Ethics is the rational reflection on what is right, what is wrong, what is just,
what is unjust, what is good and what is bad in terms of human behaviour.
Some ethical principles are:
 Truthfulness
 Honesty
 loyalty
 Respect
 Fairness
 Integrity
Origin of Ethics
 The word Ethics is derived from Latin word ‘’Ethicus’’ and the Greek
word ‘’Ethikos’’
 Ethics are an arrangement of decent principle and a branch of attitude
which defines what is good for individual and society.
 There are many well known figures in the history of ethics, Greek
philosophers Plato and Aristotle, modern influences include such people
as Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, D.W.Ross, C.L.
Stevenson. Alasdair Maclntyre and John Rawls.
Meaning of Ethics
 Ethics refers to the evaluation of moral values, principles and standards
of human conduct and its application in daily life to determine acceptable
human behaviour..
Evolution of Ethics
 The evolution of ethics constructs a conceptual bridge between biology
and human behaviour. In theory, a cybernetic process is at the heart of
developing ethical systems.
 Ethics merge with science in cybernetic ethics. This presents a persuasive
theory describing how ethics can be linked to science and mathematics
 Evolutionary ethics belongs to a branch of evolutionary science and not
philosophy. Evolutionary ethics has no logical connection to the formal
ethics of philosophy.
THE MODEL OF ETHICS
(1) FAÇADE
 A façade is an exterior side a building
 The word comes from the French language.
(2) WALK THEIR TALK
 Walk their Talk considers the consumer’s ethical intention and the
ethically minded consumers rarely purchase ethical products.
(3) OPPORTUNIST
 Opportunist are people who see a chance to gain some advantage
from a situation, often at the expense of ethics or morals.
(4) Salt of the Earth
 Salt of the earth is the most worthy of people; a very good or worthy
person.
TYPES OF ETHICS
(1) Meta-Ethics
 Meta- ethics is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the
nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes and judgements.
 A meta-ethical question is abstract and relates to a wide range of
more specific practical questions.
(2) Normative Ethics
 Normative ethics is the study of ethical action.
 Normative ethics is distinct from meta-ethics and descriptive ethics.
(3) Applied Ethics
 Applied ethics is the most practical of the three divisions of the
philosophy of ethics.
 Applied ethics is the actual application of ethical theory for the
purpose of choosing an ethical action in a given issue.
(4) Descriptive Ethics
 Descriptive ethics is the study of people’s beliefs about morality.
CODE OF ETHICS
 Code of Ethics refers to a written set of guidelines issued by an
organization to its worker and management to help them conduct
their actions in accordance with its primary values and ethical
standards.
CONDITIONS FOR MAKING CODES OF EFFECTIVE
There are six conditions for effective code of ethics
 There should be a valid motivation for introduction of ethics
 Broad acceptance within the company
 Continuous feedback is important
 Verification and control. New guidelines should be drawn up if the MANAGING ISSUES
rules prove inadequate in any way.  Ethics should be handled and managed properly.
 Integration in a broad company philosophy.  Many companies are management techniques to
 Sanctions and control. encourage ethical behaviour at an organizational
DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTING CODDE OF ETHICS level.
 The main difficulty with code of ethics is that they do  Various techniques of managing ethics like practicing
not establish priority between norms and beliefs. ethics at top level management, special training on
There are three main areas that can create an obstacle to put codes ethics, forming committee to oversee ethical issues
into practice i.e. and defining and implementing code of ethics.
 Culture The Following Are The Some Code Of Ethics
 Design  Top management
 Enforcement  Code of ethics
ETHICS FOR CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN  Ethics committee
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT ACT
 Ethics hotline
Some of the misconduct is……………………………………
 Ethics training programme
 If he allows any person to practice as C.A. if he is not one.
 If he advertises or solicits work.  Ethics and law
 If he accepts a position held by another C.A without NATIONAL DIFFERENCE IN
communicating with him. ETHICS
 If he discloses confidential information about his client.  National difference in ethics means
 He certifies a statement without adequate scrutiny. difference between two states or two places
THE ENGINEERS’ CODE of one country.
National society pf professional Engineers describe  In that,
their code…  Culture
 Do not work with the organization which are havig  Attitudes
questionable character.
 Religious belief
 Avoid engineering unsafe ventures
 Education
 Maintain confidentiality
ETHICAL ISSUES  Nature of government
 Competitive government
 Business managers face ethical issues that vary based on market and  Work environment
geographic region. INTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCE
 Businesses have the responsibility to develop codes of conduct and IN ETHICS
ethics that every member of organization must abided by and put into  International difference in ethics means
action. difference between two different countries
 Fundamental issues value, beliefs and culture.
 Diversity issues  Work environment of any country is also affect
 Decision- making issues
business while they are in multinational
 Compliances and govern issues
companies.
  Such as Reliance, Walmart, Amazon, Apple,  Thus, common ethical standard can be used to used
Tata etc. to judged conduct of personnel oat companies
 Many companies formed well-designed codes of operating in a variety of
conduct to help their employees.  Country markets and
 Two of the most prominent issues that  Cultural circumstances
managers in MNCs operating in foreign EXAMPLES OF UNIVERSAL
countries face are Bribery and ETHICAL PRINCIPLES/NORMS
 Honesty
corruption and Worker
 Trustworthiness
compensation.  Treating people with dignity and respect
ETHICAL RELATIVISM  Respecting rights of others
According to the school of ethical relativism…  Avoiding unnecessary harm to
 Different societies/cultures/countries -Workers
 Put more/less emphasis on some values than -Users of a company’s product or
others services
 Have different standards of right and wrong ETHICAL CONVERGENCE
 Have different social mores and behavioral  Ethical convergence is defined as the practice of a uniform system
norms. of ethical coded in different countries that are culturally and social
 What is ethical or unethical different.
 Must be judged in light of local customs and REASON FOR ETHICAL CONVERGENCE
social mores and 1. The growth of international trade and
 Can vary from one country to another trading blocks
ETHICAL RELATIVISM 2. Increased pressures to imitate business
 Ethical Relativism is the belief that there are no practices
universal standard for what is righ and wrong; 3. Varied cultural background employees
something that may be considered ‘’right’ in one require common standards
society could be considered ‘’wrong’’ in another. 4. An increasing number of business
ETHICAL UNIVERSALISM watchdogs
According to the school of ethical universalism... ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR
 Some standards of what is ethical and what is 1. VALUE SYSTEMS
unethical resonate with peoples of most societies 2. LOCUS OF CONTROL
regardless of 3. MACHIAVELLIANISM
 Local traditions and 4. COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT
 Cultural norms ETHICAL PHILOSOPHIES
1. Categorical Imperative
2. Utilitarianism
3. Hedonism
4. The Golden Mean
5.The Golden Rule
6.Veil of ignorance
ADVANTAGE OF ETHICS
1. BIOETHICS is the study of controversial ethics bought about by
advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicist are concerned with the
ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life science,
biotechnology, medicine, politics, low, and philosophy.
2.GEOETHICS is an interdisciplinary field between Geosciences
and Ethics which involves Earth and planetary Sciences as well as
applied ethics. It deals with the way of human thinking and acting in
relation to the significance of the Earth as a system and as a model.
3. BUSINESS ETHICS is a form of applied ethics or professional
ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical
problems that arise
4.RELATIONAL ETHICS -Rational Erica are related to an ethics of
care researchers who employ relational ethics vale and respect
the connection between themselves and the people they study and
‘’between researchers and the communities in which they live and
work’’.
5.MACHINE ETHICS will likely drive advancement in understandin
of human ethics by forcing us to address gaps in order normative
theory and by providing a platform for experimental investigation.
6.MILITARY ETHICS are intended to guide members of the armed
forces to act in a manner consistent with the requirement of combat
and military organization.
7.POLITICAL ETHICS is the practice of making moral
judgements about political action and political agents.
8.PUBLIC SECTOR ETHICS is a set of principle that guide public
officials in their service to their constitutes, including their decision-
making on behalf of their constituents.
INTRODUCTION
 Based on the individual ethical ideology, ethical theories allow a person
to find an answer to an issue to make a morally right decision or to
justify decision.
 Ethical theories challenges what we think is right and wrong.
 People usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their
life experience.
TYPES OF ETHICAL THEORIES
1. Egoism – The self and its need
2. Utilitarianism -over all pleasure and pain for all concerned.
3. Deontology: duty
4. Care ethics: Relationships; vulnerability and empathy
5. Virtue ethics: Character
EGOISM : THE SELF ANDD ITS NEEDS
 EGOISM: THE SELF AND ITS NEEDS CARE ETHICS: RELATIONSHIPS, VULNERABILITY AND
 Based on personal interest. EMPHATY
 Psychological egoism describes how people actually behave.  Normative ethical theory
 Normative egoism describes how people should behave.  What makes actions right or wrong
 According to ethical egoism, it is ok or acceptable to make a decision
or choose an action that benefit oneself. BASIC BELIEFS OF THIS THEORY
 It argues about we have no duty except to do what is the best for 1. All individuals are independent for achieving their interest.
ourselves. 2. Those particularly vulnerable to our choices and their outcomes deserve
 There is only one ultimate principle of conduct -the principle of self- extra consideration to be measured according the level of their
interest. vulnerability to one’s choices the level of their affectedness by one’s
choices and no one else’s.
3. It is necessary to attend to the contextual details of the situation in order
TYPES OF EGOISM to safeguard and promote the actual specific interest of those involved.
1. Psychological egoism – we ‘’do’’ act in our own self-interest. ETHICAL ELEMENTS OF CARE
2. Ethical egoism – We ‘’should’’ act in our self-interest  Attentiveness
3. Minimalist egoism – This is not normative claim and usually not a  Responsibility
descriptive claim.  Competence
UTILITIRIAISM; OVERALL PLEASURE AND PAIN FOR ALL  Responsiveness
CONCERNED VIRTUE ETHICS: CHARACTER
 The morality of an depends solely on some relation specified by the  An approach to ethics that emphasize the character of the moral agent
theory that it has to the maximation of total or average utility. rather than rules or consequences as the key element of ethical thinking.
 NET HEDONIC VALUE OF LIFE = DF THE SUM OF ALL
PLEASURE
 Hedonic Utilitarianism
 Pluralistic Utilitarianism
 Preference Utilitarianism
DEONTOLOGY: DUTY
 Deontology term comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty.
 We are morally obligated to act in accordance with a certain set of
principles and rules regardless of outcomes.
 We have an obligation to take the course of an action that achieves the
most positive outcome or consequence.
TERMINOLOGY
 Moral Agent
 Mxim
 Will