Analysis of the Effectiveness of the Hierarchical Routing Protocol

for the Collection of Data in Wireless Network Sensors

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 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................................................3

1.1 Research Background.......................................................................................................3

1.2 Research Rationale...........................................................................................................3

1.3 Research Problem.............................................................................................................4

1.4 Aim and Objectives..........................................................................................................4

1.5 Research Question............................................................................................................5

1.6 Scope and Significance of the Study................................................................................5

Chapter 2: Literature Review.....................................................................................................6

2.1 Overview..........................................................................................................................6

2.2 Theoretical Framework....................................................................................................6

2.2.1 Effectiveness of the Hierarchical Routing Protocol in WSN....................................6

2.2.2 Importance of the Different Types of Hierarchical Routing Protocol in WSN........8

2.3 Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................11

2.4 Literature Gap................................................................................................................11

2.5 Summary........................................................................................................................11

References................................................................................................................................13

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Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Research Background

The technique of hierarchical routing is used for routing the various networks associated with
the hierarchical addressing. The internet protocol is considered the most transmission control
protocol used by users. Hierarchical routing of two levels is mainly used where the IP address
is divided into persons, a network, or a host person (Haque, Ahmad and Imran, 2018). In the
hierarchical routing protocol, the routing method is carried out through the networks that
work through the hierarchical addressing. The networks are being used as the gateway for
telling the IP data until it is directly delivered. Through the use of the hierarchical routing
protocol, the growth of the routing tables can be addressed successfully. The routers used in
this process are divided into different regions, and they can only identify the route of their
specific area, just like the telephone routing process (Guleria and Verma, 2019). The
following research study will mainly focus on reviewing the process of hierarchical routing
protocols for collecting data that can be used in wireless network sensors. Using cluster-based
hierarchical routing protocols; the networks can be divided into various clusters by defining
the hierarchy of the sensor nodes. The routing process uses the sensory nodes to collect
information and then pass it on to the cluster head. The cluster head is further used for
forwarding the aggregated data to the next stop for the process of the predefining routing
algorithm (Hamzah et al., 2019).

1.2 Research Rationale

Determination of the correct usage of the sensor nodes along the building blocks is one of the
most critical aspects of wireless sensor networks. The sensor nodes of the wireless sensors
network need to be low power, low cost, and high intelligence. The sensor nodes help analyze
the data and monitor the changes in the data that correspond to the surroundings and, thus,
finally, transfer the knowledge to the other nodes (El Alami and Najid, 2019). Wireless
sensor networks (WSNs) play a vital role in various fields, such as civilian and military
applications. Considering the multiple advantages of wireless sensor networks, it has started
to replace the concept of conventional networks. One of the most important aspects is that it
is highly energy efficient, and thus it helps in increasing the lifespan. The data transmission
capability of the sensors becomes a challenging factor as it impacts the ability to keep the

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network activity for a more extended period (Haque, Ahmad and Imran, 2018). Scalability
and energy efficiency problems can be addressed successfully through hierarchical
architecture. The nodes in the hierarchy help carry out various tasks that can be helpful for
wireless sensor networks. The specialized nodes help communicate the data, and the CH can
be used to collect the data. The specialized nodes attached to the CH can further transfer the
data through the hierarchical routing toward the sink. Thus, the following research study
holds excellent importance for WSNs (Guleria and Verma, 2019).

1.3 Research Problem

Through the conduction of the research study, the scholar will focus on solving the issue of
wireless sensors network that intends to take a giant leap forward while employing a uniform
protocol for the process of hierarchical routing along the possible network architectures
(Mehta and Saxena, 2018). Various studies also show several issues in incorporating the grid-
based and cluster-based topologies, along with the development of hierarchical routing that
will be resolved through the following research study. The process of hierarchical routing can
be divided into various regions, and each of the routes has a complete set of details regarding
the destinations and region (Vahabi, Eslaminejad and Dashti, 2019). However, the following
research study can resolve some issues related to the knowledge associated with the other
regions' internal structure. The algorithms that are used in the protocol also need to have
some information regarding the routers. The increase of the network also results in increasing
the number of routers, and thus it results in causing network traffic (Guleria and Verma,
2019). The following problems can be resolved using hierarchical routing; therefore, the
research can be proven worthy.

1.4 Aim and Objectives

The research study aims to compare several safeguards for Hierarchical Routing Protocol
(HRP) and select the accurate one that will work best between the network nodes for data
collection in wireless network sensors. Based on the following aim of the study, the scholar
developed different objectives for successfully addressing the purpose of the paper:

 To collect the surrounding data by the sensor nodes in Wireless Sensors Networks
(WSNs) and send it back to the hub for a better and more extensive network
 To analyze the optimal path for the data transmission without the help of the
intermediary nodes to the base station

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  To determine the best way that can be adopted for travelling between the nodes of the
network with the routing protocol
 To obtain a reliable and accurate routing information system to meet the rising
demand of power efficient routing solutions for WSNs

1.5 Research Question

1. How can routing solutions for WSNs be used to solve the issue of hierarchical routing
development by incorporating cluster-based and grid-based topologies?

1.6 Scope and Significance of the Study

The scope of the research study is to identify and discuss the optimal path that can be used for
data transmission so that the process of hierarchical routing can be carried out through proper
data collection along the wireless network sensors. The significance of the research study is it
will help improve the process of the hierarchical routing protocol by improving the
effectiveness of collecting the data for the wireless network sensors.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Overview

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are surprisingly effective and cheap when used to solve
problems in the real world. A WSN comprises many independent sensors that send their data
to a central point—monitoring physical or environmental variables like sound, vibration,
pressure, temperature, movement, and pollution (Wang et al. 2019). Each node must have the
same energy for a wireless sensor network to work. During the design phase of WSNs, power
use must be considered. Because of this, several routings, power management, and data-
dissemination protocols are made just for WSNs. The development of modern wireless
networks and sensors that can do more than one thing has been sped up by improvements in
computing power, wireless networking, and data transmission. Wireless sensor networks are
being used increasingly to monitor fine-grained data in a wide range of settings and situations
(Yun and Yoo, 2021).

2.2 Theoretical Framework

2.2.1 Effectiveness of the Hierarchical Routing Protocol in WSN

A network of many small nodes or sensors makes it possible to collect, process, and send data
wirelessly. When it comes to sharing data, managing power, and re-routing traffic, WSNs can
use a variety of protocols that were made for these specific tasks (Velusamy and Pushpan,
2019). Many different routing protocols can be used in WSNs. Each has its pros and cons that
depend on the needs of the application and the way the network is set up. Wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) use effective energy management to extend the network's life and keep it
from becoming less connected over time. But wireless sensor networks can only do a few
things. Recent improvements in Micro Electrical Mechanical Systems (MEMS) have made it
possible to build tiny nodes that can sense their surroundings, do the math, and talk to each
other using short-range radio transmission (Kalaivaani and Krishnamoorthy, 2019).

Global Future and MIT think that sensor technology will be one of the top ten technologies
that will change the world in a big way in the next ten years (Khademi Nori and Sharifian,
2020). The network can keep an eye on the scene of a nuclear accident, specific chemical
fields, and the environment for a long time, which is hard for a person to do. Even in

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dangerous places, wireless sensor networks can find out about distant buildings, large-scale
environmental changes, etc. Because they are cheap, hundreds or even thousands of these
sensors can be linked together to make the data more accurate, cover more ground, and be
more reliable (Khan et al. 2021). Networks of unattended sensor nodes can be used for
security, disaster relief, and monitoring the battlefield, among other things. These systems use
data from many sensors placed in a particular area to track what is happening there. A
helicopter can drop many sensors that could be used in a disaster management system. By
putting these sensors together, rescuers will be better able to find survivors, point out areas
that could be dangerous, and get a fuller picture of what is going on (Daanoune,
Abdennaceur, and Ballouk, 2021). Using sensor networks could improve rescue operations
and keep rescue workers safe. There are many ways that sensor networks can be used in the
military. When different sensors work together, risky human reconnaissance operations can
be cut down or even stopped. In addition to making landmines more effective, sensor
networks also allow them to be programmed from a distance. Sensor networks could be used
in many ways to improve security, such as to keep an eye on public areas and find criminals
(Gupta et al., 2020). Compared to their wired counterparts, wireless sensor networks are
better in several ways: deployment time and cost, range, fault tolerance, and the ability to
organize themselves. Wireless nodes also need rechargeable batteries because they aren't
always in the same place and don't need a permanent power source. It is more challenging for
the nodes to get energy. Also, these sensor nodes are placed where it is hard to replace
individual nodes or their batteries. All nodes should fail simultaneously so that a new batch of
micro nodes can be sent to replace them (Han et al., 2022).

Some of the benefits of these networks would be lost if they had to be set up in advance so
that each dead node could be found and replaced selectively (Dhand and Tyagi, 2019).
Communication across the internetwork is only possible because people devised algorithms
called routing protocols and then put them to use. A routing protocol uses its rules to find the
best way to send each packet (energy, bandwidth, time, etc.). In WSNs, something that can
send and receive data wirelessly is called a "sensor." Spreading sensor nodes out over the
area being watched is a common way to set them up (Elmonser, Ben Chikha, and Attia,
2020). These nodes can find data in their immediate area and send it to a central hub, which
can stay in one place or move around. In these networks, sensor nodes get accurate
information from the world around them. In WSNs, most people agree that ensuring the web

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works for a long time is more important than getting the most accurate data possible from the
network (Chan et al., 2020).

2.2.2 Importance of the Different Types of Hierarchical Routing Protocol in WSN

In the past few years, there have been a lot of studies on hierarchical clustering in WSN. Each
of these studies took a slightly different approach to the topic. Clustering is a way to talk to
each other that can help save energy (Guleria and Verma, 2019). With this protocol, sensors
could send their data to a central hub. In this article, we look at how a layered protocol works.
More specifically, we look at a protocol that was made for sensor networks with several
independent sensor nodes. Each cluster has a leader who acts as the head of the collection and
whose job it is to manage how all the sensors in the set send and receive data (Han et al.,
2022). At the centre of each group of nodes, a leader emerges who splits the group into
smaller subgroups. The cluster head is the nerve centre of the network. It sends information
to other nodes and connects them to base stations. It always starts at the bottom when
information is moved from a lower clustered layer to a higher one. Because of "hops"
between layers, it seems like data takes much longer to get where it needs to go than it does.
The trip of the data to the central processing unit goes faster. The nodes of the cluster are
great places to make changes. As an example overview, hierarchical routing protocols for
WSNs are shown here (Samara et al., 2020).

2.2.2.1 Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH): -

Even though other energy-efficient hierarchical clustering methods for WSNs have been
made since LEACH, it is still the most widely used. The LEACH clustering algorithm uses a
"duration-based rotation" technique to ensure that clustering jobs are spread evenly across its
nodes. Between each CH and the BS, a wireless link was set up, and data was sent back and
forth between them. In this case, clusters make the WSN last longer (Roberts and Ramasamy,
2022). LEACH uses a method called "aggregation" or "fusion," which combines the raw data
into smaller packages containing only the information linked to each sensor. The network is
broken up into clusters of sensors built with locally coordinated and controlled architectures.
To prevent the flood of information that reaches the sink. It also improves the scalability and
reliability of data routing and distribution. LEACH uses a random rotation of high-energy CH
locations instead of a static selection to keep sensors from using their batteries for no reason
(Bhola, Soni, and Cheema, 2020). Using "single-hop" routing, LEACH allows each node to

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talk directly to the cluster master and sink. Because of this, it works poorly in a vast area
network but well in a local area network. Even though dynamic clustering can save energy,
the time and effort it takes to put it into place (by rotating employees, placing ads, etc.) may
be more than the savings. Clustered sensors still use more power than CHs, which are closer
to the sink, even though LEACH can help them save energy (Vinitha and Rukmini, 2019).
Even though LEACH clustering converges after an infinite number of repetitions, this is just
because it is assumed that CHs have constant energy needs.

2.2.2.2 Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems (PEGASIS): -

PEGASIS is the next step up from the LEACH method. Sensor nodes that are linked can talk
to each other, but only the last node in a chain can use the CPU sink in the base station. As
information moves from node to node, it is picked up, put together, and sent to a central hub
(Daanoune, Baghdad, and Balllouk, 2019). A selfish process led to the making of new chains.
The PEGASIS protocol uses a single node in a chain instead of many nodes to send data to
the BS.

In contrast to the LEACH stage, in this stage, a sensor will send a message to the sensors
around it (Toor and Jain, 2019). Each sensor needs to have a complete network map, know
precisely where it is in the network, and be greedy. If a sensor's battery dies, it could stop
working or be destroyed. It keeps adding to the chain in the same selfish way, ignoring the
broken sensor. Instead of using LEACH in each cycle, energy use can be cut by having a
randomly chosen sensor node in the chain send the gathered data to the BS. Changing the
topology of a PEGASIS network can be challenging, especially for networks that are used a
lot (Hamzah et al. 2019).

2.2.2.3 Hybrid, Energy-Efficient Distributed Clustering (HEED): -

LEACH's basic design is better than HEED's because it chooses clusters with a power
balance based on how many nodes they have and how much energy they have (Mehta, and
Saxena, 2020). It works well in multi-hop networks because the transmission power in inter-
cluster exchanges can be changed. CHs should use a method that HEED came up with that
uses two clustering parameters. The cost of communication between clusters depends on a
few things, but the most important is how much battery life each sensor node has left. The
first parameter controls how many CHs are chosen randomly, and the second parameter
breaks ties if they occur (Singh and Singh, 2021). Since LEACH clustering chooses CHs

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randomly, some network nodes may die sooner than planned. So, it's best to group HEEDs.
Lastly, how HEED selects CHs ensures that the network is used fairly and that
communication is cheap. The cluster selection procedure isn't very flexible because it can
only deal with a small number of parameters (Deepa and Latha, 2019). The main goal of
these methods is to make the network last longer, not to make sure it meets every WSN
specification.

2.2.2.4 Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol (TEEN): -

TEEN is set up in clusters; a CH oversees each group of sensors. When sensors in a network
gather information, they send it to the central node (CH). A series of controllers make it
possible for data to move from source to destination (CH). TEEN's sensor network structure
is set up in a hierarchy (Vahabi, Eslaminejad, and Dashti, 2019). Close to where it started,
colonies of neighbouring nodes begin to form. TEEN is helpful when a software user needs to
find a balance between data accuracy, response time, and battery life. TEEN uses a
hierarchical system to store information because it values organization. The TEEN can be
used in a sensing task where time is of the essence. This protocol uses less energy than
proactive networks because gathering data uses less power than sending messages. TEEN is
unsuitable for sensing applications needing regular reports because it does not send any data
if the thresholds aren't met (Selvi et al. 2021).

2.2.2.5 Periodic Adaptive Threshold Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network Protocol
(APTEEN): -
APTEEN is an improved version of TEEN that tries to fix its flaws. It does this by collecting
data more often (through LEACH) and reacting quickly to events that were not expected.
When sensors have APTEEN, they can send regular reports to their CHs and alerts when the
value of a detected feature changes suddenly (Elsmany et al. 2019). Through hierarchical
clustering, APTEEN's architecture makes it possible for the source sensors and the sink to
talk to each other in both directions.

2.2.2.6 Energy Efficient Homogenous Clustering Algorithm for WSN: -

When nodes are spread out evenly among their clusters, they live longer. The nearest hop
distance of the node, the holdback value, and the amount of energy left in the group are used
to figure out which node will be the next cluster head. The homogeneous algorithm decides
whether each WSN node is a cluster leader or a follower (Sabor and Abo-Zahhad, 2020). By

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spreading cluster members evenly, the current clustering method makes the network last
longer. Only the leaders are told when a cluster is created to benefit the sensor networks'
long-term health. If nodes are spread out evenly across groups, the network's health can be
kept longer.

2.2.2.7 Effectiveness of the Low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (Leach) in WSN

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are nodes spread across a sensor field. They might look
around for information and send it to a central hub anywhere. The data that these networks of
sensors collect is always of high quality because all the sensors work well together. In WSNs,
the accuracy of the data transmission is more important than how well the network works
because saving energy is directly related to how long the network will last (Kumaresan and
Kalyani, 2021). Cluster-based routing approaches use less electricity than flat routing
algorithms—methods for routing based on clusters, like Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy (LEACH). LEACH does not consider how important a region is to data rates when
deciding which nodes should be cluster leaders. Since non-CH nodes in these areas produce
more data faster, they will probably send more often to talk to a faraway CH, which wastes
more energy. Due to uneven heat transfer, the network will not last as long. Second, LEACH
assumes that the total energy lost when switching from a node to a CH is always the same.
That is not true; cluster heads far away use more power to send data than nodes close
together. If the energy load of the network is to be shared equally among all nodes, the CH
selection process needs to be improved (Liu et al. 2019). To reach this goal, we need to
consider the candidates' residual energy levels about the network and the value they add to
the data rate. The "number-of-hops" measure determines how far the CH is from the sensor
node.

2.3 Conceptual Framework

Scientists frequently employ conceptual frameworks, graphical representations of

interconnections, to better grasp the anticipated linkages between various parts. Research
model and abstract mode are synonymous phrases with similar meanings. Evidence for the
hypotheses comes from the model's many variables and the hypothesized relationships
between them. Perhaps this framework can serve as a springboard for further investigation.
After then, a conceptual framework might be employed as an analysis tool.

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2.4 Literature Gap

In the past ten years, the number of people using WSNs has grown significantly. WSN
research could lead to improvements in a lot of different areas. These areas are security,
human safety, health care, defence, and the military. WSN research can look into many other
things, like the networks' basic physical structure, routing protocol, power management
strategies, susceptibility to cyberattacks, and how well each sensor can see. Even though
sensor nodes don't need much power, it is essential for WSNs that they last as long as
possible. Many people are interested in "big data" because they don't know how accurate it is
to collect large data sets. If a researcher only gathers information and doesn't think about how
to use it, all of their work will be for nothing. Since synchronized information includes new
and old data, many people find it more reliable. When all of these things are put together,
they give a more accurate picture of the future than any of them alone.

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2.5 Summary

Since sensors have limited power, it's hard to develop energy-efficient routing solutions for
WSNs. It would be best to create a routing protocol that keeps sensors online as long as
possible, making the network last longer. The most power a sensor's battery uses is when it
sends and receives data. It is essential to develop low-power routing methods to make the
network last longer. This paper looks at several different hierarchical routing algorithms that
can be used to build wireless sensor networks to find the best heuristic for extending the life
of a network. The LEACH routing protocol is a choice for sensor networks that is low-power
and based on clusters. A network's lifetime, throughput, and average energy lost have all been
shown to be affected by the size of its collections.

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