SL:1 Introduction

 American people do tend to be more formal than Russian people.

 When Russians meet someone new, they don't just shake hands; they also kiss each
other on the cheek.
 Even in the summer, Russian men never wear shorts.

SN:1
People often forget that Russian and American cultures differ in how they view religion. The
idea that church and state should be kept separate is a core part of American society (Shair-
Rosenfield et al., 2021). Government workers cannot talk openly about their faith at work. No
rule in the Russian Constitution says couples and families must live apart.

SL:2 Task 1
 In Russia, it is against the law to be friends with someone of the opposite sex without
being married to them or having a blood relation with them. 
 The drinking age in Russia is 18, while in the US, it is 21.
 Russia does not have a monarchy. Instead, a republic oversees the country.

SN:2
The United States and Russia are very different regarding their cultures. In Russia, family
members of the dead often stand over their loved ones and say how sad they are about their
death (Bouranta et al., 2019). In the United States, we don't do this because it's considered
rude for the living to talk about death with the recently dead.

SL:3 Task 1
 In Russia, people do not talk with their hands while they eat.
 Russians are more likely to be atheists than Americans are.
 Women in Russia usually only wear skirts or dresses when they go out.

SN:3
Every meal in Russia starts with a toast. Even though many Americans like to drink once in a
while, we usually only drink one glass at a time, while some Russians may drink two or three
glasses in a row (Treviño 2021).

SL:4 Task 1
• The United States of America is a big country with many more cities than just New York
and Los Angeles. On the other hand, Russia is in an area called Eurasia.
• The Russian people's language, architecture, art, literature, music, and movies have a lot to
teach us about their history and culture. Because there are so many different cultures and
ways of life in the United States, there is a lot to learn about its culture.

SN:4
Different East Slavic people lived as pastoral nomads in the area that is now Russia until they
reached the forests of what is now Moscow State. People started farming there around 2200
BC when metal tools were easy to find (Glass 2021).

SL:5 Task 1
• Americans have different ideas about what makes up American culture.
• Russia is a vast country, so it has a lot of different ethnic, linguistic, and cultural groups. 
• It could be the people, the food, or the architecture. Over the centuries, Russia has been
invaded and occupied by both outside and inside forces, so it could be any of these things
for anyone who visits the country.

SN:5
Some people are drawn to a place because of the people who live there, the food they eat, or
the buildings they see. For some, it might be the people around them. Every definition talks
about freedom, which is one of the things Americans value most (Smith 2021). Internal wars,
invasions, and occupations by other countries have shaped Russia's history for hundreds of
years.

SL:6 Introduction of PESTLE Analysis of Brazil

 The Federative Republic of Brazil, the biggest country in Latin America, is in South
America.
 In 1822, Brazil became a free country. After that, the Brazilian Empire was formed.
 Brazil became a presidential republic after a military coup in 1889.
 From 1964 to 1985, the country was run by an unchecked military regime.

SN:6
It borders every country in South America except Chile and Ecuador. Brasilia is the capital of
Brazil, but Sao Paulo is its biggest city (Farooq, Hao, and Liu, 2019). A civilian government
set up the federal republic country in 1988. The result is a complicated mix of Eastern and
Western ideas and ways of doing things that have modernized the country while keeping
some traditions that may seem old-fashioned to people today (Sahithya, Manohari, and
Vijaya, 2019)

SL:7 Political factors affecting Brazil

Government System - Brazil is run by a federal republic, which is a type of government.
Alliances - Brazil has solid diplomatic ties with the US and countries like Argentina and
Venezuela that are close through.
Corruption - The most crucial problem Brazil is facing right now is corruption.

SN:7
Washington, DC, the United States has 26 states. It gives the country a say in how the world
works. The government has been trying to cut down on corruption. Because of the reforms
put in place between 2019 and 2020, she moved from 105 to 94 on the list, and corruption in
the country went down (Angulo et al., 2021).

SL:8 Economical factors affecting Brazil

GDP - Economists think Brazil's nominal annual GDP will reach $1,363 trillion by 2020,
making it the 13th largest economy in the world. In 2010, the average income of its people
was $6,450, which put it at #83 in the world.
Productive Industries - Brazil is a major player in the coffee business worldwide. The
second most significant industry in the country is making and selling sugar.
Imports & Exports - Brazil mainly sells cars, raw sugar, crude oil, iron ore, and soybeans to
markets outside its own country. Brazil sends things to places like China, Germany, the
United States, Argentina, and the Netherlands.
FDI - Brazil is by far the leader when it comes to FDI. As a member of the BRICS group
(which also includes Russia, India, China, and South Africa), Brazil hopes this group will
help them get more foreign investment.
Taxes & Unemployment - Due to the outbreak's effects on the economy, the unemployment
rate in Brazil was expected to rise from 13.371% in 2020 to 14.125% in 2022.
SN:8
But after a significant drop in 2015, the country's economy started to show signs of getting
better. But the 55 million coffee bags made in the US in 2017 was a record. But most of the
country imports cars, integrated circuits, pharmaceuticals and their packaging, auto parts, and
refined petroleum. She gets it from China, the United States, Germany, Argentina, South
Korea, and Argentina, among other places (Atifnigar, Safari, and Rafat, 2021).

SL:9 Social factors affecting Brazil

Demography - The country is one of the most extensive and diverse in the world, with more
than 210 million people.
Poverty & Crime Rate - Brazil's economy has grown in the past few years, and the country's
leaders have helped millions of people escape extreme poverty.
Social Issues - Brazil has a lot of social and economic problems, such as a lack of suitable
housing, a slow housing market, an education system that is getting worse, and the
widespread use of child labour.
Trends - Brazil's middle class is getting bigger. Brazilians are very forward-thinking and big
fans of fashion that is on the cutting edge. They like to buy expensive brands with their
money.

SN:9
Portuguese is the national language of the government, and most people speak it. Despite
this, the gap between the rich and the rest of society has grown dramatically (Reyes-Galindo,
Monteiro, and Macnaghten, 2019). According to an old saying, almost every problem in the
world can be traced back to poverty. The same has happened in Brazil, leading to increased
violent crime in all the country's big cities. Today, prostitution, drug use, and the horrible
conditions in which young people in urban slums live are the norm, not the exception.
Racism and sexism are problems that happen all the time in the United States (Kraftl et al.,
2019).

SL: 10 Technological factors affecting Brazil and Legal factors affecting Brazil
Social Media - Sao Paulo, the largest city in Brazil, is home to some of the most dynamic IT
industries, such as digital, mobile, and software development. It is thought that the number of
people using the internet and mobile phones in Brazil is the fifth highest in the world.
ICT Growth - Brazil's ICT sector is the biggest consumer market in the world. Brazilians
like to use modern technology to talk to each other.
Regulations - Even though it is not required by law, it is common for both the employer and
the employee to sign a contract before starting work. Foreign investment is actively
encouraged by the government in several areas. But the country does not allow investments
in the transportation, private security, nuclear energy, banking, or postal service industries.

SN:10
The number of people who use interest is close to 50%. It turns out that Brazilians are among
the savviest people in the world when it comes to social media (Gupta et al., 2019). The
government and many international IT companies invest money in the information and
communications technology (ICT) industry. Still, many people have trouble getting enough
internet access.

SL:11 Environmental factors affecting Brazil

Environmental Issues - Some ecological problems Brazil has to deal with are oil spills, soil
degradation, water pollution, air pollution, illegal poaching, wildlife smuggling, and
deforestation.
Tourism - Every year, millions of people from all over the world go to Brazil. Their
spending has a significant impact on the economy of the country.
SN:11
The government has started many projects to deal with environmental problems. Brazil has
almost 2,000 beaches, 62 national parks, Iguazu Falls, the Amazon River, and many more
places people love to visit.

SL:12 Trade Facilitation Agreement including:

 Encourage single windows for business at the national level through international trade
 Using network infrastructures in port areas
 Making it easier to export and import goods
 Putting together and watching over national trade facilitation committees

SN:12
Both the UK and Brazil were optimistic about how trade talks were going and how well their
most recent export strategies were working. By the end of the year, both administrations had
reaffirmed their plans to put as much pressure as possible on their blocs to get better trading
terms and more market access.

SL:13 Creative Industries

 The United Kingdom and Brazil are happy that the bilateral Co-Production Treaty is
getting closer to being signed.
 They want to finish up by March 2016 so that both countries' TV and film industries can
take advantage of opportunities to work together at Rio Content Market that year.
 The UK is very excited that Brazil will participate in the 2016 Somerset House London
Design Biennale, which will be held in September.

SN:13
Together, they saw this as a chance to show the public, businesses, and governments the best
design and creative culture in both countries.

SL:14 Innovation and Intellectual Property

 The UK, Brazil, and the UK have agreed to keep talking to each other and share ideas
about innovation and intellectual property.
 Having a foothold in the UK will help Brazilian start-ups grow internationally and attract
investment from other countries.
 Both the UK and Brazil are pleased about the news that Brazil will keep matching the
UK's £45 million Newton Fund in Brazil through 2019.

SN:14
Brazil and the UK will keep working together to improve the intellectual property business
climate. Regarding best practices for patents and trademarks, the main things that will be
discussed are inspection methods and technical answers. The two countries have agreed to
keep talking about intellectual property, brands, and enforcement measures related to the
Olympics.
SL:15 Other areas of cooperation
Brazil and the UK have agreed to think about working together in the following areas of
excellence in the future: 
 Rules
 Building information systems modelling
 Instruments used in healthcare
SN:15
Joaquim Levy, the finance minister of Brazil, and George Osborne, the chancellor of the
United Kingdom, met as part of the first-ever Economic and Financial Dialogue. The two
leaders talked about how to improve their relationship with each other by working together to
improve infrastructure and financial services. They also spoke about their worries about the
global economy.

SL:16 Conclusion
 On December 10, 2020, the UK's Chancellor, Rishi Sunak, and Brazil's Economy
Minister, Paulo Guedes, met for the fourth Economic and Financial Dialogue (EFD)
between the UK and Brazil.
 There are strong economic ties between the United Kingdom and Brazil, which is shown
by the fact that more than 800 British companies are currently working in Brazil.
 As the Chancellor and the Minister of the Economy got ready for COP26, they talked
about how important it is to work together on clean growth, green finance, and expanding
access to markets to deal with climate change and other environmental problems.

SN:16
Both countries have agreed to work together on international projects to solve environmental
problems, like making global carbon markets. The UK has sent Brazil a very enthusiastic
request to join the Coalition of Finance Ministers for Climate Action.

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