS COV-2). Furthermore, the school

administrator continuously followed the MHPs even in the presence of great risks and

kept working to still perform the responsibilities they hold. Therefore, the results of the

study will assess the adherence to health policies or protocols to regulate and identify the

main precautionary measures that promotes reduction of community contamination when

compatible measures are implemented.

5
Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study

6
Participant’s attitude and Adherence to Minimum
1 perception
risk Health Protocols
1.Physical Distancing
2.Wearing of Face Mask
3.Hand washing

Age
Sex
Level of education
Designation

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the study

Figure 2 illustrates the overall representation of the reasearch process.

Generally, it reflects the total nature of the study.

The severity and mortality risk of COVID-19 are higher at every stage of

life, regardless of whether you are a teen, a young adult, a faculty or  student. Our

study, however, assessed and proved that perceptions of COVID-19 susceptibility

and severity, as well as risk perceptions and attitude toward the MHP, were

unaltered by age and status in life by using the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Regarding with this Model explained that the participants' attitude toward

implementing the MHP. Among these were: (1) Proper face mask use, (2) social

7
distance when in public, and (3) more regular hand washing or alcohol-based

hand sanitizer use. Participants were also able to understand that they would be at

risk if they did not adhere to the preventive measures. Perceived barriers prevent

people from engaging in healthy habits such as knowing that protecting oneself

can help them live longer and preventing the development of COVID-19, which

can be fatal. Perceived advantages aid in lowering perceived threats associated

with a health habit. These included using a face mask properly, keeping your

distance from other people when you're out in public, and washing your hands

more frequently or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Since we all follow these

recommendations, we are confident that we are free of COVID-19. Similar

principles apply to the knowledge and direction people receive from their

environment, whether it be outside or inside of them which is the cues to action.

As a result, when appropriate measures are implemented, the study's findings will

evaluate the adherence to health regulations or protocols are followed and identify

the primary sensible precautions that encourage  reduce  community

contamination.

8
Significance of the Study

This study will be beneficial to:

Administrator. The analysis and interpretation of the study may be used to

improve school policies, MHP implementations, improve health and habit

practices and maintain physical and mental health awareness.

Faculty and Staff. The result of this study could challenge faculty on how to

guide students to properly monitor and apply the health protocol.

CPAC Resident. This study will guide in the identification of social

determinants involved in community transmission and; identify the main

precautionary measures, by reducing community contamination when

compatible measures are implemented.

Students. As for students, the study can serve as a guide to regulation and

responsible to follow the MHP’s according to prevent contaminants.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as another source of information for

potential future studies.

Scope and Limitation

This study highlighted the relationship of attitude, risk perception and the

adherence to MHPs (Social distancing, wearing of facemask, and hand washing)

during COVID-19 pandemics. The participants are the students enrolled in SY

2021-2022, Faculty and staff and residing in Central Philippines Adventist

9
 College.

Definition of Terms

To facilitate the better understanding of this study, the following terms are

variables used in this research. All terms were defined conceptually and operationally.

Adherence Conceptually defined as the extent to which a person’s behavior,

such as taking medication, following a diet, and/or executing lifestyle changes,

corresponds with agreed recommendations from a health-care provider. (Lyu & Zhang,

2019)

In this context, this term refers to the degree of the participants behavior of

Central Philippine Adventist College corresponds with the agreed protocol from a

health care provider.

Attitude a cognition, often with some degree of aversion or attraction

(emotional valence), that reflects the classification and evaluation of objects and

events. The concept of attitude arises from attempts to account for observed regularities

in the behavior of individual persons. For example, one tends to group others into

common classes (i.e., all of the people in this room are wearing basketball uniforms).

One also classifies objects such as paintings or events such as battles. (Augustyn, 2020)

Risk Perception The degree of risk associated with a given behavior is

10
 generally considered to represent the likelihood and consequences of harmful effects

that result from that behavior. To perceive risk includes evaluations of the probability

as well as the consequences of an uncertain outcome. There are three dimensions of

perceived risk – perceived likelihood (the probability that one will be harmed by the

hazard), perceived susceptibility (an individual’s constitutional vulnerability to a

hazard), and perceived severity (the extent of harm a hazard would cause).

Risk perceptions are central to many health behavior theories. For example,

models that have been developed specifically to predict health behavior such as the

health belief model (Rosenstock, 1966).

Covid-19 Pandemic Conceptually defined as ongoing global pandemic illness

caused by a novel coronavirus now called severe acute respiratory syndrome

coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; formerly called 2019-nCoV), which was first identified

amid an outbreak of respiratory illness cases in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.

(WHO, 2020).

Operationally, it is a sudden outbreaks that becomes very widespread and

affects a whole region, a continent, or the world due to a susceptible population. By

definition, a true pandemic causes a high degree of mortality (death)

CPAC Residents a private school located at Barangay Alegria Murcia Negros

Occidental, Operationally, this term refers to the locale of the study.

Minimum Health Protocol (MHP) Conceptually refers to guidelines set by the

DOH under Administrative Order No. 2020-0015, as well as sector-relevant guidelines

11
 issued by national government agencies as authorized by the IATF, to aid all sectors in

all settings to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI), which refer to public

health measures that do not involve vaccines, medications or other pharmaceutical

interventions, which individuals and communities can carry out in order to reduce

transmission rates, contact rates, and the duration of infectiousness of individuals in the

population to mitigate COVID-19. (Department of Health, 2020)

Operationally, this term refer to the minimum health protocol of CPAC

residents during Covid-19 Pandemic being practiced such as social distancing, wearing

of face mask, wearing of face shield and hand washing.

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 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

This chapter contain and presents several related literature and studies both

locally and internationally. This review of related literature provided the researchers

insights regarding the adherence MHPs of CPAC residents. These sets of information

presented in the succeeding pages to augment better understanding of the study.

Minimum Health Standard against COVID-19

In the early phases of a pandemic, vaccines may not be available. Non-medical

measures such as individual protection (hand hygiene and face masks), imposing travel

restrictions, and social distancing of possibly infected cases are therefore critical to

reducing the risk of new infections. It is therefore important to understand how the

populations risk perception and engagement. The best way to limit the spread of the

COVID-19 depends on public adherence to the public health instruction (Kabamba Nzaji

et al., 2020).

The importance of Hand washing

Handwashing with soap (HWWS) is the most effective and low-cost method for

avoiding SARS CoV-2 transmission, according to the World Health Organization recent

study, hand hygiene, along with other protective measures like wearing a mask and

avoiding crowds, was connected to a reduction in other respiratory infections during the

COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, a substantial body of peer-reviewed literature has

established the importance of hand hygiene in preventing a number of infectious diseases,

13
such as gastrointestinal problems, trachoma, and soil helminth infection, as well as

respiratory infection. Hand hygiene is therefore critical not only in the event of a

pandemic, But also to prevent the transmission of other infections. It is helpful to

investigate the community's habits using behavioral change theories such as the Health

Belief Model in order to better understand elements that support hand hygiene practices

as a public health intervention. Prior to completing a behavior change, the HBM

emphasizes the need of someone having a strong desire to change (intention). Several

factors influence a person's motivation to change, including attitudes about a behavior,

subjective norms, and perceived behavior control (Dwipayanti et. al, 2021).

The importance of Social Distancing

Social and physical distancing measures aim to slow the spread of disease by

stopping chains of transmission of COVID-19 and preventing new ones from appearing.

These measures secure physical distance between people (of at least one meter), and

reduce contact with contaminated surfaces, while encouraging and sustaining virtual

social connection within families and communities. Measures for the general public

include introducing flexible work arrangements such as teleworking, distance learning,

reducing and avoiding crowding, closure of non-essential

Facilities and services, shielding and protection for vulnerable groups, local or national

movement restrictions and staying-at home measures, and coordinated reorganization of

health care and social services networks to protect hospitals (Bislumbre, 2020).

The importance of Wearing of Face mask

The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces

transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in

14
both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing

spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical

masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of

source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing

strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we

recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage:

Mask wearing by infectious people (“source control”) with benefits at the

population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health

care workers, with focus on individual outcomes.

According to the findings, that public officials and governments strongly encourage the

use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation

(Howard et. al, 2021).

Factors that influence the adherence to minimum health standards

Against COVID-19 Include Sex, Age and Level of Education and designation for

demographics

Individuals feel that practicing preventive conduct can minimize the hazard that

comes with inaction (Hung et al., 2014). Providing dependable and accurate information

is critical during a worldwide crisis. Because different forms of new infectious diseases

were mixed together in 2009, the public felt that the H1N1 virus was more fatal than the

H5N1 human avian flu and SARS (Lau et al., 2009). Early understanding of the outbreak

can aid in illustrating public risk behavior and perceptions (Prasetyo et al., 2020)

Furthermore, Johnson and (Johnson & Hariharan, 2017) pointed out that giving health

15
education and raising awareness during an outbreak is an effective way to help stop the

disease from spreading which include the following: Understanding of COVID-19 related

to the transmission and incubation periods of the virus, perceived vulnerability and

severity (Prasetyo et al., 2020).

Individual’s attitude, behavioral control and subjective norm about the preventive

measures implemented (Godbersen et al, 2020). The study also showed that the higher

the

Perceived risk regarding COVID-19, the more likely practicing protective behaviors. This

finding is consistent with other studies.

This implies proper risk communication that addresses susceptibility to the virus

and the severity of the disease could enhance protective behaviors such as frequent hand

washing, wearing of face mask, avoiding public gatherings, and social distancing. The

higher the age, the more perceived risk towards COVID-19. The risk of death from the

COVID-19 virus is higher among older people. As a result, older people might have

higher perceived severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, during the

earlier phase of the pandemic, it was wrongly perceived older people infected with the

virus more than Youngers. This might also give rise to the perception that older people

are highly susceptibility to the virus. (Asefa et.al 2020)

Attitude and Risk Perception on COVID-19

The knowledge about COVID-19 is also positively associated with perceived risk

regarding COVID-19. A similar finding was also reported by previous studies. This could

be due to individuals who had high-perceived risk might follow the media frequently or

16
read about the pandemic more often. Likewise, people’s knowledge of the spread of the

virus and case fatality might affect the risk perception regarding the pandemic. However,

due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, we cannot confirm the exact temporal

relationship between knowledge and risk perception (Asefa et.al 2020)

Understanding of COVID-19 related to the transmission

As person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 is proven later, public worry

over the spread of the novel coronavirus skyrockets (Chan et al., 2020). COVID-19 virus

is spread between persons by droplets transmission and airborne transmission. Droplet

transmission occurs when a person is in in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who

has respiratory symptoms (e.g. coughing or sneezing,). Airborne transmission refers to

the existence of microorganisms within droplet nuclei, which are commonly defined as

particles less than 5m in diameter that form when larger droplets evaporate or exist within

dust particles. They can linger in the air for a long time and be communicated to others

over distances of more than one meter (Bislumbre, 2020).

Understanding of COVID-19 related to the incubation period

According to (S. Talabis et al., 2021) on their study “The incubation period of

coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases:

estimation and application” tracked early cases originating in travelers from Wuhan,

China and found that 101 out of 10 000 cases would develop symptoms of infection after

14 days of exposure. They concluded that their results support the 14-day quarantine,

noting that this period may be extended in “extreme cases”. Much has changed about our

17
understanding of COVID-19, including the increasingly appreciated role of asymptomatic

infection in disease transmission. However, the recommended 14-day length of

quarantine instituted in many jurisdictions for individuals with actual or potential

exposure to the virus has remained virtually constant.

Understanding of COVID-19 related to perceived vulnerability and severity

Individuals' tendency to follow the given prescription and, as a result, conform to

treatment protocols has been discovered as a predictor of health comprehension and

perceived behavioral control (Davis et al., 2006). Bandura (1977) said that perceived

behavioral control is an important predictor of a variety of medical behaviors, including

medication adherence.

Cameron et al. (2010), on the other hand, emphasize that it is the patient's

obligation to take medication as prescribed. It is not uncommon for a patient to fail to

grasp how to correctly give medication owing to a lack of information, resulting in

misuse or non-adherence (Cameron et al., 2010). Furthermore, avoidance of preventative

therapy and worse outcomes in many chronic medical illnesses are linked to this

fundamental disagreement of misinterpretation and ignorance of directions for prescribed

pharmaceutical goods, particularly for those with inadequate health literacy (Cameron et

al., 2010). (Berkman et al., 2011).

Understanding of COVID-19 related to individual’s attitude and behaviors

Both attitudes (e.g., perceived risk and efficacy belief) and behaviors were

directly influenced by knowledge (e.g., personal hygiene practices and social distancing).

Efficacy belief was the most influential and significant practice factor among the

18
COVID-19 preventive behaviors influencing factors. It was responsible for mediating the

link between knowledge and all three preventive actions (wearing facial masks,

practicing hand hygiene, and avoiding crowded places). The amount of knowledge varied

according to sociodemographic factors. Females and individual with higher level of

education. Health officials and politicians must promote information and efficacy belief

among the public to increase preventive behaviors (Lee, et al., 2021).

Understanding of COVID-19 related to subjective norm about the preventive

measures implemented

Governments in a number of countries have imposed a nationwide curfew.

Researchers are currently developing a vaccine; however, there is no effective medicine

for the treatment of COVID-19 infections (Al-Hasan et al., 2020) at the moment, the only

remedial option is hospitalization and thorough care management. With few initial

treatment medications, predicting the duration and final size of the virus in every country

becomes critical.

The ECQ is well-known for having one of the world's longest lockdowns. All

internal travel, including ground, air, and sea travel, was prohibited under the ECQ.

Residents were only permitted to leave their homes in an emergency. Border closures and

entrance restrictions were also implemented. Thousands of police officers and military

personnel were stationed at checkpoints to ensure that residents followed the lockdown

instructions (Al-Hasan et al., 2020)

To achieve the successful implementation of such measures recommend by public

health authorities, the willingness of the public plays an important and decisive role.

(Prasetyo et al., 2020) indicated that the public's perception of the disease's severity and

19
vulnerability is influenced by their comprehension of a specific health issue. However,

Reuben et, al., (2020) Due to limited or no access to gadgets and the internet,

underprivileged and vulnerable people, particularly elderly adults, unemployed,

illiterates, farmers, rural and semi-urban inhabitants, are more likely to have poor

knowledge of the COVID-19. Hence, policymakers have to make sure that the public

knows the virus and its symptoms, as this might increase the disease's perceived

vulnerability and severity.

Non-adherence to minimum health protocols

Adolescents and young adults have been identified as a population with a high

risk of not complying with public health measures targeted at preventing the spread of

coronavirus illness 2019 [COVID-19], particularly social distancing measures (Nivette et

al., 2021) COVID-19 symptoms are frequently moderate or absent in this group, but they

are nonetheless contagious ( Apanga & Kumbeni, 2021) . As a result, given their huge

social networks and active social life, they have a great potential for transmitting the

virus (Nivette et al., 2021)

In addition, some study imply that cleanliness and social alienation are influenced by

separate mechanisms. Negative attitudes against authorities, for example, were linked to

social distancing non-compliance but not hygiene non-compliance (i.e., low police

legitimacy, low trust in government). This has major consequences for public health

strategies and campaigns aimed at encouraging people to follow COVID-19-related

guidelines.

There are specific areas of non-compliance that public health campaigns should

20
pay extra attention to (Nivette et al., 2020). International public health officials and media

sources have advised cleaning environmental surfaces, including mobile phones, as a

preventative measure against the virus's spread. (Apanga & Kumbeni, 2021) Public

health campaigns should address these aspects of non-compliance, for example by

improving the awareness and understanding of the virus on smartphones and other

methods of transmission (Kabamba Nzaji et al., 2020)

Synthesis

Many studies revealed that adherence to minimum health standard against

COVID-19 has a positive impact on our lives in combatting the transmission of the virus.

As a result, it's critical to comprehend how the general public views risk and engages

with it. The greatest strategy to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is for people to follow

the public health advice. Hand cleanliness, along with other preventative measures like

wearing a mask and avoiding crowds, was linked to a reduction in other respiratory

diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic, according to a recent research.

Further, the study also showed that the higher the perceived risk regarding COVID-19,

the more likely practicing protective behaviors. This means that adequate risk

communication about viral susceptibility and disease severity should encourage

preventive behaviors including regular hand washing, face mask use, avoiding public

gatherings, and social distance. The higher one's age, the greater the danger of contracting

COVID-19.

Furthermore, researcher suggests that cleanliness and social estrangement are

impacted by distinct pathways. Negative attitudes against authorities, for example, were

21
connected to non-compliance with social distance but not with cleanliness (i.e., low

police legitimacy, low trust in government). This has significant implications for public

health campaigns and tactics targeted at persuading individuals to adopt COVID-19-

related standards. And the non-adherence with these public health directives may raise

the likelihood of the pandemic spreading. To safeguard the public during the COVID-19

pandemic, effective risk communication and community engagement are critical. The

result of this will determine the Attitude, risk perception and Adherence to Minimum

Protocol of Central Philippine Adventist College during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

22
 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This section discusses the study’s components that are related to research

methodology, such as the research design, participants, population and sample, research

instruments, and procedure of data gathering and procedure of data analysis.

Research Design

Correlational studies, better known as observational studies in epidemiology,

are used to examine event exposure, disease prevalence and risk factors in a population

(Elwood, 2007). Correlational studies aim to find out if there are differences in the

characteristics of a population depending on whether or not its subjects have been

exposed to an event of interest in the naturalistic setting. (Wyatt 2006)

This type of research method helped us describe the Attitude, Risk perception and

Adherence to Minimum health protocol of Central Philippine Adventist College campus.

Target Population and Sampling Procedures

The target population of this study are the students, Faculty and staff residing

in Central Philippine Adventist College. The researchers used the fish bowl technique.

The researchers selected the random participants and, in this study, the eligibility criteria

for the respondents include: (1) Students enrolled in CPAC for the school year 2021-

23
2022, (2) Faculty and staff and. The Researchers used Slovins Formula to determine of

the students for the sample.

Research Instruments

The researcher made an instrument as composed of 17 questions; 11 questions

for attitude, 3 questions for adherence and 3 questions for risk perception. It is all in

Likert scale with the attitudes gauge within strongly disagree to strong agree, and the risk

perception measures with very likely to very unlikely. The instrument is anticipated to

undergo modifications according to the suggestions of the panel and will also undergo

validity and reliability testing. All questions are adapted from different studies, and taken

base on its relevance to the present study and its locality.

Pilot Study

The researchers conducted a pilot study on the Academy students enrolled in

CPAC for the school year 2021-2022 by using online questionnaires or using google

form format. This phase conducted to test and judge the items of the study instrument in

terms of clarity of wording, readability, likelihood of respondents answering the question

and the reliability is 95%. The questionnaire will be edited accordingly after sending the

file or online questionnaires.

Procedure of Data Gathering

The researchers followed a systematic procedure in data gathering by

observing the following:

Before beginning the research project, the researchers obtained the research adviser's

24
agreement. Second, the questionnaire was validated by the 4 validators. Third, they

requested permission from each college department, professors, and staff to performed

the data collection at the specified time with the list of the chosen participants in a letter

to the research director and chairman of the administrative committee at Central

Philippine Adventist College. Fourth, in order to obtained list of names residing on

campus for the population and sample, the researcher requested authorization from the

Student Service Office and Human Resources in a letter.

Fifth, the researchers were able to obtained the population and sample with the necessary

consent. The researcher made contact with the individuals, obtained their written

agreement, and distributed the surveys online. Finally, after encoding the raw data, the

researcher performed a statistical analysis. Finally, the data will be evaluated and

interpreted for presentation by the researchers.

Procedure of Data Analysis

Survey data were processed using Excel spreadsheet and IBM SPSS Statistics

software. Before the survey data were encoded to Excel, they were first coded

accordingly. The encoded data in Excel were then processed using SPSS software tool

and were subjected to statistical treatment.

On statistical treatment, the descriptive aspects of the data were processed using

descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages and mean.

Specifically, the profile characteristics of the participants were answered using

frequency count and percentage.

25
 Participant’s attitude, risk perception toward COVID -19 preventive measures and

level of adherence of the participants to the following minimum health standards was

analyzed using weighted mean and standard deviation

In order to determine the significant relationship between the participant’s attitude

and risk perception to the adherence to minimum health protocols, Pearson Moment

Correlation Coefficient was used.

26
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This section presents the data, analysis and interpretation of the survey conducted on

Attitude, risk perception and adherence to minimum health protocol at Central Philippine

Adventist College during Corona Virus Disease 2019 pandemic. This study is divided

into five (5) parts namely demographic profile of the participants, Attitude toward Covid-

19 preventive Measure, Risk perception toward Covid-19 and Level of adherence to

MHP, and relationship between the participant’s attitude and risk perception to the

adherence to minimum health protocols.

Table 1. Demographic profile of the participants

Demographic Frequency Percentage

________________________________________________________________________

Age

10-15 4 31

16-20 31 23.8

21-25 72 55.4

26-30 14 10.8

31-35 2 1.5

27
 36-40 1 .8

41-45 2 1.5

46-50 1 .8

51-55 3 23

Sex

Male 35 26.9

Female 95 73

Level of Education

Secondary 4 3.1

Senior High School 9 6.9

College 99 76

Graduates 13 10.0

Master’s Degree 5 3.8

Designation

Faculty 18 13.8

Student 112 86.2

From 130 respondents in the CPAC community, the table reveals that 55.4% were

between the ages of 21 and 25, 31.8% were between the ages of 10 and 19, 23.8% were

between the ages of 16 and 20, 23.5% were between the ages of 51 and 55, 10.8% were

between the ages of 26 and 30, 1.5% were between the ages of 31 and 35 and 41 to 45,

28
and 0.8% were between the ages of 36 and 40 and 46 to 50. 73% of people are female

and 26.9% are male. There are 76 percent college students, 10 percent graduates, 6

percent seniors, 3 % master's degree holders, and 3 % secondary school pupils. There are

86.2% students and 13.8% faculty in this classification.

________________________________________________________________________

Table 2. Participant’s Attitude towards COVID-19 Preventive Measures

_______________________________________________________________________

Mean SD Interpretation

________________________________________________________________________

3.93 0.79 Positive Attitude

________________________________________________________________________

Equally-spaced interval scores and arbitrary interpretation

Advantages Interpretation

1.00-1.80 Highly Negative

1.81-2.60 Negative

2.61-3.40 Neutral

3.41-4.20 Positive

4.21-5.00 Highly Positive

Table 2 shows the attitude of the participants towards COVID 19 Preventive measures.

The result showed a mean score of 3.93 and a standard deviation of 0.79 which is

interpreted as positive attitude. The findings demonstrated that the respondents’ thought

the COVID-19 prevention regimen was effective.

According to Mohamed et.al (2021) in their study on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Safety

29
Practices about COVID-19 among High School Students in Iran during the First Wave of

the Pandemic showed that students with good knowledge applied the COVID-19

prevention measures than those who were not knowledgeable. The result is consistent

that students with a positive attitude were more likely to apply the COVID-19 prevention

measures than those with a negative attitude towards COVID-19. Positive attitudes and

high confidence in the control of COVID-19 can be explained by the government's

unprecedented actions and prompt response in taking stringent control and precautionary

measures against COVID-19, to safeguard citizens and ensure their well-being, Hanawii

et.al (2020).

Table 3. Participant’s Risk Perception COVID-19

Mean SD Interpretation

________________________________________________________________________

2.98 0.86 Neutral

Equally-spaced interval scores and arbitrary interpretation

Advantages Interpretation

1.00-1.80 Highly Negative

1.81-2.60 Negative

2.61-3.40 Neutral

3.41-4.20 Positive

30
 4.21-5.00 Highly Positive

Table 3 shows the risk perception of COVID-19 had a mean of 2.98 and a standard

deviation of 0.86 which means COVID-19 risk perception is neutral. This indicates that

the respondents’ are aware that if they will not adhere to the MHP they might be infected

of COVID-19.

Similarly, Frimpong et.al (2022) in the study on Examining Risk Perception and Coping

Strategies of Senior High School Teachers in Ghana: Does COVID-19-Related

Knowledge Matter? Showed that the result of the study that it depends on how they adopt

and understand to be more cautious in their actions and take practical steps to be safe

from contracting the virus through active or functional coping strategies. The results

indicated that individuals who perceived themselves to experience severe illness if they

contract a COVID-19 infection tended to make significantly fewer contacts as compared

to those who had neutral perceptions.

Table 4. Participant’s Level of Adherence to MHP

Mean Standard Deviation Interpretation

________________________________________________________________________

Physical distancing 3.96 1.12 High

Wearing of face mask 3.88 1.05 High

Hand washing/alcohol 4.30 0.95 Very High

Equally-spaced interval scores and arbitrary interpretation

31
Advantages Interpretation

1.00-1.80 Very Low

1.81-2.60 Low

2.61-3.40 Average

3.41-4.20 High

4.21-5.00 Very High

Table 4 shows the level of adherence to MHS, first, in social distancing had a mean 3.96

and standard deviation 1.12 which means high. Second, Wearing of face mask had a

mean 3.88 and standard deviation 1.05 it revealed high, last the Hand washing or hand

sanitizing using alcohol had mean 4.30 and standard deviation 0.95 which means Very

high. Among the three precautionary measure being implemented the respondents’ found

that Hand washing or hand sanitizing was most likely to be adhered followed by wearing

of face mask. This demonstrates that the participants showed strong adherence to

personal hygiene measures. According to Tong et. al (2020) who conducted a study

Adherence to COVID‐19 Precautionary Measures: Applying the Health Belief Model and

Generalized Social Beliefs to a Probability Community Sample the study proved that to

control the infection, various behavioral precautions such as wearing of facemask, social

distancing and personal hygiene have been recommended by governments. Hand washing

is also one of the key cornerstones of COVID-19 prevention. Now more than ever as we

embrace the new normal and live with COVID-19, hand hygiene needs to become an

integral part of our daily routine and our lives, as we live through this pandemic, and

beyond, to protect us from diseases, (Sharma S. 2020).

Table 5a. Relationship between Attitude and Adherence to Minimum Health

32
Protocols

________________________________________________________________________

Variable Pearson R Interpretation

________________________________________________________________________

.000 Highly Significant

________________________________________________________________________

Level of Significance: 0.01

Table 5a. Shows that the relationship between attitude and adherence to minimum health

protocol had a level of significance 0.01 and Pearson R .000 it revealed that highly

significant. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected which states that, there is no

significant relationship between the participants attitude and adherence to minimum

health protocol. The respondents’ attitude illustrates their adherence towards

precautionary measures.

The study of Hatabu et.al (2020) on Knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward

COVID19 among university students in Japan and associated factors: An online cross-

sectional survey showed that had been inclined toward safety and good health

preservation during COVID-19 with the adherence, knowledge and attitude. Hatami et.al

(2021) proved that High school students' knowledge and safety practices about COVID-

19 were somewhat satisfactory, and their attitudes toward the disease were mainly

positive. Nevertheless, some witnessed knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, and unsafe

practices in the study highlighted the need for targeted education on the pandemic. The

significant role and potential of social and mass media could be utilized to battle

misinformation and deliver proper knowledge to young adolescents.

33
Table 5b. Relationship between Risk Perception and Adherence to Minimum Health

Protocols

Variable Pearson R Interpretation

________________________________________________________________________

.043 Significant

________________________________________________________________________

Level of Significance: 0.05

Table 5b. Shows the relationship between the risk perception and adherence to minimum

health protocol had level of significance 0.05 and Pearson R .043 which is interpreted as

significant. As a result, it became clear that the respondents were more likely to use

COVID-19 prevention techniques.

The study of (Mahmood et al., 2020) showed during the COVID-19 pandemic,

communications designed to promote the adoption of preventive behaviors should focus

on increasing the perception of seriousness, the risk perception, self-efficacy to cope with

the COVID-19 pandemic, and the effectiveness of the adopted behavioral measures for

reducing risk. (Kabamba Nzaji et al., 2020) conclude that majority of participants had

positive attitudes towards the effectiveness of preventive measures and adhered to them,

some people who were not adherent with these healthy behaviors could be key

participants in the next wave of the disease.

34
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section presents the conclusion drawn from the results of this study. The set of

Recommendations addressed to concerned stakeholders follow the conclusion.

Summary of Findings

The results of this study were based on the answer of the respondents to the

instrument distributed and on the analysis of the data gathered using frequency, means,

standard deviation, percentage and Pearson’s r correlation.

After the different processes undergone during the gathering and analysis of data, the

researchers have come up to the following finding:

Out of the respondents, 73% of women and 55.4% of respondents between the ages of 21

and 25 were in college. In terms of positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventative

measures was indicated by a score of 3.93, while a risk-perception score of 2.98 indicated

that risk was perceived as neutral. Moreover, social distancing had a score of 3.96, which

is considered high, wearing a face mask had a score of 3.88, which was interpreted as

high, and hand washing or alcohol-based hand sanitizing had a score of 4.30, which is

considered very high, which indicate levels of adherence to MHP.

Based on the data, the study showed that the relationship between the attitude and

level of adherence to minimum health protocols was highly significant at a level of

significance 0.01.Whereas, the relationship between risk perception and adherence to

35
minimum health protocol was significant at a level of significance 0.05 Further, the

overall result of the level of adherence to minimum health protocol is, highly effective,

positive attitude and neutral risk perception toward COVID- 19 preventive measure.

Conclusion

Based on the summary of the findings, the researchers therefore concluded that

the study result showed that participants had positive attitude toward covid-19 preventive

measures and neutral risk perception against covid-19. They had high adherence to

physical distancing and wearing of face mask and very high adherence to hand washing.

There is highly significant relationship between positive attitude towards covid-19

preventive measure and adherence to MHP and significant relationship between risk

perception against covid-19 and adherence to MHP. Thus, the more positive is the

attitude on preventive measure and neutral risk perception against COVID-19 increase

the level of adherence.

Recommendation

With the above findings, the researcher recommends that the school Administrators

and IATF will strictly implement the following:

 When it comes to minimum health protocol such as quarantine, the school's IATF

must adhere to its policy.

 Must be apply in all residing at CPAC, faculty or students go on field trips, or

going home make sure they receive antigen and practice self-isolation or

quarantine when they return at Campus to reduce the risk of contracting a virus.

 Faculty, staff, and students who test positive for COVID-19 should isolate for 5

days isolation period. They should follow the COVID-19 Aftercare. Plan provided

36
 by the school.

 Add any facilities, such as a sink for hand washing and an isolation are where

residents can go to be checked and quarantine for COVID or have their antigen

measured, if necessary.

 Enforce the wearing of masks strictly throughout the campus, and those who do

not comply face consequences or are penalized.

 If a visitor has the symptoms but no vaccinations, do not let them in. All faculty,

staff and student must be vaccinated as protocol by DOH.

 If there is a Large gathering, take precautions and have the IATF keep an eye on

the campus.

 To limit infection, exercise excellent hygiene, avoid close touch, and maintain

social distance from others whenever possible, even if they do not have

symptoms.

 There must be a specific person or in-charge of keeping an eye or monitor on

every CPAC resident, from those who leave on campus to those who come and

depart.

 Make sure you and others are safe.

Future Researcher

Future researcher recommends to conduct further study of how they strictly

follow the Minimum health standard at the colleges and universities. Further explore the

effect of not strictly implemented the COVID -19 preventive safety measure.

37
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compliance with COVID-19-related public health measures
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44
 APPENDIXES A

March 11, 2022

Dr. Neda June Salazar, PhD, RGC
President / Chairman, Administrative Committee
Central Philippine Adventist College
Alegria, Murcia, Negros Occidental

Thru: Mrs. Emelyn Joy A. Maglana, Lpt, MaED

Research Director
Dear Ma’am:
Warm Christian Greetings!

We would like to humbly ask the permission of the Administrative Committee to allow
us to conduct our research study entitled “ATTITUDE, RISK PERCEPTION AND
ADHERENCE TO MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOL OF CENTRAL PHILIPPINES
ADVENTIST COLLEGE DURING CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 PANDEMIC”.
This is a requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Nursing at Central Philippine
Adventist College. The purpose of this study is to assess the Attitude, Risk perception
and the adherence of CPAC residents to the MHPs against COVID-19. We are very much
willing to share the result of this study to further enhance the school management.
Hoping for your positive consideration regarding our humble request. Thank you so
much And God bless!

45
Sincerely,

Amy Rose Abueva Cherishiel Arcon Regine Lequin

Student Researcher Student Researcher Student Researcher

March 20, 2022

Thru: Mr. Joash P. Macalipay, Phd.M.

Dear Sir:
Warm Christian Greetings!
We would like to humbly ask the permission of Human Resources to get the list of
faculty & Staff staying inside the campus for our research study entitled “ATTITUDE,
RISK PERCEPTION AND ADHERENCE TO MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOL OF
CENTRAL PHILIPPINES ADVENTIST COLLEGE DURING CORONAVIRUS
DISEASE 2019 PANDEMIC”. This is a requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science
in Nursing at Central Philippine Adventist College. The purpose of this study is to assess
the Attitude, Risk perception and the adherence of CPAC residents to the MHPs against
COVID-19. We are very much willing to share the result of this study to further enhance
the school management.
Hoping for your positive consideration regarding our humble request. Thank you so
much And God bless!
Sincerely,

46
Amy Rose Abueva Cherishiel Arcon RegineLequin

Student Researcher Student Researcher Student Researcher

47
March 20, 2022

Thru: Mr. Eldyn S. Toledo, PhMin.

Dear Sir:
Warm Christian Greetings!
We would like to humbly ask the permission of the Student Service Office to get the list
of student staying inside the campus for our research study entitled “ATTITUDE, RISK
PERCEPTION AND ADHERENCE TO MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOL OF
CENTRAL PHILIPPINES ADVENTIST COLLEGE DURING CORONAVIRUS
DISEASE 2019 PANDEMIC”. This is a requirement for the Degree Bachelor of Science
in Nursing at Central Philippine Adventist College. The purpose of this study is to assess
the Attitude, Risk perception and the adherence of CPAC residents to the MHPs against
COVID-19. We are very much willing to share the result of this study to further enhance
the school management.

Hoping for your positive consideration regarding our humble request. Thank you so
much And God bless!

Sincerely,

Amy Rose Abueva Cherishiel Arcon Regine Lequin

Student Researcher Student Researcher Student Researcher

48
APPENDIX B

GOOD AND SCATES VALIDATION FORM

Direction: Kindly evaluate the research instrument using the rating scale according to the

following criteria set forth by Calter V. Good and Douglas F. Scates. Please encircle

your rating using the scale below:

1 – Poor 2 – Fair 3 – Good 4 – Very Good 5 – Excellent

Criteria for Evaluation:

Item 1 2 3 4 5

1. The questionnaire is short enough such that the ✓

respondent will not reject it because it will not drain

much of his Precious time.

2. The questionnaire is interesting and has fair appeal ✓

such that the respondent Will be inclined to

accomplish it fully

49
3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth to the ✓

responses and avoid superficial answers or

information.

4. The items and their alternative Responses are not ✓

too suggestive.

5. The questionnaire can elicit response which are ✓

definite but not mechanically forced.

6. Questions/items are stated in such as way that the ✓

responses will not be embarrassing to the

person/persons Concerned.

7. Questions/items are formed in a manner to avoid ✓

suspicion on the part of the respondents concerning

hidden responses in the questionnaire.

50
 8. The questionnaire is not too narrow nor restricted or ✓

limited in philosophy.

9. The responses to the questionnaire when taken as a ✓

whole could answer the basic purpose for which the

questionnaire is designed and therefore considered

valid.

Donnell Jem Valenn D. Rizardo, MAN, RN, RTRP

Question Validator

Date Validated: April 04, 2022

51
APPENDIX B

GOOD AND SCATES VALIDATION FORM

Direction: Kindly evaluate the research instrument using the rating scale according to the

following criteria set forth by Calter V. Good and Douglas F. Scates. Please encircle your

rating using the scale below:

1 – Poor 2 – Fair 3 – Good 4 – Very Good 5 – Excellent

Criteria for Evaluation:

Item 1 2 3 4 5

1. The questionnaire is short enough such that the

respondent will not reject it because it will not drain

much of his Precious time.

2. The questionnaire is interesting and has fair appeal

such that the respondent Will be inclined to accomplish

it fully

3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth to the

responses and avoid Superficial answers or information

52
4. The items and their alternative Responses are not too

suggestive.

5. The questionnaire can elicit response which are

definite but not mechanically forced.

6. Questions/items are stated in such a way that the

responses will not be embarrassing to the person/persons

Concerned

7. Questions/items are formed in a manner to avoid

suspicion on the part of the respondents concerning

hidden Responses in the questionnaire.

53
 8. The questionnaire is not too narrow nor restricted or

limited in philosophy.

9. The responses to the questionnaire when taken as a

whole could answer the basic purpose for which the

questionnaire is designed and therefore Considered

valid.

Nylvie Loire, RN, (MAENG in progress)

Question Validator

Date Validated:

54
GOOD AND SCATES VALIDATION FORM

Direction: Kindly evaluate the research instrument using the rating scale according to the

following criteria set forth by Calter V. Good and Douglas F. Scates. Please encircle your

rating using the scale below:

1 – Poor 2 – Fair 3 – Good 4 – Very Good 5–

Excellent

Criteria for Evaluation:

Item 1 2 3 4 5

1. The questionnaire is short enough such that the

respondent will not reject it because it will not drain

much of his Precious time.

2. The questionnaire is interesting and has fair appeal

such that the respondent Will be inclined to accomplish

it fully.

3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth to the

responses and avoid

Superficial answers or information.

55
 

4. The items and their alternative Responses are not too

suggestive.

5. The questionnaire can elicit response which are

definite but not mechanically Forced.

6. Questions/items are stated in such as way that the

responses will not be embarrassing to the

person/persons Concerned.

7. Questions/items are formed in a manner to avoid

suspicion on the part of the respondents concerning

hidden Responses in the questionnaire.

8. The questionnaire is not too narrow

Nor restricted or limited in philosophy.

56
9. The responses to the questionnaire when taken as a

whole could answer the basic purpose for which the

questionnaire is designed and therefore Considered

valid.

Date of Validation:

Date Validated: April 11, 2022

57
GOOD AND SCATES VALIDATION FORM

Direction: Kindly evaluate the research instrument using the rating scale according to the

following criteria set forth by Calter V. Good and Douglas F. Scates. Please encircle your

rating using the scale below:

1 – Poor 2 – Fair 3 – Good 4 – Very Good 5–

Excellent

Criteria for Evaluation:

Item 1 2 3 4 5

1. The questionnaire is short enough such ✔

that the respondent will not reject it

because it will not drain much of his

Precious time.

2. The questionnaire is interesting and has

fair appeal such that the respondent Will be

✔
inclined to accomplish it fully.

3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth

to the responses and avoid

✔
Superficial answers or information.

4. The items and their alternative Responses ✔

are not too suggestive.

5. The questionnaire can elicit response which

are definite but not mechanically Forced.

✔

58
6. Questions/items are stated in such as way

that the responses will not be embarrassing to

✔
the person/persons Concerned.

7. Questions/items are formed in a

manner to avoid suspicion on the part of

✔
the respondents concerning hidden

Responses in the questionnaire.

8. The questionnaire is not too narrow ✔

Nor restricted or limited in philosophy.

9. The responses to the questionnaire

when taken as a whole could answer the

✔
basic purpose for which the questionnaire

is designed and therefore Considered

valid.

Richmond Abueva, Lpt.

Question Validator

Date Validated: March 09, 2022

59
APPENDIX C

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Participant,

We would like to invite you to participate in a research study entitled: ATTITUDE, RISK

PERCEPTION AND ADHERENCE TO MINIMUM HEALTH PROTOCOL OF

CENTRAL PHILIPPINES ADVENTIST COLLEGE DURING CORONAVIRUS

DISEASE 2019 PANDEMIC. The present study aims to reflect the influence of the

adherence of MHPs during the COVID-19 pandemic and, to establish the flow of care

and its priorities, an action necessary to balance individual and community needs. The

enclosed questionnaire has been designed to collect above stated information. Your

participation in this research project is completely voluntary. There are no known risks to

participation beyond those encountered in everyday life. Your responses will remain

confidential and anonymous. Data from this research will be treated confidential and

reported only in a collective summary. If you agree to participate in this study, please

answer the questions below as best as you can. It should take approximately 5 minutes to

complete. Thank you for your assistance in this important endeavor.

Sincerely yours,

Amy Rose Abueva Cherishiel Arcon Regine Lequin

Student Researcher Student Researcher Student Researcher

60
===============================================================

Part I: Demographic Profile

Name: ____________________________ Educational Attainment:

Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female Designation: ( ) Student ( ) Faculty &

staff

Age: ____________ Religion:

Part II: Tick the option that best describes your answer

Attitudes and Practices Questions Strong Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree

I should follow quarantine regardless of

circumstances (Koh, et al., 2021)

I agree on legal penalties like a fine or

jail for people who break the quarantine

protocol(Koh, et al., 2021)

It is important to report suspected cases

to health authorities (Farah, Nour,

Obsiye, Aden, & Ali, 2021).

I know that COVID-19 is preventable

(Farah, Nour, Obsiye, Aden, & Ali,

2021).

I should not be in close contact (<2m)

with an infected person or with an

61
associate of an infected person

(Endriyas, Kawza, Hussen, Mekonnen,

& Teka, 2021).

I shouldn’t touch contaminated utensils

and greet unclean hands (Endriyas,

Kawza, Hussen, Mekonnen, & Teka,

2021).

I should not be touching my face with

unclean hands (Endriyas, Kawza,

Hussen, Mekonnen, & Teka, 2021).

Ordinary residents can wear general

medical masks to prevent infection by

the

COVID-19 virus (Lee, Kang, & You,

2021).

I should avoid going to crowded places

(Lee, Kang, & You, 2021)

Not all persons with COVID-2019 will

develop severe cases. Only those who are

elderly have chronic illnesses are more

likely to be in severe cases (Lee, Kang,

& You, 2021).

The COVID-19 virus spreads via

62
respiratory droplets of infected

individuals (Lee, Kang, & You, 2021).

Risk Perception Questions Very Likely Likely neutral Unlikely Very

Unlikely

How likely do you think you might be

infected with COVID-19 (Coronavirus

SARS-CoV-2) in the near future?

(Gerhold, 2021)

How likely do you think people in your

family and friends might become

infected with COVID-19 (Coronavirus

SARS-CoV-2) in the near future?

(Gerhold, 2021)

How likely do you think a person get

COVID-19 (Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2)

in general? (Gerhold, 2021)

Adherence to Minimum Health ProtocolStrong Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Questions Disagree Agree

Wearing a mask at all times when away

from home.

Maintaining a distance of at least 6 feet

from other people.

63
Frequent cleaning, including hand

washing or sanitizing, wiping surfaces,

and using disinfectant.

64