THE HUMAN BODY

SYSTEM
(Nervous System)
Presented by:
Tribunalo, Noel P.
Lapitahe, Lionel C.
THE BRAIN
1. The Nervous System

Serving as the activator of body system, the nervous system, thru the brain
and the nerve tissues, receives, evaluates, integrates and stores any
stimulus brought to the body from the environment and at the same rate,
the system send out messages to the various part of the organ for a specific

response.
A stimulus is given by way of pricking a needle into the finger. The
brain, serving as the highest headquarter for the system, is now
activated and thus awakened. As pricking start with the finger, such
stimulus is immediately received by the ‘receptor’. These receptors
are the SENSES, which convert energy to receive and transmit from…
a. Sight (EYES)
b. Hearing ( EARS)
c. Smell (Olfactory Organs, including nose)
d. Taste (Gustatory organs, involving tongue)
e. Touch (Through skin and muscles)
f. E.S.P. or Extra- Sensory perception, or the 6th sense (through mind and memory).
g. Kinenthesis (A very important sense which gives information about the movements of the
parts of the body with respect to one another).
h. Equilibrium Sense (which informs other parts of the body movements of the body head is
space).
• With our examples above ,the pricking is then passed from the
receptors to the so –called “Effectors”
• Two Division of Neurons:

A: Long-conducting Neurons that make up the peripheral nerves and

the long pathways of the central Nervous System and which have long single
axon or with dendrites that are usually the sensory and motor fibers),

B. Interior Neurons which have a number of short dendrites and axons

with the latter often giving off branches called 'COLLATERAL' in order to
provide many connectors and alternative pathways to other neurons
As pricking is now passed as an impulse to the neurons and Inter
Neurons, the inter-neurons can do four (4) things likewise to relay
these impulses to many parts of the blood.

1. they enable impulse from a single receptor to reach many muscle

2. they permit same muscle to used in different reflexes;

3. they permit stimulus of short duration to produce a long - lasting

responses; and

4. they cause impulses to be long - circuited to the brain.

And as the pricking impulse has just reached the brain this time, from
there are analyzed, diagnosed, assessed and stored, and finally the brain
urgently sends out messages that said impulses are painful, via the
connectors once again. This times the muscles and skin tissues where
actual pricking took place given out of the tissues. "Synapses" also
occurred. At least the whole body feels the pricking pain and another
emotion will transpire or flight (to withdraw the finger from the needle).

NOTE:
• SYNAPSES mean the association with or without direct contact between
the end- brushes of one neuron and the dendrites of another. All the
synapses of the somatic component are located outside the Central Nervous
System.
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
(the heart)
2.THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 As the name itself implies the Circulatory system is responsible for
the movement of the blood in the veins and arteries throughout the
body.

 4 CHAMBER OF HEART
 As the process keeps going on and on, blood pressure is exerted on the walls of
the arteries. This pressure is dependent upon the energy of the heart action, the
elasticity of the walls of the arteries, the resistance of the arterioles and the blood
volume.

We know very well that what activities increased heartbeats are the impulse
coming from the hypothalamus and other brain tissue which incite the adrenal
glands (on the upper part of the kidneys) to secrete ADRENALINE to the blood
vessels Adrenaline or Epinephrine is a type of hormone used to raise blood
pressure and stop bleeding. Not only would the adrenal gland be affected by those
impulses but also the SPLEEN and the LIVER. The Spleen pours out more
oxygen via the blood cells further causing the blood volume to increase, the heart
to rapid beating and blood pressure to rise. As this goes on, physiological changes
such as the increase respiration and profuse sweating simultaneously occur
 The pulse rate remains relatively constant from 25 to 60 years
old, then increase as we grow in age, of course with the expectation of
those who are suffering from the heart defects circulatory and cardiac
diseases Normally, in females the beat may be approximately 8 -beats
per minute faster that in males of the same age Medical science attest
that this difference is due to the body height the pulse rate in inverse
proportion that is the shorter the individual the faster the beating per
minute will be Take notes that exercise the rate at an average of 32-
beats per minute. So do with all those heavy exerting muscular efforts
and manual works. And relax leading to normal body conditions.
 To have a comprehensive understanding of pulse rates per
minute it necessary to include herein the table for further reference,
chart reading and interpretation, thus,
(Average) PULSE RATES PER MINUTE

144-133 bents per minute………… at the end of fetal life.

140-123 beats per minute………… at birth and up to 1-yea: old,
96-76 beats per minute……….from 10-15 years old
73-69 beats per minute……… from 10-15 years old from 20-25 years old

 Any Increase in pulse physical and cardiac conditions rates min-

after age of 25, defends on the person’s physical and cardiac
conditions.
 In the case of polygraph tests, tracing in the Cardio - Sphygmograph
disclose an upsweep of tracing pen movement following the contraction
of the heart. This is the Systolic The down seep tracing disclose the
relaxation of the heart. Which is considered as diastolic? The
DIACROTIC NOTCH tracing procedure by the blood rebounding in the
part which suddenly checked its flow back by the Semi- lunar Valves.
The SEMI-LUNAR VALVES are defined as those present shape valves
one at the junction of the right Ventricle and Pulmonary Artery (called
pulmonary valve) which functions is to prevent blood from flowing back
into ventricles.
 THANK YOU
AND GOD BLESS
Instructor: Dr. Veronica Calang