July 2, 2015 15:1 WSPC/S0219-8878 IJGMMP-J043 1550079

International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics

Vol. 12, No. 7 (2015) 1550079 (12 pages)

c World Scientific Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S0219887815500796

Transversality versus ellipticity

on pseudo-Riemannian manifolds

Mohammed Abdelmalek
Laboratoire Systèmes Dynamiques et Applications
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

High Preparatory School of Economy, Tlemcen, Algeria

abdelmalekmhd@yahoo.fr

Mohammed Benalili∗
Laboratoire Systèmes Dynamiques et Applications
Faculty of Sciences, Department of Mathematics
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University of Abou-bekr Belkaid, Tlemcen, Algeria

m benalili@mail.univ-tlemcen.dz

Received 6 January 2015

Accepted 13 April 2015
Published 19 May 2015

In this paper, we establish sufficient conditions for transversality of two hypersurfaces

of a given pseudo-Riemannian manifold. These conditions are the ellipticity of some
operators obtained by means of Newton transformations.

Keywords: Newton transformations; ellipticity; transversality.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2010: 53A10, 53C42

1. Introduction
A substantial part of Riemannian geometry or more generally of pseudo-
Riemannian geometry is the submanifold theory in particular the transversality
of submanifolds of a given one (see [5, 6]). These are used in supersymmetry and
in supergravity (see [3, 4]). In [1] Alı́as and Malacarne considered the following
geometric configuration. Let Σn−1 be an (n − 1)-dimensional compact submanifold
contained in an hyperplane Π of Rn+1 and let M n be a smooth compact, connected
and oriented manifold with boundary ∂M n . Suppose that M n is an hypersurface of
Rn+1 with boundary Σn−1 in the sense that there exists ψ : M n → Rn+1 an oriented
hypersurface immersed in Rn+1 such that the restriction of ψ to the boundary ∂M n
is a diffeomorphism onto Σn−1 . These authors established the following relations.

∗ Corresponding author.

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M. Abdelmalek & M. Benalili

Along the boundary ∂M m and for every 1 ≤ r ≤ n − 1, it holds

Tr ν, ν = (−1)r sr a, νr ,
where ν stands for the outward pointing unit conormal vector field along ∂M n and
Tr denotes the classical Newton transformation, a ∈ Rn+1 such that Π = a⊥ and
sr is the rth symmetric function of the principal curvatures of Σn−1 with respect
to ν. In [2] Alı́as, de Lira and Malacarne extended the above study to a more gen-
eral context where the ambient space is an (n + 1)-dimensional connected oriented
n+1
Riemannian manifold M , where they considered the following geometric config-
uration. Let P n ⊂ M n+1 be a fixed oriented connected totally geodesic hypersurface
n+1
in M , and let Σn−1 ⊂ P n be an oriented (n − 1)-dimensional compact embed-
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

ded submanifold. Let M n be an n-dimensional connected oriented manifold with

smooth boundary Σn−1 . These latter authors established the following expression,
which holds along the boundary ∂M n . For every 1 ≤ r ≤ n − 1, it holds
Tr ν, ν = (−1)r sr ξ, νr , (1)
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where Tr stands for the rth classical Newton transformation associated to the shape
operator, ν is the outward pointing unit conormal vector field along ∂M n , ξ is the
n+1
unitary normal vector field of the embedding P n ⊂ M , and sr stands for the
rth elementary symmetric function of the principal curvatures of Σn−1 ⊂ P n with
respect to the outward pointing unitary normal vector field. As a consequence
of formula (1) they deduced that if the Newton transformation Tr is elliptic for
some 1 ≤ r ≤ n − 1 on M n , then the hypersurfaces M n and P n are transver-
sal along their boundary. In this paper, we extend the above mentioned studies
to the pseudo-Riemannian context. The calculations are more complicated and
n+1
require more attention than the Riemannian case. Let (M , ·, ·) be an (n + 1)-
dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold and let M n be a non-degenerate oriented
n+1
hypersurface of M . If eN is a globally unit vector field defining the orientation
of M n , we will denote by A the shape operator (or the Weingarten endomorphism)
with respect to eN . Associated to A there are n algebraic invariants defined by
So = 1,
Sr (p) = σr (κ1 (p), . . . , κn (p)), 1 ≤ r ≤ n,
Sr = 0, r > n + 1,
where σr : R → R is the elementary function in Rn given by
n


σr (x1 , . . . , xn ) = xi1 . . . xir
i1 <···<ir

and κ1 , . . . , κn stand for the principal curvatures of M n . The rth mean curvature
Hr of the hypersurface M n is defined by
 
n
Hr = (−1)r Sr .
r

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Transversality versus ellipticity

Let κ(M n ) be the space of vector fields on the manifold M n . The classical New-
ton transformations associated to the shape operator A are defined inductively by
T0 = I
and for r ≥ 1
Tr = εrN Sr I − ATr−1
or equivalently by
r−1
Tr = εrN Sr I − εN Sr−1 A + · · · + (−1)r−1 εN S1 Ar−1 + (−1)r Ar ,
where I denotes the identity map in κ(M n ) and εN = eN , eN . Observe that the
operator Tr is self-adjoint and commutes with A. The characteristic polynomial of
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

the shape operator A reads in terms of Sr as follows

n


Pn (t) = det(tI − A) = (−1)r Sr tn−r . (2)
r=0
By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem A is a zero of the characteristic polynomial i.e.
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Pn (A) = 0.

2. A Geometric Configuration
n+1
Let (M , , ) be a connected (n + 1)-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian mani-
n+1
fold and let P n ⊂ M be an oriented connected n-dimensional submanifold
n+1
of M . Denote by Σn−1 an oriented (n − 1)-compact hypersurface of P n . Let
n+1 n+1
ψ : Mn → M be an oriented connected and compact submanifold of M with
boundary ∂M n . M n will be called with boundary Σn−1 if the restriction of ψ to
∂M n is a diffeomorphism into Σn−1 . In what follows we will study how is the geom-
etry of M n along its boundary ∂M n with respect to the geometries of the embed-
n+1
dings Σn−1 ⊂ P n and P n ⊂ M . We assume that M n is a hypersurface with
n−1
boundary Σ We start by choosing an orientation to the following configuration.
Let p ∈ Σn−1 and let (e1 , . . . , en−1 ) be an orthonormal basis to the tangent space
Tp Σn−1 . We can choose a globally unit vector field η normal to Σn−1 in P n such that
(e1 , . . . , en−1 , η(p)) is an orthonormal basis to Tp P n . Hence (e1 , . . . , en−1 , η(p), ζ)
n+1
is an orthonormal basis to Tp M , where ζ denotes the unitary outward normal
vector field to P n . Since Σn−1 is the boundary of M n which is supposed oriented so
it induces an orientation on Σn−1 and there is a global unitary normal vector field
ν to Σn−1 such that (e1 , . . . , en−1 , ν(p)) is a orthonormal basis to Tp M n . Let N be
the global unitary normal vector field to M n such that (e1 , . . . , en−1 , ν(p), N ) is an
n+1
orthonormal basis to the tangent space Tp M . Denote by AΣ and AP the shape
n−1 n+1
operators of the embeddings Σ ⊂ P and P n ⊂ M
n
associated to the unit
vector η and ς, respectively. Throughout this paper, for a vector field V , εV will
denote the sign of the pseudo-Riemannian square norm of V . We also put εk = εek
n+1
for all k = 1, . . . , n − 1. If ∇ denotes the covariantderivative on M , then if

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M. Abdelmalek & M. Benalili

follows that
n−1


∇ei ej = εk ∇ei ej , ek ek + εη ∇ei ej , ηη + εζ ∇ei ej , ζζ
k=1
for every 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n − 1, and also
n−1


∇ei ej = εk ∇ei ej , ek ek + εν ∇ei ej , νν + ∇ei ej , N N.
k=1
Consequently
εη ∇ei ej , ηη + εζ ∇ei ej , ζζ = εν ∇ei ej , νν + εN ∇ei ej , N N.
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Since
∇ei ej , N  = −ej , ∇ei N  + ei (ej , N )
and
ej , N  = 0
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we obtain that
∇ei ej , N  = −ej , ∇ei N  = ej , (−∇ei N )
= ej , (−∇ei N )  + ej , (−∇ei N )⊥ 

= ej , (−∇ei N )  = A(ei ), ej ,

n+1
where A denotes the shape operator of the embedding M n ⊂ M with respect
to the normal vector N .
We also have
∇ei ej , η = AΣ (ei ), ej 
and
∇ei ej , ζ = AP (ei ), ej 
so
εN A(ei ), ej N + εν ∇ei ej , νν = εζ AP (ei ), ej ζ + εη AΣ (ei ), ej η
which leads to
εN A(ei ), ej N = εζ AP (ei ), ej ζ + εη AΣ (ei ), ej η − εν ∇ei ej , νν.
Hence
A(ei ), ej  = εζ AP (ei ), ej ζ, N  + εη AΣ (ei ), ej η, N . (3)
If, moreover, we suppose that P n is totally umbilical then there exists a function
λ ∈ C ∞ (P n ) such that AP = λI where I denotes the identity map on the space of
vector fields κ(P n ) on the manifold P n . Choosing a basis (e1 , . . . , en−1 ) to Tp Σn−1
constituted by the eigenvectors of the shape operator AΣ and denoting the corre-
sponding eigenvalues by τi , one obtains that for any i ∈ (1, . . . , n − 1)
AΣ (ei ) = τi ei .

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Transversality versus ellipticity

So by relation (3) we infer that

A(ei ), ej  = (εζ λζ, N  + εη τi η, N )ei , ej 
= (εζ λζ, N  + εη τi η, N )εi δij .
For brevity, we put
γi = (εζ λζ, N  + εη τi η, N )εi . (4)
Then, we get

0 if i = j,
A(ei ), ej  =
γi for i = j.
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

The matrix associated to the shape operator A in the basis (e1 , . . . , en−1 , ν) of
Tp M n is given by
 
γ1 0 ... ... ε1 Av, e1 
 .. 
 γ2 0 ... 
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 0 . 
 . . . . . 
A= .. .. .. .. .. .
 
 
 0 ... ... γn−1 εn−1 Av, en−1 
ε1 Av, e1  . . . . . . εn−1 Av, en−1  εν Av, v
By direct computations as those in [2] we get the expression of the characteristic
polynomial of A.

Lemma 1. The characteristic polynomial of A is given by

n−1


det(tIn − A) = (t − εν Av, v) (−1)i si (γ)tn−1−i
i=0
n−1

n−2


− Av, ei 2 (−1)j sj (γj )tn−2−j , (5)
i=1 j=0

where si (γ) (respectively, si (γj )) are the elementary symmetric functions of

γ1 . . . γn−1 (respectively, of γ1 . . . γj . . . γn−1 ), s0 (γ) = s0 (γj ) = 1 and γj means
that γj does not appear.
Comparing with (5) we infer from (2) that the elementary functions Sr are given
at a point p ∈ ∂M n by
S1 = s1 (γ) + εν Aν, ν (6)
and
n−1


Sr = sr (γ) + εν sr−1 (γ)Aν, ν − sr−2 (γi )Aν, ei 2 (7)
i=1

for any r such that 2 ≤ r ≤ n.

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M. Abdelmalek & M. Benalili

3. Newton Transformations on the Boundary

Let us observe that the expressions in (6) and (7) relate the geometry of the man-
ifold M n along its boundary ∂M n (expressed by Sr ) and the geometries of the
n+1
embeddings Σn−1 ⊂ P n and P n ⊂ M (expressed by sr (γ)). Moreover, we have
the following lemma.
n+1
Lemma 2. Let M be a pseudo-Riemannian and P n an oriented n-dimensional
n+1
submanifold totally geodesic in M and let Σn−1 be an oriented (n − 1)-
n+1
dimensional hypersurface of P n . Let ψ : M n → M be a connected oriented
with boundary Σn−1 = ψ(∂M n ) and let ν be a conormal vector field to M n along
∂M n . Then along ∂M n we have
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T1 ν, ν = εN εν εη ζ, νs1 + (εN − 1)Aν, ν

and for any 2 ≤ r ≤ n − 1
Tr ν, ν = εν εrN εrη sr ζ, νr + εν Aν, ν(εrN εν εr−1
η sr−1 ζ, νr−1 − Tr−1 ν, ν)
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n−1

r


− εν εi Aν, ei 2 (−1)j−2 εj−2
i εj−2
η τi
j−2
ζ, νj−2
i=1 j=2

× (εrN εi εηr−j ζ, νr−j sr−j − Tr−j ν, ν)

with
sr = sr (ε1 τ1 , . . . , εn−1 τn−1 ),
where τ1 , . . . , τn−1 are the principal curvatures of the embedding Σn−1 ⊂ P n .

Proof. For r = 1, we have

T1 ν, ν = (εN S1 I − A)ν, ν
= εN εν S1 − Aν, ν
= εN εν (s1 (γ) + εν Aν, ν) − Aν, ν
= εN εν s1 (γ) + (εN − 1)Aν, ν (8)
and for r = 2, we get
T2 ν, ν = ((εN ) 2 S2 I − AT1 )ν, ν
= εν S2 − AT1 ν, ν = εν S2 − T1 ν, Aν
 n−1



= εν s2 (γ) + εν s1 (γ)Aν, ν − Aν, ei 2
i=1

n−1


− εi Aν, ei T1 ν, ei  − εν Aν, νT1 ν, ν
i=1

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Transversality versus ellipticity

 n−1



2
= εν s2 (γ) + εν s1 (γ)Aν, ν − Aν, ei 
i=1

n−1


− εi Aν, ei T1 ν, ei  − εν Aν, ν[εN εν s1 (γ) + (εN − 1)Aν, ν]
i=1

n−1


= εν s2 (γ) + (1 − εN )s1 (γ)Aν, ν + (εi − εν )Aν, ei 2
i=1

+ εν (1 − εN )Aν, ν2 .
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Then
T2 ν, ν = εν s2 (γ) + (1 − εN )s1 (γ)Aν, ν
n−1


+ (εi − εν )Aν, ei 2 + εν (1 − εN )Aν, ν2 . (9)
i=1
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For r ≥ 3, we obtain
Tr ν, ν = (εrN Sr I − ATr−1 )ν, ν
= εrN εν Sr − Tr−1 ν, Aν (10)
and
 n−1



Tr−1 ν, Aν = Tr−1 ν, εi Aν, ei ei + εν Aν, νν
i=1

n−1


= εi Aν, ei Tr−1 ν, ei  + εν Aν, νTr−1 ν, ν.
i=1

Independently
r−1
Tr−1 ν, ei  = (εN Sr−1 I − ATr−2 )ν, ei  = −Tr−2 ν, Aei 
and letting (e1 , . . . , en−1 ) be a basis consisting of eigenvectors of the shape operator
AΣ , we get
Aei = γi ei + εν Aν, ei ν.
Consequently,
Tr−1 ν, ei  = −εν Aν, ei Tr−2 ν, ν − γi Tr−2 ν, ei 
and by a recursive argument, we get
r


Tr−1 ν, ei  = εν Aν, ei  (−1)j−1 γij−2 Tr−j ν, ν. (11)
j=2

In fact for r = 3, we have

T2 ν, ei  = (ε2N S2 I − AT1 )ν, ei  = −AT1 ν, ei  = −T1 ν, Aei 

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M. Abdelmalek & M. Benalili

and since
Aei = γi ei + εν Aν, ei ν
we infer that
T2 ν, ei  = γi Aν, ei  − εν Aν, ei T1 ν, ν
so the expression (11) is satisfied.
Suppose that
r−1


Tr−2 ν, ei  = εν Aν, ei  (−1)j−1 γij−2 Tr−1−j ν, ν
j=2
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so
r−1
Tr−1 ν, ei  = εN Sr−1 I − ATr−2 )ν, ei 
= −Tr−2 ν, Aei  = −Tr−2 ν, γi ei + εν Aν, ei ν
= −εν Aν, ei Tr−2 ν, ν − γi Tr−2 ν, ei 
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r−1


= −γi εν Aν, ei  (−1)j−1 γij−2 Tr−1−j ν, ν − εν Aν, ei Tr−2 ν, ν
j=2
r−1


= εν Aν, ei  (−1)j γij−1 Tr−1−j ν, ν − εν Aν, ei Tr−2 ν, ν.
j=2

By letting l = j + 1, we get
r


Tr−1 ν, ei  = εν Aν, ei  (−1)l−1 γil−2 Tr−l ν, ν − εν Aν, ei Tr−2 ν, ν
l=3
r


= εν Aν, ei  (−1)l−1 γil−2 Tr−l ν, ν.
l=2

And taking into account relations (7), (10) and (11) we deduce that


Tr ν, ν = εν εrN Sr − Aν, νTr−1 ν, ν


n−1

r


− εi Aν, ei 2 (−1)j−1 γij−2 Tr−j ν, ν
i=1 j=2
 n−1



= εν εrN sr (γ) + εν sr−1 (γ)Aν, ν − sr−2 (γi )Aν, ei  2

i=1

n−1

r


− εν Aν, νTr−1 ν, ν − εν εi Aν, ei 2 (−1)j−1 γij−2 Tr−j ν, ν
i=1 j=2

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Transversality versus ellipticity

= εν εrN sr (γ) + εν Aν, ν{εrN εν sr−1 (γ) − Tr−1 ν, ν}

 
n−1

r


− εν εi Aν, ei 2 εrN εi sr−2 (γi ) + (−1)j−1 γij−2 Tr−j ν, ν.
i=1 j=2

As it is easily seen that

r−2


γı̂ ) =
sr−2 ( (−1)j sr−2−j (γ)(γi )j
j=0
r


= (−1)j−2 sr−j (γ)(γi )j−2
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

j=2

we infer that
Tr ν, ν = εν εrN sr (γ) + εν Aν, ν{εrN εν sr−1 (γ) − Tr−1 ν, ν}

n−1

r


εi Aν, ei 2 εrN εi (−1)j−2 sr−j (γ)(γi )j−2
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− εν
i=1 j=2

r


+ (−1)j−1 γij−2 Tr−j ν, ν
j=2

= εν εrN sr (γ) + εν Aν, ν{εrN εν sr−1 (γ) − Tr−1 ν, ν}

n−1

r


− εν εi Aν, ei 2 (−1)j−2 γij−2 {εrN εi sr−j (γ) − Tr−j ν, ν. (12)
i=1 j=2

If, moreover, we assume that the embedding P n ⊂ M n+1

is totally geodesic, that
means that λ = 0 in relation (4), we obtain
γi = εi εη τi η, N  (13)
and
sr (γ) = εrη η, N r sr , (14)
where sr = sr (ε1 τ1 , . . . , εn−1 τn−1 ).
By gluing the relations (13) and (14) in the relations (8), (9) and (12), respec-
tively, we obtain
T1 ν, ν = εN εν εη η, N s1 + (εN − 1)Aν, ν (15)
and
T2 ν, ν = εν η, N 2 s2 + (1 − εN )εη η, N s1 Aν, ν
n−1


+ (εi − εν )Aν, ei 2 + εν (1 − εN )Aν, ν2 . (16)
i=1

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M. Abdelmalek & M. Benalili

Finally
Tr ν, ν = εν εrN εrη η, N r sr + εν Aν, ν(εrN εν εr−1
η η, N r−1 sr−1 − Tr−1 ν, ν)
n−1

r


− εν εi Aν, ei 2 (−1)j−2 εj−2
i εj−2
η τi
j−2
η, N −2
i=1 j=2

× (εN εi εηr−j η, N r−j sr−j − Tr−j ν, ν).

As in [1] it is easy to see that η, N  = ζ, ν and therefore we deduce that
T1 ν, ν = εN εν εη ζ, νs1 + (εN − 1)Aν, ν (17)
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

and
T2 ν, ν = ζ, ν2 s2 + (1 − εN )ζ, νs1 Aν, ν
n−1


+ (εi − εν )Aν, ei 2 + εν (1 − εN )Aν, ν2 . (18)
i=1
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Finally for r ≥ 3
Tr ν, ν = εν εrN εrη sr ζ, νr + εν Aν, ν(εrN εν εr−1
η sr−1 ζ, νr−1 − Tr−1 ν, ν)
n−1

r


− εν εi Aν, ei 2 (−1)j−2 εj−2
i εj−2
η τi
j−2
ζ, νj−2
i=1 j=2

× (εrN εi εηr−j ζ, νr−j sr−j − Tr−j ν, ν) (19)

which completes the proof of Lemma 2.
n+1
Corollary 3. If M is a Riemannian manifold then under the assumptions of
Lemma 2, we have
Tr ν, ν = sr ζ, νr
for any integer 1 ≤ r ≤ n − 1.

Theorem 4. Under the conditions of Lemma 2 the hypersurfaces M n and P n of

n+1
the pseudo-Riemannian manifold M are transversal provided that one of the
following operators is positively defined
T1 + (1 − εN )A
or
n−1


T2 − εν (1 − εN )Aν, νT1 + (εν − εi )Aν, ei 2 I,
i=1

where I stands for the identity map,

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Transversality versus ellipticity

or
n−1


Tr + εν Aν, νTr−1 − εν εi Aν, ei 2 Tr−2
i=1

for some r ≥ 3.
n+1
Proof. Saying that the submanifolds M n and P n are not transversal in M
n+1
means that there exists a point p ∈ M such that ζ, ν(p) = 0 and the expres-
sions of the relations (17) and (18) reduce respectively to
T1 ν, ν(p) = (εN − 1)Aν, ν(p)
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and
n−1


T2 ν, ν(p) = εν (1 − εN )Aν, ν2 (p) + (εi − εν )Aν, ei 2 (p).
i=1

While the relation (19) reads

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Tr ν, ν(p) = −εν Aν, ν(p)Tr−1 ν, ν(p)

n−1


+ εν εi Aν, ei 2 (p)Tr−2 ν, ν(p).
i=1
n+1
Corollary 5. Suppose that M is a Lorenzian manifold and let P n and M n be
n+1
two space like hypersurfaces of M . Then under the assumptions of Lemma 2,
P n and M n are transversal if the operator T1 + 2A in case r = 1, or T2 − 2Aν, ν2 I
n−1
in case r = 2, or Tr + Aν, νTr−1 − i=1 Aν, ei 2 Tr−2 , for some 3 ≤ r ≤ n − 1,
is positively defined.
n+1
Proof. Suppose that the manifold M is Lorentzian i.e. εν = εη = εi = 1 and
εN = −1. In this case, the relation (19) reads
Tr ν, ν = (−1)r ζ, νr sr + Aν, ν((−1)r sr−1 ζ, νr−1 − Tr−1 ν, ν)
n−1

r


− Aν, ei 2 (−1)j−2 τij−2 ζ, νj−2
i=1 j=2
r r−j
× ((−1) ζ, ν sr−j − Tr−j ν, ν). (20)
n+1
Saying that the submanifolds M n and P n are not transversal in M means
n+1
that there is a point p ∈ M such that ζ, ν(p) = 0 and the relation (20) becomes
for r ≥ 3
n−1


2
Tr ν, ν(p) = −Aν, ν(p)Tr−1 ν, ν(p) + Aν, ei  (p) Tr−2 ν, ν(p)
i=1

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M. Abdelmalek & M. Benalili

or equivalently
 n−1



2
Tr + Aν, νTr−1 − Aν, ei  Tr−2 ν, ν (p) = 0.
i=1

The same is also true for the cases r = 1 and r = 2.

References
[1] L. J. Alı́as and J. M. Malacarne, Constant scalar curvature hypersurfaces with spher-
ical boundary in Euclidean space, Rev. Mat. Iberoamericana 18(2) (2002) 431–442.
[2] L. J. Alı́as, J. H. S. de Lira and J. M. Malacarne, Constant higher-order mean curvature
Int. J. Geom. Methods Mod. Phys. 2015.12. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

hypersurfaces in Riemannian spaces, J. Inst. Math. Jussieu 5(4) (2006) 527–562.

[3] J. Erlich, A. Nakvi and L. Randall, The Coulomb branch of N = 2 supersymmetric
product group theories from branes, Phys. Rev. D 58 (1998) 0450042.
[4] S. Hyun, Y. Kiem and H. Shin, Infinite Lorentz boost along the M-theory circle and
nonasymptotically flat solutions in supergravities, Phys. Rev. D 57 (1998) 4856.
[5] V. Magnani, J. T. Tyson and D. Vittone, On traversal manifolds and their measure,
by WSPC on 12/08/15. For personal use only.

preprint (2012), arXiv: 1211.6607v1.

[6] G. H. Yang, S. X. Feng, G. J. Ni and Y. S. Duan, Relations of two transversal sub-
manifolds and global manifold, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 16(2) (2001) 3535–3551.

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