2021 – 2022

TO IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS PRESENT IN AN ORGANIC

COMPOUND

CHEMISTRY INVESTIATORY PROJECT

Submitted by: RaghavMK

Regd. No:

To the faculty of Chemistry

In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the project work of

GRADE XII

BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY

SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

(CBSE)

BATCH: 2021- 2022

CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

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 2021-2022

SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

Affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi

Devarayampalayam, By Pass Road, Avinashi, Tirupur – 641654

Phone: +914296291744, 7708007968

Email:info@nachammal.com

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2021-2022

043-CHEMISTRY

NAME : RAGHAV MK

CLASS : XII - B

REGISTER NO :

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 2021-2022

SRI NACHAMMAL VIDYAVANI SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

CHEMISTRY Investigatory Project

2021-2022

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certificate to be the bonafide work done by

M.K.Raghav

Of class XII in Sri Nachammal Vidyavani Senior Secondary School, Chemistry department
during the academic year 2021-2022.

DATE: TEACHER INCHARGE

Submitted for the practical examination held on ……………. at Sri Nachammal Vidyavani
Senior Secondary School, Devarampalayam, Avinashi.

NAME OF CANDIDATE M.K. RAGHAV

REGISTER NO

CENTRE CODE

EXTERNAL EXAMINER SCHOOL SEAL PRINCIPAL

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 CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

01 AIM OF THE PROJECT 06

02 INTRODUCTION 06

03 MATERIALS REQUIRED 06

04 PROCEDURE 07

05 PRECAUTIONS 12

06 OBSERVATIONS 13

07 CONCLUSION 13

08 BIBILIOGRAPHY 13

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 2021-2022

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Showing gratitude is one of the simplest yet most powerful things human can do for each
other”.

First and foremost, I would like to thank God Almighty for giving me the strength,
knowledge, ability and opportunity to undertake this research study and to persevere and
complete it satisfactorily.

I respect and thank our Correspondent, for providing me an opportunity to do the project
work in Sri Nachammal Vidyavani Senior Secondary School and giving us all support and
guidance made me to complete the project duly.

I owe my deep gratitude to our Principal Ms. V. Sharmila Sunitha M.Sc., M.Ed., who
took keen interest in my project work and guided us all along till the completion of my project.

I am thankful and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance
from my CHEMISTRY Teacher who helped me in completing my project successfully.

I would like to thank my Parents and Friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
and helped me in completing the project.

Finally I would like to thank CBSE for giving me this opportunity to undertake this project.

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AIM:

To identify the functional groups present in an organic compound (P-650 Tablet).

INRODUCTION:

Molecules of organic compounds except that of hydrocarbons can be divided into two parts,
a reactive part which is referred to as functional group and a skeleton of carbon atoms called
alkyl group. The properties of a compound are largely determined by the functional group.
Different compounds having same functional group have similar properties and are classified as
family of compounds. Compounds having different functional groups have different properties
and belong to different families of compounds.
Some of the common functional groups present in organic compounds are:
• Carboxylic acid (-COOH)
• Aldehyde (-CHO)
• Ketone (-C=O)
• Alcohol (-OH)
• Phenolic group(C6H5OH)
• Amino group(-NH2)
Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. The other
organic compounds are derived from hydrocarbons by replacement of one or more hydrogen
atoms by other atoms or group of atoms (functional group) such as —OH, —CHO, —COOH,
—Cl, etc. The hydrocarbons are classified into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
These hydrocarbons contain single bonds only between C—C and between C—H. These are
saturated hydrocarbons because the four valencies of all carbon atoms are satisfied with single
bonds. Because of the low reactivity, they are also called paraffins. Since carbon atoms can
form long chains—straight as well as branched and rings, they are divided into two types:
• Alkanes
• Cycloalkanes.
Some of the members of alkanes are:
CH3(Methane) , CH3CH2CH3(Propane).

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. To Test Presence Of Unsaturation:
Test tube, Test tube holder, Burner, Bromine Water, Ethyl alcohol, aqueous KMnO 4 , Blue
litmus paper

2. To Test The Presence Of Alcoholic Group:

Ceric ammonium nitrate, sodium metal, CS2, KOH, CH3COOH, conc.H2SO4, etc.

3. To Test The Presence Of Phenolic Group:

Blue litmus paper,FeCl3 solution, phthalic anhydride, conc.H2SO4, dil.NaOH solution.
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4. To Test The Presence Of Aldehydic And Ketonic Group:
Schiff’s reagent, Fehling’s solution, alcohol, silver nitrate solution, dil.NH 4OH, NaHSO3, iodine
solution, NaOH, 2,4-DNP.

5. To Test The Presence Of Carboxylic Group:

Blue Litmus Paper, Alcohol, NaHCO3 solution

6. To Test The Presence Of Amino Group:

Dil. HCl, NaNO2 solution, -naphthol, Dil. NaOH, Ice.

1. TO TEST PRESENCE OF UNSATURATION:

THEORY:

The compounds containing double bond decolourise bromine water. Alcohol liberates H 2 gas
with sodium metal. Aldehydes, ketones form orange precipitate with 2,4-Dinitro phenyl
hydrazine. They also form white precipitate with NaHSO 3 . Carboxylic acid shows brisk
effervescence due to CO2 when treated with NaHCO3. Amino group can be tested by
carbylamines reactions.

PROCEDURE:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Take 2 ml of aqueous or Bromine water gets Unsaturation is
alcoholic solution of organic decolourised.. present.
1
compound in test tube and add
bromine water drop by drop.
Take a small amount of organic Colour of KMno4 is Unsaturation is
compound in a test tube and discharged. confirmed.
2 add dilute aqueous KMnO4
solution drop by drop. Add few
drops of KOH.

2. TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOLIC GROUP:

THEORY:

Alcoholic compounds give pink red or wine red color with ceric ammonium nitrate. They
liberate H2 gas with sodium metal. They form Xanthate with CS2.

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PROCEDURE:
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
To the given liquid (organic Wine red coloration. Alcoholic group is
1 compound (P-650 Tablet) add present.
few drops of Ceric ammonium
nitrate solution.
Add a pellet of KOH to 1 ml of Yellow precipitate is Alcoholic group is
liquid organic compound (P- formed. confirmed.
2 650 Tablet) and warm it to
dissolve KOH. Cool it and add
few drops of CS2 and shake.
Add sodium metal to the given H2 gas is not evolved. Alcoholic group is
3 organic compound (P-650 absent.
Tablet).
Add acetic acid to the given Pleasant fruity Alcoholic group is
organic compound (P-650 smelling ester is confirmed.
4
Tablet). Add few drops of formed.
conc.H2SO4. Warm a little.

3. TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF PHENOLIC GROUP:

THEORY:

Phenols are acidic is nature. They are soluble in NaOH solution and give characteristics colour
with FeCl3 due to formation of complex. Phenol when condensed with phthalic anhydride in the
presence of conc. H2SO4 it gives phenolphthalein which turns NaOH pink.

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PROCEDURE:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Put a pinch of solid compound on a The colour changes to The given compound
1
piece of moist blue litmus paper. red. is phenol.
Take 0.2 g of organic compound and The solution becomes Phenolic group is
add equal amount of phthalic pink. confirmed.
anhydride. Add few drops of
2
conc.H2SO4. Heat it for 1 minute and
pour the contents in beaker
containing 50 ml of NaOH solution.
Take 2-3 crystals of sodium nitrate in A deep blue or deep Phenolic group is
a clean dry test tube and add 1 g of green colour on confirmed.
given organic compound heat very dilution changes to
3 gently and allow it to cool. Add 1 ml red and again to blue
of conc.H2SO4. Shake the contents. or green in basic
Add water and then add NaOH medium.
solution.

4. TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF ALDEHYDIC AND KETONIC GROUP:

THEORY:

i) Both aldehydes and ketones contain (C double O) group and give orange ppt, with 2,4-
dinitrophenyl hydrazine.

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ii) Aliphatic aldehydes and ketone give white precipitate due to their bisulphate compound with
sodium bisulphate.

iii) Aldehydes give silver mirror with Tollen’s reagent. They give pink colour with Schiff’s
reagent. They also give brick red ppt with Fehling’s solution. Ketones do not give these tests.

PROCEDURE:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

Take 1 ml of aqeous or alcoholic Yellowish orange ppt. Aldehyde or ketone
solution of a pinch of compound and group may be
1 add 1 ml of alcoholic solution of present.
2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Boil
the mixture and cool.
To the given organic compound add Yellow ppt. Aldehydes or Ketone
2 iodine solution and aqueous NaOH group is present.
solution.
To the given compound add No Shinny silver Aldehydes group is
3 Tollen’s reagent (Ammonical silver mirror is formed. absent.
nitrate solution)
To the given solution add 1 ml of No Brick red ppt. Aldehyde group
4 each Fehling’s solution and B. Boil absent.
the solution for two minutes.

5. TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF CARBOXYLIC GROUP:

THEORY:

Carboxylic acid turns blue litmus red and react with NaHCO 3 to give CO2 gas causing
effervescence.

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PROCEDURE

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

To the drop of liquid compound or a It changes red. Carboxylic acid
solution of given compound, add group may be
1
blue litmus paper or blue litmus present.
solution.
Ester formation test: To the given Pleasant fruity -COOH group
organic compound, add solution smelling confirmed.
2
ethyl alcohol and few drops of compound(ester) is
conc.H2SO4. formed.

6. TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF AMINO GROUP:

THEORY:

• Organic compounds containing amino group are basic in nature and dissolve in acids to
form salt.
• The primary aromatic amines like aniline give azo dye test on treatment with (NaNO 2 +
HCl) at 0 to 5°C and then treating with alcoholic solution of -naphthol.
• Primary amines both aliphatic and aromatic mines form offensive smelling
isocyanide(carbylamines) with CHCl3 and KOH.

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PROCEDURE:

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1 Solubility Test: Compound dissolves. -NH2 group is
To the given organic compound add present.
dil.HCl, shake the contents.
3 Carbylamine reaction: Offensive smelling -NH2 group is
Take 2-3 ml of organic compound. compound is formed. confirmed.
Add 2ml of CHCl3 and 2 ml of KOH
solution. Warm a little.

PRECAUTION:

1. Dissolve organic compound (P-650 Tablet) in suitable solvent.

2. Do not touch or inhale bromine water.
3. Do not dissolve organic compound (P-650 Tablet) in alcohol.
4. Keep organic compound (P-650 Tablet) away from flame.
5. A very dilute solution should be used for FeCl3 test.
6. FeCl3 solution should be freshly prepared.
7. Phenol is toxic, therefore should not be touched
8. Add cold NaHCO3 solution in a small to the given organic compound and effervescence
should be noticed each time.
9. Heating should not be done while performing NaHCO3 test, because NaHCO3 decompose on
heating and gives CO2.
10. The temperature of mixture should be below 5°C

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RESULT:
1. The given organic compound (P-650 Tablet) is unsaturated.
2. The given organic compound (P-650 Tablet) contains alcoholic group.
3. The given compound contains aldehyde group and contains ketone group.
4. The given sample of compound contains carboxylic acid group.
5. The given compound contains –NH2 group.

CONCLUSION:

The given organic compound is unsaturated compound. And the organic compound contains
alcoholic, ketone, aldehyde, carboxylic, amino groups.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

• Wikipedia
• NCERT Class 12 Chemistry book
• October 11, 2018 by Bhagya
• amrita.olabs.edu.in,. (2013)

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