ABSTRACT

For millennia, paper had been part of our everyday lives. From writing important

literatures to laws and constitutions of a country. But since the invention of paper, large

amount of trees had been cut down. And animal manure is also one of the primary

contributor of methane production. This study to solve this problem by finding alternative

ways of making paper through the use of animal manure (especially cow and goat). The

study was conducted at Benigno V. Aldana National High School during the months of

September and October 2022.

The experiments were conducted by preparing set-ups cow and goat manure.

The manures were soaked to a bleach solution three times, so that the particles and

molecules found in the manures separates into the fibers. After that the lignin that was

collected were then further cleaned using sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite.

The lignin were then boiled for about half an hour to make sure that foreign bodies in

the lignin will be killed. And lastly the boiled lignin were put on to a paper molder and

they were left to dry for 12 hours.

It was concluded that cow manure is more suitable alternative than goat manure,

due to large amount of lignin collected. The bleach solution can also be an alternative to

separate lignin from other particles in the manure. Mass production and

commercialization should be implemented to determine the feasibility of the product in

large–scale production and to reduce the problems of deforestation and climate change.
 Chapter I

Introduction

Paper had been part of the human history since the rise of the first civilization.

But as the many years had gone by, we saw the use of a humongous amount of paper

to document everything in our history. This of course results in us cutting more trees to

create more paper. Moreover, for the past 100 years, 3.9 billion trees have been

removed. Furthermore, livestock emissions accounted for nearly 32% of human-caused

methane emissions, the majority of which came from manure and gastro enteric

releases. This research paper’s primary goal is to determine the efficacy of different

manures as alternative to wood/plant-based paper. Its specific goal is to find what are

the components found in different animal manure that can be effectively used as paper,

it a good economical or commercial substitute for standard wood/plant-based fiber

paper products that is now commonly used and to found out if either of the manure can

be effectively uses in terms of texture, color, and smell.

This research paper wants to answer the null hypotheses, like, does the different

animal dung have no usable fibers that are commonly used in paper product? Does

making paper from animal dung be too expensive when processing and cannot

compete with other manufacturing companies? And lastly, is the paper doesn’t show

any significant change in terms of texture, color, and smell? It also wants to answer the

alternative hypotheses. First, does the different animal dung have usable fibers that are

commonly used in paper products? Does making paper from animal dung be very
cheap and it can compare to the other papers from big companies? And lastly, is there

a significant change in texture, color, and smell?

The significance of this research is that it can make paper affordable, it can

reduce the production of methane and carbon, and it can increase the employment rate

and the economy of our country. The study was conducted at Benigno V. Aldana

National High School at Cablong, Pozorrubio, Pangasinan during the period of October

to November, 2022 to determine the feasibility of the animal manure as alternative to

paper.
 Chapter II

Materials and Methods

The materials that were used are manure (specifically cow and goat), water,

sodium hydroxide (also known as lye/caustic soda), sodium hypochlorite, pail, chlorine,

bleach, paper molder and cloth filter.

First, the manure is treated with a sodium hydroxide solution by the researchers.

This removes the lignin that’s in the manure, which can be utilized as a fertilizer or fuel

in future, as well as other contaminants like proteins and other dead cells. The material

must be bleached with sodium hypochlorite to completely remove the lignin and to

generate white pulp for producing paper. In contrast to traditional procedures, the pure

cellulose requires little to no grinding to break it down into nanofibers in preparation for

usage in paper. After this the lignin was then further boiled for around an hour so that

the remaining bacterias are killed. Lastly, the lignin was put in a recycled paper molder

made from unused wooden planks and metal sifters. And was left to be wind-dry for at

least 12 hours.

Formula for finding the percentage of a liquid solution:

amt . of liquid (ml)

%vol= ×100
amt . of H 2 0( L)

Where:

%vol= total percentage of liquid solution

amt. of liquid= the amount of desired liquid to be added in the water(in

millilitres/mililiters).

amt. of H2O= the amount of water(in litres/liters).

Table 1.

Treatments Amount of Amount of Amount of Amount of

cow manure water (L) sodium sodium
(kg) hydroxide hypochlorite
(mL) (mL)
Treatment 0 Commercial Paper
Treatment 1 1 kg 50 L 30 mL 20 mL
Treatment 2 1 kg 50 L 50 mL 25 mL
Treatment 3 1 kg 50 L 70 mL 30 mL

Table 2

Treatments Amount of Amount of Amount of Amount of

goat manure water sodium sodium
(kg) hydroxide hypochlorite
(mL) (mL)
Treatment 0 Commercial Paper
Treatment 1 1 kg 50 L 30 mL 20 mL
Treatment 2 1 kg 50 L 50 mL 25 mL
Treatment 3 1 kg 50 L 70 mL 30 mL

Table 3
 Treatments Amount of Water(L) Amount of Total percent of
Bleach(mL) the Bleach
solution (%vol)
Treatment 1 50 L 25 mL 50%
Treatment 2 50 L 35 mL 70%
Treatment 3 50 L 40 mL 80%

Table 4.

Treatments Amount of cow Amount of Amount of

manure (kg) water(L) Bleach Solution
(%)
Treatment 0 Commercial Paper
Treatment 1 1 kg 50 L 50%
Treatment 2 1 kg 50 L 70%
Treatment 3 1 kg 50 L 80%

Chapter III
 Results and Discussion

A. Color

Table 1.

%vol of Bleach Solution Amount of water Amount of manure

50% 50 L 1 kg

70% 50 L 1 kg

80% 50 L 1 kg

The researchers found out that there is a little or small significance in color when

the percentage of the Bleach solutions. The researchers used 1kg: 50%, 1kg: 70% and

1kg: 80% bleach solution to water ratio on the first, second and third samples of the

cow manure respectively. The first sample turned no color change, while the second

and the third sample have shown a small significant change in color. The color from the

second and third samples were cardboard-like colors

B. Texture

Treatments Materials Used in Texture

Pressing

Treatment 1 Hollow Blocks Rough

Treatment 2 Log Rough

Treatment 3 Hollow blocks and logs Rough

 The texture of the papers that were manually pressed for a period of 12 hours

were no change in the texture.

C. Smell

Paper Sample Scent/Smell

Paper Sample #1 No smell

Paper Sample #2 No smell

Paper Sample #3 No smell

Conclusions

The smell of the paper samples from the manure were found out that there were

no foul/awful smell.

The following conclusions were drawn from data gathered, analysed, and interpreted.

1. The paper made from cow were much more acceptable in terms of color, texture, and

smell in comparison to the paper that was made from goat.

2. The manure from cow had more lignin than the manure from goat.

3. The bleach solution had a some effects in whitening the lignin.

4. The best treatments in terms of color were the Treatment 3. While the best

treatments in terms of smell were all of them. But there are no changes in the texture of

the paper.
Recommendations

After the findings and conclusions in this Research Paper were drawn out, this

recommendations should be considered:

1. Comparison to a commercial product should also be researched to attain a better

results or assessment of the product.

2. Using of a binding agent to make the paper more durable and compact.

3. Using of chemicals like sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorine to

further separate the lignin from the manure and to whiten it.

4. Using of cow manure as an alternative to other manures like elephant.

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Suwanee Gonzales ,Richie B. Solomon., “The Feasibility of Horse (equus ferus

caballus) Manure as an Alternative Source of Paper”. Unpublished Student’s Paper.

Don Carlos A. Gothong Memorial National High School. Cebu City. 2013

Rysha Mae D. Naoe, Lyka Jasmine B. Guieb, Ma. Suzanne C. Alvarado., “Production of

Spicy Pastillas Using Green Pepper (capsicum annuum)”. Unpublished Student’s

Paper. Benigno V. Aldana National High School. Pozorrubio, Pangasinan. 2020