THE HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Serving as the activator of the body system, the nervous system, thru the brain and all the
nerve tissues, receives, evaluates, integrates, and stores any stimulus brought to the body from
the environment, and at the same rate, the system sends out messages to the various part and
organs for a specific response.
A stimulus is given by way of pricking a needle into the finger. The brain, serving as the
highest headquarter for the system, is now activated and thus awakened. As pricking start with
the finger, such stimulus is immediately received by the ‘receptor’. These receptors are the
SENSES, which convert energy to receive and transmit from
1. Sight (visual)
2. Hearing (auditory)
3. Smell (Olfactory organs, including nose)
4. Taste (Gustatory organs, involving tongue)
5. Touch (Tactile, through skin and muscle)
6. E.S.P or Extra-Sensory Perception, or the 6th sense (through mind and memory)
7. Kinesthesis (a very important sense which gives information about the movements of the
parts of the body with respect to one another)
8. Equilibrium Sense (which informs other parts of the body movements of the body head is
space)

Neuron is just a single nerve cell which has all the characteristics of all living cells in general
and in addition is specialized for excitability and conductivity.

Two Divisions of Neurons:

a. Long – Conducting Neurons – that make up the peripheral nerves and long pathways of the
Central Nervous System and which have long single axon or with dendrites that are usually the
sensory and motor fibers;
b. Interior Neurons – which have a number of short dendrites and axons, with the latter often
giving off branches called “COLLATERAL” in order to provide many connectors and
alternative pathways

SYNAPSES mean the association with or without direct contact between the end – brushes of
one neuron and the dendrites of another. All synapses of the somatic component are located
outside the Central Nervous System.

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

As the name itself implies the Circulatory system is responsible for the movement of the
blood in the veins and arteries throughout the body.
Giving life to system is the HEART. It is hollow muscle located inside the chest cavity
that pumps blood into those arteries by contracting – and relaxing process. It has four chambers
or hollow bags. The upper two chamber of which are the “Auricles’ and the lower are the
“Ventricles”. The Auricles receive blood being returned to the heart by the veins, while the
Ventricles receive blood from the Auricles and pump it out into the arteries.
(Average) Pulse Rates per Minute
144 – 133 beat per minute - at the end of fetal life;
140 – 123 beat per minute - at birth and up to 1 year old;
96 – 76 beat per minute - from 10 to 15 years old;
73 – 69 beat per minute - from 20 to 25 years old;

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system is responsible for the taking of air into the lungs and also
expelling carbon dioxide here from the rest of our body. This system, like the Nervous and
Circulatory, is equally important to the lie detection.

It consists of the following major parts:

a. The respiratory tract, which comprises the nose and mouth, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, and
lungs;
b. The bony cage, which includes the thoracic vertebrate, the ribs, and the breast boneor the
sterum

Average breathing pattern

The newborns = 50 to 70 cycles per minute

Children (1 to 5 years old) = 20 to 30 cycles per minute
Adult (w/o age consideration) = 15 to 20 cycles per minute

THE SKIN (OR THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM)

The skin is defined as the external covering of the body consisting essentially of the body
epidermis, dermis, and the corium. The anatomical compositions of the epidermis have four
layers of stratified epithelium, while the corium is composed of connective tissue containing
lymphatic nerves and nerve ending, blood vessel, sebaceous and sweat glands and elastic fibers.

The skin has the following basic functions:

a. Protection against injuries and parasitic invasion;
b. Regulation of body temperature; and
c. An aid in the elimination of bodily waste products

Galvanic-skin-reflex (GSR) test record charges in subject’s increase or decrease resistance to a

constant electrical current generated through the Amplifier, recording Galvanometer and
Rectifier of the polygraph. Since recording of this response comes from the stimuli causing a
change in sweat glands activity, the theory behind it is that applies the fingers, hands and palms,
forehead, armpits, anus area and the bottom of the feet as target areas. Sweat varies according to
different circumstances – such as muscular exercises, nausea, pain, mental excitement,
nervousness, dyspnea (a sort of difficult or painful breathing), asthma, other diseases, including
certain drug which somehow affects sweating activity. Temperature and humidity affect the
sweat glands. Cold environment decreases sweating, enhances urination and dehydration.