Geography Test

Key Words
Landform – A feature Climate – The weather Weather – The current
on Earth’s surface that conditions in an area state of the atmosphere
is part of the terrain over a long period of at a certain time, at a
features time specific date
Transform Boundary – Divergent Boundary – Convergent Boundary –
When two plates slide When two plates move When two plates collide
over each other away from each other with each other
Igneous Rock – Formed Sedimentary Rock – Metamorphic Rock –
by melting and cooling Formed by weather and Formed by heat and
erosion, then pressure
compacting and
cementation
Weathering / Erosion – Precipitation – Any Climate Change – Long-
Weathering breaks liquid or frozen water term shifts in
down rocks, erosion that falls back to the temperatures in
takes them away Earth weather patterns
Floodplain – Flat area Natural Hazards – A Earthquake – Intense
on the side of a river natural disaster shaking of the Earth
Flood – Overflowing of Landslide – Movement Tornado – Rotating
water of debris down a slope column of air

Big Ideas:
• Landform Regions of Canada
- Canadian Shield (Y formation starting from southwest Ontario,
relatively flat with mountains)
- Hudson Bay Lowland (A small part of northern Ontario and
Manitoba) (Flat area with ponds and lakes),
- Arctic Lands (Islands of Nunavut) (Barren islands to massive cliffs)
 - Interior Plains (Prairies and a little bit of Northwest Territories)
(Very flat, fertile soil)
- Western Cordillera (B.C and Yukon)
- Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Lowlands (Where great lakes are) (Great
lakes)
- Appalachian Uplands (Very northern part of Nunavut) (Rolling
mountains and hills)
• Geological Time
- 4.6 billion years old
- Has had a lot of time to grow and change
• Plate Tectonics
- The forces that move pieces of the Earth’s crust (Converge, diverge,
and transform)
- Pangea was the once supercontinent that was connected; split
apart
- Converge: two plates collide, Diverge: Two plates move away from
each other, and Transform: Two plates slide over each other
- These boundaries can form earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains
• Earth’s Layers
- Crust (not too hard), Upper Mantle (Semi-solid rock), Lower Mantle
(Sort of the same thing), Outer Core (Liquid), Inner Core, (Hottest
part, solid because of pressure)
• Rock Cycle
- Melting and cooling form igneous rock
- Weathering and Erosion then compacting and cementation forms
sedimentary rock
- Heat and Pressure form metamorphic rock
• Weathering and Erosion
- Results because of rain or flowing water, wind, chemicals, and
glaciers
- Creates spaces and can deposit icebergs somewhere new
• Climate
- Climographs are graphs that organize and communicate a large
amount of data visually. Can be forms of lines or bar graphs
- LOWERN
• Global Warming
- Greenhouse effect: Heat gets trapped in the atmosphere and Earth.
Greenhouse gases are trapping the sun’s rays, and they are
bouncing back down to Earth.
- Greenhouse gases: CO2, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Fluorinated
Gases

- Floodplain is the flat area on the side of a river, where a river would
flood into. Easy to build on, access to fresh water, predictable
season flooding, easy access to transportation
• Natural Hazards
- Human interaction is making everything worse, basically anything
you can think of, such as clearing land, paved roads increasing
runoff for rain, and creeks don’t have large bodies of water to go
into
- Places at risk could be places anywhere near water