AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF

RICHARD 0. ZIMMERMAN for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE

in HEALTH EDUCATION presented on May 4, 1978

TITLE: BIORHYTHMS' RELAION TO INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

Redacted for Privacy
Abstract approved:
'Dr. C, Lawson

The theory of Biorhythms is an up and coming topic.

Its founding fathers: Dr, Fliess, Dr. Swoboda, and

Dr. Teltsher discovered the 23 day physical 28 day sensitivity,

and 33 day Intellectual cycles around the turn of the cen-

tury.

Today, biorhythms are being looked at and studied

from many different disciplines. Over seventy five studies

on biorhythm have been noted in the review of literature.

There is a great amount of controversy over the

reliability of the biorhythm theory. Some safety pro-

fessionals believe in biorhythms, and use them as a tool

to reduce accidents in the workplace.

Two hundred and twenty two accidents from Zidell

Explorations, Inc., a Portland, Oregon based firm, was

used to test the validity of the biorhythm theory. Using

all the accidents for a complete year, an analysis revealed

that the level of significance for all methods of analysis

could not reject any of the nine null hypotheses of the

study. Therefore, the study could not verify the biorhythm

theory. The conclusion stated that even though the theory

was not verified, biorhythms could be used in the work-

place to promote more employee-employer relations.

Recommendations for further study was made. Consist-

ing of personal information that includes birth place and
exact times of birth along with other recommendations.
BIORHYTHMS' RELATION TO
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

by

Richard Orin Zimmerman

A THESIS

Submitted to

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY

in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the
degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE
Completed May 4, 1978

Commencement June 1978

APPROVED:
Redacted for Privacy

Associate Professo {of Health

in charge of major

Redacted for PriVacy

Acting Heallof Health DepartmVt
)

Redacted for Privacy

. --gm./ "41.
Dean of Education

Redacted for Privacy

Dean of Graduate School

Date thesis is presented May 4, 3978

Typed by CAMPUS PRINTING & COPY CENTER
for RICHARD ORIN ZIMMERMAN
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Sue, my wife, for under-

standing my needs to work so hard and for many late

nights I had to be away from home to complete this.

I would like to acknowledge the two gentlemen

who opened my eyes to the biorhythm theory. Mr. G.

Robert Schwarz, Safety Manager, Portland Area Office

of the Bureau cf Indian Affairs who supplied me with

a wealth of written and verbal information, The second

and equally as important is Mr. Warren L. Howe,

Corporate Safety Director for Zidell Explorations, Inc.

of Portland, Oregon. Without Zidell's consent to

release their 1976 accident reports, this study would

not have been possible,

Finally, I would like to thank Dr. David C.

Lawson, my major professor, who gave me the assistance

I needed when I needed it. And also to the rest of

the Health Department staff for their interest and

curiosity about biorhythms.

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

I INTRODUCTION 1

Need for Study 4

Statement of Problem 5
Definition of Terms 5

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The Pioneers
Investigations of The Biorhythm Theory 9
Biorhythms Application in Industry 14
Biorhythms in Industry 16
Use of Biorhythm in Industry 18
Summary 19

III PROCEDURES 20

Hypotheses 20
Limitations 21
Assumptions 21
Data Collection 22
Method of Data Analysis 23
Summary 23

IV ANALYSIS OF DATA 24

General Characteristics 24
Relationship to Critical Days and Periods 29
Summary 31

V FINDINGS 32

Discussion 32

VI CONCLUSION 34

Recommendations 34
Summary 36
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)

BIBLIOGRAPHY 37

APPENDIX I 41

APPENDIX II 42

APPENDIX III 48

APPENDIX IV 50

APPENDIX V 51

APPENDIX VI 52

APPENDIX VII 54
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

1. Biorhythm Research 11

2. Biorhythm Research 13

3. Zidell Explorations, Inc. 25

4. Accident Repeaters. 26

5. Frequency of Accidents and Days of the Week. 27

6. Observed Accidents and Months of Year. 28'

7. Critical Days Counted as Hits 29

8. Relationship of Critical Days and Periods of

Hits. 30

9. Relationship of the Individual Cycle Critical

Days and Records. 31

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1. Biorhythm Cycles Beginning at Birth. 2

2. Formula for Sinusoidal wave. 3

 BIORHYTHMS' RELATION TO
INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

INTRODUCTION

Accidents are costly, from the organiza-

tions point of view, they result in lost
time, in treatment and insurance costs,
in moral problems, and in poor public
relations. Robert Gvion (24)

Where a person does experience repeated

accidents, the cause generally is a num-
ber of inhereted conditions related not
only to his physical or mental make up,
but also to the environment in which he
works. The real challenge is to identify
the causes and to take corrective action.
John V. Gimaldi (10)
General Electric Company

The task of a Safety Professional is to reduce the

hazardous exposures to people or property. One method of

accomplishing this is to develop an accident prevention

program. A single program is not enough, so the Professional

is constantly looking for new and better ideas. Some com-

panies have used biorhythms in accident analysis, others

have used it in their accident prevention program.

The concept of biorhythms can be a constructive tool

for industry as a means to warn employees, and make them

more safety conscious during their critical periods (34)

Retrospective studies of accidents have found that

the number of accidents occuring on a biorhythmically

critical period range from 20-97%.

 2

Experimental research in industry has found that in

some cases the accident rate decreased from 42-62% after

the use of biorhythms in the work place.

It has long been known that most,

if not all biological processes
are rhythmic or cyclical in char-
acter, that is, they consist of
sequences of events which repeat
themselves at regular intervals.
The sequence may be very simple
or extremely complex, and the
timespan, or period of a particular
cycle may be anything from a frac-
tion of a second to many years.
Such rhythms occur in all forms of
life, and man is no exception. (9)

The biorhythm cycles are believed, by most, to begin

at birth. "Before birth, the unborn baby's food, water,

and oxygen are supplied from the mother's bloodstream via

the placenta and umbilical cord..." (30) At birth, all

bodily functions previously taken care of by the mother

are the sole responsibility of the infants' own organs. It

is the first time the body must function on its own. It is

at this traumatic time that the 23-day Physical, 28-day

Sensitivity, and 33-day Intellectual cycles begin to rise

from the midline andfluctuate in each of its respective

frequencies. See Figure 1.

Physical
FIGURE 1.
N. I
Sensitivity
Biorhythm N
- ----
cycles begin- - ..
ging at birth.
N.
.... Intellectual

12 34 5 6 7 8 910 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
 To obtain the correct sinusoidal wave pattern the

formula for sinusoidal waves is used. (109:23) See

Figure 2.

FIGURE 2: Formula for sinusoidal wave

A = SINE r (t +

A = Physical, or Sensitivity, or Intellectual

cycle

2* = 360°

T = 23 day Physical, or 28 day Sensitivity,

or 33 day Intellectual cycle

t = Time in cycle days

0 = Cycle phase displacement

The physical cycle is believed to control strength,

energy, endurance, confidence and resistance to disease.

The sensitivity cycle governs the feelings, nerves, intui-

tion and creative ability. The intellectual cycle affects

memory, mental alertness, reasoning power and ambition. (19;

30)

The days of accident proneness are suggested to be

where the cycles pass across the midline. The body is

changing from a plus phase to a negative phase or vice

versa. During the critical day, the body is in an unsteady

state. The unusual stress on the person increases his/her

chance of error that may lead to an accident.

It takes fifty eight years and sixty six days to

complete a biorhythmic lifespan. The lifespan covers

 4

twenty one thousand two hundred and fifty two days. Dur-

ing this time there are four thousand and six times a single

curve crosses the midline creating a critical day. There

are three hundred and twelve times that two cycles cross

at the same time creating a double critical day. There

are only eight times that all three cross together. (29:93)

See Appendix I for the exact occurrence of triple critical

days, and frequency of occurrence of critical days.

The amount of critical days during a year is only

20.4% of the total days. Using a 48 hour critical period

the percentage is increased to 37.8% and a 72 hour critical

period is 51.5% of the year.

Any accident is unwanted, no matter how small. Safety

Professionals are beginning to look at biorhythms as a tool

to reduce accidents.

NEED FOR STUDY

The need for this study is clear. Prior biorhythm

investigations rendered contradictory findings which

indicate a further need in research. A second need is

the use of biorhythms can assist management and worker in

understanding and influencing job performance. It is

also an excellent way of promoting good management/worker

relations. Finally, biorhythm's usefulness and validity

can be determined more easily in industries where ample

statistics and evidence have been accumulated.

 5

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The problem of this study is to investigate the

possible relation between the biorhythm cycles and accident

occurrence in an industrial setting.

This study was designed to answer two questions. The

first; is there a relationship between the biorhythm

physical,. sensitivity and intellectual cycles and the

occurrence of industrial accidents that took place during

1976 at Zidell Explorations, Inc. The second; what will

the difference in levels of significance and percentages

be using 24, 48, and 72 hour critical periods.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Several terms used throughout the study have meanings

that are sometimes misinterpreted. The following defini-

tions are given to help the reader understand meaning and

conclusions of this study.

BIORHYTHM - From Bios meaning Life and Rhythmos meaning

Regular Motion. Three consistent and recurring

biological cycles which begin at birth and continues

uninterrupted until death. The three cycles are

physical, sensitivity, and intellectual.

CYCLE - A sinusoidal wave with consistant frequency,

period and amplitude.

 6

PHYSICAL CYCLE - The biorhythmic cycle that is twenty three

days in length.

SENSITIVITY CYCLE - The biorhythmic cycle that is twenty

eight days in length, Sometimes called Emotional

Cycle.

INTELLECTUAL CYCLE - The biorhythmic cycle that is thirty

three days in length.

PLUS PHASE - When sinusoidal wave is above midline.

NEGATIVE PHASE - When sinusoidal wave is below midline.

CRITICAL DAY - The points common to both a sinusoidal wave

and its midline,

CRITICAL PERIOD - Includes the critical day plus the

previous and/or post day,

HIT - When an accident and a critical period occur together.

ACCIDENT - A low quality work behavior that happens to a

person instead of some other error in performance,

and is required by the Occupation Health and Safety

Act to be recorded in company files.

 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This review of literature is included to provide a

comprehensive understanding of the theory of Biorhythms

and its use in industry today, To achieve these three

major topics are presented. The first being the pioneers

of biorhythm. The second being investigations of the

biorhythm theory. The third is biorhythm application in

industry. Due to the voluminous amount of research on

biorhythms, a table of research is also given.

THE PIONEERS

Perhaps the first account of biorhythms was in

ancient Greece when Hipocrates advised his followers to

observe their patients' good and bad days and to take their

regular fluctuations into account in their treatment. (2)

The two who can be called the Fathers of Biorhythm

were Dr. Wilhelm Fliess and Dr. Hermann Swoboda.

Dr. Hermann Swoboda (1873-1963) was a Professor of

Psychology at the University of Vienna. He "discovered 23

day and 28 day cycles in such things as pain and swelling

caused by insect bites, fever in colds, and heart attacks."

(13:17) The initial research was done from 1897 to 1902.

He was a very thorough researcher and his best work involved

an analysis of hundreds of family trees. From this he wrote

the book Das Siebeniah (The Year of Seven).

 8

Dr. Wilhelm Fliess (1859-1928) was a Nose and Throat

doctor at the University of Berlin. In 1906, independently

of Dr. Swoboda, he keyed into a twenty three day and twenty

eight day cycle of sickness development. "Every person,

Fliess maintained, is really bisexual. The male component

is keyed to the rhythmic cycle of twenty three days, the

female to a cycle of twenty eight days... Both cycles are

intimately connected with the mucos lining of the nose."

(12:108)

"Both Dr. Swoboda and Dr. Fliess felt that the pro-

blem of rhythms in nature could best be solved by examin-

ing as many facets of her manifestations as possible." (35:17)

In 1928, Dr. Alfred Teltscher, an engineer at the

University of Innsbruck, tried to prove the Fliess-Swoboda

theory. He used five thousand high school and college

students as subjects. Findings verified the cycles existed

and he even uncovered the third and remaining Intellectual

cycle.

Efforts have been made to acquire this study. It is

believed to have been destroyed during World War II, The

only information is what others write about the study.

Between 1928 and 1932, Dr. Rexford Hersey of the

University of Pennsylvania conducted studies on railway

workers. He spent two years recording emotional cycles.

(20:42) In reports he verified the twenty three day,

twenty eight day and thirty three day cycles.

 In 1938, Dr. Hans Schwing wrote, according to

Bernard Gittelson,"one of the most precisely recorded

analyses of the subject," (13) This work set a standard

that others have tried to follow. Of the seven hundred

accidents studied, serious accidents were found to be

five times more likely to occur on critical days than

on non critical days.

The theory of biorhythm has been established only

since the turn of the century. Others have investigated

these rhythms and found some validity. The investigations

laid the ground work for many more.

INVESTIGATIONS OF THE BIORHYTHM THEORY

Biorhythm research spreads across all disciplines,

and occupations. One piece of research was merely a sleep

log kept by an Antarctic physicist, It noted that his bed-

time drifted fifteen minutes later night after night. After

twenty eight days he "abruptly shifted back to his original

bedtime and recommenced the drift totally unaware of the

pattern. (38:13)

Dr. F. Wehrli of Locarno Switzerland uses biorhythms

to determine best days for elective surgery. With over ten

thousand operations performed, he has had no failure or com-

plication. Statistics indicate that complications normally

occur 30 to 60 percent of the time, (35:91)

 10

Dr. Charles Rodgers et al. (26:251) took sixty days

of samples on a group of psychotic patients at the Wyoming

State Hospital. He collected three groups of information.

Self ratings, work ratings, and sleep ratings. The study

found no relationship between biorhythms and the various

ratings.
Margaret Yates doctoral dissertation was on biorhythms

using a group of eighty fraternity and sorority members at

the University of Wyoming. Six testing instruments were

used on both critical and peak efficient days. No relation

was found. (42)

Marcia Klein studied heart attacks suffered by American

business men. She found that 58% of the cases occured on

critical days. (17)

W. S. Woods and William Cobb independently tested the

affect biorhythms had on human performance. Woods test was

to see how fast the subject can press a button ten times.

The average was 5.13 seconds. When physically critical it

was 5.41 seconds. (13) Cobb found in his testing that his

four subjects showed a significant level of difference, The

Chi Square yielded a probability for two of the cycles at

the .05 level. (8)

There are numerous studies that can be cited. The

above are but a few. Please look at Table 1 and 2. for a

more complete listing of the research on biorhythms.

 11

TABLE 1

BIORHYTHM RESEARCH

Source Researcher Sample Hits

Name/Company Type of Data Size

1 RK Anderson General Industry 1000 over 2 yrs 90

35 RK Anderson Metal, Chemical

Textile & Knitting 300 over 3 yrs 70
1977
34 Heil of AT&T Longlines Div.
Accident over 2.5 yr 60
1954 497
35 Bochow Agriculture 97

4 Brady1972 Aviation-Military 59 22

26 Biorhythm
Research Center Sports Records 1051 19

26 Corp Engr General Occupation 51 over 3 yrs 35

40 Mason Brit. Columbia

Work. Compensation 13,285 27

33 Ault,Kinkade Auto Fatalities 100 over 3 mths 46

26 Pheiffer Drug Drug Industry 1000 30

15 Hunter General Industry 592 72

36 Johns Hopkins
Med. School Auto Accidents 205 20

40 Woodham General Aviation NA 80

7 Calvert Vehicle Prod. Plt, 536 over 2 mths 23

13 Ohmi Railway Transport Industry 212 over 4 yrs 61

13 331 over 5 yrs 59

13 Ohio Utility Utility Industry 250 25

31 Tschannen Aviation 513 73.5

31 Zurich Municipal
Airport Bureau Aviation 60 33

31 NA 121 over 10 yrs 66

13 Krause-Poray Auto Fatalities 100 54

1974
13 Newcomb Utility Industry 100 53

13 Tokyo Police Traffic Accidents NA 82

13 Police of Fukuoka
Prefecture Traffic Accidents 1166 59
 12

TABLE 1 (Continued)

Source Researcher Sample Hits

II Name/Company Type of Data Size

31 Police of Kanagawa
Prefecture Traffic Accidents 411 over 3 yrs 64

31 Steves Traffic Accidents 1200 54

31 Tope Sanitary Industry NA 83

37 Pfizer Inc. General Industry 1000 30

11 NA Paper Products Plant NA 42

38 Schwing1939 Death & Accidents 1400 60/65

35 Schwing General Accidents 400 60

35
I,
Deaths 300 65

37 Sanhein General 1300 40

27 Schwarz General Industry 73 72

ii
Accident Repeaters 17 73
1974 20
40 Sacher Aviation-Military 4,346

40 Williamson 11
59 44

40 Wolcott1975 General Aviation 3,253 21

40 it
Aviation-Military 1,026 21
1970
33 Kawahara General Aviation 355 59
,,
Air Crashes 72 67

33 Karnbach Student Pilot Crash 130 70

33 Pircher General Aviation 204 70

33 Willis1973 Deaths 200 56

33
11
Heart Attacks 50 56
1974 62
33 willis Deaths 120

33
II
Heart Attacks 28 75

13 Willis Auto Accidents 100 46

37 Tyler Transportation 18,000 50

20 Latman Auto Accidents 260 37.7

 13
TABLE 2

BIORHYTHM RESEARCH

Source Researcher Sample

Name/Company Type of Data Size Comments

5 Carver & Nibler Industrial & Auto 360 over 2 yrs No relation-
ship

Can. Armed Force Military 7,000

1975 p> .05 for P&S
8 Cobb Human Perf. Test 4

p< .05 for 1

16 Khalil & Kurucz Aviation/Auto/Deaths 349 p> .50

37 Giannotti Pulp Plant 661 p> .01

33 Woods1973 Human Perf. Test NA Relationship

6 Cavenaugh Aviation Ground Crew NA 50% Reduction

Accidents

30 National Lead General Industry NA 42% Reduction

Industry Accidents 1966

13 Ohmi Railway Transportation NA 50% Reduction

Company Industry Accidents

13 Meiji Bread Traffic Accidents NA 45% Reduction

Company Accidents

13 United Airlines Airline Ground Crew 28,000 50% Reduction

in Accidents

13 Zurich Municipal Transportation 10,000km 50% Reduction

Transit Accidents in accidents

31 Kokusai Auto Taxi Industry From 200 to

Company 84 accidents 42% Reduction

37 Pfizer Inc. General Industry 12 yr study 60% Reduction

37 Sink Human Perf. Test 3 2 Relation-

ship
1 No Relation-
ship

21 Neil & Parsons Aviation Ground 127 P&1 Relation

Crew S No Relation

39 Wehrli Hospital Calls 10,000 in No Complication

and Services 15 yrs or Failure
23 Nett Military 200 No Relation

26 Rodgers Hospital 39 No Relation

 14

TABLE 2 (Continued)

Source Researcher Sample

Name/Company Type of Data Size Comments

42 Yates University Students 80 No Relation

25 Becker & Bachman Human Perf. Test NA S Relation

& Howard
16 Ohmi Railway Transportation 2,000,000 km No Accidents
Company

BIORHYTHMS APPLICATION IN INDUSTRY

G. Robert Schwarz, Portland Area Safety Manager, Bureau

of Indian Affairs, stated that everyone is accident prone 'in

a general sense because there are potential tasks that no

human being can perform without an accident. He goes on to

say "the validity of biorhythm is usually more pronounced

when the person is engaged in an activity that is stretching

him to his greater capacity," (28:14)

This is why R. K. Anderson, former President of Russell

K. Anderson Associates, Safety Engineers, believes biorhythm

should be applied "to those places where there is a possibility

of a far reaching and serious accident: the chemical industry,

a nuclear plant, a stamping or forging pant, and so forth."

(11:44)

The National Safety Council (14) conducted a survey to

substantiate claims by biorhythm proponents that the theory

is widely used in occupational safety programs. Very few

 15

replied and those that did were not all that eager to shed

any more light on the subject. Bernard Gittelson believes

that until the theory is proven beyond the slightest doubt,

government and industry will be reluctant to reveal whether

or not they are experimenting with the method. (13:119)

R. K. Anderson has analyzed over one thousand accidents

from many companies over a two year period. He found 90%

occured on critical days. (1:19)

Otto Tope, Chief Engineer with the Department of

Sanitation in Hannover Germany found that 83% of the accidents

the street cleaners and shop workers had were on critical

days. (35:31)

Jacob Sanhein studied 1,300 accidents at the Naval

Weapons Support Center in Crane Indiana, He found that 40%

occured on critical days. (22)

The Japanese have picked up the biorhythm theory and

put it to good use. The Ohmi Railway Company found that

61% of the 212 accidents were happening to their most

accident prone personnel during their critical period. Later,

the Bus branch of Ohmi recorded 500 million kilometers of

accident free driving over a two year period. In 1969, Ohmi

reduced their accidents by 50% while using biorhythms. (41:115)

United Airlines used biorhythms in a ground crew of

28,000 and reduced accidents by greater than 50%, (13:123)

For those that admit it or not, interest is usually

stimulated by a retrospective study of past accidents.

 16

Following this type of study, management needs to make a

few decisions on what to do next. If they choose to pro-

ceed they must answer seven questions formulated by

Russell K. Anderson. They are:

1. How many employees are in your plant?

2. How many employees work at hazardous operations?

3. How close is plant supervision maintained?

4. Who is directly responsible for the super-

vision in each department?

5. How much are you willing to spend in time or

labor costs to secure biorhythm information?

6. Do you think it is necessary to chart every

employee?

7. Do you have someone in management who can

devote the time to make the necessary

studies? (1:20)

BIORHYTHMS IN INDUSTRY

A common method of using biorhythms in industry was

used by the OHIO LONG LINES OF AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND

TELEGRAPH. (34:6) It was decided to undertake a 5 year

study. Employees were given a biorhythm lecture. Once

each month the employees received a card with their paycheck

warning them of the following months critical days. After

2 years they found that 60% of the accidents occured on

critical days. No mention was made of how much effect it
 17

had on the accident frequency.

At the 21 year mark they decided to revise the 1975

program. Revisions included:

1. Re-educating employees as to how Biorhythm works.

2. Supervisors receive the charts of all their

employees, and will verbally discuss and remind

them to exercise extra caution on a critical

day.

3. Supervisors check biorhythm graphs for each

person involved in an accident. (34:7)

For true experimental work, one can follow the example

used by Mr. B. Lawrence Newcomb at National Lead Company in

New Jersey.

He divided the workers into three groups. Group I's

foreman warned his workers on correctly calculated critical

days. Group II's foreman warned his group on falsely cal-

culated critical days. Group III 's foreman did not change

or do anything different. Group III was the control group.

In this particular case, Group I decreased their accident

rate by 58% in an 18 month period ending in 1966. Group II

reduced their accident rate by 4% over the previous year.

Group III accident rate increased by 28% in 18 months. (13:120)
 18

The use of biorhythm could improve any employee relation

problem by virtue of the "Hawthorne Effect". (28:12) The

"Hawthorne Effect" refers to any situation where the employee

knows he is getting special attention. This special atten-

tion tends to alter and improve his performance. The novelty

wears off after a while so studies that last 2 or 3 years can

be relied upon for greater accuracy. (3:339)

This is one reason why some discount the significance

of some research. They say that the increased attention the

employees receive may have been primarily responsible for the

observed effects,

R. K. Anderson says biorhythm "is strictly a tool, a

diagnostic tool. It will not predict that you are going to

have an accident or does not predict that you will have a

heart attack. This is strictly a means of helping you over-

come the biological stresses you are subject to." (1:19)

 19

SUMMARY

The review of literature uncovered 76 biorhythm studies.

Of 51 recording Hits, 31 had greater than 50% Hits recorded.

Eight industries recorded a 42% or greater reduction in

accidents and only six studies shoWed no relationship at all,

Some believe that the effectiveness of biorhythm

research is attributed to how the data was collected and how

it was analyzed, Other believe the accident rate reduction,

was caused by the Hawthorne Effect.

The study done with National Lead points out that by

doing nothing the accident rate increased. By paying atten-

tion to another group, warning employees on false

critical days, the accidents rate slowed down. But by

correctly informing employees of critical days, they found

the accident rate increase was stopped.

The review of literature indicates, there is a Feat MM.

IM1111111=111111M1.1111

T.,
axggltg.f=4:==21erthe reliability of the biorhythm
theor , Fines dg verify and deny the theory to awn extent
that one cannot accept or reject the theory.
 20

PROCEDURES

The procedures of the statistical portion of this study

have been grouped into four general groups. The first is Hypotheses.

The next contains this studies limitations and assumptions.

The next is data collection information. The last group out-

lines the method of data analysis.

HYPOTHESES

For the purpose of this study the following are the Null

Hypotheses to be tested:

1. There is no relationship between all accidents

collected and 24 hour Biorhythmic Critical Days,

2. There is no relationship between self caused

accidents and 24 hour Biorhythmic Critical Days.

3. There is no relationship between all accidents

and 48 hour Biorhythmic Critical Periods of the

critical day plus the pre critical day.

4. There is no relationship between self caused

accidents and 48 hour Biorhythmic Critical

Periods of the critical day plus the pre critical

day.

5. There is no relationship between all accidents

and 48 hour Biorhythmic Critical Periods of the

critical day plus the post critical day.

6. There is no relationship between self caused

accidents and 48 hour Biorhythmic Critical

 21

Periods of the critical day plus the post

critical day.

7. There is no relationship between all accidents

and 72 hour Biorhythmic Critical Periods of the

critical day plus the pre and post critical days.

8. There is no relationship between self caused

accidents and 72 hour Biorhythmic Critical

Periods of the critical day plus the pre and

post critical days.

9. There is no relationship between self caused

accidents and each individual biorhythm cycle.

LIMITATIONS

This study is limited to those accidents that are

required to be recorded by the Occupation, Health and

Safety Administration. The accidents happened during 1976

at Zidell Explorations, Inc. Only those accidents that

were recorded and sent to the Corporate Safety Director

have been used.

ASSUMPTIONS

The findings and conclusions of this study were arrived

at with the following assumptions

1. Biorhythms are common to all individuals.

2. Biorhythm cycles begin at the moment of birth.

 22

3. The probability of finding a particular cycle

position on a randomly selected day in the life

of an individual is equal to the number of days

that the cycle would be in the particular

position divided by the total number of days

in the cycle.

4. An individual is equally likely to be born before

noon or after noon on his day of birth.

5. The accident was a legitimate accident,

(6',/ The accident date is correc

The victims birth date is correct

8. The Kosmos I calculator provided correct bio-

rhythmic and mathematical information.

DATA COLLECTION

The data used in this study are those which the

Occupation Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) require

Zidell's Explorations, Inc. to keep, They contain all

accidents that happened during 1976. Mr. Warren Howe,
Corporate Safety Director of Zidell Explorations, Inc.,

graciously provided the following information about each

OSHA recordable accident. Mr. Howe provided the employees
name, social security number, company division and department,
date of birth for injured, Date of injury and a computer
 23

coded description of the accident. The code includes the

following information about the accident. The nature, body

part, source, accident type, hazardous condition, agency,

unsafe act, and whether the accident was self caused, caused

by others, or caused by uncontrolled circumstances. See

Appendix II.

METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

The tally system is used most frequently to group the

data in this study into meaningful categories. The tally

system is used for the following items; To derive frequencies

for body part injured, accident type, accidents and days of
the week, accidents and months of the year, accidents and

company and department and location, and cycle days.

A Chi Square and percentage is calculated to test each

hypothesis for its probability and level of significance by

comparing the persons birth date and the biorhythm cycle on

-

the date of injury. See Appendix II,

SUMMARY

The data of this study has been placed into four dif-
ferent groups, Nine null hypotheses have been formed to

test the probability, percentage and level of significance

of the studies data.
 24

ANALYSIS OF DATA

The data analysis is confined to two areas. The first

is general characteristics of ZidellExplorations, Inc., as

a corporation and the accidents they had during 1976. The

second area deals specifically with relationship biorhythmic

critical days and periods had with the two hundred and twenty-

two accidents during 1976.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Zidell Explorations, Inc., has three divisions. They

are Zidells Exploration, Tube Forging of America and Tacoma.

Combined there are four hundred and five employees that

worked during 1976.

Zidells Exploration has eight departments. The barge

department had both the most man hours worked and the highest

number of accidents in the division. The east side depart-

ment of Tube Forging of America had the fourth greatest

amount of man hours worked and had the greatest number of

accidents. (See Table 3)

The corporations interest range from ship dismantling

and marine construction to making valves for oil and gas

pipelines.

Two hundred and twenty two accidents occured at

Zidell Explorations, Inc, of which one hundred ninety nine
 25

TABLE 3.

ZIDELL EXPLORATIONS, INC.

Zidells Exploration - 196.7 Employees

Department Man Hours Worked Accidents

Dismantling 18,920.05 11
Barge 132,252.30 39
Metal Yard 20,115.00 5
Scrap Yard 25,474.40 5
Maintenance 56,578.90 13
Valve 106,362.90 32
Driver 4,011,95 0
Surplus Sales 2,186.75 0
Total 393,441.50 107

Tube Forgings of America - 145.2 Employees

East Side 103,828.25 41

West Side 105,685.50 21
Total 209,513,75 62

Tacoma - 62 Employees

Offshore 18,139.50
Onshore 55,823.75 38
Marine Construction 51,654.00 17
Total 125,617.25 55
 26

were self caused, nineteen were by uncontrolled circumstances

and four were caused by others.

One hundred and eighty two employees had no accidents.

One hundred and eighty six had one accident. By performing

a mathmatical calculation, reported by Gene Miller in a

National Safety News article (Appendix III), a theoretical

distribution of accident repeaters can be established. (See

Table 4)

TABLE 4

ACCIDENT REPEATERS

Observed Amount Expected

182 0 65.40
186 1 119.25
23 2 108,72
9 3 66.08
4 4 30,12
0 5 10.99
0 6 3.34
0 7 .87
405 404.77

Almost three times the expected number of 0 accidents

was achieved. There were only four repeaters compared to

about thirty that was expected for those having four accidents.

The most frequent type of accident was due to flying

and falling objects, which was seventy seven of the two

 27

hundred and twenty two. The next largest group contains

falls and accidents from lifting, pulling on pushing

objects. This had a frequency of fifty.

The eyes were the body part most frequently injured

with wrists, hands and fingers being second, and the back

region being third. These three categories contained

seventy one of the total number of accidents. See

Appendix IV.

The day of the week an accident happened is, by many,

an important detail to know. See Table 5. In this case

the distribution is bimodal, with each high point being

two days before or two days after the weekend.

TABLE 5

FREQUENCY OF ACCIDENTS AND DAYS OF THE WEEK

60-

50-

C
(1) 40-
cr
ti

30-

0.)
o 20-
7)
3 44 54 32 47 41 3
10-

0
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
 28

Along with daily occurrence of accidents, monthly

occurrence also yields information that could be important

to a safety program. The greatest amount of accidents

occured during January. These months that more than

twenty accidents were January, February, March, September

and October. See Table 6.

TABLE 6

OBSERVED ACCIDENTS AND MONTHS OF YEAR

January 35 April 17 July 12 October 21

February 23 May 11 August 18 November 15

March 21 June 14 September 20 December 16

Looking at occurrence of accidents on biorhythm cycle

days, contain patterns that become apparent. For this study the
most frequent physical cycle day is around the second and

twentieth day of the twenty-three day cycle. The most fre-

quent sensitivity day is around the fourth and twenty seventh

day. The intellectual cycle days that are most frequent are

around the seventh and sixteenth days of the cycle. See

Appendix V.

By knowing some fundimental information obtained from

the data and other sources, a better understanding can be

formulated about the study sample.

 29

RELATIONSHIP TO CRITICAL DAYS AND PERIODS

Four different sets of information was used in analyz-

ing the sample of accidents and critical days. Set I con-

tains those accidents that occured on a critical day. Set

II contains those accidents of Set I plus those accidents

that occured the day before. Set III contains Set I and

those accidents that happened the day after the critical

period. Set IV includes the critical day and both the day

before and day after the critical day. Set I is twenty four

hours in length. Set II and Set III are forty eight hours

in length and Set IV is seventy two hours long. Table 7

describes the actual biorhythm cycle days counted in each of

the critical periods.

TABLE 7

CRITICAL DAYS COUNTED AS HITS

Cycle Set I Set II Set III Set IV

Physical 1,12 23,1,11,12 1,2,12,13 23,1,2,11,12,13

Sensitivity 1,15 28,1,14,15 1,2,15,16 28,1,2,14,15,16

Intellectual 1,17 33,1,16,17 1,2,17,18 33,1,2,16,17,18

Set I contained thirty eight total hits with thirty seven

of those being self-caused. Set II had seventy four hits with

seventy two being self caused, Set III had seventy eight hits
with seventy four being self caused. Set IV had ninety three
hits with eighty eight being self caused, See Appendix VI.
 30

Set I's self caused category had a level of signifi-

cance of p > .99. The self caused category of Set III and

Set IV had a level of significance of p > .10. All other

levels of significance fell between .99 > p > .10. See

Table 8.

TABLE 8

RELATIONSHIP OF CRITICAL DAYS AND PERIODS TO HITS

Number Percent of Level of
of_Hits All Accidents Significance
Set I Self caused 37 18,5 p > .99
All accidents 38 17.1 p > .70

Set II Self caused 72 36,6 p > .98

All accidents 74 33.7 p > .80

Set III Self caused 74 37,1 p > .10

All accidents 78 35.1 p >- .70

Set IV Self caused 88 44.2 p > .10

All accidents 93 41.8 p 7 .50

_Taking each cycle individually, a Chi-Square was found.

The level of significance for Set III's Sensitivity cycle

was p > .95. A p > ,10 level of significance was found on

the Intellectual cycle for Set II, Set III and Set IV. See

Table 9.
 31

TABLE 9

RELATIONSHIP OF THE INDIVIDUAL CYCLE CRITICAL DAYS AND PERIOD

Number Level of Number Level of

Set Cycle of Hits Signifi- Set Cycle of Hits Signifi-
cance cance

I P 14 p> .20 III P 31 p > .50

S 15 p > .70 S 33 p > .80
I 11 p > .30 I 23 p >.10
II P 33 p > .20 IV P 55 p > .20
S 27 p > .30 S 46 p >.95
I 26 p > .10 I 41 p > .10

SUMMARY

The first area of analysis dealt with general factors

that any safety program needs to consider. Some of them

included: where the accidents are occuring, the accident

type, the body part injured, and others.

The second area of analysis dealt with the victims

biorhythm on the date of an accident. Each accident was

put into four different groups where hits were then counted,

and a Chi-Square was performed to derive a level of signifi-

ance for each set.

 32

FINDINGS

The findings of the study are such that none of the

nine null hypotheses could be rejected. The best level of

significance achieved was only p ,10 which was achieved

four times. All four times they were in sets III and IV.

Two times in the self caused group and two times in the

Intellectual group. The worst level of significance was

a p > .99 which came from Set Its self caused group.

The findings achieved with analyzing percentage of

hits also followed closely with what was expected by chance.

Set I expected frequency was 20.4%. The observed was 17,1

and 18.5%. Set II and III expected frequency accidents

happening during a forty eight hour critical period is 37.8%.

The study yielded from 33.7 to 37.1%. Set IV is a seventy

two hour critical period. Its expected frequency is 51.5%.

The observed was 41.8 and 44.2%.

DISCUSSION

The data and the outcomes of this study are not capable

of rejecting any of the nine null hypotheses. Definite

items were looked at to see what the industries safety pro-

gram should look at. An eye protection program appears to

be one item on a short term goal list. At the same time

investigative work may be done to see what can be done with

the problem of flying objects,

 33

One of the objectives of this study was to take a

set of data and manipulate it around in all the forms found

in the review of literature. This was accomplished by us-

ing the four sets of information. Many researchers have

tried different ways to manipulate the type data contained

in this study. Only one variation was not attempted directly.

Some researchers use a forty eight hour critical period that

contains the critical day plus and minus twelve hours. By

adding the twelve hours to either side of the critical day

more hits can be recorded becuase it really covers the

full seventy two hour critical period. Only when,a researcher

has the persons' time of birth can biorhythms be used with an

accuracy of less than one day, Each cycle is specific and

unless you know the place and time of birth, the biorhythm

calculation is only accurate to one day.

Many researchers have different methods of counting

hits. The more hits that are counted the better their

research will appear, At times the increasing of time from

a critical day to a critical period may yield more hits but

this does not mean the correlation is any better between

biorhythms and accidents.

 34

CONCLUSION

The review of literature yielded the fact that the

biorhythm theory is still not proven. Some substantial

claims for and against have been made.

It was the attempt of this study to bring some fresh

data into the open and attempt to verify the biorhythm

theory. The results of this study failed to do that. The

best level of significance achieved was p > .10. This was

achieved four times when using self caused accidents in Set

III and Set IV and the intellectual cycles in the same sets.

This was not significant enough to reject any of the nine'

null hypotheses.

Even though this study failed to verify biorhythms'

validity, it still can be considered as part of a good safety

program. The act of informing workers of their off days,

and having more contact with the worker can bring the employee

and employer closer together. This act promotes the feeling

that "Management really cares." When employees feel good

about their company, they develop a better work attitude

which could lead to less accidents in the work place. And

that justifies biorhythms use in industry.

RECOMMENDATIONS

This study attempted to provide a thorough summary'of

the literature. It also attempted to use the various

 35

statistical and analytical methods used with retrospective

studies of this type.

For this to have been a more meaningful study several

things should have been tried.

The first is to find out where they were born and the

time of birth. This is essential for providing the most

accurate representation of a biorhythm cycle on a date of

injury.

The second recommendation is to obtain a larger sample.

The bigger the better. But at the same time it becomes

essential that the researcher go through a painstaking pro-

cess to assure the correctness of the information and cal-

culations made.

The best recommendation would be to begin the next

phase of actually performing an experimental research with

a company. The most advantageous research would include

three work groups. One group is a control group. The

second group is warned to be careful on correctly calculated

critical days. The third group is warned on falsely cal-

culated critical days. This study should be at least two

to three years in length to be accurate.

The theory of biorhythms will remain a theory until

it is proven or refuted. It
. is recommended that further
',00"°060PRIraweremxt,p..r.*----....,.-
research be done in this area.
 36

SUMMARY

The theory of Biorhythms is an up and coming topic,

Its founding fathers, Dr. Fliess, Dr. Swoboda, and Dr.

Teltscher discovered the physical, sensitivity, and

intellectual cycles around the turn of the century. Today

biorhythms are being looked at and studied from many

disciplines. Over one hundred and fifteen articles, books

and reports have been reviewed. Over seventy-five studies

on biorhythms have been noted in the review of literature.

There is a great amount of controversy over the re-

liability of the biorh thmwheor . Some Safety Professionals

believe in biorhythms and use it as a tool for reducing

accidents in the work place.

Two hundred twenty two accidents from Zidell Explora-

tions, Inc., was used to determine the validity of the bio-

rhythm theory. Using the 1976 accidents, no level of

significance was great enough to reject any of the nine

null hypotheses. Therefore, the study could not verify the

biorhythm theory.
One recommendation of obtaining birth place and

exact times of birth were made along with others, that can

help others try to verify or refute the biorhythm theory.

 37

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anderson, Russell K. "Biorhythm - Man's Timing Mechanism."

Safety Professional. Volume 18, Number 2. February
1973. pg 17-21.

2. Bolch, Jennifer. "Biorhythms: A Key to Your Ups &

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1977. pg 63-67.

3. Borg, Walter R. Educational Research: An Introduction.

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4. Brady, Timothy. "Bio-What?" TAC Attack. March 1972.

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5. Carver, Davis W.; Nibler, Roger G. "Biorhythmic Cycle

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6. Cavenaugh, Tom. "Biorhythms in the sky", Science Digest.

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7. Calvert, Donald E. An Application of Bio-Cycle Theory

to Industrial Accidents. Buffalo, New York: Canisius
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8. Cobb, William W. Jr, Human Performance and Biorhythms.

Master's Thesis. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,
California. September 1975. pp 40.

9. Colquhoun, William. Editor. Biological Rhythms in Human

Performance. New York: Academic Press. 1971, pg
vii, 4, 23.
10. DeReamer, R. Modern Safety Practices. New York: John
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11. "Do Your Ups & Downs get you down?" Industry Week, Vol.
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12, Gardner, Martin. "Freud's Friend Wilhelm Fliess and

his Theory of Male and Female Life Cycles".
Scientific American. Volume 215, July 1966.
pg 108-112.

13, Gittelson, Bernard. Biorhythm: A Personal Science. New

York: Warner Books, 1977, 367 pp,
 38
14. Hirsh, T. "Biorhythm - Or is it a Critical Day?"
National Safety News, February 1976. pg 41-44.

15. Hunter, James E. "Preventing Employee Accidents with

Biorhythm." Management World. Vol, 5, No. 5.
May 1976. pg 27-30.

16. Khalil, T. M.; Kurucz, C. N. "Influence of Biorhythm

on Accident Occurence and Performance," Ergonomics.
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17. Klein, Marci. Biorhythm in Prediction of Heart Attacks

Suffered by American Business Men, Joplin, Missouri:
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18. Knight, James A. III. "Biorhythm is a tool to reduce

Accidents." Business Insurance. Vol. 11, No. 13.
June 27, 1977, pg 30.

19. Laid, Donald A. "Are you feeling on the Crest?" Review

of Reviews. April 1935. pg 42-44.

20, Latman, Neil. "Human Sensitivity, Intelligence, and

Physical cycles and motor vehicle accidents."
Accident Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 9, No. 2.
June 1977. pg 109-112.

21, Neil, Douglas; Parsons, Stuart 0, "Biorhythms-Possible

Application to Flight Safety," Presented at the
International Air Transport Association 20th
Technical Conference. "Safety in Flight Operations".
Istanbul, Turkey, November 10-15, 1975,

22. Nelson, Ed. "New Facts on Biorhythms." Science Digest.

Vol. 79, No. 5. May 1976, pg 70-75.

23. Petersen, Dan. Safety Supervision. New York: AMACOM.

1976.

24. . Safety Management: A Human Approach. New

Jersey: Aloray Publishers. 1975.

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Professional Safety. Vol. 20, No. 4, April 1975,
pg 42-46.

26. Rodgers, Charles W.; Sprinkle, Leo; Linberg, Fred H.

"Biorhythms: Three Test of the Predictive Validity
of the Critical Days Hypothesis", International
Journal of Chronobiology. Vol. 2. 1974. pg 247-
252.
 39
27. Schwarz, G. Robert. "A Look at the Matter of Sus-
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April 1976. pg 34-39.

28. .A Study in Biorhythm. (UnpubliShed)

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian
Affairs. Portland Area Office. 13 pp.

29. Smith, Robert E. The Complete Book of Biorhythm Life

Cycles. New York: Aardvark Publishers, Inc.
1976.

30. Strughold, Hubertus. Your Body Clock. New York:

Charles Scribner's Sons. 1971. pg 19,20,85.

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Japan: Japan Publications, Inc. 1977. 159 pp.

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1972. pg 218.

33. A Study of the Relationship of the Ingelli-

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gence Biorhythm Cycle and High School Students'

Mental Ability Test Scores. Doctoral Dissertation.
University of Kentucky. May 1977.

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Monitor. Ohio Safety & Health Administration.
December 1977. pg 6-9.

35. Thommen, George S. Is This Your Day? New York: Avon

Books. 1976. 197 pp.

36. "Those Biorhythms and Blues". Time. Vol. 111, Part 1.

February 27, 1978. pg 50-51.

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Atlanta, Georgia. Fairmont Press, Inc. 1977.
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38. Wallenstein, Michael R.; Roberts, Nancy L. "All Toget-

her on the Bio-Curve". Human Behavior. April 1973.
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US Army Aviation Digest. Vol. 20. 1974. pg 13-17.

40. Wolcott, John H.; McMeekin, R. R.; Burgin, R. E.;

Yanowitch. R. E. "Correlation of General Aviation
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 40

41. Wood, W. S.; et al. The Predictability of Reaction

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of Wyoming. August 1974.
APPENDICES
 41

APPENDIX I

OCCURRENCE OF TRIPLE CRITICAL DAYS (29:94)

.TRIPLE YEARS DAYS EXACT DAYS

CRITICAL IN LIFE

1st 0 1 1
2nd 19 271 7,211
3rd 21 185 7,855
4th 27 121 9,983
5th 29 35 10,627
6th 48 305 17,837
7th 50 218 18,481
8th 56 155 20,609

FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
OF CRITICAL DAYS (37:101)

TYPE OF FREQUENCY
CRITICAL DAY BIORHYTHM (DAYS)

Single P 11.50
Single S 14.00
Single I 16.50
Double P+S 161.00
Double P+I 189.75
Double S+I 231.00
Triple P+S+I 2,656.00
 42
APPENDIX I I

EXAMPLE OF ACCIDENT ANALYSIS RECHEVED

FROM ZIDELL EXPLORATIONS'S, INC,

NAME XXV X XX SS#.4022000XDOI CM 13-76

CO. -MN. DEPT. East DOB 03

NATURE 0205
BODY PART 0i30
SOURCE L)6,00 V
A P
"I
III

ACC. TYPE0022 .44

HAZ. CONI10110
AGENCY 1-11 00
UNSAFE ACT0100 1

Y
3 5 7 9
N ?
11 1i1 17 19 21 r 25 27 29 31
description of accident
Self Caused (WOO RxrtiCle5 oc Metal (1)&1
bell; nct .541:3 3t455e5 and
Caused by
Others 000 12 %Attract Isis right' ay e,
3r;nalyn
Uncontrolled
Circumstances 000 Ct.ht wear-i ..caskieici)
 APPENDIX II

ZIDELL EXPLORATION, INC. ACCIDENTS FOR 1976

Self Caused

Date of Date of Biorhythm Day Date of Date of Biorhythm Day

Birth Injury P S Birth Injury
1. 9-12-43 3-3-76 6 10 20 19. 1-11-39 10-05-76 6 7 22
2. 8-11-38 9-2-76 11 15 10 20. 4-14-30 6-08-76 22 2 28
3. 1-01-53 9-13-76 9 5 11 21. 9-20-47 1-13-76 16 11 14
4. 12-05-52 10-11-76 18 4 33 22. 7-15-43 4-13-76 2 6 16
5. 9-12-43 1-06-76 6 17 24 23. 5-11-23 10-18-76 16 4 17
6. 9-12-43 2-25-76 10 11 8 24, 8-07-38 11-08-76 13 2 15
7. 10-19-45 1-22-76 13 21 31 25. 2-26-42 3-08-76 10 26 22
8. 10-19-45 5-28-76 2 8 26 26. 2-26-42 8-31-76 2 6 32
9. 10-19-45 6-03-76 8 14 32 27. 8-29-31 2-12-76 1 27 3
10. 8-06-28 2-12-76 15 25 32 28. 5-11-37 4-26-76 17 7 8
11. 12-04-10 3-31-76 9 4 1 29. 12-25-34 9-29-76 6 23 9
12. 12-04-10 9-13-76 14 2 2 30. 10-24-48 11-15-76 15 2 20
13. 9-18-55 2-06-76 18 27 22 31. 12-25-34 9-28-76 5 22 8
14. 11-04-44 5-17-76 18 10 1 32. 10-09-51 4-08-76 2 17 6
15. 1-01-14 12-27-76 7 19 6 33. 10-09-51 11-02-76 3 1 16
16. 1-01-14 12-28-76 8 20 7 34. 7-22-49 4-21-76 19 27 3
17. 5-03-44 2-17-76 21 21 30 35, 10-07-56 9-07-76 8 24 16
18. 3-03-48 7-26-76 23 13 11 36. 6-18-39 2-04-76 18 25 16
 APPENDIX II (Continued)
Date of Date of Biorhythm Day Date of Date of Biorhythm Day
Birth Injury Birth Injury

37. 6-18-39 10-22-76 3 6 13 57, 3-18-27 10-06-76 23 13 17

38. 8-28-54 2-12-76 19 27 18 58. 1-16-48 1-20-76 20 12 2
39. 8-28-54 9-24-76 14 28 12 59, 11-28-49 8-31-76 22 2 6
40. 7-01-41 1-16-76 14 18 12 60. 4-01-45 9-23-76 22 19 15
41. 12-01-36 9-10-76 16 25 9 61. 6-16-48 5-12-76 4 1 29
42. 1-30-44 6-07-76 18 1 3 62, 7-12-33 1-19-76 7 20 22
43. 12-07-25 6-09-76 2 24 1 63, 7-12-53 11-29-76 9 2 28
44. 1-10-53 7-15-76 9 20 8 64, 6-07-21 11-02-76 21 22 9
45. 10-14-52 1-09-76 1 4 7 65, 10-19-24 7-09-76 9 20 16
46. 9-19-37 8-17-76 22 17 23 66. 6-28-57 12-03-76 15 15 4
47. 10-14-52 8-11-76 9 23 24 67. 5-26-49 8-05-76 21 22 1
48, 10-14-52 11-04-76 2 24 10 68, 5-22-37 9-24-76 19 7 16
49. 1-27-50 2-17-76 19 26 14 69, 1-06-54 2-03-76 14 28 12
50. 1-27-50 3-12-76 20 22 5 70. 3-10-39 4-29-76 19 14 3
51. 1-27-50 5-25-76 2 12 13 71. 3-10-39 9-16-76 21 14 11
52. 1-27-50 6-02-76 10 20 21 72, 8-21-51 1-23-76 21 18 12
53. 7-25-40 3-09-76 17 20 10 73. 8-21-51 3-31-76 20 2 14
54. 7-07-41 1-05-76 20 1 28 74, 8-21-51 10-05-76 1 22 4
55. 5-30-37 4-13-76 8 3 9 75, 2-17-39 4-19-76 7 25 14
56. 6-08-37 9-30-76 8 24 5 76, 3-13-54 1-13-76 19 25 24 4
4
 APPENDIX II (Continued)
Date of Date of Biorhythm Day Date of Date of Biorhythm Day
Birth Injury Birth Injury

77. 3-13-54 1-17-76 23 1 28 97. 9-08-36 2-02-76 17 28 4

78. 3-13-54 3-12-76 9 28 17 98. 3-31-16 5-10-76 14 4 11
79. 12-22-45 11-10-76 12 26 29 99. 3-31-16 7-29-76 2 28 25
80. 6-03-41 2-12-76 23 17 1 100. 3-31-16 9-21-76 10 26 13
81. 6-10-14 4-08-76 21 16 12 101. 7-08-53 8-24-76 8 21 1

82. 5-27-48 12-02-76 21 1 2 102. 7-08-53 9-02-76 17 2 10

83. 3-07-46 4-14-76 3 21 8 103. 8-04-56 12-03-76 21 7 2
84. 2-26-32 12-15-76 12 13 30 104. 6-14-38 3-18-76 16 17 32
85. 8-07-51 10-13-76 23 16 26 105. 8-21-57 4-14-76 4 8 14
86. 5-16-32 3-05-76 15 12 28 106. 1-04-54 8-26-76 14 11 21
87. 6-05-25 6-04-76 21 8 16 107. 1-04-54 12-23-76 18 18 8
88. 2-24-53 1-23-76 20 25 20 108. 8-12-23 1-16-76 15 27 11
89. 2-24-53 4-22-76 18 3 11 109. 10-01-47 9-17-76 23 24 20
90. 6-03-66 11-18-76 20 28 19 110. 6-22-49 9-24-76 21 17 24
91. 8-15-46 1-08-76 13 19 21 111. 12-17-52 9-30-76 18 9 10
92. 8-15-46 2-17-76 15 27 21 112. 7-10-45 12-12-76 2 27 28
93. 12-29-41 2-12-76 21 4 23 113. 5-11-53 2-17-76 15 2 2

94. 12-29-50 2-09-76 20 18 33 114. 11-29-44 3-16-76 23 7 13

95. 12-29-50 3-11-76 5 21 31 115. 4-13-42 10-29-76 15 19 13
96. 7-07-54 8-30-76 18 27 6 116: 12-03-47 5-07-76 11 24 22
 APPENDIX II (Continued)
Date of Date of Biorhythm Day Date of Date of Biorhythm Day
Birth Injury P S I # Birth Injury

117. 7-20-35 2-03-76 20 25 25 138. 1-20-42 3-05-76 21 4 23

118. 7-20-35 5-04-76 19 4 17 139. 7-31-12 1-20-76 23 28 18
119. 7-20-35 10-12-76 19 25 13 140. 6-02-46 1-02-76 20 27 16
120. 8-26-52 1-13-76 8 1 27 141. 6-02-46 4-05-76 22 9 11
121. 8-30-12 10-08-76 2 8 19 142. 6-02-46 8-23-76 1 9 19
122. 3-23-53 5-21-76 20 5 13 143. 6-02-46 11-19-76 20 13 8
123. 9-08-47 12-21-76 3 2 6 144. 1-29-22 2-09-76 1 23 1
124. 5-09-50 6-07-76 5 7 23 145. 8-14-52 3-02-76 23 6 22
125. 10-19-19 7-23-76 10 13 9 146. 8-14-52 9-27-76 2 19 33
126. 1-08-53 6-11-76 23 16 9 147. 2-08-25 1-21-76 3 18 21
127. 12-05-50 3-18-76 13 24 29 148. 2-08-25 3-03-76 22 4 7
128. 10-30-41 4-05-76 19 5 4 149. 2-08-25 6-24-76 20 5 21
129. 11-02-32 1-15-76 2 16 6 150. 3-16-52 1-06-76 3 17 18
130. 11-02-32 12-20-76 20 20 16 151. 11-29-28 1-12-76 7 19 18
131. 10-29-34 10-07-72 2 4 8 152. 6-30-39 9-07-76 15 5 22
132. 12-17-32 7-14-76 23 12 10 153. 10-25-51 3-22-76 15 12 6
133. 5-10-48 11-18-76 1 4 25 154. 10-10-49 9-20-76 22 15 9
134. 1-15-23 6-14-76 6 22 7 155. 10-10-49 10-18-76 4 15 4
135. 10-10-42 8-05=76 3 6 12 156. 2-20-43 2-18-76 23 12 7
136. 9-06-50 7-20-76 20 14 12 157. 4-19-51 2-18-76 10 28 30
137. 9-06-50 8-03-76 11 28 26 158. 2-04-37 10-06-76 23 14 3
rn
 APPENDIX II (Continued)

Date of Date of Biorhythm Day Date of Date of Biorhythm Day

Birth Injury Birth Injury P S I

159. 4-22-15 3-30-76 18 27 17 179. 5-18-30 11-11-76 6 12 18

160. 7-18-47 10-07-76 3 7 16 180. 9-20-15 4-22-76 12 13 18
161. 4-08-54 7-23-76 1 23 25 181. 6-13-20 1-16-76 20 6 11
162. 4-17-28 1-30-76 21 11 31 182. 6-13-20 8-02-76 12 9 12
163. 9-02-43 3-05-76 6 2 27 183. 1-19-52 7-06-76 12 4 26
164. 9-11-46 1-21-76 7 1 33 184. 7-19-55 10-04-76 21 21 27
165. 7-01-43 3-23-76 18 27 9 185. 4-22-21 1-14-76 4 27 26
166. 3-26-37 1-27-76 19 19 30 186. 4-30-49 8-03-76 22 18 25
167. 3-26-37 12-21-76 3 12 29 187. 8-05-50 8-23-76 17 24 12
168. 8-23-16 8-16-76 13 13 30 188. 8-05-50 2-10-76 6 25 15
169. 1-01-51 2-19-76 4 25 7 189. 6-27-56 7-28-76 23 1 11
170. 11-28-27 7-28-76 20 24 22 190. 9-20-51 6-03-76 8 8 15
171. 1-30-19 10-05-76 1 13 15 191. 9-20-51 6-14-76 19 19 26
172. 12-05-16 12-17-76 9 4 16 192. 11-18-40 1-20-76 11 17 20
173. 3-06-47 1-13-76 7 13 14 193. 9-22-46 8-12-76 16 26 28
174. 3-06-47 4-02-76 18 9 28 194, 9-22-46 9-16-76 5 5 30
175. 7-18-49 12-08-76 1 10 7 195, 11-29-25 1-27-76 14 10 7
176. 10-23-53 10-15-76 22 22 15 196, 11-29-25 4-28-76 14 18 33
177. 5-12-49 6-23-76 15 21 5 197. 9-21-50 10-07-76 15 22 10
178. 7-06-51 4-09-76 6 1 3 198. 10-04-52 3-30-76 23 11 32 ^4
 APPENDIX II (Continued)

Date of Date of Biorhythm Day Date of Date of Biorhythm Day

Birth Injury P S I Birth Injury P S I

SELF CAUSED 213. 10-4-43 12-08-76 22 24 9

214. 5-11-41 1-15-76 18 12 19
199. 1-06-50 8-05-76 3 21 7 215. 8-25-11 4-09-76 7 1 10
216. 5-06-28 11-01-76 2 16 24
CAUSED BY OTHERS
217. 12-27-51 10-25-76 8 26 28
200. 9-12-43 3-03-76 17 18 15
218. 1-30-19 1-08-76 6 22 8
201. 3-05-27 1-06-76 15 4 20
219. 3-31-47 11-11-76 9 11 28
202. 8-29-31 1-06-76 10 18 32
220. 4-30-49 3-07-76 11 9 8
203. 4-19-46 1-13-76 6 26 5
221. 4-30-49 3-22-76 3 24 23

UNCONTROLLED CIRCUMSTANCES 222. 10-25-51 5-28-76 13 23 7

204. 11-04-44 1-26-76 21 10 21

205. 1-08-15 11-16-76 8 26 22
206. 11-14-15 8-02-76 6 2 2
207. 3-10-39 7-26-76 5 18 25
208. 7-01-50 10-11-76 9 24 30
209. 7-01-50 10-21-76 19 6 7
210. 7-01-50 11-20-76 3 8 4
211. 1-04-54 5-21-76 9 26 23
212. 5-11-53 1-07-76 20 17 27
 49

APPENDIX III

CALCULATING
THEORETICAL NUMBER OF ACCIDENT REPEATERS

C X .4343 = E
D E = F

G Antilog of F

A = Total Number of Employees

B = Total Number of Accidents
C = Average Accidents per Employee = A
D = Log A
E = Sum of C X .4343
F = Sum of D-E
G = Workers with no accidents

F x C 1 nl = Workers with 1,2...n, Accidents

Example

A = 404.8 1.8234 x .4343 = .7919

B = 222 2.6075 .7919 = 1.8156
C = 1.8234 65.40 Antilog
D = 2.6075 65.40 = Workers with no injuries
E = .7919 65.40 x 1.8234 4. 1 = 119.25=1 injury
F = 1.8156 119.25 x 1.8234 + 2= 108.72=2 injuries
G = 65.40
 50

APPENDIX IV

ZIDELL EXPLORATION ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

# Body Part

50 Eyes
41 Wrist, Hand, Finger
30 Back-Muscles, Spine, Spinal Cord
29 Ankle, Foot, Toes
13 Trunk-Shoulders, Abdomen, Chest
12 Knee
12 Head-Face, Neck, Nose, Mouth
10 Hips, Testicles, Groin
7 Leg-Excluding Knee
6 Arm-above wrist
5 Ears
3 Respiratory System
1 Excretory System
1 Multiple Parts
2 Unclassified
222
# Accident Type

56 Flying Object
21 Falling Object
18 Falls
17 In Lifting Objects
15 In Pulling or Pushing Objects
11 Stationary Object
11 Caught In, Under or Between
10 Bodily Reaction
9 Hot Objects or Substances
7 Contact with Foreign Objects
6 By Absorption
4 Contact with Radiation, Caustic, Toxic and
Noxious Substances
4 A Moving and a Stationary Object
4 Moving Object
4 Into Shafts, Excavations, Floor Openings, etc.
3 Struck by (classified)
3 Struck by NEC
3 From Ladders
3 By Inhalation
2 In running of Meshing Objects
2 From Piled Materials
1 Each Struck Against, Rolling Object, From
Vehicles, on Stairs, Rubbed or Abraded,
In welding of Throwing Objects.

222
 APPENDIX V
ZIDELL EXPLORATION, INC. ACCIDENT ANALYSIS

Frequency of Accidents on Biorhythmic Days

Physical Cycle Sensitivity Cycle Intellectual Cycle

Day Self Caused Total Day Self Caused Total Day Self Caus,d Total
1 10 10 1 10 11 1 7 7
2 13 11 2 11 12 2 5 6
3 10 12 3 2 2 3 5 5
4 5 5 4 13 14 4 6 7
5 4 5 5 6 6 5 3 4
6 9 12 6 6 7 6 7 7
7 6 7 7 7 7 7 9 11
8 8 10 8 5 6 8 8 10
9 8 11 9 5 6 9 8 '9
10 6 7 10 4 5 10 7 8
11 4 5 11 5 6 11 9 9
12 5 5 12 8 9 12 9 9
13 5 6 13 9 9 13 7 7
14 8 8 14 5 5 14 6 6
15 12 13 15 4 4 15 6 7
16 5 5 16 4 5 16 11 11
17 5 6 17 8 9 17 5 5
18 12 13 18 7 10 18 6 6
19 11 12 19 8 8 19 3 3
20 16 17 20 7 7 20 5 6
21 11 15 21 8 8 21 6 7
22 9 10 22 8 9 22 8 9
23 14 14 23 4 5 23 4 6
24 9 12 24 1 5
25 10 10 25 5 6
26 5 9 26 6 6
27 13 13 27 3 4
28 8 8 28 8 10
29 4 5
30 6 7
31 3 3
32 5 6
'-: 5
 52
APPENDIX VI

SET I Hits Counted on 24 Hour Critical Day

Caused by Uncontrolled
Self Caused Others Circumstances Total
P 12 0 0 12
S 13 0 1 14
I 10 0 0 10
P+S 1 0 0 1
P+I 1 0 0 1
S+I 0 0 0 0
P+S+I 0 0 0 0
NONE 162 4 18 184

TOTAL 199 4 19 222

SET II Hits Counted on Pre and 24 Hour Critical Days

Caused by Uncontrolled
Self Caused Others Circumstances Total
P 24 0 1 25
S 18 0 1 19
I 21 0 0 21
P+S 5 0 0 5
P+S 2 0 0 2
S+I 3 0 0 3
P+S+I 0 0 0 0
NONE 127 4 17 148

TOTAL 199 4 19 222

SET III Hits Counted on Post and 24 Hour Critical Days

Caused by Uncontrolled
Self Caused Others Circumstances Total

P 24 0 0 24
S 25 0 1 26
I 17 0 0 17
P+S 2 0 2 4
P+I 3 0 0 3
S+I 3 0 0 3
P+S+I 0 0 0 0
NONE 125 4 16 145

TOTAL 199 4 19 222

 53

APPENDIX VI

SET IV Hits Counted on Pre, Post, 24 Hour Critical Days

Self Caused Uncontrolled

Caused by Others Circumstances Total
P 33 0 0 33
S 25 0 1 26
I 25 0 0 25
P+S 10 0 3 13
P+I 9 0 0 9
S+I 6 0 1 7
P+S+I 0 0 0 0
NONE 111 4 14 129

TOTAL 199 4 19 222

P = Physical Cycle
S = Sensitivity Cycle
I = Intellectual Cycle

Level of Significance: Biorthym Cycle

and Critical Period

P S I
SET I .20 .70 .30

SET II .20 .30 .10

SET III .50 .80 .10

SET IV .20 .95 .10

 54

APPENDIX VII

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 55

13. Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Rhythmic Activity in Animal

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 56

26. Hersey, Rex B. "Emotional Factors in Accidents."

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Medicine. National Institute of Mental Health.
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Animal Physiology. New York: Dover Publications,
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 57

40. MacKenzie, Jean. "How Biorhythms Affect Your Life."

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; A Laboratory Investigation
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49. Giannotti, Louis J.; Wyatt, Thomas A.

;

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rhythms to Accidents at two AMC Installationsi" Army
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rhythms-How to Live with your Cycles. Pasadena,
Calif.: Ward Ritchie Press 1975.
 58

54. Sanhein, Jacob M. "Biorhythm Analysis as Applicable to

Safety". National Safety Congress Transactions.
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.

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.

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 59
67. .Human Error-Mutations in Performance. Error
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