1

Evaporation process
••
temperature ofliquid / substance XKEOT particles
••
molecules inaliauidareinwnvtaut random motion

••
Tnemore energetic molecules navesutfia.eu/-enevgytoovevwmoattvactivetorcevdnet00l-hermolelulestoescapetromtuetuvtacl
lintothe atmosphere ) and do work against the atmosphere
••3 less energetic molecules are left behind The average kinetic energy ottuemoleculetdeweaievandtue temperature decreases
.

Distance
Arrangement state PE between particles Forces of attraction between particles

✓ nlowest nobody packed very strong

:*
G vtlignett v Far apart ✓ Weak / negligible

••
Heating curve Thermal energy is absorbed tooverhvnethestrongtovcesof attraction
••
Particles are further apart
PEOI-pavtiyesinweavevbutkt-remainswuvtanto.ae
.
:

Temperature constantremains

••
cooling curve Thermal energy isreleavedavtovcesofattractiouitttrengtuened
••
pavtiuevwmeuovevtogetheri.PE otpavtiuesdeweavéssbutktremaiuvwuvtant
••3
Temperature remains constant

stage PE KE

gas ◦A constant increases

AB increase constant

Bo constant increases
liquid

time / min

Tranvferotthermal

energy

••
conduction Thermal energy is transmitted through amediumfromonepavtideto another
*
Good lonductovs > Thermal energy navtoquictlybetvauvmitted
•• *
In metals > conduction takes place through free electrons and vibrating atoms Poorconauctovslinvulatovvt> Reduce the transfer of thermal

•*
Muon metals , conduction takevplaclthvough vibrating atoms
-

energy
••
solids are better conductors than liquid audgasevasmolebulevavellosev together , allowing kinetiuenergytobetvaustewed more quickly

{
•* •*
••
convection Change in volume watevatthebottomirheated.it expands as volume increases , becoming less dense
•⑧ •* •*
••
change ingenuity and risestothetop.coolerwateratthotopibeingdeuvwwiwiuk.IO replace Meriting
-

Answertemplate
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•• rise /sink hot water This process repeats itself .se/-tingupawnvectioncuweutuntilallthewater
-

••
convection currents is heated
.

Radiation ••
Thermal energy is transferred by electromagnetic wavevanddoevnotvequivea medium
↳
Rateoteuergytranvterby radiation is affected by :

good emitter /

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••
surface temperature Dull black absorber poovrefleutovt
^

•*
surface colour and texture shiny black
•• white
surface area \

poor emitter / goooiretleutovt

silver absorber