Oping: Am-Growi Gi

FAO FORESTRY PAPER
FAO FORESTRY PAPER 19/1

/1
Oping and
pulping id pap riaking properties
paper-making properties
Ro
of
ov
aM-growi gi plantation wood specie

fast-growing species
volum 1
volume
restry industries
forestry divison
industries division
for stry department
forestry department
FOOD
FO AND AGRDCULTURE
AND AGRICULTURE ORGAMIZATOOM OF THE
ORGANIZATION OF THE UNiTE
UNITED NATOOMS
NATIONS
Rome 1980
Rome
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
This manual
manual is mainly intended to provide information to tree
plantation planners who are interested in the pulping and paper-
making characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the species
species considered
considered for
for planting.
planting.
The characteristics vary somewhat
somewhat with growth conditiobs
conditions and ageage
of the trees and the values given in the data sheets always
always refer
to a specific sample
sample of
of wood
wood from
from aa specific
specific plantation.
plantation. The
conclusions drawn in
in the
the text
text from
from the
the data
data sheets
sheets pertain
pertain toto
these samples. The reader
reader should
should accordingly
accordingly bear
bear in
in mind
mind that
that
samples from plantations with different
different growth conditions
conditions may
exhibit differing characteristics,
exhibit characteristics, as evidenced repeatedly from from
the data sheets for some
some species.
species.
manual was first published in 1976

The manual 1976 and consisted then of only
one volume.
vol~e. That edition,
edition, which is no longer available,
available, is prac-
tically identical
tically identical to
to Volume
Volume II of
of the
the present
present edition.
edition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present
The present volume
volume of
of "Pulping
"pulping and
and Papennaking Characteristics
Papermaking Characteristics
of Fast-Growing Plantation Wood
FastGrowing Plantation Wood Species"
Species" was
was prepared
prepared by
by
Mr. B.
B. Kyrklund
Kyrklund in
in 1974
1914 during
during aa four
four and
and aa half
half months°
months'
consultancy assignment which, in in addition
addition to
to compilation
compilation and
and
evaluation of the data,
data, included
included design
design of
of the
the format
format to
to be
be
used.
TABLE OF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 Background Inf'onnation
Background Information 1
1
1.2 Infonnation on
General Information on the
the Data
Data Sheets
Sheets 1
1
2. INTERPRETATION OF THE
INTERPRETATION THE DATA
DATA gHEETS
SHEETS 2
2.1 Comparison of Pulping and Papennaking
Papermaking Data 2
2
2.2
2.2 Evaluation of
Evaluation of the Pulping and Papennaking
Papermaking Properties
Pryperties 33
3. SUMMARIES AND
SUMMARIES AND DATA
DATA SHEETS FOR INDIVIDUAL SPECIES
SHEETS FOR 5
5
Appendix I
Appendix I
REFERENCES 455
Appendix II
Appendix II
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINITION TERolS USED IN THE DATA SHEETS 467
Appendix III
Appendix III
LIST
LIST OF
OFSPECIES
SPECIESEVALUATED
EVALUATED FOR
FORPULPING
PULPINGCHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS 471
-1-
- 1 -
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

BACKGROUND INFORKATION
The information presented in this volume is based on data published in

1950 to 1972, with some data from 1973 included. Subsequent
the period 1950 Subsequent volumes
give data published
published in
in later
later periods.
periods. The intention is
is to
to add new volumes
volumes from
from
time to time to up-date the information and to give it
it aa broader base.
base.
A list
A list of
of references
references is
is given
given in
in Appendix I.
1.2 GENERAL
GENERAL INFORMATION
INFORMATION ON THE DATA
ON THE DATA SHEETS
SHEETS
The data
The data sheets
sheets give information
give information on one or severalon one of
samples orwood
several
for samples of wood for
each species. In the latter case, case, the data for each each sample are presented
separately on the same same data
data sheet
sheet forfor comparison.
comparison. The basic information given
sheets is
in the data sheets is divided
divided into
into three
three main
main parts:
parts:
(a) wood sample

Origin of wood sample including
including age,
age, when
when known,
known, and
and any
any special
special
conditions;
(b) Wood characteristics of

of sample.
sample. This
This includes
includes basic
basic density,
density,
and chemical
fibre dimensions and chemical characteristics;
characteristics;
(c) pulping and

Pulping and papermaking
papermaking characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the wood sample.
sample.
This may include aa range of conditions applied in the same
process as well
well as the corresponding range of properties of
the pulps and/or different types of processes applied.
applied.
sheets which
In addition to these data sheets which relate
relate to
to one
one reference
reference each,
each,
evaluation of each
an evaluation each species
species has been
been included
included in
in the form
form of
of a summary
summary
information given in
based on the information in the data
data sheets
sheets on that species
species as well
as additional information
information obtained.
obtained. Some guidelines are also given
given as
as regards
regards
experience with respect
respect to plantations and acclimatization of the species
speCies in
parts of
different parts of the
the world.
world.
The summary
summary for each species shows
shows the references
references from which the
information has been obtained under
under 'Plantation
'Plantation experience'
experience' and,
and, in a few
cases, under
under 'Pulping
'Pulping characteristics.'
characteristics.' The references
references for 'Wood
'Wood charac-
teristics' references for 'Pulping
teristics' and the main references 'Pulping characteristics'
characteristics' are given
given
on the relevant
relevant data
data sheets.
sheets.
The definitions of the terms used are given in

in Appendix II and a list of
species included
the species included is
is given
given in
in Appendix
Appendix III.
III.
-2-
- 2 -
2. INTERPRETATION OF
INTERPRETATION THE DATA
OF THE DATA SHEETS
SHEETS
2.1 COMPARISON
COMPARISON OF PULPINGAND
OF PULPING AND PAPERMAKING
PAPEmlAKING DATA
DATA
Although the determinations of basic density,

density, fibre dimensions and chemical
characteristics of wood are fairly straightforward and reasonably well well standardized
so
BO that values obtained in in different
different laboratories are comparable,
comparable, this is not not
so
so when it
it comes to determination
determination ofof the
the papermaking
characteristics of of pulps.
pulps.
In spite of the
the standardization
standardization work
work which
which has
has been
been carried
carried out
out in
in this
this field,
field,
there still remains
remains considerable discrepancy in strength property values. values. TheThe
reason for this is basically thatthat the strength properties of aa testtest sheet
sheet of
of
depend, to a great extent,
pulp depend, extent, on the treatments given to the the pulp before the
actual determination of a certain strength value is carried out, out, as
as well
well as on
the atmospheric conditions
conditions inin the
the room
room where
where the
the determination
determination is
is made.
made. As
regards the latter,
latter, three atmospheric conditions are used in the the pulp and paper
industry; the two
industry; two most
most common
Common are 230 C and 50%
are 23°C m (relative
50% RH (relative humidity)
humidity) in Canada
65% m
20 0 C and 65%
and the USA and 20°C RH in
in Australia,
Australia, Europe and New Zealand. In
countries like India the conditions are 27°C m. In other
27°C and 65% RR. other countries
countries
the standards vary with oneone of
of the
the three
three sets
sets of
of conditions
conditions being
being used.
used.
As regards
regards the pretreatment of the pulp prior
prior to testing,
testing, the factors
which affect the
the results
results are
are as
as follows:
follows:
( a) equipment used
The equipment used for
for refining
refining and/or
and/or beating
beating of
of the
the pulp;
pulp;
(b) The freeness of

of the pulp after refining
refining and/or beating,
beating, expressed
either in Canadian
Canadian Standard
Standard Freeness
Freeness (CSF)
(CSF) or
or Schopper
Schopper Riegler
Riegler (SR)
(SR)
units;
units;
(c) The equipment

equipment used
used for
for making
making the
the sheet
sheet of
of paper
paper for
for testing;
testing;
(d) The extent of pressing of the wet sheet

sheet prior to drying and also
against what surface
surface the
the sheet
sheet has
has been
been pressed;
pressed;
(e) The way of drying of the sheets and also to what extent
extent shrinkage
of the sheet
sheet has been
been allowed
allowed or
or prevented
prevented during
during drying;
drying;
(f) grammage (basis

The grammage (basis weight)
weight) of
of the
the sheets
sheets used
used for
for testing;
testing;
( g) The grammage used in

in the
the calculation
calculation of
of strength
strength properties
properties(oven-dry
(ovendry
or as conditioned);
(h) equipment used for the

The type of equipment the determination.
determination.
sets of combinations
Several sets combinations of
of these critical
critical factors
factors are in
in use in
in
different
different countries and laboratories and this is the main reason for the
discrepancy of the results of strength testing.
testing.
- 33 -
As regards
regards the actual strength
strength testing,
testing, once the conditions for beating
sheet making
and sheet making have
have been set
set as well as the atmospheric conditions,
conditions, there
still variation due
still remains the variation due to
to different
different items
items of
of equipment
equipment for
for testing,
testing,
but this is
is of
of minor
minor importance
importance in
in this
this context.
context.
It is evident
evident from
from the
the above
above that
that as
as regards
regardsthe
thestrength properties
streflgthroerties
given
iven in the data sheets,
sheets no direct comparison
com arison can be made of the values
reported by different sources
different sources and consideration has to
has to bebe given to
to the
the influence
influence
results by
on the results by the
the factors
factors mentioned
mentioned above.
above.
2.3
2.3 EVALUATION OF THE
EVALUATION OF THE PULPING
PULPING AND
AND PAPERMAKING
PAPERMAKING PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
In order to facilitate understanding of the results given in the data

sheets, an evaluation has been made of each species in the form of aa summary
sheets,
where aa general
general rating
rating is
is used,
used, with
with wordings
wordings like
like 'under
'under average',
average', 'good'
'good'
'excellent'. These ratings
and 'excellent'. ratings refer
refer only
only to
to hardwoods
hardwoods and
and softwoods
softwoods separately.
separately.
for the
The basis for the comparison
comparison is
is an 'average'
'average ' pulp
pulp of
of a commercial
commercial grade,
grade, from
either hardwood or
or softwood,
softwood, of
of whichever
whichever type
type the
the species
species may
may be.
be. Unfortunately
of reference
inclusion of reference data
data for this comparison
comparison cannot
cannot be given,
given, as they would
inevitably lead
inevitably lead to
to misunderstanding
misunderstanding due
due to
to the
the reasons
reasons given
given in
in Section
Section 2.1.
2.1.
conslusions arrived at in
The conslusions in the evaluation
evaluation of
of the results
results aapply
1 only
onl
samples for which data have been given.
to the samples given. It
It is possible that
that other wood
samples of the same species would lead to other conclusions,
conclusions, due toto difference
difference
origin, as well as soil and climatic conditions. The age of
in seed origin, of the
the tree
tree
also exerts
exerts an
an influence
influence on
on the
the results.
results.
3. SUMMARIES AND DATA
SUM/ARIES AND DATASHEETS
SHEETS FOR
FOR INDIVIDUAL
INDIVIDUAL SPECIES
-
-
- 7 -
Acacia albida
Plantation experience
species is
This species is native to tropical and subtropical Africa on flood plainsplains
riverine alluvials.
and riverine alluvials. It trees of
It is one of the largest trees of the
the Acacias and
and
relatively uncommon inin the
the natural
natural forests
forests but
but prominent
prominent on
on cultivated
cultivated areas.
areas.
is found
It is found in
in localities
localities with
with only
only 250-400
250-400 mm
mm annual
annual rainfall.
rainfall. ItIt does not
lateritic soils
grow on lateritic soils or
or soils
soils with
with impeded
impeded drainage.
drainage. While it it withstands
withstands
short
short periods of flooding, it does not
flooding, it not do
do well
well under irrigation,
irrigation, especially
heavy soils.
on heavy soils. It isis fairly
fairly frost
frost resistant.
resistant.
The tree is particularly valuable in in agricultural areas on account

account of
its
its unusual
unusual habit
habit of retaining its
its leaves
leaves during thethe hot
hot weather
weather and
and dropping
dropping
them during
during the
the rains.
rains. The pods and leaves are very good fodder,fodder, and the
the
pods - prolific crops of which are produced annually - can be stored. The
fall, together with the dung and urine of cattle that
pod and leaf fall, that seek the
the trees
shade of the trees in
in hot
hot weather,
weather, improve
improve the
the nutrient
nutrient status
status and
and physical
physical
condition of the soil soso that yields of agricultural crops cultivated during
the rains
rains are considerably
considerably increased.
increased. It is is an important
important tree in in the
the village
village
economy and
economy and is
is declared
declared aa protected
protected tree
tree in
in some
some areas.
areas.
It is grown as a scattered
scattered tree and never in close plantations.
plantations. The bark
yields tannins.
References:
References: 111
41, 111
Wood characteristics
The wood is fairly soft

soft and of intermediate density.
density. It is used for rough
rough
carpentry and joinery
joinery work.
work. It is liable toto stain
stain and
and to
to attack
attack by
by borers.
borers.
extractives content
The extractives content seems
seems somewhat
somewhat high
high and
and also
also the
the lignin
lignin content
content which
is apt
apt to affect the quality of pulp produced therefrom,
therefrom, firstly due to fairly
secondly because precautions
severe chemical treatments being required and secondly
to lower
have to be taken to lower the
the content
content of
of extractives
extractives in
in the
the pulp.
The fibres are of average length for hardwood,

hardwood, but with a somewhat high
which tends
wall thickness which tends to
to make
make the
the fibres
fibres stiff
stiff and
and prevent
prevent proper
proper bonding
bonding
in paper.
in paper.
Pulping characteristics
In spite of the fairly high alkali charge used for sulphate

sulphate and chemical
soda pulping - 17%
11% and 20% Na 0
and 20% Na20 as as active alkali respectively
respectively - the
the Kappa number
2
remained far
has remained far above the
the acceptable range
range for
for hadwood
hadwood pulp.
pUlp. In addition to
this, the yield of
this, of unbleached
unbleached pulp
pulp is
is very
very low.
low. The brightness of the NSSC
is also
pulp is also low.
low. None ofof the
the processes
processes tried,
tried, sulphate,
sulphate, chemical
chemical soda
soda and
and
NSSC, seem
seem to give pulps
pulps of
of acceptable quality,
quality, either
either as
as unbleached
unbleached or
or
bleached pulp.
bleached pulp. This species is not recommended
recommended for
for plantations for pulping.
pulping.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name:
Common name: Reference:
Reference:
Acacia albida
Acacia albida Senegal 108
Country: Senegal 108
Wood sample
Wood sample characteristics
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
origin: oharacteristics:
Chemical characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Logs of 22-60
Logs of 22-60 cm
cm diameter
diameter from
from the
the region
region of
of Diourbel
Diourbel Ether
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 4.22
Solubility, % %
in water 8.66 CX>
Density and
and fibre
fibre characteristics:
characteristics: 1
in 1% NaCH
in NaC!l 14.8 I
Basio g/cm33
density, g/om
Basic density, 0.54
Fibre Ash, %
Ash, % 2.92
Fibre length,
length, )1*p* 11 080
080
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 33
Fibre width, p*
wi dth, Ìi* 23
23
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thiokness,
thickness, )1* pa 6 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
CrossBevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*).1* 11
11
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 15.6
15.6
Length/width
Length/Width ratio 47
47
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 1.09
1.09
Flexibility ratio 0.48
0.48
Additional information:
information: Additional information:
information:
*iii n (miorons)
1000 )J. (microns) =. 1 mm
__..
pulping and
characteristics
-~- -
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate (no°c)
Soda (170°C) NSSC
NSSC
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 16.6 -- 15.1
16.6 15.1 13.5 Nao)
Na ) 4.6 -- 4.7
4.7SO2
S02
Kappa number 2
44 -- 59 74 `
%
Yield (unscreened), % 43.0 -- 47.4
47.4 43.8 67.6
67.6 - 60.4
60.4
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.4 -- 1.1
0.4 1.8
1.8 o0
Brightness (Photovolt
(Photovolt 25 -- 26.5
26.5 28.5 32.5
32·5
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Bauer Bauer Bauer
Freeness 40 SRSR SR
40 SR 40 SR
Breaking length, m
Breaking length, m 4 200 - 4 300
4200-4300 4 100
100 2 400
400 -- 33 300
300
Burst factor 22 --
22 23 20 21
21 -- 24
Tear factor
Tear factor 84 --
84 79 70 39
39 -- 49
49
Bleacbed
Bleached '"
Sequence
Sequence CEIlli
CEPLE1 CEIlli
CEHH
Chemical consumption, %
% 9.3 Cl
Cl 11.8 Cl
Yield on bleaching, %
%
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness (Photovolt 83 84
Beater or refiner Bauer Bauer
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking length 44800
800 4 500
4500
Burst
Burst factor 23 21
Tear factor 81 72
information:
1
- 11 -
Acacia auriculiformis
islands off the north coast of Australia,

Indigenous to the islands Australia, this species
species
grows fast
fast on
on poor
poor soils
soils in
in rainfalls
rainfalls of
of about
about 1 500-1 800 mm
1 rom a year
year and aa
dry season
season of
of 66 months.
months. It has been introduced successfully
successfully as as an
an exotic
exotic in
in
India and
India and Malaysia,
Malaysia, both
both on
on the
the mainland
mainland and
and Sarawak
Sarawak as
as well
well as
as in
in Tanzania,
Tanzania,
on the
the mainland
mainland and
and on
on Zanzibar.
Zanzibar. It adapts
adapte itself
itself to
to aa wide
wide range
range ofof soils
soils
and has been used successfully
successfully onon steep
steep slopes
slopes to
to check
check soil
soil erosion.
erosion.
References:
References: 41, 123
41, 123
not imply any difficulties with

The chemical composition of the wood does not
regard to
to reactivity
reactivity in
in pulping
pulping processes.
processes. The fibres are fairly
fairly short,
short, even
even
for hardwoods. The thinness
for hardwoods. thinness of
of the
the fibres
fibres implies
implies aa fair
fair amount
amount of
of stiffness,
stiffness,
although this cannot be ascertained due to the lack of data on the wallwall thick-
ness or
ness or lumen
lumen width.
width.
characteristics
The yield of pulp is on the low side SUlphate pulping,

side in sulphate pulping, although
although be
be
due
due to
to over-cooking (no indication is given of the degree
(no indication degree of delignification
delignification
arrived at).
at). The strength properties of the sulphate
sulphate pulps,
pulps, both unbleached
and bleached,
bleached, are not up toto normal
normal requirements
requirements for
for hardwood
hardwood sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
The NSSC
NSSC process
process on the other hand seems to give aa just
just acceptable pulp with
with
respect
respect to
to strength properties, with a yield
yield in
in the
the normal
normal range.
range. However,
judging from the
the bleach the brightness
bleach consumption and the brightness arrived
arrived at
at on
on bleaching,
bleaching,
the unbleached pulp
pulp has
has been
been very
very dark
dark in
in colour.
colour. For
For use in
in cheap writing
and printing grade
grade paper an additional
additional bleaching stage would be required,
required, with
with
aa consequent
consequent increase
increase in
in the
the bleach
bleach consumption.
consumption. As unbleached, the the NSSC pulp
pulp
could be used in products where brightness is of no importance.
importance.
-t
_ 1
Scientific name:
name: Reference:
auriculiformis Country: India
India 67
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
origin: Chemical characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from plantation
plantation in
in West
west Bengal,
Bengal, Ether
logs
logs 15 cm in diameter
diameter Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 1.16
1.16
Solubility, 'f.
Solubility, %
in water 3.12 (hot) ->
Density and
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% HaW
NaCH 16.8
16.8 '"I
Basio g/cm3
density, g/cm3
Basic density,
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.41
0.41
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1* p* 840
Lignin, % 23.6
Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width,
width, p*p* 14
14
Rolocellu.lose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p.*
cellulose, %
)1*
LUJlen width, yr*
Lumen )1*
Crose-Bevan
Cross-Bevan cellulose, % 59.2
Pentosans,, %
PentosMs % 18.7
18.7
Length/width ratio
60
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
information: information:
* 1000 p)J. (microns)

* (microns) .m 11 mm
-.
pulping and
characteristics
i~··~----------------------------------------------------------------------4
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC
NSSC Sulphate
consumption, ~%
Chemical consumption,
Chemical 5.8 - 9.0 s02*
S02* 13.9 18.6 Na0*
13.9 - _ 18.6 Na 0*
2
Kappa number
Kappa number 73.4 - 75.1 2 48.1 - 44.4
44.4
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lampt'in
Lamp6n Lampt'in
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF 300 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 400 - 44 600
3 400 4 200 - 4 700
700
Buret factor
Burst factor 18 -
18 30 19 -
19 18
Tear factor
Tear factor 45 - 56 59 - 56
56
~
I.>'
Bleacbed
Bleached
II
Sequence
Sequence cm
CEE cm
CEE
Chemical consumption, ~
Chemical consumption, % 20.1
20.1 - 16.7 Cl
Cl 8.4 - 7.1 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total % 52.8 - 48.0 41.4 - 40.0
Brightness (Photovolt)
Brightness (Photovolt) 62 - 68 71 - 75
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner Lampt'in
Lamp4n Lampt'in
Lampen
Freeness 300 CSF 300
300 CSF
Breaking length
Breaking length - 5 500
4 000 - 500 44600-4900
600 - 4 900
Buret factor
Burst factor 27 -- 43
27 43 23 -- 29
23 29
Tear factor
Tear factor 56- 74
74 66
66 -- 69
69
** Charge
"
-
- 15
15 --
dealbata
Acacia dealbata
(Silver Wattle)
railver Wattle)
plantation experience
Plantationexperience
Indigenous to southern
southern Australia,
Australia, this species is cultivated for its
flowers (Mimosa) in
in southern
southern Europe.
Europe. It has been introduced successfully
as an exotic in Sri Lanka at
at an altitude of 1 500-1
500-1 800 m,
m, in India in the
the
Nilgiri Hills, Kenya,
Kenya, Cyprus,
Cyprus, New
New Zealand,
Zealand, Southern Rhodesia,
Rhodesia, Uganda,
Uganda, and
the Republic of
of South
South Africa. However, inin most instances
instances it
it has been replaced
replaced
by Acacia decurrens,
by decurrens, the
the bark of which
which yields
yields a tanning agent of better
quality. The bark of ~ dealbata contains
of A. contains about 25%
25% tanning agent
agent of inferior
inferior
quality.
Reference: 123
density of
The density of the
the wood
wood is
is within
within the
the range
range average
average for
for hardwoods.
hardwoods.
data for
No data for chemical
chemical composition
composition or fibre
fibre characteristics
characteristics are
are available
available for
for
the present samples.
samples.
pulping characteristics
Pulping,characteristics
The alkali consumption in

in the chemical
chemical soda
soda process is in the normal
range for hardwoods.
h~rdwoods. The pulp is obtained with a good yield,
yield, and by using
a less severe treatment so as to achieve a Kappa number of about 2020 instead
instead
of the value 15,
15, arrived at
at for the present samples,
samples, a slightly higher yield
may be expected.
expected. This
This would probably also enhance
enhance the strength properties
properties
which already are acceptable,
acceptable, and comparable
comparable to an average quality poplar
soda pulp.
chemical soda pUlp. The species seems to be suitable
suitable for pulping by the
sulphate
sulphate process in which
which case
case aa further improvement
improvement of the strength properties
properties
can be expected.
expected.
Scientific name:
Common name: Silver wattle
Silver wattle Reference:
Reference:
Acacia dealbata
Acacia dealbata (Syn.
(Syn. A. decurrens var.
A. decurrens var. dealbata)
dealbata) Country: Tasmania, Australia
Tasmania, Australia 6
6
Wood sample
sample origin:
origin: Chemioal characteristics:
Chemical oharacteristics:
Samples from natural forest at Wesley Vale

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
a)
a) Mountain region,
region, 42
42 years
years old
old Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Foothill region,
b) Foothill region, 33 years old
Sol ubili ty, .,.
Solubility, %
in water ~
0\
Density and fibre characteristics: in 1%
1% NaC!!
NAM
I
Basio density, g/cm33
density, g/om 0.46
a) 0.46 b)
b) 0.53
0.53
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
,u*
Lignin, '%f.
Lignin,
Fibre width,
width, A*
)J-*
Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, % .,.
Wall thickness, A*
Wall thiokness, )1*
CrossBevan cellulose,
Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
..,.
LUIII8ll width,
Lumen width, )1*
)1* Pentosans,
Pentosans, .,.
%
Length/Widthratio
Length/width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
information: informationl
** 1000
1000 )1 (microns)
]J. (microns) •. 1 mm
_
pulping and
characteristics
ONNI1==er.=(maidasOMMT-Kaam,
Unbleached
Unbleached
a b
Process o o
Process Soda (170°C)
(170 C) Soda (170°C)
(170 C)
17.7 Na 0* 17·5
17.5 Na 0*
Na20*
Kappa
Kappa number
2
Na20* 2
number 15 15
15
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 51.0
51.0 52.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness (Tappi)
(Tappi) 37
37 36
36
Beater or refiner PFI
PFI PFI
PPI
Freeness
Breaking length,
length, m
m 7
7 loo
100 200
8 200
Buret factor
Burst factor 57 63
Tear factor
Tear factor 81
81 96
~
-l
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
%
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
BrightneSs
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Buret factor
Tear factor
** Charge to obtain Kappa number 15

1,, _
~---------------------------- ------------ _
-- ----- -----
I
- 19
- 19 --
Acacia decurrens
Acacia decurrens
( Green Wattle)
(Green
This species
species is
is native to south-west Australia,
Australia, where
where it
it grows
grows in valleys
valleys
ascending to
ascending to subalpine
subalpine elevations,
elevations, along
along the coast.
coast. Commercially itit is aa very
important species
important species because
because of
of its
its bark,
bark, which yields
yields aa good
good quality tanning
agent.
It prefers moist sites and cool winters ·with an annual

winters-with rainfall of
annual rainfall
1 000 or more.
000 mm or more. It has been extensively cultivated for its
its tanbark in
Australia; New
New Zealand;
Zealand; South, Central and East Africa;
Africal India and Sri Lanka.
Lanka.
References: 15, 43,

15, 123
43, 123
of this species
The fibres of species are fairly short
short and also thin,
thin, which implies
implies
a certain amount of
of undesirable stiffness,
stiffness, although this cannot be ascertained
due to the lack of information
from the present data due information on wall thickness or
lumen width.
lumen width. The chemical
chemical composition is
is typical for aa hardwood which would
typical for
offer no difficulties
offer difficulties on
on pulping.
pulping.
requirement on sulphate
The alkali requirement SUlphate pulping
pulping is
is slightly
slightly on the high side
the pulp
but the pulp is
is obtained
obtained with
with aa good
good yield.
yield. The
The strength
strength properties
properties of
of the
the
bleached pulp (semi-bleached -- no indication
indication is
is given of the resulting bright-
ness) are similar
similar to those of a poplar sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
The species also adapts itself well to production of crude sulphate

sulphate or
crude chemical soda pulp (yield 60-70%),
60-70%), with good
good strength
strength characteristics,
characteristics,
although the burst factor is is somewhat low. This type of pulp from A. decurrens
decurrens
been used
has been used successfully
successfully inin pilot
pilot runs
runs for
for the
the production
production of
of wrapping
wrapping paper,
paper,
an addition
with an addition of
of 30%
30% long-fibre
long-fibre pulp
pulp (bamboo)
(bamboo) to
to the
the furnish
furnish (12).
(12). Although
the energy requirement on application of a mechanical stonestone grinder process is
in the range normal for this kind of pulp,
pulp, the strength
strength properties of the
pulp are
resulting pulp are far
far too
too low
low for
for newsprint.
newsprint.
Scientific name:
Common name: Green
Green wattle
wattle Reference:
Acacia decurrens
Acacia de currens Country:
Country: India
India 15
15
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Wood sample origin: Chemical characteristics:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from
plantation at
at Kodaikanal
Kodaikanal Ether 0.36
Methanol
1.07
solubility, 'f,
Solubility, %
in water {hot
2.26 (hot ~
Density and fibre
Density and fibre characteristics:
charaoteristics: 1
in 1% Ha<E
NaCE 15.6
15.6 I
Basio density, g/om
Basic density, g/cm3
3
Fibre length, p.*
Fibre length, )1* 860
'f.
Ash, % 0.)6
Lignin, 'f.
% 21.2
0.36Lignin,
Fibre width,
width, )J.*
pit. 14
14 HolooelluloBe, 'f.
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thiokness, p.*)1*
CroBB-Bevan cellulose, 'f.
Lumen width, p.*i*
Pentosans, %'f. 19.4
Length/width ratio
61
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
Additional infonBation:
Additional information: Additional information:
information:
** 1000 p)J. (microns)

1000 (miorons) .- 1 mm
Pulping and papermaking characteristics
; .
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %% 17.8 -- 19.0
17.8 Na 0
19.0 Na20
2
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
59.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length,
length, m
m
Buret
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear faotor
N
~
Bleached
Bleached
I I
Sequence am
HEE
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 2.1 -
2.1 - 2.3 Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 55.0 - 50.0
55.0 - 50.0
Brightness
Beater or refiner Lamplin
Lampén
Freeness 320 CSF
Breaking length 88 500
500 -- 6
6 900
900
Buret
51 35
Tear factor
faotor 91 -- 54
91 54
Scientific name:
Common name: Green wattle
Green Reference:
Reference:
Aoaoia decurrens
Acacia deourrens Country: India
India 12
12

Wood sample origin:

Chemdcal characteristics:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
Sample from Madurai,
Madurai, Madras
Madras Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
Sol ubili ty, '%1>

Solubility,
in water N
Density and fibre
characteristics: 4
in 1% HaW
Na011
N
I
Basio density, g/om
Basic density, g/cm3 3
Fibre length,
length, ,n*
)1*
Ash, %
Fibre width, p* ,u*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Holooellulose, %
Eolocellulose '1>
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, )1*,u*
cellulose, '1%>
Cross-Bevan cellulose,
LUlIen
Lumen width, pie p.* Pentosans, %
%
ratio
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio

information:
** 1000 }.1(microns)
)l (microns) m. 11 mm
mm
Unbleached
o
Process Sulphate
sulphate Soda (142-162°C)
Soda (142-162 C)
7.8 10.8 Na 0* 7.8 -- 10.8
7.8 10.8 Na 0*
Kappa number Na20*
2 2
Na20*
Kappa
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 72.9
72.9 -- 62.5
62.5 76.7
76.7 -- 62.6
62.6
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner Lamp&!
Lampgn Lamp&
Lamp&!
length, m
Breaking length, m 7 300
300 -- 88 900
900 6 000
000 -- 7900
7 900
Burst factor 34 -- 46 26 - 45
Tear factor
factor 63 -- 90
63 90 55 -- 79
55 79
N
W
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
Chemical consumption, %%
%
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Eirightness
Beater or refiner
Beater
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear
information:
** Charge.
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Green
Common name: Green wattle
wattle Reference:
Country: India
India 16
16
Acacia decurrens
Acacia decurrens
Wood sample
characteristics
_ -
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristios:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
sample
Sample from
from the Nilgiris Division, 9 years old
the Nilgiris
Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, % %
in water
~
charaoteristics: 1
in 1% NaCR
NaC!{
Basio ecm33
Basic density, g/om
Fibre length, )1* Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
Fibre wi.dth, ou*
,
Holooellulose, %
Holocellalose, %
Wall thickness, )1*
Lumen width,
Lumen width, )1*
~*
p.*
Cross-Bevan cellulose, % %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width
Runkel ratio
Rankel ratio
Flexibility ratio
info rmat ionl
[
** 1000
1000 P. (microns)
}.1(microns) = 1 mm
. 1 mm
,
Pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process
Process Groundwood
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened), % %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Voith stone grinder
Freeness 115 CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 1 200
Burst factor
factor 44
Tear factor
faotor 16
16
Bleached ~
Sequence
consumption, ~%
Chemical
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Additional information: Peripheral speed of
Peripheral speed of grinder
grinder 180
180 m/s.
m/s.
-
-27-
- 27 -
Acacia mollissima
(Black Wattle)
south-west Australia,
Indigenous to south-west Australia, this species
species is considered to yield
tanning agent
the best tanning agent of
of all
all the
the Acacia
Acacia spp.
spp. It grows well in a climate with
cool, moist winters
cool, winters and
and on
on moist
moist soils
soils in
in valleys
valleys or
or on
on hillsides.
hillsides. A
A very
species. It has been planted extensively because of its tanbark
adaptable species.
in Australia;
Australia; New Zealand;
Zealand; South,
South, Central and East Africa;
Africa; India and Sri
and is
Lanka and is often
often used
used as an
an under-storey
under-storey in in eucalypt
eucalypt plantations.
plantations.
References: 15, 401

15, 40, 41,
41, 44,
44, 123
123
characteristics
fibres of
The fibres of this species
species are
are very
very short
short and
and thin,
thin, the
the latter
latter implying
implying
a certain amount ofof undesirable
undesirable stiffness
stiffness although
although this
this cannot
cannot be ascertained
from
from the present
present data due to the lack of information on wall thickness or
lumen width.
lumen width. The chemical characteristics of the wood exhibit a low content
content
and lignin
of extractives and lignin which implies
implies ease
ease of
of chemical
chemical pulping
pulping and
and no
extractives problems inin the
the pulp.
pulp.
pulping
The chemical consumption

consumption in
in the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process is
is in
in the
the normal range
range
is obtained
for hardwoods and the pulp is obtained with
with aa good
good yield.
yield. The strength
strength
semi-bleached pulp
properties of the semi-bleached pulp (no
(no indication
indication isis given
given of
of the bright-
somewhat better
ness arrived at) are somewhat better than those
those of
of aa beech
beech sulphate
sulphate pulp,
short-fibre pulps.
and thus slightly under average for short-fibre pulps. However, in in view
view of
of
the small fibre size,
size, the pulp may exhibit
exhibit excellent
excellent opacity,
opacity, although no
data have been given for the present sample.
sample.
High-alpha cellulose
cellulose pulp
pulp for
for rayon
rayon has
has been
been prepared
prepared inin the
the laboratory
laboratory (119
(119
by means of
by of the
the prehydrolysis
prehydrolysis sulphate
SUlphate process
process with
with aa yield
yield normal
normal for
for dissolving
dissolving
pulp (37%
(37% bleached pulp),
pulp), high-alpha cellulose
cellulose content (98%) and an acceptable
content (98%)
level of pentosans content (2%). However, the processability
content (2%). processability ofof the pulp in
in
rayon process has not been
the rayon been tested.
tested.
Scientific name:
Common name: Black wattle
Black wattle Reference:
Reference:
Acacia mollissima (Syn.

Acacia mollissima (Syn. A. mearnsin)
mearnsin) Country:
Country: India
India 16
16

Wood sample
sample origin:
Chemical characteristios:
Sample from
plantation at
at Kodaikanal
Kodaikanal Extractives, % %
Ether 0.16
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
0.60
Solubility, 'f,%
Solubility,
in water 3.28 (hot)
~
Density
Density andand fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% BaCH
NaOR 16.0
I
Basio g/cm3
density, eom3
Basic density,
Fibre length,
length, )1* 700
700 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.36
Ii*
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 21.2
Fibre width,
Fibro width, )J.*
p.* 14 Holooellulose, 'f,
Holocellulosel %
Wall thickness, )1*
Wall thickness, ).1*
Cross-Bevan cellulose,'f,
cellulose, % 64.0
LUIIlen width, J1*
Lumen width, p*
Pentosans, 'f,
Pentosans, % 20.3
20.3
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
Addi tional information:

Additional infomation: Additional information:
** 1000 (microns)
1000 p}l (microns) m 1 mm
mm
.. .
pulping
411.
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, ~ 15.2 - 16.0
16.0 Na
20
Chemical consumption, % Ka20
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), ~
Yield (unscreened), % 62.5 - 55.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, ~
Brightness
Brieltness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
Bleached
Bleached ~
Sequence ImI
HEH
3.3 2.5
Yield on bleaching, ~
%
Total yield, ~
Total yield, % 60.0 -- 53.7
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner Lamp~
Lamp6n
Freeness 315 CSF
CSF
700 - 55 800
800
Burst factor 46
46 -- 35
35
Tear factor 90 - 57
90 57
information:
-
-31
- 31 -
-
Acacia nilotica
Acacia nilotica
experience
India, Arabia and

Native to India, and North Africa,
Africa, the
the species
species occurs on soils
soils
seasonally inundated.
that are seasonally inundated. In the Sudan it it is
is found chiefly
chiefly in
in small
small
basins at the bend of of large
large rivers
rivers which are flooded
flooded when the rivers
rivers are high,
high,
in such
and in such situations
situations it it is
is intensively
intensively managed and cultivated. It is highly
resistant provided it
drought resistant it gets
gets the equivalent
equivalent of at least 400 mm rainfall
in the form of rain,
rain, floodwater
floodwater oror irrigation.
irrigation. It It tolerates high temperatures
0
(up
(up to
to 50
5000 0) but
but is
is not
not frost
frost hardy.
hardy. It isis recommended
recommended for
for plantations
plantations in
in its
its
habitat or
natural habitat or in
in similar
similar conditions.
conditions.
References:
References: 111,
111, 123
The basic
basio density of the wood isis high and this suggests
suggests a hardness which
may cause excessive
exoessive wear on chipper
ohipper knives in
in a pulp mill.
mill . The fibres are of
average length,
length , width and wall thickness for
for hardwoods used for pulping.
pulping.
Judging from
Judging from the
the fibre
fibre dimensions,
dimensions, the
the fibres
fibres should
should be
be reasonably
reasonably flexible
flexible
capable of
and capable of forming
forming acceptable
acceptable inter-fibre
inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper.
paper.
Pulping oharaoteristics
A fairly
A fairly high
high alkali
alkali charge,
charge, although
although still
still in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for
is required
hardwoods, is required for
for pulping
pulping to
to aa Kappa
Kappa number
number of
of 20
20 by
by means
means of
of the
the
sulphate process.
process. At the same
same time the yield of of pulp
pulp is
is low
low and
and the
the resulting
resulting
pulp is
pulp is very
very 'dark
dark in
in colour.
oolour. The strength properties are around average for
exoept for
hardwood, except for the
the tear
tear factor,
factor, which
which is
is good.
good. The pulp ranks
ranks somewhere
somewhere
between poplar
between poplar and
and beech
beech gulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
The chemical soda

soda pulping
pulping process
process gives
gives aa pulp
pulp with
wHh strength
strength properties
below the
below the average
average for
for hardwoods
hardwoods and
and resembles
resembles aa beech
beech pulp
pulp of
of the
the corresponding
corresponding
grade. NSSC
grade. NSSO pulping
pulping gives
gives aa good
good quality
quality pulp,
pulp, but
but the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is very
very
low.
Scientific name:
Common name: Qonakie
Gonakie Reference:
Reference:
Acacia nilotica
Acacia nilotica var.
var. pubescens
pubescens Couptry:
Country: Senegal
Senegal 111
111

oharacteristics
Wood sample origin:

Wood sample origin: characteristics:
Logs 15
Logs 15 - 24 cm in diameter %
Extractives, %
Ether
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% Na<E
Na0H
VJ
N
Basic density, g/cm

Basic density, g/cm33 0.94 (dry volume)
volume)
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, p.*
pi 1 134 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
1
Lignin, %
Fibre width, )J-*
,u* 20
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall pf
thickness, ).1* 4.5
4·5 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, p* 11
11
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
67
Runkel ratio
ratio 0.82
Flexibility ratio
•* 1000
1000 )1 (microns)
]J. (microns) -. 1 mm
characteristics
-51.1"1471.!"
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Soda (179°C)
Soda (179°C) NSSC
NSSC
19.1 - 13.5 Na 0 16.1 - 14.3 Na 0 8.5 - 7.8
7.8 SO
SO
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
22 - 4444 2
Na20 28 - 44
2
Na20
45.2 50.3 46.1
46.1 - 52.9
52.9 52.2 - 55.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.9
0.9 -- 4.4 1.5 -
1·5 - 4.4 0.2
0.2 - 0.9
Brightness
Brigiitness (Photovolt) 19 --14
14 22.5
22.5 -- 20 20 26.5
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Bauer
Bauer Bauer Bauer
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR
40 SR 40 SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking length,
Breaking length , mm 000-5200
5 000 - 5 200 44000
000 5 100
100 - 55 300
300
Buret factor
Burst factor 30 - 33 28 -- 29
28 29 33
33 -- 32
32
Tear factor
Tear factor 135 - 91
135 76
76 -- 78
78 93 -- 87
93 87
l>J
l>J
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
I I
Sequence CEHH CEHH
CEER
4.4 7.8 Cl
Cl 6.9 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
(Photovolt)
Brightness (Photovol t) 71 -- 74
71 74 78
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking length
Breaking length 4 200 4 000
4200-4000 4 500
500
Buret
Burst factor 26 27
Tear factor
factor 110 -- 74
110 74 71
Additional information
information:
-
- -
-
35 --
-- 35
Albizzia falcata
experience
In its natural range,

range, the Moluccas,
Moluccas, and throughout
throughout the Far East,
East, this
this
species is planted
planted for
for shade
shade to
to coffee
coffee and
and tea
tea plantations.
plantations. It is a very
fast-growing tree and has been introduced successfully in Sri Lanka,
Lanka, where
where
it
it grows well
well at altitudes over 1 500 m m although bettter at
at lower elevations,
elevations,
in Kenya
as well as in Kenya and
and the Philippines. It is grown for pulpwood in in Malaysia.
Although excellent
excellent growth was recorded
recorded in
in Fiji, shallow
shallow rooting
rooting was considered
aa disadvantage. ItIt has also been introduced ' in West,
West, Central
Central and East
East Africa
Africa
with varying
varying results.
results.
References: 111, 123, 129,

111, 123, 129, 130
130
characteristics
The basic density of Che

the wood is
is low
low which implies
implies softness
softness of the wood
and consequently ease
ease of chipping. At the same
same time,
time, however,
however, it tends to
lower the tonnage capacity
oapacity of the digester
digester due to a higher liquor to wood
ratio than normal being
being required.
required. The fibre
fibre length is about
about the
the average for
hardwoods. Due to the fibres being fairly
hardwoods. fairly thick with thin walls,
walls, they tend
to
to be flexible with good fibre-to-fibre bonding in
in paper.
paper. No chemical
chemical
characteristics are given for the present samples.
samples.
pulping
chemioals consumption
The chemicals consumption in
in the
the sulphate
SUlphate and
and chemical
chemical soda
soda processes
processes
is
is fairly low and the pulps are obtained with good yields.
yields. The strength
properties of the pulps,both
pulps, both unbleached
unbleached and
and bleached,
bleached, are
are excellent
exoellent and
and
comparable to good quality eucalypt sulphate
sulphate and chemical sodasoda pulps.
pulps.
due to
However, due to the
the higher
higher thickness
thickness of
of the
the fibres
fibres in
in comparison
comparison with
with eucalypt
eucalypt
fibres,
fibres, the opacity of the pulp may be somewhat
somewhat lower (no(no data are given for
of the
opacity of the present
present samples).
samples).
The NSSC process gives pulps

pul ps with
with excellent
excell ent strength
st rength properties
properties and
and
good brightness. However, light bleaching
However, a light bleaching treatment
treatment isis still
still required
required
for grades like
like cheap
cheap printing
printing and
and writing
writing paper.
paper.
Scientific name:
Common Moluccan sau
name: Moluccan sau Reference:
Reference:
Albizzia falcata
Albizzia (syn. A.
falcata (Syn. A. moluccana) Country:
Country: Philippines
Philippines 32
Wood sample
sample characteristics
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
plantation Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water VJ
Density and
and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1% HaCE
PACE
'"
Basic density,
Basic g/cm33
density, g/om Ash, %
%
Fibre length,
Fibre length, p.* 11 110
Lignin, %
pit
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
Fibre )1*
width, )J-* 24
24
Bolocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thiokness, p.* )1* 3.5 Crose-Bevan celluloset
%
LUlleD width, }1*
Lumen width, p* 17 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Ruhkel ratio 0.41
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.71
information:
** 1000 p. (miorons)
)l (microns) m. 11 IDID
mm
____.
characteristics
10.1,..
~--------~-------------------------------------------------------------------~
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %~
Chemioal consumption,
Chemical 15.6 Na
Na20
2
0 (charge)
(oharge)
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), ~
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 12 300
Burst factor
Burst factor 97
Tear factor
Tear faotor 74
74
Bleached ....w
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Bumt factor
Tear factor
faotor
information:
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Albizzia falcata
Albizzia falcata (Syn.
(Syn. A.
A. moluccana)
moluccana) Country: Cameroun 111
111
Wood sample
characteristics
WoOod sample origin:

iriDodsa i'la : Chemical characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
18 -- 40 cm in diameter
Logs 18 Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %
solubility, %
in water
andfibre
characteristics: 1% HaOO
in T% NaOH ~
I
Basic density, g/cm
g/cm33 0.29 (dry
(dry volume)
volume)
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )J.*
pi 11 040 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
».* 42
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, iu*
)J.* 2. 5
2.5
cellulose, %
Lumen width, pA
)1* 37 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/Width
Length/width ratio 25
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 00.14
. 14
Fle/dbility ratio
. 88
Additional information: information:

Additional informations
** 1000
1000 ).1 (microns) .=1 1mm
P. (microns) mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Process
Procese Sulphate Soda (170°C)
Soda (nooc) NSSC
Chemical consumption, %% 13.7 -- 12.2
13.7 12.2 Na 0
2
Na20
13.7 -- 11.8
13.7 11.8 Na 0
2
Na20
7.4
7.4 -- 7.2 S02
Kappa number 20
53.1
-43
- 43
53.1 -- 56.3
26
51.3
-65
- 65
51.3 - 54.6
- 70.4
65.9 -- 70.4
SO2
%
Yield (unscreened), % 56.3 54.6 65.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2 - 2.6 0.1
0.1 -- 4.1
(Photovol t)
Brightness (Photovolt) 35.5 -- 33
35.5 33 38.5 - 34 45.5
45.5 - 43.5
43·5
Beater or refiner Lamort Bauer
Bauer Bauer
Bauer
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 800 -- 10
10 800 10 600
600 99 600
600 -- 10
10 000
000 9 300 - 9 000
9300-9000
Burst factor 68 - 73 58 -- 63
58 63 66 - 60
Tear factor
Tear factor 79 -- 64
79 64 86 -- 63
86 63 58 - 57
Bleached ""\0,
Sequence CEHH
CEEIH CEHH
Call'
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 5.0 Cl
Cl 6.2
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
(Photovolt) 83.5 82.5
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking length
length 8 800 10 900
Burst factor 62 69
Tear factor 85 58
information:
--41
41 --
Albizzia procera
(White Siris)
erperience
species is
This species is indigenous
indigenous to
to India and
and Burma. ItIt grows
grows on
on alluvium
alluvium
along streams,
streams, in
in swampy
swampy places
places and
and low-lying
low-lying savannas.
savannas. ItIt has
has been
been tried
tried
experimentally in
experimentally in the coastal
coastal zone
zone of
of Israel
Israel and
and also
also planted
planted in
in Fiji,
Fiji, the
the
Solomon Islands,
Islands, Kenya, Uganda
Uganda and
and the
the Republic
Republic of
of South
South Africa.
Africa.
Reference:
Reference: 123
123
characteristics
for hardwoods in
The fibres are normal for in length
length and width and the chemical
chemical
characteristics do
do not exhibit anything which would cause difficulties in the
not exhibit the
pulping processes.
pulping
The chemical consumption in

in the sulphate
sulphate process
process is
is in
in the range
range considered
normal for hardwoods and the pulp
pulp is
is obtained
obtained with
with aa good
good yield. The ease of
bleaching, chemical consumption
bleaching, both as regards chemical consumption and
and final
final brightness imply
imply that
that
could be achieved
a slight increase in yield could aohieved by
by shortening
shortening the cooking
cooking time.
time.
enhance the strength
This would probably also enhance strength properties
properties which,
which, as given in
sheet, are about average for hardwood
the data sheet, hardwood pulps,
pulps, .with
w ith the exception
exception of
factor which
the tear factor which is
is good.
good.
The pulp ranks

ranks between
between beech and
and poplar
poplar sulphate
sulphate pulp
pulp with
with regard
regard to
its strength properties.
properties.
Scientific name:
Common name: siris
White siris
White Reference:
Reference:
Albizzia procera
Albizzia procera Country: India 69
69
Woodsample
Wood samplecharacteristics
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
Sample from Barkot,
Barkot, Dehra Dun Forest Division
Dehra Dun Division Ether
Ether 1.01
1.01
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 2.17
2.17
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 5.21 (hot) l>o
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in T%
in 1% HaW
NaCH 16.8 '"
Basio density, g/cm
Basic density, glom3
3
Ash, %
Ash, % 1.0
Fibre length,
length, p*)1* 900 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 23.6
Fibre width, )J.*
Fibre width, )1* 21
21
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thickness, p* ).1*
CrossBevan cellulose, 60.6
% 60.6
Lumen width, p.*
)1* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
..* 1000 ,u
P. (microns)
(microns) = 1 mm
D
...----'--"------ - --------,
Pulping papermaking characteristics
characteristics
,----------------------------------"--------------------------------~
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical consumption, %~ 20.1 Na 0 (charge)
17.0 -- 20.1 (charge)
Kappa number 2
Na20
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
Yield (unscreened), % % 50.7
50 .7 -- 55.0
55·0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length,
length, mm
Burst factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
Bleached
Bleached
It
Sequence
Sequence Hm
HEE
Chemical consumption, % 3.3 --
3.3 1.8 Cl
Yield on
%
Total yield, ~
Total yield, % 46.5
46.5 -- 51.0
51.0
Brightness
Ilrightness (Photovolt))
(Photovolt 70 -- 72
70 72
Beater or refiner Lamp~n
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
65 - 7 600
00-7600
Burst
Buret factor 42-- 55
42
84 110
information:
45 --
-- 45
I
Albizzia stipulata
Albizzia stipulata
experience
This very fast-growing species is distributed as an indigenous

indigenous tree
tree
through India,
India, Burma,
Burma, Sri Lanka and Malaysia,
Malaysia, mostly on moister sites
sites of
tropical evergreen
evergreen forest,
forest, mixed
mixed hardwood
hardwood forests
forests and
and low-lying
low-lying savannas.
savannas.
It
It has been introduced as an exotic in West,
West, Central and East
East Africa as
as well
well
as along the coastal zone
zone of
of Israel.
Israel. It has failed to acclimatize
acclimatize in
in the
the
Republic of South Africa.
Reference: 123
123
of average length
The fibres are of length and thickness for
for hardwoods and the
chemical
chemical composition of the wood implies that it
it would be suitable for pulping
processes.
consumption in
The chemical consumption in the sulphate
SUlphate process
process is
is in
in the
the range
range considered
considered
normal for hardwoods and the
the pulp
pulp is
is obtained
obtained with
with aa good
good yield.
yield. Especially
with the lower alkali charge
charge corresponding
corresponding to
to the
the higher
higher yield
yield obtained
obtained with
sample, the strength
the present wood sample, strength properties
properties of
of the
the bleached
bleached pulp are
excellent
excellent and fully comparable to a corresponding grade of good-quality
eucalypt sulphate pulp.
eucalypt or birch sulphate pulp. However, toto enhance
enhance the
the brightness,
brightness, a
slightly modified bleaching sequence is recommended.
recommended.
_ .
Scientific name:
Common name : Boivin
Boivin Reference:
Reference:
Albizzia stipulata
Albizzia stipulata (Syn.
(Syn. A.
A. Chinensis)
Chinensis) Country:
Country: India
India 12
12

Wood
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
origin: Chemioal oharacteristics:
Sample from
from natural
natural forest
forest at
at Samta
SamtaRange,
Range,Biliar,
Bihar, Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
about 30 years old
Ether 0.89
about
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1·51
1.51
solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 8.12
8.12 .j:>.
Density and
and fibre
fibre charaoteristics:
characteristics:
3
1% NaCH
in 1% Na<H 17.7
17.7 '"
Basio glom3
Basic density, g/om
Ash, %
% 0.6
Fibre length,
length, ,u*
)1* 1020
1 020 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 23.7
Fibre width, p* ,u* 27
27 Holooellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thickness, p.*p* cellulose, %
CrossBevan % 60.2
Lumenwidth,
Lumen width, p.*
J1* 38 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 18.3
Length/width
Length/Width ratio
Ruhkel ratio
Runkel
Flexibility ratio
Additional information: Addi tional information:

** 1000 p)l (microns)

1000 (miorons) .= 1 mm
paperm~~ing characteristics
=---------~------------------------.----~---------------~~-------------- ------------~
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
%
Chemical consumption, % 16.5 - 17.1
17.1 Na
Na20
2
0
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %%
Yield (unscreened), 57.0 - 49.0
49 .0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm
Burst factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
Bleached """
-.J
Sequence HEB
HMI
% 3.9 -- 2.5
3.9 2. 5 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
yield , %
Total yield, % 52.9 - 45.5
52.9
Brightness 62 - 61 (Tappi)
Lampén
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length ,0 100 - 8 900
10 100
Burst
Burst factor 65
65 -- 54
54
Tear factor 97
97 -- 74
74
information:
- - - - - -
- 49
- 49 --
Aleurites moluccana
Walnut, Candle-Nut
(Indian Walnut, Candle-Nut Tree)
Tree)
LiaELILLaa2.22.2112E22
A native species
A species of
of the
the Malaysian
Malaysian archipelago and the Pacific Islands,
Islands,
but naturalized in
it has been naturalized in India,
India, Sri Lanka,
Lanka, Madagascar,
Madagascar, the West Indies
and
and Hawaii. It
Hawaii. grows at
It grows at altitudes
altitudes up
up to
to about
about 11 000
000 mm in
in tropical
tropical regions.
regions.
The are rich
nuts are rich in
in oil.
oil. It has been introduced
introduced also
also in
in South,
South, West,
West, Central
Central
and East Africa.
Reference: 123
The basic density isis slightly

slightly lower
lower than average for hardwoods used for
pulping, but still not low
low enough
enough to cause
cause any
any disadvantage with respect
respect to
digester capacity.
digester capacity. The fibres are slightly
slightly longer
longer than the average for hard-
woods and the width dimensions imply
imply aa fair amount of flexibility with good
bonding in
bonding in paper
paper as
as aa result.
result.
regards the
As regards the chemical
composition of
of the
the wood,
wood, the
the lignin
lignin content
content is
is
higher than
higher than average
average for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used
used for
for pulping,
pulping, which
which may affect the ease
ease
of delignification in chemical
chemical pulping
pulping processes. Combined with aa fairly
high pentosans
high pentosans content,
content, it
it is
is apt
apt to
to affect
affect the
the yield
yield of
of alkaline
alkaline pulping.
pUlping.
In spite of the alkali charge

charge in
in the sulphate
sulphate process
process being
being on the high
side, the Kappa number of the resulting
side, resulting pulp
pulp has still
still remained
remained higher than
for hardwood
normal for hardwood sulphate
sulphate pulps,
pulps, especially
especially in
in view
view of
of the
the yield
yield being
being on
on
low side.
the low side. The strength properties are slightly
slightly below
below average and the pulp
in this
bears in this respect
respect a certain
certain resemblance
resemblance to
to beech
beech sulphate
SUlphate pulps.
pUlps. Further
cooking of the pulp to the normal Kappa number
number level
level would probably also decrease
strength. However, it
the strength. it is
is possible
possible that
that cooking
cooking conditions
conditions better
better adapted
adapted
species could
to this species could improve
improve the
the strength
strength characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
The cold soda process gives a pulp with very

very good
good strength
strength characteristics,
characteristics,
good yield
a good yield and
and with a chemical
chemical consumption
consumption which
which can
can be
be considered
considered normal.
normal.
Scientific name:
Common name: Indian walnut,
Indian walnut, Reference:
candle-nut tree, lumbang
candlenut tree, lumbang
Aleurites moluccana
Aleurites moluccana Country:
Country: Philippines 94, 95
95
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from plantation in the Philippines Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.8
1.8
Solubility, % %
in water 10.7 \J1
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in 1% HaC!!
in 1% Na0H 23.6 o
I
Basic density, g/cm 3
density, g/cm3 0.34 Ash, % 2.2
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1* 11 350 Ash, %
Lignin, %
pit
Lignin, % 27.1
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, p* 36 Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, )2*
Wall thickness, )1* 55 cellulose, %
CrossBevan %
Lumenwidth,
Lumen p*
width, )1* 26 Pentosans, % 20.5
Pentosans, % 20·5
Length/width
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.39
Fleribili
Flexibilityty ratio
ratio 0.72
information:
** 1000 ,u (microns)
P. m 1 mm
(microns) .
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate Cold Soda
Soda
Chemical consumption, % % 20
20 Na 0*
2
Na20*
14.8
14.8 Na 0
2
Na20
Kappa number
Kappa number 39
Yield (unscreened), % 49.2 76.3
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.3 3.3
Brightness
Brightness 45 (Tappi)
45 (Tappi)
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley Bauer811
Bauer 8" - Valley
Freeness
Freeness 350 DSF
DSF 783 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
800 1 900
900 6 000
000
Burst factor
Burst factor 57 77 31
31
Tear factor
faotor 67 43 54
V1
Bleached
Bleached ~
Sequence
consumption, %
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
%
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
** Charge
53 --
-- 53
cadamba
Anthocephalus cadamba
(syn.
(Syn. Anthocephalus
Anthocephalus chinensis)
chinensis)
Indigenous to India,
India, Burma and Sri Lanka,
Lanka, this fast-growing species grows
along rivers.
on alluvium along rivers. It It is
It is very tender to frost. It is planted
planted in
in its
its
natural habitat and has also been introduced
introduced as an exotic
eIotic in the Republic of
South Africa.
References: 123, 129

123, 129
density of
The basic density of the
the wood
wood is
is on
on the
the low
low side
side for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used for
for
should not
pulping, but should not affect
affect the
the digester
digester capacity.
capacity. The fibres have a length
for hardwoods
above the average for hardwoods and,
and, judging
judging from
from the
the width
width dimensions,
dimensions, they
they
flexible with
should be fairly flexible with good
good bonding
bonding in
in paper
paper as
as aa result.
result. The fairly
high extractives content of the wood may require
require special precautions on pulping
extractives content
to lower the extractives content in
in the
the pulp.
pulp. As
As regards
regards thethe other
other chemical
chemical
characteristics of the wood, imply any difficulty in connection
wood, none of them imply
pUlping.
with pulping.
species seems
This species seems to pulp fairly
fairly easily
easily inin the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process already
already
charge (about
with a low alkali charge (about 15%
15% active
active alkali
alkali as
as Na90).
Na 20). AA higher
higher charge
charge
lowers the yield and impairs the strength properties.
properties. lqith
With aa proper
proper alkali
alkali
charge the yield may be about 50%
about 50% instead
instead of the 46.9% given in one of the
data sheets
sheets at
at aa Kappa
Kappa number
number of
of 13.
13. AA Kappa
Kappa number
number of
of 20
20 would
would be
be more
more suitable.
suitable.
even at
However, even at the
the lower
lower Kappa
Kappa number,
number, the
the pulp
pulp exhibits
exhibits excellent
excellent strength
strength
properties. A sulphate pulp
A sulphate pulp comparable
comparable to
to good-quality
good-quality eucalypt
eucalypt pulp
pulp can
can be
from this species,
produced from species, perhaps
perhaps with
with aa slightly
slightly lower
lower opacity,
opacity, judging
judging
from the fibre dimensions.
dimensions.
Dissolving pulp
Dissolving pulp of
of acceptable
acceptable quality
quality has
has also
also been
been prepared
prepared in
in the
the
(24, 35)
laboratory (24, 35) by means of the prehydrolysis
sulphate process.
process. However,
no tests for processability
processability in
in the
the viscose
viscose process
process were
were carried
carried out.
out. A A fairly
bright pulp with good
good strength
strength properties
properties can
can be
be produced
produced by
by means
means of
of the
the cold
cold
soda process. With aa peroxide bleaching
bleaching treatment an excellent
excellent pulp for cheap
printing paper
writing and printing paper is
is obtained.
obtained.
pulp either
Trials to produce mechanical pulp either by
by stone
stone grinding
grinding or
or laboratory
laboratory
scale (12 in single-disc)
single-disc) refining,
refining, have not been successful,
successful, as the pulps
exhibit
exhibit very low strength properties.
Scientific name:
Common name: Kadam
Kadam Reference:
Reference:
Anthocephalus cadamba (Syn.

(Syn. A. indicus, A. chinensis)
A. indicus, chinensis Country:
Country: India
India 64, 65
64, 65
Wood sample
WDod sample origin:

characteristics:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
from freshly
freshly felled
felled trees
trees from
from the
the Forest
Forest Ether
Ether
Research Institute, Dehra Dun.
Dehra Dun. Methanol
15 cm in diameter
Logs 15 Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
%
Solubility, %
in water VI
Density and fibre characteristics: in 1

1% WEI
HaC!!
.j:>.
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 3
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, )1*p.*
Lignin, %
%
Fibre width,
Fibre width, p*
,u*
HolocelluloBe, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, )1*,u*
cellulose, %
CrossBevan %
Lumen
Lumen width, p*
width, p.* Pentosans, %
%
Length/Width ratio
Length/width
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio

* 1000
* 1000 n
)J. (miorons) 1 mm
(microns) m. 1 mm
pulping and papermaking
characteristics
.a7.1,1r7-1-!If"--
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Groundwood Chip Groundwood Soda
Cold Soda
consumption, %% 4.5 - 17.7 Na20
Na 0
2
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness (Photovol t)
(Photovolt) 69
69 - 68
68 68 68
Beater or refiner Stone grinder Sprout-Waldron 12"*
SproutWaldron 12"* Lamp~n**
Lampgn**
Free
Freeness 70 - 100
100 130 CSF 300 CSF
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 500 580 1300-2900
1 300 2 900
Burst factor
Tear factor
faotor
11 - 22 33 5-16
5 - 16
66 16 18 - 40
18
1 200 - 900
1 900 VI
VI
Bleached
/1
Sequence
Sequence H
Chemical consumption, %% 5.0 01 (oharge)
Cl (charge)
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total yield, %% 83.7 .- 65.0
Brightness
rightness (Photovol t)
(Photovolt) 74 -- 76.5
76.5
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Lamp~
Lampan
Freeness CSF
300 CSF
Breaking
500 -- 33 900
Burst factor 9 - 17
9
Tear factor 20 - 46
information:
** 6 passes
** After
** After 5 passes
passes in
in Sprout-Waldron 12" disc refiner
SproutWaldron 12"
Scientific name:
Reference:
cadamba (Syn.
Anthocephalus cadamba (Syn. A. indicus,
indicus, A. chinensis)
chinensis) Country: o Philippines
0 Philippines 96
96
Wood sample
characteristics
Woodsample
Wood sampleorigin:
Extractives, %
Extraotives, %
Sample from plantations in the Philippines Ether
Kethanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water VI
CI\
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1% NaCE
in T% HaW
Basio density,
Basic g/om3
density, g/cm3 Ash, 'f.
%
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*u* Lignin, 'f.
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, u*
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
thiokness, )1*
Wall thickness, p.*
Crolle-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, pLit
Lumen p* Pentosans, %%
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Additional informationl
-
** 1000 p)1(microns)
1000 (microns)..- 11 mm
mm
.i.
---
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Cold Soda
Chemical consumption, % liquor 30 g NaOB/litre
Steeping liquor Na0R/iitre
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 90.2 (2
90.2 (2 passes
passes in
in Bauer
Bauer8,1
8" disc refiner)
refiner)
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
(Photovolt) 57.0
Beater or refiner Valley
Breaking length,
length, m
m 2 700
700 4 300
300
Burst factor lo
10 17
Tear factor 34 33
VI
Bleached -->
Sequence H
H P
P HP
HP
consumption, % 15.0 Cl* 1.0 H0 *
2 2
15.0 Cl,
Cl, 1.0 H 0
H202
Yield on bleaching, %% H202* 2 2
%
Total yield, % 74.6 77.3 71.9
(Photovolt) 67 65 67
Beater or refiner Valley Valley Valley
Val ley
Freeness
Freeness 200 CSF
200 CSF 200 CSF 200 CSF
Breaking length
5 500 6 700 6500
6 500
Burst factor
Buret factor 17
17 23
23 19
Tear factor
factor
~g/98
Tear
~9/94
36 ,
~*/94
40,
Brightness/Opacity (CR)
Brightness/Opacity (CR) 67/94 65/98 /94
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Common name: Kaatoan bankal
Kaatoan bankal Reference:
Reference:
cadamba (Syn.
(Syn. A. indicus,
indicus, A.
A. chinensis)
chinensis) Co~try:
95
Wood sample
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
from plantation
Sample from plantation in
in the
the Philippines
Philippines Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 44
4.4
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
water
in water 6.2 V1
Density fibre characteristics:

Density and fibre characteristics: 1
in 1% NaCH
NaCB 23.9
23.9
(»
I
Basio
Basic density, g/cm 3
density, glom3 0.35
0.35
Fibre length, p*i p.* 11 430 %
Ash, % 0.7
Fibre width, ,u*)J-* 35
%
Lignin, % 24.0
Wall thickness,
thickness, p.* 4.5
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
p.*
%
LUllen J'-*
Lumen width, pit- 26
26
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 17.9
Length/width ratio
41
Runkel ratio
ratio 0.35
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.74
** P. (microns)
1000 }: (microns) _
. 1 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Process SUlphate
Sulphate Cold Soda
~
Chemical consumption, % 17.1 Na 0
17.1 6.7 Na 0
2
Na20 2
Na20
Kappa number 13
(unscreened), ~
Screenings, %
Beater or refiner Valley Bauer8Ig
Bauer 8" Valley
Freeness 350 CSF
CSF 605 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
length, m
Breaking length, m 10 500 1 800 4400
4 400
Buret
Burst factor 52
52 2
2 14
14
Tear factor 88 35
35 38
V1
\D
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Yield on bleaching, % %
yield, ~
Total yield, %
Bright';ess
lirightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
information:
Soientifio name:
Scientific name: Common name:Kaatoan
Common name: Kaatoan bankal Referenoe:
Reference:
Anthooephalus cadamba
Anthocephalus oadamba (Syn.
(Syn. A.
A. indicus,
indious, A. chinensis)
ohinensis) Country: Philippines
Philippines 32
32
Wood sample
oharaoteristios
origin:
Wood sample origin: Chemioal
oharacteristios:
Extractives, %
Extraotives, %
Sample
Sample from plantation Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water
fibre oharaoteristios: in 1
1%NaCH
HaW '"o
I
Basic
Basio density, g/om3
density, g/cm3
1 430
430 Ash, %
%
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*,a1*
%
Lignin9 %
Lignin,
Fibre width,
Fibre width, p.*
u* 34 Holocellulose, %
Holooellulose, %
thiokness, )1*
Wall thickness, ,u* 55 Cross-Bevan oellulose, %
Croes-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width,
width, p* p.* 24
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Ruhkel ratio 0.42
0.42
information:
*
it 1000
1000 )1 (miorons)
}l (microns) _
. 1
1 mm
mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
consumption, %% 15.6
15.6 Na
Na200 (charge)
(charge)
2
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Val ley
Free
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
11 900
Burst factor 86
86
Tear factor
factor 75
75
Bleached
...'"
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
information:
-- 63
63 --
Araucaria angustifolia
(Parana
(Paraná Pine, Brazilian
Brazilian Pine)
Pine)
The natural
natural habitat of this species is Brazil,
Brazil, where it
it has
has also
also been
successfully pl~ted.
successfully pl4nted. In Brazilian pulpwood plantations
plantations the
the annual
annual increment
increment
6-20 mi/ha
has been 6-20 mJjha with a rotation
rotation of
of 17
17 years.
years. It
It has also been planted
planted in
in
the north-east of Argentina where
where it
it seems
seems to
to be replaced
replaced to some
some extent by
Pinus elliottii,
elliottii, in
in the north-east
north-east of
of Australia as well as inin East and South
Africa.
References: 18, 44, 53,

31, 44,
18, 31, 53, 97
97
is a marked difference
In old trees there is difference in
in basic density
density and moisture
content between heartwood and sapwood,
sapwood, which
which has caused
caused somesome difficulties in
pulping. The fibres exhibit
exhibit great
great length
length -- up to 77 rom
roen - and also great
great thick-
thick-
ness which has been noticed
noticed to decrease
decrease the
the capacity
capacity of pulp screens
screens to about
about
50% other softwood
50% compared with other softwood pulps.
pUlps.
The species has been used to quite an extent

extent in
in the past in
in Brazil for
pulping. Among
Among the
the strength
characteristics the
the breaking
breaking length
length and
and burst
factor are very
very low
low especially
especially for
for aa softwood
softwood pulp.
pUlp. On the other hand the
pulp exhibits an outstanding
outstanding resistance
resistance to
to tear,
tear, which makes it
it suitable
suitable for
use in combination with hardwood pulps of
of good
good breaking
breaking length
length and burst
factor.
Scientific
name: parani pine,
Pa~ pine, Reference:
Re ference:
Brazilian pine and Pinho Paranl
paran! 116
116
angustifolia (Syn.
(Syn. A.
A. brasiliensis)
Country:
Country: Brazil
Brazil
Wood sample
Wood eample characteristics
characteristics
Wood sample
eample origin:
characteristics:
Sample from
from natural forest
forest in
in Brazil, over Extractivee, %
Extractives, %
Sample Brazil, over
Ether
Ether
50
50 years old
old Xethanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, 'f,
Solubility, %
in vater
water ~
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in 1% Baal
in 'I% HaCE
Basic density, g/cm
earn33
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p*
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre width, ,u*p* Lignin, %
Liguin, %
Holocellulose, 'f,
%
Wall thickness,
thickness, )1*)1
Cross-Bevan cellulose, 'f,
%
width, p*
Lumen width,
Lumen p.*
'f,
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
information: informationl
** 1000 )J.
1000 )1 (microns)
(microns) _ 1 mm
. 1 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, ~
Kappa number 32
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brieltness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Jokro
Jokro
Freeness
Freeness 43 SR
43 SR
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 800
6 Soo
Burst
Buret factor 50
50
Tear factor
faotor 225
225
0\
VI
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Chemioal %
%
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear
information:
- 67 -
cunnin~hamii
Araucaria cunninFhamii
(Hoop Pine
Pine)
experience
its natural habitat,

Outside its habitat, Australia and New Guinea,
Guinea, this species has
been planted with good results
results in
in East,
East, Central and West Africa.
Africa. Sufficient
nitrogen in
in the
the soil
soil is
is usually
usually required
required for
for satisfactory
satisfactory growth.
growth.
References: 22, 31,

22, 31, 41,
41, 97, 123
123
characteristics
The basic density is

is in the normal range
range for softwoods
softwoods used for pulping,
pulping,
as are the fibre dimensions,
dimensions, both as regards
regards width and length.
length. The lignin
content of the wood is on the high side,
side, which is
is apt to affect the chemical
consumption and
and the
the yield
yield of
of pulp.
pulp.
The species requires

species requires aa fairly
fairly high
high charge
charge of
of active
active alkali
alkali in
in the sulphate
sulphate
process, especially for
especially for aa softwood,
scftwood, but
but the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is about
about average.
The pulp exhibits excellent
exhibits excellent strength
strength properties,
properties, comparable
comparable to
to those
those of
of North
American
American 'Southern Pine'
'Southern Pine' sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
Scientific name:
Common name: Hoop pine
Hoop pine Reference:
Reference:
Araucaria cunninghamii
Araucaria ounninghamii Country:
Country: Queensland, Austra
Queensland, Austral1a
a 131
131
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Sample
Sample from plantations at
from plantations at Yarraman
Yarraman and
and Imbil,
Imbil, butt
butt Ether
Ether
sections from 14 and 26 year-old trees.
sections from 14 and 26 year-old trees. Composite Methanol
Methanol
sample.
sample. Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
Sol ubili ty, rj,

Solubility, %
in water
and fibre
Density and
Density fibre characteristics:
characteristics: 1
in 1% HaW
NaCH ~
I
Basio density,
density, g/cm3
g/cm 3 0.451
Basic 0.457 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, p.*
p* 3 620 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
width, p*
Fibre width,
Fibre pc
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, p.*
,u*
Cross-Bevan celluloset
Cross-Bevan rj,
cellulose, %
Lumen
Lumenwidth,
uddth, )1* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/Width ratio
Length/width
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio

Additional information!
* 1000
it (microns) ._ 11 mm
1000 p]J. (microns) mm
characteristics
.111af-,mmlara...4.rNerlameamarv.....ClIme!
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
~
Kappa number 70.1 - 29.0
(unscreened), %
51.7 43.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brigiltness
refiner
PF1
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 10 000
10 000 -- 99 200
200
Burst factor
88
Tear factor
130 125
Bleached '"'"
Sequence
Chemical consumption, ~%
bleaching, %
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
Common Hoop pine
name:Hoop pine Reference:
Reference:
Country:
Country: New Guinea
New Guinea 79
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
origin: Chemioal oharacteristios:
Sample from
from plantation
plantation in
in the
the Buolo
Buolo district,
district,
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
11
11 years
years old
old Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 0.9
Solubility, 'f,
Solubility, %
in water
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1%
1% NaCII
NaCH
c5
I
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm33 0.40
0.40 Ash, %
Ash, % 0·5
0.5
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p*
width, p*
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 32.4
32.4
Fibre
Fibre width, u*
Holocellulose, %
Holooellulose,
Wall thickness,
thiokness, ,u*
% 73.2
Lumen width, J'-*p*
)1*
Cross-Bevan %
oellulose, %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio 0.25
Flexibility ratio
0.80
information:
** 1000 p)l (microns)

1000 (miorons) .m 1 mm
Pulping and
Pulping and papermalcing
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
% 22.0 Na 0 (Charge)
22.0
2
Na20
Kappa
Kappa number
number 40
40
Yield (unscreened), % 45·4
45.4
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lampgn
Freeness
Freeness 50 0
500
Breaking length,
length, mm 10 500
Burst factor
factor 87
Tear factor
Tear factor 110
110
-..l
~
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
consumption, %
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
73
- 73 -
Araucaria klinkii
Araucaria klinkii
(Klinki Pine)
Pine)
The species
species has
has been
been auccessfully
successfully planted
planted in
in New
New Guinea
Guinea and
and Malaysia.
Malaysia.
Reference:
Reference: 97
97
The basic density

density of
of the wood isis in
in the normal range
range for softwoods
softwoods used
for pulping, although
although slighly
slighly on
on the
the low
low side.
side. The flexibility ratio and/or
the Runkel
Runkel ratio
ratio indicate
indicate that
that good
good bonding
bonding can
can be
be expected
expected in
in paper.
paper. The
lignin content of the wood isis on the high side
side for
for softwoods
softwoods and indicates
requirement and
a high chemical requirement and aa fairly
fairly low
low yield
yield on
on pulping.
pUlping.
Pulping
characteristics
The species requires a fairly high charge of active alkali for aa softwood
in sulphate pulping
pulping and
and the
the yield
yield is
is on
on the
the low
low side.
side. However, the
the strength
strength
of the pulp
properties of pulp are
are excellent
excellent and
and fully
fully comparable
comparable to
to aa Scandinavian
Scandinavian
pine sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
Scientific name:
Scientific name2 Common name:
Common name: Klinki pine
Klinki pine Reference:
Reference:
Araucaria klinkii (Syn.

Araucaria klinkii (Syn. A. hunsteinii)
A. hunsteinii) Country:
Country: New Guinea
New Guinea 79
79
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Sample from
plantation in
in Buolo district,
district, 11
11 years
years old
old Extractives, %
%
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 0.7
Solubility, 'f,
%
in water
~
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in T%
1'f, NaCE
NaOH
I
Basio density, g/om 3 0.37
0.37
Ash, %
% 0.6
Fibre length, )1.*
Fibre length, pli 31.2
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p* u.*
Holocellulose, 'f,
% 76.1
Wall
Wall thiokness,
thickness, )1.* ,u*
Cross-Bevan cellulose, %'f,
Lumen width, J1*).3.4*
Pentosans, 'f.
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.33
Flexibility ratio
0.75
** 1000 )l
,u (microns)
microns a 1 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process SUlphate
Sulphate
consumption, %~
Chemical 20 Na 0 (charge)
2
Kappa number
Kappa 40 Na20
40
46.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 375 CSF
375 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 11 100
11 100
Buret
Burst factor 95
Tear factor
factor 83
83
Bleached
Bleached Cit
Sequence
bleaching, %
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightnese
lirightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Buret
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
-
- 77
77 --
Aucoumea klaineana
(Okoum~)
(Okoum6)
experience
This species is indigenous to West

West Africa and is especially widespread
in Gabon, it is
Gabon, where it is also
also planted
planted on
on aa large
large scale
scale for
for its
its timber.
timber. It is
suitable only for lowland
lowland tropical
tropical rain
rain forest
forest areas
areas of
of high
high rainfall.
rainfall.
References: 41, 111

111
The basic density of the wood is

is in
in the low range
range for
for hardwoods used
pUlping. However,
for pulping. it should
However, it should not affect the digester
digester capacity to a mentionable
degree. The fibre length is
is about the average for hardwoods and,
and, judging
judging from
the fibre width dimensions,
dimensions, the fibres
fibres should
should be flexible and capable of good
bonding in paper. No chemical composition
composition data are available for the samples
at hand.
The consumption of active alkali in in the sulphate process and the chemical
is in
soda process is in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for hardwoods.
hardwoods. The yield of of pulp
pulp is
is good,
good,
although on the low side at Kappa number
number 20.
20. The strength
strength properties of the
SUlphate and chemical soda pulps are good and comparable to those of good-quality
sulphate
poplar pulps.
poplar pulps. For semi-bleached
semi-bleached oror fully bleached grades itit seems
seems advisable
to interrupt the cook atat a Kappa number
number above the normal level,
level, perhaps 25-30 in
the sulphate process in order
order to enhance
enhance the strength
strength properties
properties of the bleached
pulp. Crude chemical soda
soda pulp with good
good strength
strength properties
properties and with a good
yield can be obtained with a normal alkali consumption. The same same probably
holds
holds for the adaptability of the species
speCies to production of crude sulphate
SUlphate pulp.
pulp.
The cold soda process gives a good quality pulp,

pulp, comparable to corresponding
types of pulp from eucalypts. However, thethe brightness
brightness of
of the
the pulp
pulp is
is too
too low,
low,
even after bleaching with hypochlorite and/or peroxide, for
for newsprint or cheap
writing and printing
printing paper.
paper. However, it may be that a bleaching
However, it bleaching combination
with dithionite and peroxide
peroxide could
could improve
improve the
the brightness
brightness to
to the
the desired
desired
level (above 65).
The NSSC process is
is suitable
suitable for
for manufacture
manufacture of
of high-quality
high-quality pulp
pulp from
from
this species.
Scientific name:
Common name: Okoum~
Okoum4 Reference:
Reference:
Country: Congo
Congo 33
33
Aucoumea klaineana
Aucoumea klaineana
Wood sample
characteristics

Logs of
of diameter
diameter 25-110 cm for
25-110 cm for pilot
pilot plant
plant trial
trial Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
solubility, %
Solubility, %
in _ter
water ~
Density and fibre characteristics: in 1%
1% NaCH
NaCl! I
Basic
Basio density, g/cm 3
g/cm3
Fibre length,
length, )1* %
Ash, %
Fibre width,
width, )1*
p*
%
Lignin, %
Wall thickness, )1*
Holocellulose, %
Rolocellulose, %
CroBs-Bevan cellulose, '%
Cross-Bevan celluloBe, %
Lumen width, ii*
Lumen width, )1*
PentoBaDS, %
Pentosans, %
Length/Width ratio
Length/width
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio

information:
** 1000 (microns) .a 1 mm
1000 »)1 (microns)
..
<---- -.--.. -,-~-----------------------------,

characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, %% 15.5 Na20
Na 0 (charge)
(charge)
2
Kappa number 19
19
Yield (unscreened),
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 3.6
(Photovolt) 33.5
33·5
Beater or refiner ?
Freeness 40 SF
SF
Breaking length,
length, mm 99 500
Burst factor 70
70
Tear factor 95
Bleached
;::cl
Sequence CEHHP
Chemical consumption, %% 3.7 Cl and 0.1 peroxide
peroxide
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness 78.5 (Photovolt -- 77.5 after
afterCEHH)
CEIlH)
Beater or refiner
refiner ?
Freeness 40 SR
Burst factor 70
Tear factor 85
Additional Trials on pilot
information: Trials pilot PM
PM at
at 10 m/min wrapping paper
m/Min for wrapping paper exhibited
exhibited minor
minor difficulties
difficulties with
with
respeot to
respect to runability with aa furnish
furnish of 100 unbleaohed okoum~ pulp.
unbleached okoum4 This difficulty was
Thi's diffioulty was more pronounced
bleached pulp.
with bleached quality of
pulp. The quality of wrapping, offset and writing
wrapping, off~set writing papers runrun on this machine was fully
acoeptable. In all instances,
acceptable. instanoes, aa minimum addition of 15 percent of long-fibre was required to
pulp was
longfibre pulp ensure
to ensure
~od runability already
od runabilit Ibis
at this.sDeed
already at sneed.
Scientific name:
Common name: Okoum~
Okoumé Reference:
Aucoumea klaineana
Aucoumea klaineana Country:
Country: Congo 33
Wood sample
characteristics
,
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Ketbanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, 'f.
Solubility, %
in water
in water 0>
charaoteristics: 4
in 1% NaOR
HaCH
o
I
Basic density,
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3
3 0.40 (dry volume)
Fibre length,
length, )1* Ash, 'fa
Ash, %
Fibre ,u*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
Fibre width, du*
)1*
HolooelluloBe, 'f.
Rolocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thiokness, )1* CroBs-Bevan celluloBe, 'f.
Lumen width, p*
width, )1* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio

information:
* 1000 p. (miorons)
1000 P. (microns) _. 11 mm
mm
...
pulping
ALIMIrse7.m. 11111.10
Unbleached
Process Cold Soda (80--165°c)
Soda (80-165°C)
Soda
Chemical consumption, % 3.2 -- 9.0 Na20
3.2 Na 0
2 5.7 -- 9.3 Na20
5·7 Na 0
2
Kappa number
(unscreened), ~
93.5 86.1 85.7 - 66.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness (Photovolt) 36.5 -- 33.5
36.5 33.5 45 - 22.5
requi~ment, kWh/Jeg
Energy requirement, kWh/kg 2.5
2.5 -- 3.4 2.0 - 0.6
ref1ner
Beater or refiner SW 12"
S-I{ SW
S-I{ 12"
12"
Freeness 60 SR
SR 60 SR
SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 22 100
100 -- 44 300
300 5 600
600 - 10 10 300
300
Burst factor 88 - 22
22 25 -- 54
25 54
Tear factor 21 - 42 49 - 66
49 66
co
~
Bleached
Sequence
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 10 Cl
2 - 10 22 - 24 Cl or 0.7
or 0.7 - 10 percen
bleaching, ~
yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness (Photovol t) 50
50 50
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
Additional
infonnation: A
0
semi-industrial trial
A semiindustrial trial for
for soda
soda pulping
pulping (impregnation
(impregnation with 10% Na0R)based
with 10% NaCH)based on on
wood at 55-60°C
wood at 55-60 c followed
followed by
by refining
refining in
in aa Bauer
Bauer refiner
refiner (double-disc)
(doubledisc) gave a a pulp
pulp at
at about &:If, yield,
about 80% yield,
breaking length 33 700,
breaking length 700, tear factor 52 and brightness 43 (Photovolt),
tear factor (Photovolt), after
after bleaching
bleaching with
with peroxide (1.3%)
peroxide (1.3%)
brightness of 49 was
aa brightness wae achieved and a breaking
breaking length
length of 900 and tear factor 47.
of 22 900 47.
Scientific name: Okoum~
Common name: 0koum6 Reference:
Aucoumea klaineana
Aucoumea klaineana Country:
Country: Gabon
Gabon 111
111
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Composite sample of trees from

from N'Koulanga
N'Koulanga and
and Mondah,
Mondah,
Extractives, %%
Ether
age 5-20 years (6 trees 5 years, 4 trees 77 years, Methanol
Methanol
1 tree
tree 14 years and 1 tree 20 years). Ethanol-benzene
9-28 cm.
Log diameters 9-28 cm.
Solubility, %%
in water (X)
N
charaoteristics: 1%
in 1% NaCB
NaCH
Basio
Basic density, g/cm
glom33 0.36
0.36 (dry volume)
Ash, %
Ash, %
length, A*
020 Lignin, %%
Fibre
Fibrs width, )1-*
du* 32 HolocelluloBe, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p.*).1,* 3 C-ross-Bevan cellulose,
Cross-Bevan %
cellulose, %
Lumen width, )1*
»it 26
26
Pentosans,
Pentosans, %%
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio 0.23
1000 pP. (microns)

• 1000 (microns) .m 11 mm
mm
-. I
pulping and
Pulping and papenmaking
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Soda (170°C) NSSC
Chemical consumption, % 17.3 - 13.5 Na 20 15.8 - 17.5 Na 11.4 - 10.9 S02
20 11.4
% 13.5 Na20 Na20
Kappa number 20 - 42 42 29 -47
- 47
SO2
% 49.4 - 58.2 46.9 -- 49.7
46.9 49.7 57.1 -- 67.9
57.1 67.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 00 -
0.7 0O - 0.3 0.3
0.3 _- 0.1
Brightness (Photovolt) 28 25
- 25 30.5 - 26.5 30 39
- 39
Bauer Bauer
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 8 900 10 100
900 - 10 100 8000-9000
8 000 9 000 88 800
800 -- 88 300
300
73 55 -- 57
55 57 60
Tear factor
factor 82
82 - 80
80 74 -- 85
74 85 66 -- 67
66 67
0>
Bleached w
I I
Sequence
Sequence CmH
cEEE can
CmH
Chemical consumption, %% 4.4 Cl
Cl 6.1 Cl
6.1 Cl
Yield on
Yield bleaching, %
on bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness (Fhotovolt)
(Photovol t) 80 81
Breaking length
length 7 900 8 400
400
Burst factor 53 53
Tear factor
factor 83 78
18
Additional informationg
information:
- 85 -
Broussonstia papyrifera
Broussonetia
(Paper Mulberry)
----TPaper Mulberry7---
experience
This fastgrowing
fast-growing species
species has
has aa valuable
valuable inner
inner bark
bark from
from which
which Tapa
Tapa is
is
made. It
It has a very wide distribution in Malaysia and Polynesia and has has been
extensively cultivated
extensively cultivated in
in East
East Asia
Asia for
for its
its bark.
bark. It is naturalized in in India,
China,
China, Japan and
and the
the southern
southern U.S.A.
U.S.A. It is planted as a potential
potential pulpwood
in
in India
India and trials have also been
been made
made inin Southern
Southern Rhodesia
Rhodesia and
and Uganda.
Uganda.
References: 9, 123
characteristics
The timber from this wood is very soft and brittle and has only found use
raw material
as raw material for
for matchsticks.
matchsticks. The fibre length isis in the range normal for
for pulping.
hardwoods for pulping. The width characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the fibres
fibres imply
imply that
that
good bonding could be expected between the fibres in paper at least as far as
at least
sample from
the sample from the
the Philippines is
is concerned.
concerned. With the exception
exception of
of an
extractives content slightly above average for hardwoods for pulping,
pulping, the
characteristics do
chemical characteristics do not indicate
indicate anything
anything which
which would cause
cause difficulties
difficulties
on pulping.
of alkali in
The consumption of in the
the sulphate
SUlphate process
process is
is in
in the normal range
range
the pulp
for hardwoods and the pulp is
is obtained
obtained with
with aa good
good yield.
yield. The strength
properties of the pulps, both bleached
bleached and
and unbleached,
unbleached, vary
vary somewhat
somewhat with
with
provenance, but a quality similar
provenance, similar to
to that
that of
of poplar
poplar sulphate
sulphate pulp or
or slightly
slightly
lower may
lower may be expected.
expected.
High-alphapulp
Highalpha pulphas
has been
been made
made in
in the
the laboratory (62) by
laboratory (62) by means
means of the
sulphate process.
process. In spite of quite a low yield of bleached
(33%), the alpha cellulose
pulp (33%), cellulose content
content remained
remained onon the
the low side (93%) for
low side
a prehydrolysis sulphate
sulphate pulp
pulp and the
the pentosans
pentosans content
content on
on the high
high side (3%).
side (3%).
However, it
it is
is possible
possible that
that by
by adjustment
adjustment of of the
the prehydrolysis,
prehydrolysis, cooking
cooking and
and
bleaching conditions, the characteristics
characteristics of of the
the pulp
pulp could
could be
be improved.
improved. No
processability of
tests for processability of the pulp
pulp in
in the
the viscose
viscose process
process were
were carried
carried out.
out.
soda pulping
Cold soda pulping ofof the wood
wood gives
gives aa fairly
fairly bright
bright pulp
pulp of
of acceptable
acceptable
quality and
and with
with aa good
good yield.
yield.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name:paper
Common name: Paper mulberry
mulberry Reference:
Reference:
Broussonetia papyrifera
Broussonetia papyrifera Country:
Philippines 95
94, 95
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Sample from
plantation in
in the
the Philippines
Philippines Extractives, '%
1>
Ether
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 3·5
3.5
Sol ubili ty, '%f.

Solubility,
in water 5· 2
5.2 (X)
0\
Density and fibre
characteristics: in 1% HaC!!
NaCH 21.1
Basic density,
Basic g/cm 3
density, g/cm3
Fibre length,
Fibre length, p*
A* 950
95 0 Ash
Ash,, '1%> 1·5
1.5
Fibre width,
width, p* 22 Lignin, '%1>
Lignin, 22.7
22.7
Holocellulose, %
Fibre ,A*
33 Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, ,u*
p*
16 CrossBevan cellulose, 'f.
Lumen width, )1*
A* Pentosans, 'f.
Pentosans, % 20.0
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkei ratio 0.38
0.38
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.73

Additional infonnation: Additional information:
infonnation:
]J. (microns) -. 11 mm
mm
pulping papermaking characteristics
Unbleached
%
Chemical consumption, % 16.7 Na
16.7
Na20
2
0 6.0 Na 0
2
Na20
Kappa number 19
19
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Beater or refiner
Beater Valley Bauer 8" Valley
Freeness 350 CSF 464 CSF 300 CSF
length, m
Breaking length, m 200
8 200 2 500
500 44 400
Tear factor
Tear 97 62 68
0:>
Bleached -J
Sequence
%
consumption, %
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Iirightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
factor
information:
Scientific name:
name: name: paper
Common name: Paper mulberry
mulberry Reference:
Reference:
Broussonetia papyrifera
Broussonetia papyrifera Country: India 99
Wood sample
oharacteristios
Wood sample origin:

Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from demonstration
demonstration plantation
plantation at
at Dehra
Dehra Dun,
Dun, Ether
Ether 0.99
8-12 years old
8-12 years old Methanol
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 7.93 (hot) CD
Density and fibre
Density and fibre characteristics.:
oharaoteriatics: 4
in 1% !laCE
BACH 17.96
CD
I
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 3
Ash, %
Ash, % 1.08
Fibre length,
length, p.*
,u* 820
Fi bra width, p*
Fibre iu* 30
30
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 23.4
Wall thickness,
thiokness, p.* Holooellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
oellulose, %
/1.3.*
LUllen width, )'-*

Lumen width, )1*
59.2
Pentosans, %
% 16.4
16.4
Length/width
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio

Additional information: informationl
** 1000
1000 y. (miorons)
P. (microns) _. 1
1 mm
mm
\
\
characteristics
----,~-------.-~------------_1
Unbleached
Precess
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 15.1 - 17.0 Na20
15.1 Na 0
Kappa number 2
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brigttness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length,
length, mm
Buret
Burst factor
Tear factor
00
Bleached
Bleached '"'
Sequence HEI:I
HEH
3.2 3.0 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
yield , %
Total yield, % 48.3 - 48.1
Brightness
Iirightness
Beater or refiner
Beater Lamp~n
Lampén
Freeness 320 CSF
Breaking length
Breaking length 7 400 - 99 000
7400- 000
Burst factor 35
35 - 48
Tear factor 62 - 82
information:
- 91
91 -
Casuarina equisetifolia
equisetifolia
TanI2:112a_tELEILtaat
Indigenous to
to north-east
northeast andand north
north Australia,
Australia, the
the Pacific
Pacific Islands
Islands and
and
this species
Malaysia this speCies grows also along the the coast
coast to
to Pakistan
Pakistan on
on sand-dunes
sanddunes
close to
close to the
the sea,
sea, as
as well
well as
as on
on the
the coast
coast of
of tropical
tropical East
East Africa.
Africa. It It is
is
usually planted
planted for
for sand
sand fixation
fixation but
but also
also on
on open
open dunes.
dunes. As an an exotic
exotic it
it
may require inoculation
inoculation of
of the
the soil
soil with
with aa specific
specific nitrogen-fixing bacterium
nitrogenfixing bacterium
of its
its root-nodules.
rootnodules. It has been been successfully
Buccessfully planted
planted onon dry inland sites
dry inland sites
in the
the Caribbean;
Caribbean; Sri
Sri Lanka;
Lanka; Cyprus;
Cyprus; and in East,
East, Central
Central and West
West Africa
Africa
with varying
varying results.
results.
References:
References: 39, 40,
39, 40, 41,
41, 44,
44, 45,
45, 123,
123, 129
129
characteristics
The timber is hard and tough,

tough, which implies
implies a high basic density.
density. The
The
fibre length
length is
is in
in the
the range
range normal
normal for
for hardwoods.
hardwoods. The fibres are veryvery thin
thin
may mean that they
which may they are
are also
also quite
quite stiff,
stiff, although
although no
no data
data are
are available
to confirm this for the samples at hand.
hand. The extractives content of the wood
is on the high side and may require
require special
special precautions to avoid a high
extractives content in the pulp. Judging fromfrom the
the thinness
thinness of
of the
the fibres,
fibres,
the opacity of the bleached pulp should
should be good.
good.
Pulping
The consumption of active alkali in

in the sulphate
sulphate process is
is quite low
and aa suitable range of degree of delignification is
is easily
easily achieved.
achieved. At thethe
same
same time the yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is good.
good. The strength properties ofof the
the pulps
pulps
obtained vary,
vary, depending on provenance and the conditions
conditions of pulping,
pulping, between
those of good quality beech and poplar
poplar sulphate
SUlphate pulps.
The NSSC process gives a pulp of

of acceptable, although not excellent
excellent
quality.
The species is not suitable for

for the
the stone
stone grinding
grinding process
process for production
of mechanical pulp.
Scientific name:
Casuarina equisetifolia Country:

Country: India 61
61
, '
Wood sample
oharacteristics
Wood
-- sample origin:
sample origin: Chemical characteristics:
Sample from Tindivanam,

Tindivanam, Madras,
Madras, 50 cm in diameter Extractives, % %
Ether
Ether 2.3
2.3
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 3.4
Solubility, %%
in water 6.5 (hot)
6.5 '!)
21.7 N
Density and
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% NaOH
in 1% NaCH
g/cm 3
-,
Basio density, g/cm'

Basic density,
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.9
0.9
length, )1*
Fibre length, p.* 1 080 Lignin, %
% 23.2
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, p* 11
11
Holooellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thickness,
thickness, )1*
p* CrossBevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p.* 56.7
56.7
p.*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
information:
** 1000 pP. (microns)

1000 (microns) .
m 1 mm
_....
~- - ~,- ~- --~--------------r
~-- ~-.---------!
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
consumption, %
12.4 - 15.5 Na20
Na 0 (charge)
(charge)
Kappa number 2
(unscreened), %
54.3 51.1
%
Screenings, %
screenings,
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm
Burst factor
Tear factor
Bleached
""
VJ
Sequence HEll
HEH
consumption, %
2.1 Cl
C1
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, % 50.3 -- 46.2
50.3 46.2
(Photovolt)
Brightness (Photovolt) 78
18 --79
19
refiner
Lamp6n
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length
5800-6200
41
105
information:
Reference:
Casuarina equisetifolia Country:
Country: India 70
70
Wood sample
characteristics
W.ood sample
Wood sample origin:
oriOn: Chemical characteristics:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
from Hyderabad Ether
Ether 2.3
2.3
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 3.4
3.4
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 6.5 (hot)
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in
inT%
1% NaCE
NaCH '"
.j>.
I
Basio density,
Basic dsnsity, g/cm
g/cm3
3
length, )1*
Fibre length, 1 080 %
Ash, %
Lignin, % 23.2
,,u*
Fibre width,
Fibre width, .,u*
)1* 11 Lignin, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thiokness, )1*
11
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Lumen width,
Lumen p.*
width, ).:*
,1.1*
CrossBevan cellulose, % 56.7
56.7
Pentosans I %
Pentosans, % 19.2
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
* 1000
* 1000 ,u (microns)
)l (microns) m. 1
1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
,_________ _ ,~ ~, ~ _ _ ~ _ _ . r ..._",.... 1__ ~.~..__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Unbleached
Process
Procese Sulphate NSSC
Chemical consumption, % 12.4 -- 13.9 Na 0*
12.4
2
Na20*
5.2 -- 9.3
5.2 9.3 S02*
SO2*
Kappa number 24
24 --19
19
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 54.4 -
- 52.9 71.7
71.7 -- 60.0
Screenings, %
screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp6n Lamp~n**
Lampén**
Freeness 250 CSF CSF
250 CSF
Breaking length, mm 8 600 - 6 100 4 500 - 3 900
55 35 32 - 20
20
105 52-
52 99
\.0
Lrt
\Jl
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
Additional
Additional information: Mechanical pulping
information: Mechanical pulping (grinding)
(grinding) gave pulps from
gave pulps from which
which no
no sheets
sheets could
could be
be made
made
for testing.'
* Charge
**
** After refining
After refining in
in Bauer
97 --
-- 97
Ceiba pentandra
( Kapok Tree)
(Kapok
experience
species is
The species is indigenous
indigenous in
in all tropical countries
countries and widely cultivated
in the eastern tropics and in West,
West, Central
Central and East
East Africa for
for the
the seed-poss
seed-poss
floss, known
floss, known as
as kapok.
kapok.
References: 44,
44, 111, 123
111, 123
The wood is
is soft
soft and with a very low basic density which will affect
affect the
capacity of the digesters for chemical pulping,
pulping, expressed as tonnage of pUlp.
pulp.
fibre length
The fibre length is
is considerably
considerably above the
the average
average for
for hardwoods
hardwoods and the
the wood
exhibits fibre width characteristics which imply
imply that the fibres would be
flexible and capable of good interfibre bonding in
in paper.
paper. No chemical
chemical charac-
charac-
are given
teristics are given for
for the
the sample
sample at
at hand.
hand.
consumption in
The chemical consumption in sulphate
sulphate pulping
pulping is
is on
on the
the high
high side
side but
still
still within the range normal for hardwoods for pulping. However, the the Kappa
numbers of the pulps
pulps have
have remained
remained high
high which
which implies
implies that
that an
an even
even higher
higher
would be required
charge of active alkali would required to
to arrive
arrive at
at the
the usual
usual Kappa number
number
for hardwood _pulps -- around 20. In spite of the high Kappa number,
number, the yield
is extremely
of pulp is extremely low
low -- only
only 37-40%.
37-40%. The strength
strength properties
properties of
of the
the pulps,
pulps,
both unbleached
unbleached and
and bleached, are fairly
fairly low.
low. The quality of of the pulp
pulp is
is
comparable to that ofof beech pulps with
with aa somewhat
somewhat improved
improved tear
tear factor.
factor.
regards chemical
As regards chemical soda
soda pulping,
pulping, the above comments
comments apply
apply for
for yield
yield and
and
rate of delignification. The strength properties of the pulps are similar to
corresponding beech pulp although
those of a corresponding although the
the tear
tear factor
factor is
is somewhat
somewhat
better.
pulping gives
NSSC pulping gives aa pulp
pulp of
of good
good strength
strength properties.
properties. the
However, the
yield is
is quite
quite low.
low.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Common name: Kapok tree
Kapok tree Reference:
Ceiba pentandra Country: Ivory Coast
Coast 111
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:

kilS.Z1.10.17.12LLIY.2101P Chemical characteristics:
characteristics:
Logs of 25
25 - 35
35 cm
cm diameter
diameter Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1
in 1% HaCH
NaOH '"ex>
I
Basio density,
Basic g/cm 3
density, g/cm3 0.25 (dry
(dryvolume)
volume)
Ash, %
Fibre length, ).1*1 720
Fibre 1 ength , )1* 1 720 %
Lignin, %
%
Fibre width,
width, ,,u*
)J-* 36
Holocellalose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thickness, p.*
)1* 44 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %%
Lumen width,
Lumen width, )1*
).1* 28
28
%
Pentosans, %
Length/width
48
Runkel
Rankel ratio 0.29
0.29
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.78

* 1000
1000 ,u
)J. (microns)
(microns) . m 1 mm
mm
pulping and
characteristics
----
I.C.-MER.2.....-.M.Z. -. .r..11.1./.........M...,mum..7111.1Mr.,..101.
.--- - ----~
ar==r--17,..=f
Unbleached
Unbleached
o
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate (170 C)
Soda (170°C) NSSC
NSSC
Chemical consumption, % 18.7 -- 18.0 Na
Na20
2
0 17.3 -- 16.2
16.2 Na
Na,0
24
0 8.4 -- 7.3
7.3 SO2
S02
Kappa number
Kappa number 30 -45
- 45 55 --85
85 -
(unscreened), ~
Yield (unscreened),
Yield % 37.2 -- 40.7
37.2 40.7 36 -39
- 39 59.7 -- 60.7
59.7 60.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.8 -- 0.5 0.5 -- 10.9
10.9 0o
(photovolt) 27 -- 24.5 - 22.5
25.5 - 22.5 - 40.5
43.5 -
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner Lamort
Lamort Bauer Bauer
Bauer
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR 40 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 6300-6700
6 300 - 6 700 6 100
100 -- 66 400 - 55 800
6 400 -
Burst factor
Burst factor - 38
35 - 38 34 -- 37 36 -- 32
32
Tear factor
90 82
82 -- 85
85 77 - 75
77 75
\0
\0
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence CEIlli
CEHH CEIlli
CERH
consumption, ~
Cl 8.2 Cl
on bleaching, %
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
lirightness (Photovol t)
(photovolt) 82.5
82.5 82
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamort
Lamort Bauer
Breaking length
Burst factor
Burst factor 34 33
Tear factor
factor 75
75 64
-- 101
101 -
-
cUfressus
Cupressus lusitanica
Mexican Cypress)
(Mexican
is indigenous to Central America where it

The species is it grows at
at altitudes
of 1 200-3 000 m,
m, usually
usually on
on moist
moist slopes
slopes or
or near
near streams.
streams. It has long been
cultivated in
cultivated in Portugal
portugal and
and other
other parts
parts of
of Europe.
Europe. It It seems to require fairly
deep, soils with
deep, rich soils with good
good drainage.
drainage. It has been successfully
successfully introduced in
Australia and
Australia and East
East Africa.
Africa. Less promising results
results have been reported from
Cyprus,
Cyprus, India,
India, Mauritius and Southern Rhodesia.
References: 31,
31, 41,
41, 44, 49, 107,
44, 49, 107, 123
123
characteristics
No data are available

available for
for the
the sample
sample at
at hand.
hand.
extremely low
In spite of the extremely low yield (39%)
(39%) in
in the
the sulphate
sulphate process, the
remained unusually
content of screenings has remained unusually high.
high. As regards the strength
properties, breaking length
properties, the breaking length and burst factor
factor are
are similar
similar to those of North
American pine
American pine sulphate
SUlphate pulps,
pulps, whereas
whereas the
the tear
tear factor
factor is
is lower,
lower, although
although still
still
higher than that of
of Scandinavian
Scandinavian pine
pine sulphate
SUlphate pulps.
pulps. The present,
present, very
very
incomplete data imply that
that the species would not be suitable for full full chemical
market pulp, but may be used in
market pulp, in an
an integrated
integrated paper
paper mill
mill inin combination
combination with
short-fib~e pulps. In view
short-fibre pulps. view of
of the
the apparent
apparent difficulty
difficulty of
of delignificat
delignification
ion of
this species in full
full chemical pulping,
pulping, its
its best use
use in
in pulping
pulping could
could be for
for
production of crude sulphate
sulphate pulp
pulp (Kappa
(Kappa number
number around
around 60)
60) for
for linerboard
linerboard oror
wrapping paper.
wrapping paper.
Scientific name:
Common name: Mexican cypress
cypress Reference:
CupressuB
Cupressus lusitanica
lusitanica Country: Kenya 107
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extraotives, %
Thinnings from plantation
Thinnings from plantation
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~
Density
Densit and fibre characteristics: 1% NaCH
in 1% I~
Basio
Basic density, g/cm
g/cm3
3
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p*
Ash, %
Ash, % /I
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*p.*
Holocellulose, %
Rolocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thickness,
thickness, )1*
p* Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumenwidth,
Lumen width, p*
p.* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000 microns ~ 1 mm
p (microns)
1000 )l
Pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %~
Chemical
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
38.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.5
1.5
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
900
Burst factor
Burst factor 78
78
Tear factor
Tear factor 100
100
~
o
Bleached
Bleached \.oJ
Sequence
%
bleaching, ~
yield,, ~
Total yield %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
factor
105-
- 105
12 ABL
Eucalyptus 12
probably related to E. camaldulensis this species

Probably a hybrid and related species originates
in Madagascar. itself well to tropical conditions and has been
Madagascar. It adapts itself
successfully introduced in Congo,
Congo, where it
it has
has proved to
to be more
more suitable
suitable
~ saligna.
than E. saligna. It has also been
been planted
planted in
in tropical
tropical Asia.
Asia.
References: 40,
40, 56,
56, 57,
57, 109
The basic density of the wood is fairly high but still within the normal
normal
used for
range for hardwoods used for pulping.
pulping. The fibres are of average length for
hardwoods, of average
hardwoods, average width
width and
and fairly
fairly thin-walled. This suggests
thinwalled. This suggests aa certain
certain
amount
amount of flexibility and consequently a potential for forming good inter-
inte~
fibre bonds in paper. The lignin content is very high for hardwoods and
or aa low
suggests difficulties or low yield
yield on
on chemical
chemical pulping.
pulping.
in the
The alkali consumption in the sulphate
sulphate process
process varies
varies between
between average
to high for hardwoods and in
in some
some instances,
instances, in
in spite
spite of
of aa high
high alkali charge,
charge,
the Kappa number arrived at has
has remained
remained high.
high. The yield
yield inin all
all instances
instances
is
is very low,
low, between 40% and 45%. The strength characteristics of the pulps
good, usually
vary from below average to good, usually in
in such
such aa way
way that
that an
an easily
easily pulped
sample gives better strength properties.
properties. The
The same
same conclusions
conclusions apply
apply to
to
chemical
chemical soda pulping. In overall strength
strength on
on the
the average,
average, the
the pulps
pulps fall
fall
between the limits given by
by the
the corresponding
corresponding grades
grades of
of beech and
and average
poplar pulps.
quality poplar pUlps.
pulping gives
pulp with
with good
good strength
properties, but
but in
in some
some
instances extremely
extremely dark in
in colour.
colour. The
The yield
yield is
is fairly
fairly low.
low.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
12 ABL
Eucalyptus 12 Country: Congo
Congo 111
111

Wood sample origin:

origin: characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extraotives, %
Sample
Sample from
from plantation
plantation at PointeNoire, 5
at Pointe-Noire, 5 years old.
old. Ether
her
Seeds from
from Madagascar. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, 'f%o

Solubility,
~
in water o
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1
in 1% NaCE
NaCH '"
Basio
Basic density, g/cm
glom3 3 (dry volume)
0.60 (dry volume) Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, )1*,u*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
)1.1*
Holocellulose, %
Bolocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thi cmess, ,u*)1*
Cross-Bevan cellulose, '%fo
Lumen
Lumen width,
width, )1*
p* Pentosans, '%
Pentosans, fo
Length/width
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
*
it 1000 )J. (microns)
p. (microns) m. 1 mm
- - -
characteristics
~--------------~----------------------------~----,------------------------~
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
consumption, %%
Chemical consumption, 13.7 Na 0
2
Na2O
Kappa number 34
34
(unscreened), %
45·7
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.9
Brightness
(Photovolt) 22.5
22·5
Beater or refiner Bauer
Freeness SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 8 500
8 500
Burst factor 54
54
Tear factor 120
120
~
Bleached .....o
Sequence CEm!
consumption, %
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness (Photovolt) 79.5
79·5
refiner
Freeness 40 SR
Breaking length
900
Buret factor
Burst 49
Tear factor 110
information:
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus 12 ABL
Eucalyptus 12 ABL Country:
Country: Congo
Conga 111
111
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from
plantation at PointeNoire, 5
at Pointe-Noire, years old
5 years old Ether
Methanol
Seeds from Madagascar.
Seeds from Madagascar. Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.21
1.21
Sol ubili ty, '%f.

Solubility, ~
in water 1.42 o
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% NaOH
Na<E 13.65
13.65 ex>
I
Basic density,
Basic g/cm3
(dry volume) Ash, %
Ash, % 0.5
0·5
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
Ait- 862 Lignin, %
Lignin; % 33.0
Fibre width, )1*
Fibre width, 19
19
Holocellulose, %
HolooelluloBe, %
thiokness, )1*
Wall thickness, )1.* 44 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
% 44·5
Lumen width,
width, }1*
pit 11
11
Pentosans, '%f.
Pentosans, 15.6
15.6
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio 0.73
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.58

1000 (miorons) ._ 11 mm
mm
,- ------~--------------------------------------------------------------
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate NSSC
%
16.1 11.9 Na 0
2
Na20
8.8 S02
so2
Kappa number 20
20 -28
- 28
(unscreened), %
42.5 48.0 63.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, % o0 -- 1.0
1.0 oo
(Photovol t)
26 - 23.5
- 23.5 31.5
Beater or refiner
refiner Bauer Bauer
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR
40 40 SR
40
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 7 000 -- 88 300
7 300 66 700
700
Burst factor
40 47 40
Tear factor
Tear factor 65 - 95
65 95 110
110
~
o
Bleached '!)
I
Sequence CEIIH
CEHH
% 4.8 - 6.1
4.8 6.1 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Hrightness (Photovolt) 76-79
76 - 79
Freeness 40 SR
Breaking
100 - 88 000
000
Burst factor 37 -
37 - 49
99 115
information:
Scientific name:
Common name: Kininy, Kininina
Kininy, Kininin Reference:
Reference:
Eucalyptus 12 ABL
Rucalyptus 12 ABL Country:
Country: Madagascar
Madagascar 111
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Logs 16-37
Logs 16-37 cm in diameter
cm in diameter from
from plantations
plantations at
at
Ether
Antanimiheva and
Antanimiheva and Menagisy
Menagisy Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
~
in water ~
Density and fibre

characteristics: in
in T%
1% NaW
NaOH o
Density and
I
Basio density,
Basic g/Cm33
density, g/cm 0.73 (dry
(dry volume)
volume)
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p* 894
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre width, ,u*p* 17
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, )1* 4.5
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen width,
width, )1*
p*
,u*
66
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 1.50
Flexibility ratio
1CX>q pP. (microns)

* 1000
it (microns) .= 11 mm ....a
r------ ·- -------·~--------------~----------------------------------------------
pulping and
characteristics
=-~-----------------------~.-------------------------------------~
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Soda (170°C) NSSC
consumption, % 19.0 - 16.7 Na 0 17.4
17.4 -- 15.9
15.9
Na 0
Na00 7.6 - 7.2 S02
Kappa number
Kappa number 31
31 41
- 41
2
Na20
37 -56
37 - 56
2 SO2
Yield (unscreened),
Yield %
(unscreened) , % 42.3 - 45.1
42.3 45.1 41.7
41.7 - 43.8
43.8 58.8 - 62.9
Screenings, %
1.4 1.3 -- 2.7
1.3 0o
(Photovolt) 23.5 22 - 19.5 15 - 17.5
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner Bauer Bauer Bauer
Freeness
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 500 - 66 400
5 500 400 5 400
400 - 5 500 55 400 -
- 44 500
500
Burst factor
38 30 - 31
31 31
31 -- 27
Tear factor
Tear factor 80 - 91
91 77 - 76
76 70 -- 62
70 62
~
~
Bleached
Bleached
~
Sequence
Sequence CElIH
Marti Carii
CEllH
consumption, %
7.3 Cl 8.2 Cl
Cl
on bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
(Photovolt) 74 75
Beater or refiner
refiner Bauer Bauer
Freeness
Breaking length
length 5 000
000 55 700
700
Burst
Burst factor 31 34
Tear factor
factor 89 79
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Euoalyptus 12
Eucalyptus 12 ABL Country: Congo
Congo 110
110
Wood sample
characteristios

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from Loudima, 55 years old
plantation at Loudima, Ether
her
:Methanol
Methanol
2.35
Solubility, % %
~
in water
water 4.74 ~
I\)
Density and fibre characteristics: 1% Na0H
in 1% Na(!I 15.6
Basic density, g/om3
density, g/cm 0.67 (dry volume)
0.67 Ash, % % 0.33
0.33
Fibre length,
Fibre length, p*p* 850 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 34.9
34.9
Fibre width, p*u* 14
Wa.ll thickness, p*
Wall thiokness, 4.5
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen width,
width, )1*
p*
»*
55
Cross-Bevan cellulose, % % 42.6
42.6
Pentosans,
Pentosans, % % 15.6
Length/width ratio
61
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 1.80
1.80
Flexibility ratio

information:
(microns) a- 11 mm
I** 1000
1000 Jl (miorons)
).3. mm
-- -- ---- -~--------------------.----.
Pulping and
characteristics
-------r
..,~ -~
-----------~---------~ -~---~,
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
consumption, %% 19.2 -- 13.6
19.2 13.6 Na 0*
Na20*
2
Kappa
Kappa number
number 30
30 --52
52
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 40.8 -- 41.8
41.8 (screened)
(screened)
Screenings, %
screenings, %
Beater or refiner
refiner ?
Freeness
Freeness SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
length, m
m 7 500
500 -- 88 900
900
Burst factor
41
Tear factor
factor 115
115 - 120
120
~
Bleached w
Sequence CmIl
CEHH
consumption, %
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Iirightness (Photovolt)
(photovolt) 75 --
75 78
Beater or refiner ?
Freeness 40 SR
500 -- 66 700
700
Burst factor 33
33 -- 42
120

Additional
** Assuming aa liquor to
to wood ratio
ratio of
of 3.3
115-
- 115
Eucalyptus albens
(White Box)
plantation
is indigenous
The species is indigenous to eastern
eastern Australia where it grows on soils
derived from basalt and
and limestone.
limestone. It is closely
closely allied
allied to
to E.
E. hemiphloia,
hemiphloia,
although smaller in
in size.
size. It
It has been subjected to acclimatization
acclimatization trials
trials
in Italy, Cyprus and in
in West, East and South Africa.
References:
References: 123
123
The timber from natural stands is is reportedly

reportedly very hard which may cause
heavy wear of the chipper knives in a pulp mill. The fibres are Short, short, even
even
for aa hardwood,
hardwood, thin,
thin, but
but thick-walled, which implies
thickwalled, which implies aa lack
lack of
of flexibility
flexibility
and consequently aa low potential
potential for
for forming
forming good
good inter-fibre bonding in
interfibre bonding in paper.
paper.
lignin content
The lignin content is
is low.
low.
Cold soda
Cold soda pulping
pulping gives
gives aa fairly
fairly dark
dark pulp.
pulp. Although the
the strength
strength
acceptable for
properties are acceptable for printing
printing grade
grade paper,
paper, the
the brightness
brightness is
is not,
even with application
application of
of P/HS
P/HS bleaching.
bleaching.
Application of
of the
the NSSC process
process gives
gives aa pulp
pulp with
with strength
strength properties
properties
just acceptable for corrugated medium board. However, since
just since the
the pulp
pulp is
is
fairly bright, it may be preferable to use the pulp for
bright, it for production of printing
after P/HS
grade papers after PjRs bleaching.
sodium bisulphite process

The sodium process gives
gives aa dark
dark pulp
pulp of
of unacceptable
unacceptable strength
strength
application of
properties and the application of this
this process
process isis not
not recommended.
recommended.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus albens Country: Italy 19

19
Wood sample
characteristics
W.ood sample
Wood sample origin:
oharacteristios:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from plantation at Terra Apuliae, Ether
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
~
in water ~
0\
- ~ty charaoteristics:
Density and fibre characteristics: i 1% HaC!!
in 1% NaOH
I
Basio density, g/cm3 Ash, % 0.4
Ash, %
Fibre length, p.*
)1* 582 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 17.7
17.7
Fibre width, p.*
)1* 14 I
Holocellulose, % %
Wall thickness, ,u*)1* 5.5
5·5 cellulose, %
CrossBevan % 45.6
Lumen width, p.*
p* 33 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio 3.67
3.67
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.21

information:
** 1000 »P (microns)
1000 (microns) .m 11 mm
Pulping and paperrnaking characteristics
characteristics
~ - - .- - ----------+
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC Cold Soda Na-bisulphite(p(p115)
Nabisulphite H5)
Chemical consumption, % % 8.5
8.5 SO2*
S02* 18.6
18.6 Na 0*
2
Na20*
8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02*
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
71·5 76.5 50.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 53 48 44
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness 25 SR
25 40 SR 25 SR
25 40 SR
SR 25 SR
25 SR
40 SR
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 200
3 200 400
4 400 2900
2 900 3 400
400 300
3 300 3 800
Burst
Burst factor 12
12 18
18 11
11 12
12 13
13 16
16
Tear factor 42
42 58 29
29 36 36
36 57
~
~
Bleached
Bleached -J
I •
Sequence
Sequence HS** pAis
P;HS HS
consumption, % % 1 MS*
MS* 22 Na 0 , 0.5 HS* 73.5
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % % 2 2
Na202'
Total yield, 'fa
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
** Charge
** Sodium hydrosulphite
-- 119
119 --
Eucalyptus amygdalina
ru;ygdalina
experience
The tree
The tree has
has aa fine
fine appearance,
appearance, but
but its
its limited
limited growth
growth renders
renders itit
unattractive for
unattractive for reforestation
reforestation outside
outside Australia.
Australia. It has in in general given
dubious results in the Mediterranean area and in most most of the tropical
tropical or
countries into
intertropical countries into which
which it
it has
has been
been introduced
introduced as
as an
an exotic.
exotic.
at least
However, at least one
one trial
trial in
in Italy
Italy has
has shown
shown some
some promise.
promise.
References: 38,
38, 44,
44, 52, 123
52, 123
density of
The basic density of the samples
samples from
from the
the natural forests
forests in
in Australia
is still
still within
within the
the range
range considered
considered normal
normal for
for hardwoods
hardwoods for
for pulping.
pulping. The
The
short, even
fibres are fairly short, even for
for a hardwood, and thin.
thin. Judging
Judging from
from the
the
width characteristics,
characteristics, the
the fibres
fibres are
are also
also quite
quite stiff,
stiff, which
which is
is apt
apt to
to
bonding in
prevent proper bonding in the paper.
paper. The chemical characteristics
characteristics dodo not
reveal
reveal anything which
which would
would cause
cause difficulties
difficulties inin chemical
chemical pulping.
pulping.
Pulping charac'teristics
The chemical consumption in

in the chemical
chemical soda
soda process
process is
is on
on the high
side
side for
for hardwoods,
hardwoods, even in view of the Kappa number being lower than usually
aimed at.
at. The yield of pulp is
is low.
low. The strength
strength properties
properties are
are acceptable,
acceptable,
although
although low for an eucalypt pUlp.
pulp. However, chemical soda pulping
However, sulphate or chemical
to
to aa Kappa number of about
about 20 would most probably increase the strength,
strength,
although
although the pulps would probably resemble
resemble poplar
poplar pulps
pulps of
of corresponding
corresponding
grades,
grades, rather than eucalypt
eucalypt pulps.
Cold soda pulping

pulping gives a pulp
pulp of
of inferior
inferior strength
strength properties
properties and the
alkali
alkali consumption is high.
high.
The strength properties of

of the
the NSSC pulp
pulp are
are below
below the
the normal
normal require-
require-
ments. Bisulphite pulping
pulping gives
gives aa pulp
pulp in
in the
the normal yield
yield range
range with strength
strength
properties
properties similar to those of a beech sulphite pulp.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus amygdalina (Syn.
(Syn. E.
E. salicifolia) Country: Tasmania, Australia
Country:Tasmania, Australia 6
6
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

samples from natural
Samples from forest at
natural forest at Wesley
Wesley Vale
Vale Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
( a)
(a) 117 years
region, 117
Mountain region, years old
old Methanol
Methanol
(b)
(b) region, 83
Foothill region, 83 years old
years old Ethanol-benzene
(c)
(o) Coastal region,
Coastal region, 61
61 years
years old
old
Solubility, %%
~
in water
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1% NaOH
in 1% HaW
~
Basio g/om 3
density, g/cm3
Basic density, (a) 0.55;
(a) (b) 0.57; (c) 0.55
0.55 Ash, %
%
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p*
p*
Fibre width, iu* Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Wall thickness,
thickness, )1* Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*
»it
)..1*
cellulose, %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
Additional informationl Additional information:
information:
** 1000
1000 ,u.(microns)
)l (microns) m. 11 nun
mm
;-----.~.- . , - .,-- .- "'- - - -
characteristics
~-------------------~
Unbleached
Unbleached a b c
c
Process Soda (17000)
(170°C) Soda (17000)
Soda (170°C) Soda (170°C)
consumption, % % 21.9 Na 0i'
2 21.0
21.0 Na 0i' 21.8 Na 0i'
Kappa number
Kappa number Na20* 2
Na20* 2
Na20*
15 15
15 15
15
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 42.9 45·1
45.1 43.1
43.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness (Tappi)
(Tappi) 31 32.5 32
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner PFI PFI
PFI PFI
Freeness
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 7 000 77 100
100 6 900
6 900
factor
51
Tear factor
Tear factor 90 90 91
~
Bleached
Bleached '"
~
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightnese
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
* 15.
Charge to obtain Kappa number 15.
+a-amot,
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Reference:
Reference:
Eucalyptus amygdalina (Syn.
(Syn. E.
E. salicifolia)
salicifolia) Country: Italy
Italy 19
19
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extraotives, %
her
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
in water ~
N
Density and
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% Ha<H
in 1% NaCH I\)
g/om 3
I
Basic density,
631 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.2
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )li!
p*
14 Lignin, %
% 21.1
21.1
p*
Fibre width, ,p* 14
4.5 Holooellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thi
Wall thickness,
okness, ).z*
)1* 4·5 oelluloss, %
CrossBevan 45. 0
% 45.0
Lumen width, p* p*- 55 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
ratio 45
Runkel ratio
Rankel ratio 1.80
ratio
* 1000
1000 »
P. (miorons)
(microns) . 1 mm
= 1 rom
at.
-._ ..-,,-
pulping and
characteristics
~--~--~~----~--------------------------------~----------------
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC
NSSC Cold Soda Nabisulphite (pHS)
Na-bisulphite(p115)
8.5 SO2*
S02* 18.6
18.6 Na 0*
2
Na20*
8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02*
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unBcreened), %
74.0 79.0 51.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 54.5
54·5 53
53 48.5
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness SR
25 SR 40
405RSR 25 SR
25 40 SR
40 SR SR
25 SR 40 SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 3 300
300 3 900
900 2 300
300 2 800
800 5 900
5900 66 500
500
Burst factor
Burst factor 11
11 16 8 11
11 23 29
'I
Tear factor
25 30
30 58
58 49
49
~
N
Bleached
Bleached ......
Sequence
Sequence HS** P;RS
P/HS HS
HS
Chemical consumption, % 1 HS*
HS* 2
2 Na 0 , 0.5 HS*
2 2
Na202'
HS* 1 HS
HS
on bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Ilirightness 65.5 62 75
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
factor
** Charge
**
125-
- 125
Eucalyptus botryoides
plantation
This species
species has
has been
been successfully
successfully introduced
introduced in
in the
the Mediterranean
Mediterranean area,
area,
recorded. Introduction in Sri
where vigorous growth has been recorded. Sri Lanka has
has been
aa failure whereas the results
results were
were satisfactory
satisfactory on
on sheltered
sheltered frost-free sites
frostfree sites
in New Zealand. Growth has been satisfactory in Southern Rhodesia in the the
tobacco-growing districts and
tobaccogrowing districts and in
in Kenya.
Kenya. In the Republic
Republic ofof South
South Africa,
rapid growth has been recorded
fairly rapid recorded inin the southern
southern and eastern coastal
districts. ItIt has also been introduced successfully in the the coastal zones
coastal zones
of California as windbreaks.
California as windbreaks. In Zaire,
Zaire, it
it tends to be rejected
rejected atat Katanga
while in Rwanda and in Burundi it is a valuable species
species for propagation.
propagation.
It appears that this species

speCies can give a considerable
considerable volume yield on
fairly deep soils in subtropical
subtropical and Mediterranean countries where there is
near the
a moist atmosphere, near the coast
ooast and
and where
where the
the climate
climate has
has not too
too marked
marked
dry seasons.
Note: The species

speCies may take on two different forms
forms and it
it is advisable on
choosing seed to give careful heed to its
its origin.
origin.
References: 38,
38, 52,
52, 83, 114, 123
83, 114, 123
wood is
The wood is strong,
strong, hard
hard and
and durable.
durable. The basic density
density is
is within
within the
the
range of hardwoods used
used for
for pulping.
pUlping. The extractives
extractives content
content is
is slightly
slightly on
side and
the high side and may
may require
require special
special precautions
precautions onon pulping
pulping for
for removal
removal of
of
extractives from the
the pulp.
pUlp. However, as as there
there is
is considerable
considerable difference
difference in
in
lignin content between the sample
sample from Italy
Italy and that
that from
from Portugal, itit may
well be that the extractives
extractives content
content of
of the
the Italian
Italian sample
sample is
is low,
low, although
although
data are
no data are given
given in
in this
this respect.
respect. The lignin content of the sample from
is exceptionally
Portugal is exceptionally high
high for
for aa hardwood.
hardwood. The fibre length is is within
within
range for
the normal range for hardwoods for
for pulping.
pUlping. The other fibre
fibre dimensions imply
of stiffness.
a certain amount of stiffness. Judging
Judging from
from the
the width
width of
of the
the fibres,
fibres, pulp
pulp
species should
made from this species should exhibit
exhibit good
good opacity.
opacity.
Pulpin
consumption has
The alkali consumption has been
been about
about average
average inin the
the sulphate
SUlphate process,
process,
the Portuguese sample.
as applied to the sample. However, the the Kappa
Kappa number
number arrived
arrived at
implies that
that the charge of active alkali has has been
been slightly
slightly insufficient.
insufficient. To
number of
arrive at a Kappa number of about
about 20,
20, aa charge
charge of
of active
active alkali
alkali of
of about
about
20% Na 0 seems
2. Na20 seems to
to be
be required,
required, that
that is
is aa charge
charge which
which is
is often appli~d to
often applitd to
2 although on
hardwoods on the
the high
high side.
side. At the the same
same time
time the
the yield
yield of
of unbleached
unbleached
pulp would
would be slightly
slightly reduced.
reduced. The fairly low yield in view of the Kappa
126
- 126-
(EucalYptus botryoides)
(a221yptus botryoides)
number is probably due to the high ligning content of the present

present sample.
sample.
The strength properties of the sulphate pulp are good,
good, especially the tear
factor, and the pulp is comparable to an average quality eucalypt
factor, eucalypt pulp or a
quality poplar
good quality poplar pulp.
pUlp.
The cold soda

soda pulp is obtained with a good yield. The pulp is bright
and easily bleachable to
tc? a good brightness
brigntness for printing papers.
papers. The strength
strength
prop~rties
properties are acceptable after further refining (to about 60 SR) for use in
any kind
kind of
of wood-containing printing papera
woodcontaining printing paper.
The NSSC pulps are

pulps are also
also fairly
fairly bright.
bright. It seems preferable for grades
which will be given a bleaching treatment to carry out the chemical
chemical treatment
with aa higher charge of carbonate to improve the bleachability.
bleachability. The strength
properties of pulps are
the pulps are good.
good.

The sodium process gives
gives aa fairly
fairly dark
dark pulp
pulp with
with aa good
good yield.
strength properties are good
The strength good and
and better
better than
than those
those of
of aa beech sulphite
sulphite
pUlp.
pulp.
possibility of
The possibility of manufacturing
manufacturing dissolving
dissolving pulp
pulp from
from this
this species
species has
has
investigated in
been thoroughly investigated in Italy.
Italy.
-
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Bangalay,
Common name: Bangalay, Reference:
Southern Mahogany
botryoides
Eucalyptus botryoides Country: Italy
Country: Italy 20
Wood sample
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from plantation at Grosseto, 88 years old.
old. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~
Density
Densit, and fibre characteristics: in 1% NaCE
NaCH '??,
I
Basio g/cm33
Basic density, g/cm 0.51
0.51
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p* 882
Ash, %
Ash, % 003
0.3
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 23.2
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, p* 19
thickness, )1*
Wall thickness,
19
4.5
Holocellulose, % %
,u*
cellulose, %
Cross-Bevan cellulosev
CrossBevan % 48.0
48.0
Lumen width,
Lumen width, pit-
)1* 10 Pentosans, %
%
Length/width . ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.90
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.53
** 1000
1000 }J-
)1. (microns) =. 1 mm
(microns)
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC (Iii5)
NSSC (pH5) Cold Soda Na bisulphite
Na bisulphite NSSC(pH 8.5)
NSSC(Iii 8.5)
consumption, % % 8.5 S02*
8.5 SO2* 13.9 Na 0
2
Na20
8.5 SO2*
8·5 S02* 8.5
8.5 SO2*
S02*
Kappa
Kappa number
number
Yield (unscreened),
17.8 86.0 59.4 81.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 45 53.5 51 43·5
431.5
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness 25
25 SR 40 SR 25 SR 40 SR 25 SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
300 5 100
100 22900
900 3 500
500 6 loo
100 7 300
300 4 700 5 500
500
Burst factor
Burst factor 19 21
21 13
13 16 29 37 22 29
Tearfactor
Tear faotor 50 48 39 43 73
73 69 63
63 58 ....tg
Bleached
I I
Sequence HS** P,.1!S
P/HS HS HS
% 11 HS*
HS* 22 Na 0, 0.5 HS* 1 HS* 1 HS*
bleaching, %
Yield on bleaching, % 2
Na20'
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightnees
Brightness 55.5 75 5905
59·5 68
68
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
faotor
information:
* Charge
**
Reference:
Eucalyptus botryoides
Eucalyptus Country:
Country: Portugal 114
114
Wood sample
characterietics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Logs of 9-23 cm diameter from Herdade
Herdade da Comporta 0.5
0·5
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 3.3
3.3
Solubility, %%
Solubility,
in water 7.8 (hot)
7.8 (hot) ....o
~
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in T%
in 1% HaOO
NaCH
3 I
Basio density, g/cm
Basic density, g/Cm3 0.60
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p.*
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.2
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 30.4
30.4
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, u*
thiokness, ,u*
Wall thickness, )1*
Holooellu1ose,
Holocellulose, % % 66.7
% 40.8
Lumen width, )l-*
Lumen p*
Pentosa.ns, %
Pentosans, % 15.1
15·1
Length/width ratio
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
* 1000
* 1000 )l
).1 (microns)
microns m 1 rom ,
pulping
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % 17.2 Na 0 (charge)
Kappa number 28 Na20
about 28 2
(unscreened), ~
51·5
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.8
Brightness
LamOn
Freeness 45
45 SR
SR
Breaking length,
Burst factor 56
Tear factor
faotor 140
140
~
Bleached '"
~
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Buret
Tear factor
information:
= -
- -
-
-- 133 --
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Together with E. globulus, this is the most

E. Alobulus, most widely used eucalypt
eucalypt species
in plantations.
in plantations. It was introduced in the beginning of the 19th century in the
Mediterranean countries. Due to
Mediterranean countries. to damage
damage by
by Armillaria mellea,
mellea, its
its growth
in Italy has been less
less notable
notable than
than that
that of
of E. botryoides or
~ botryOides or E. maidenii.
~ maidenii.
Remarkable success has been achieved with commercial-scale plantations in
Spain, in
Spain, in the provinces
provinces of
of Seville, CAdiz,
Cadiz, Huelva and
and Malaga as well as in in
Portugal and
and North
North Africa.
Africa. Good results
results have .also been reported
also been reported from
from Turkey,
Turkey,
Kenya, Southern
Sri Lanka, Kenya, Southern Rhodesia,
Hhodesia, Malawi,
Malawi, the
the Republic
Republic of
of South
South Africa,
Africa,
Brazil, Argentina
California, Brazil, Argentina and
and Chile.
Chile. It has failed to acclimatize in
and in
many tropical countries and in Democratic Kampuchea and India.
India. Dubious
results have been obtained
obtained in
in Indonesia
Indonesia and
and Zaire.
Zaire.
The species is
is very adaptable to climate
climate and soil.
soil. It can
can be planted
in deep soils in semi-arid
semi-arid and
and almost arid Mediterranean conditions. In
more humid climates it
it can be planted
planted on
on comparatively shallow
shallow soils.
soils. Its
Its
upper limit of growth is
is roughly
roughly 11 300-1
300-1 400 mm in
in the Moroccan Central Atlas
region.
It is liable to be attacked
attacked by
by Gonipterus scutellatuq.
scutellatus.

39, 40,
38, 39, 41, 44,
44, 45,
45, 52,
52, 83,
83, 85,
85, 112, 123, 128,
112, 123, 128, 147
characteristics
basic density
The basic density of
of the
the wood
wood is
is in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used
used
for pulping, as is
is the
the fibre
fibre length.
length. The fibres
fibres are thin and fairly flexible
flexible
which implies good potential bonding in in paper. The lignin
lignin content
content of
of the
sample grown in portugal is high for
Portugal is for a hardwood for pulping, whereas that of
Italian sample
the Italian sample is
is normal. Judging from the thinness of of the
the fibres,
fibres, pulp
from this
made from this species
species should
should exhibit
exhibit good
good opacity.
opacity.
pulping characteri stics

The alkali consumption in

in the sulphate
SUlphate process
process is
is within
within the
the normal range
range
for hardwoods, ligning content
hardwoods, but probably varies with the ligning content of
of the
the wood.
wood. The
yield of pulp is around the average forfor hardwoods used
used for
for pulping.
pulping. As regards
regards
the Italian sample,
sample, the extremely
extremely low
low yield
yi eld in
in the
the sulphate
SUlphate process
process implies
implies
that
that tthe
he pulp has been over-cooked, which also seems
seems to
to be confirmed
confirmed byby the
the
low strength properties inin comparison with the excellent
excellent ones
ones obtained
obtained with
the Portuguese sample.
sample. However, thethe discrepancy
discrepancy between
between the
the two
two sets
sets of
of data
data
due to
may also be due to the
the Italian
Italian wood
wood sample
sample being
being unsuitable
unsuitable (extensive
(extensive drying
drying
of the wood on
on storage,
storage, for
for instance).
instance). This would also explain the impregnation
difficulties met
met with at
at lower pH and the extremely
extremely low
low strength
strength properties
properties
of the cold soda and high-yield NSSC pulps.
pulps. As regards
regards the
the Portuguese
Portuguese sample,
sample,
good opacity was noted for the bleached pulp.
pulp.
- 134
134 -
(Eucalyptus
(EVcalyptus camaldulensis)
Laboratory tests for the production of dissolving pulp from this species
have shown that the bisulphite process was inapplicable,
inapplicable, whereas
whereas the
the pre-
hydrolysis sulphate process
process gave
gave good
good high-alpha pulps with
highalpha pulps with total
total yields
yields of
of
30-35%.
30-35%. (37) Commercial is reported
Commercial production is reported from
from Morocco.
Cold soda pulp of good quality

quality has
has been
been obtained
obtained with
with aa good
good yield
yield at
at
other sample
least with the other sample from
from Italy.
Italy. However,
However, its bleachability was
was slightly
inferior to the cold soda
soda pulp
pulp made
made from
from aa sample
sample of
of E. botryoides.
~ botryoides.
Good
Good quality NSSC pulps have also been
been made
made from
from this
this species.
species.
The sodium bisulphite process gives good quality hardwood aulphite

sulphite pulp
with a good
good yield.
yield. The better than
The strength properties of the pulp are better than those
those
of beech sulphite
sulphite pulp.
pUlp. However,
However, the brightness of the pulp is low and
probably requires aa two-stage
nrobably requires bleaching process,
twostage bleaching process, for
for instance p/Hs, to
instance P/HS, to obtain
obtain
aa brightness acceptable
acceptable for
for printing
printing grade
grade papers.
papers.
According to pilot
According to pilot plant
plant trials carried
carried out
out in
in Italy
Italy (2),
(2), the species
species
adapts itself to mechanical
mechanical pulping
pulping and
and gives
gives a pulp
pulp which
which can
can be used in
in
newsprint.
- -
-
Scientific name:
Reference:
camaldulensis (Syn.
(Syn. E.
E. rostrata)
rostrata) Country:
Country: Italy
Italy 20
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:

ilL0-1.1.1a1PgLtL.211iill:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from plantation at Grosseto, 88 years
years old.
old. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, %%

Solubility,
~
in water
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in 1% Ha(J!
NaCH '"
0\
Basic density, ecm33

density, g/cm 0.48
0.48 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.4
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1* _y* 747
747 Lignin, %
% 23.9
23.9
Fibre width, ,u* )1* 18
18
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thi cmess, y.* )1* 33 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p*
Lumen width, y* 12 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
ratic 42
Runkel ratio
ratio 0.50
0.50
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.67
* 1000 yP. (microns)

* (microns) .m 11 mm
pulping
characteristics
,- ----- -7.1100.-sCar
Unbleached
Process NSSC (PH 5)
NSSC (PI Cold Soda
Cold Soda Na bisulphite
Na bisulphite NSSC (pH 8.5)
NSSC (pH 8.5)
consumption, %%
Chemical consumption, 8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02* 13.9 Na20*
Na 0* 8.4 SO2*
S02* 8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02*
2
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
74·5 83.5 54.0 78.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 46 45.5
45·5 45 38
Beater or refiner
Freeness 25 SR
25 SR 40 SR
SR 25
25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
25 SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking length,
length, m
m 55 200
200 5 800
800 2 800
800 3 400
400 5 300
300 6 600
600 4 400
400 5 400
400
Burst factor
13 16
16 23 31
31 20
20 27
27
Tear factor
factor 53 49 36 38 58 52 56 53
53
~
~
--J
Bleached I ,
Sequence HS** P/Hs
P/HS HS HS
consumption, %
Chemical % 11 HS*
HS* 22 Na202'
Na 0 , 0.5
0.5HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS*
2 2
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
lirightness 52 68.5 55.5
55·5 62
refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
* Charge.
**
** Sodium hydrosulphite.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common
Reference:
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Syn.
(Syn. E.
E. rostrata)
rostrata) Country:
Country: Portugal
Portugal 113
113
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:

Debarked loge
logs of 11-20
11-20 cm in diameter,
diameter, from
Extractives, %%
Extractives,
Ether 0.3
south of
plantation in the south of Portugal. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 1.4
1.4
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 4.3 (hot)
(hot) ~
......
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1
in 1% HaW
in NaOH ,eo
Basio density, g/cm

Basic density, g/cm3 3 0.54 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.4
Fibre length,
length, p.*)1* 931 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 29.1
Fibre width,
Fibre width, p*,u* 18 Bolocellulose, %
Holocellulose, % 70.6
Wall thickness, p.* p.* Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
% 43.0
43.0
Lumen width,
Lumen width, )1*
p*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 17.2
Lsngth/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio

" 1000
* 1000 pP. (microns)
(microns) .= 11 mm
rom al_
r-----------~----------------------------.------------'--------------
characteristics
-- -.- --
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %
19.0 Na 0 (charge)
about 19 2
Na20
Kappa number about 19
(unscreened), %
50.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.7
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lampan
Freeness 45 SR
Breaking length,
11 100
Burst factor 73
Tear factor
factor 120
~
W
'D
Bleached
Sequence HCED
Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness (Tappi)
86.5 (Tappi)
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lampén
Freeness 45 SR
SR
Breaking length
Breaking 8 900
Burst
Burst factor 55
Tear factor 115
115
Additional information: Printing opacity of

Printing opacity of bleached
bleached pulp at 45 SR 83.
pulp at
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
camaldulensis (Syn.
(Syn. E.
E. Rostrata) Country: Italy
Italy 25
25
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Sol ubili ty, 'f,

Solubility, %
in water
....
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% NaCH
in 1% Na<JI ~
I
g/cm33
density, g/cm
Basic density,
Fibre length, pit
Fibre length, )1.*
Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
)1*
Fibre width, )u*
thickness, )1.*
Wall thickness,
Holocellulose,
Holocellulose % %
).3.4
cellulose, .%
p.*
Lumen width, pi* Pentosans, 'f,
%
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio

* 1000
* 1000 )J. (microns)
,u (microns) m. 1 mm
__
pulping and
characteristics
.~--
Unbleached
Process NSSC NSSC
NSSC Cold Soda Sulphate
%
Kappa number
(unscreened), %%
Yield (unscreened), 84.0 58.7 88.0 44.8
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 68* 66*
Beater or refiner
Freeness 30 SR 50 SR 30 SR 50 SR 30 SR 50 SR 30 SR 50 SR
SR
Breaking length,
1 1 400 6 000 77 200 1 100
1 100 1 300
1 6
6 500
500 8 000
Buret factor
Burst factor 66 6 40 55 5 6
6 55 73
73
Tear factor
Tear factor 17
17 17 81
81 70 18
18 16
16 84 74
74
~
.j>.
I~
Bleached
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 82.7 45.8 83.0 40.2
Brightness 68* 83* 63* 85*
Beater or refiner
Freeness 30 SR
SR 50 SR 30 SR
SR 50
50 SR
SR 30 SR
SR 50 SR 30 SR 50 SR
SR
Breaking
400 22 800 6 100 71 500
500 2 400
400 33 000 55 100 6 goo
900
Burst
Burst factor
factor 11 13 53 67 13 18 48 62
Tear factor 31 30 100 88 35 33 75 63
information: Impregnation and cooking
cooking with
with bisulphite
bisulphite liquor
liquor (at
(at lower
lower pli
pH than NSSC)
NSSC)
was difficult.
determined after
after beating to 30 SR.
beating to SR.
*
* Brightness determined
4
- 143
- 143 --
EucalYptus citriodora
Eucalyptus
experience
has aa clean
The tree has clean straight
straight stem,
stem, usually
usually excellent
excellent for
for poles,
poles, but
but
rarely been
has rarely been planted
planted commercially.
commercially. It has been planted in Portugal
Portugal and
mainly as
North Africa, mainly as an
an ornamental
ornamental tree,
tree, and
and in
in Sri
Sri Lanka
Lanka at 1 1 000-2 000
000 m.
m.
obtained in
Varying results have been obtained in India. Good results
in South,
South, West,
West, Central
Central and East
East Africa,
Africa, as well
well as in Brazil,
Brazil, whereas
whereas it
it has
has
failed to acclimatize inin Democratic Kampuchea,
Kampuchea, India
India and at low altitudes in
Indonesia.
species is
The species is relatively
relatively adaptable,
adaptable, as
as it
it does
does equally
equally well
well both in
in
warm and humid and the Mediterranean climates. However, in order to give
However, in
profitable results
results it
it requires
requires fairly deep soils
soils and not too prolonged dry
periods. It is fairly delicate when raised
raised in
in nurseries and affected even
by light frost.
frost.

38, 41, 57, 109, 123
109, 123
density of
the wood
wood is
is somewhat
somewhat higher
higher than
than usual
usual for
for hardwoods
hardwoods
even in
used for pulping, even in very
very young
young trees.
trees. This implies a certain hardness
which may cause wear on the chipper
chipper knives in a pulp
pulp mill. The fibre length
is in the normal range for hardwoods used for
for pulping.
pulping. The fibres are thin
although thick-walled which implies a certain amount of of undesirable stiffness
stiffness
prevent proper
which may prevent proper inter-fibre bonding in
inte~fibre bonding in paper.
paper. The chemical charac-
teristics do not, general, imply
not, in general, imply difficulty
difficulty of
of pulping.
pulping. However, the
the
Indian sample exhibits a fairly high extractives
extractives content
content which may require
require
special precautions for removal of extractives
special extractives from
from the
the pulp.
pUlp.
Although the alkali consumption

consumption and
and pulping
pulping yield
yield in
in the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process
are
are about
about average for hardwoods used for pulping,
pulping, the
the quality
quality of
of the pulps
obtained are not up to the normal requirements
requirements for
for eucalypt
eucalypt pulps.
pulps. At their
their
best, the strength
best, strength properties
properties are
are comparable
comparable to
to those
those of
of beech
beech sulphate
sulphate pulps.
pUlps.
Reference:
Eucalyptus citriodora
Eucalyptus ci triodora Country:
Country: Congo
Congo 120
120
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
%
Extractives, %
Sample from
from plantation
plantation at
at Pointe-Noire, 10 years old.
PointeNoire, 10 Ether
Kethanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.07
Sol ubili ty, '%fo

Solubility,
in water 1.32 ~
Density and fibre characteristics: 1% NaCE

in 1% NaOH 13.6 t
Basio
0.80 (dry volume)
volume)
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.3
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p.* 973 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 23.2
u*
Fibre width, ,)1* 15
15
Holocellulose, % %
pi
thiokness, )1*
Wall thickness, 55 Cross-Bevan cellulose,
CrossBevan cellulose, % 55. 6
% 55.6
p.*
Lumen width, )1,* 5 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 16.2
Length/width ratio
65
Runkel ratio 2.00
Flexibility ratio

information:
* 1000
* 1000 (microns) . 1 1mm
P. (microns)
).1. D rom
;-------,- -----~~-------------------------,-----
Pulping and
characteristics
- - - - - ------,---1
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %
13.3 Na 0*
Kappa number 16 24
- 24
Na20*
2
Yield (unscreened),
49 ~9 - 50.7
50.7 (screened)
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 26 - 24 (Photovol t )
(Photovolt)
Beater or refiner ?
Freeness
Freeness SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
6 100
29 32
Tear factor 88 - 87
88 87
, ~
.j>.
Bleached \J1
Sequence CEm!
CEEII
%
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness 89 - 87
89 87 (Photovolt
(Photovolt))
Beater or refiner ?
Freeness 40 SR
300 -- 66 000
000
Burst
Burst factor
factor 31
31 - 34
91 110
information:
** Assuming a liquor to wood ratio of 3.3

Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus ci triodora Country:
Country: Congo
Congo 120
120
Wocd sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from plantation at Loudima, 66 years old.
old. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 2.06
2.06
Solubility, % %
in water 1.53
1·53 ~
-!>-
13.6
Density and fibre
characteristics:
3
1% NaCH
in 1% HaC!! 13.6
'"
Basio density, g/om
Basic density, g/cm3 0.78 (dry
0.78 volume)
(dry volume)
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p* 938 Aeh, %
Ash, % 0.30
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 24.2
24.2
Fibre wddth,
width, p*
,u* 15
15
Holocellulose, % %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, pit
)1* 4.5
4·5 CroBs-Bevan cellulose,
CrossBevan cellulose, % % 52.9
52.9
Lumen width,
Lumen p*
width, »* 66 Pentosans, %
% 20.3
Lsngth/width ratio
63
Runkel ratio
Rankel ratio 1.50
1·50
Flexibility ratio
information:
** 1000 »)l (microns)

1000 (miorons) .m 11 mm
mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
~
Chemical 17.1 - 13.5*
17.1
Kappa number
Kappa number 18 25
- 25
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened),
Yield % 48.5 -- 48.2 (screened)
(screened)
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 29 - 26
26 (Photovolt)
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner ?
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR
SR
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 7000-7700
7 000 - 7 700
Burst factor
Burst factor 36-
36 - 47
Tear factor
Tear factor -
105 - 110
110
~
Bleached
Bleached
....,
~
Sequence CEEi
WEER
consumption, %
bleaching, %
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
lirightness 78 - 81 (Photovolt)
Beater
Beater or refiner
or refiner ?
Freeness
Freeness 40 SRSR
Breaking length
length 66 500
500 -- 66 900
900
Buret
Burst factor 40-
40 - 42
Tear factor 110
110 -- 125
125
** Assuming aa liquor
Assuming liquor to
to wood
wood ratio
ratio of 3.3
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
ci triodora Country: India 68
68
W.ood
Wo.od sample
Wood sample origin:
.origin: Chemical characteristics:
characteristics:
Extractives, 'f.
%
Sample from Dehra Dun Forest Division. Ether 2.95
Methanol
Ethan.ol-benzene
3.76
S.olubili ty, 'f,

Solubility, %
~
in water 9.5 (hot) .j>.
Density and fibre
characteristics: Naal
1'f. HaW
in 1% 22.0
22.0
co
I
g/cm 3
density, gi0m3
Basic density,
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
)J.* 11 030
030
Ash, 'f.
Ash, % 1.5
1.5
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 23.0
23.0
Fibre width, )J.*
,u* 14
14
H.ol.ocellul.ose, 'f.
Holocellulose, %
thickness, )J.*
Wall thickness, ,n*
cellul.ose, 'f.
% 57.9
57.9
p.*
Lumen width, ".3:11
Pentosans,
Pentosans, 'f.%
Length/width rati.o
74
Runkel ratio
rati.o
Flexibility rati.o
Flexibility ratio
Additi.onal inf.ormati.on:
Additional information: Additi.onal information:
Additional inf.ormati.on:
** (microns) .a 11 mm
1000 p)J. (microns) mm
~---------------------------------------------------------~
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
consumption, %
20.1 Na 0 (charge)
2
Na20
(charge)
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
48.8 52.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length,
Burst factor
Tear factor
~
Bleached ~
Sequence Hm
HEE
consumption, %
2.3 3.1 Cl
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total yield, %
yield, % 42.5 -- 40.2
42.5 40.2
Brightness
Lamp4n
Freeness 300 CSF
100 -- 5 000
000
Burst
Burst factor 30
30
Tear factor 53 - 68
53 - 68
information:
1..-*.w.111
- 151
151 -
Eucalyptus cloeziana
EucaDTtus cloeziana
Sufficient experience
experience has
has not
not yet
yet been
been gained
gained with
with this
this species.
species. It
is considered to be capable of profitable use because of its rapid growth in
relatively dry
relatively dry tropical
tropical climates.
climates. Good results
results have been
been reported
reported from
from
plantation trials
plantation trials in
in Congo.
Congo.
References: 38,
38, 57,
57, 109
density of
the wood
wood is
is slightly
slightly higher
higher than
than normal for
for hardwoods
used for pulping.
pulping. The fibres are ofof average
average length
length for
for hardwoods,
hardwoods, thin,
thin, but
but
fairly
fairly thick-walled, which implies
thickwalled, which implies aa certain
certain degree
degree of
of undesirable
stiffness
which tends to prevent
prevent proper intev-fibre bonding in
paper. The lignin
sample is
content of the present sample is high
high and
and may
may affect
affect the
the yield and ease
ease of
pulping.
chemical pulping.
In spite of a fairly high consumption

consumption of
of alkali
alkali in
in the
the sulphate
sulphate process,
process,
the Kappa number
number of the pulp has remained
remained above
above the
the normal value
value for
for hardwood
hardwood
sulphate pulp.
pUlp. The yield,
yield, even
even at this
this Kappa
Kappa number, is
is low
low and
and the
the resulting
resulting
dark in
pulp is extremely dark in colour. The strength
properties, with
with the
the exception
exception
factor, which is good,
of the tear factor, good, are
are fairly
fairly low
low and
and the
the pulp
pulp resembles,
resembles, with
respect
respect to breaking length and burst factor,
factor, a good quality beech sulphate
pulp.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus cloeziana
Eucalyptus cloeziana Country: Congo 110
110
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
plantation at
at Pointe-Noire,
PointeNoire, Extractives, %
Extractives, %
7 years
years old.
old. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.36
1.36
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 5.72 ~
V1
Density and fibre
characteristics: in 1%
in 1% NaCEI
HaW 10.9
10.9 I\)
Basio density,
Basio g/cm 3
(dry volume)
volume)
Ash, %
% 0.1
Fibre length,
length, )1.*
p* 921
921
Fibre width,
Fibre width, ,u* 16 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 30
)1.*
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, )1*
)1.*
16
55
Holocellulose, % %
Cross-Bevan cellulose, % 48
p.*
Lumen width, ,..1* 66 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 14.2
Length/width ratio
58
Runkel
Runkel ratio 1.67
1.67
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.38
1000
** 1000 )1.
).1 (microns) c. 1 mm
1
...1
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
consumption, %%
Chemical - 13.8
19.0 - 13.8 Na20*
Na 0*
2
Kappa number
Kappa number 28
28 - 55
- 55
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % - 42.6 (screened)
46.9 - (screened)
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 17 -- 14
14 (Photovolt)
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner ?
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR
Breaking length,
000 -- 71 700
100
Burst factor
48
Tear factor
factor 110
110
~
V1
Bleached
'"
Sequence CEllI!
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
"¡rightness 80 -- 83 (Photovolt)
Beater or refiner ?
Freeness 40 SR
Breaking length 5 700 -- 6 100
100
Burst factor
Burst factor 35
35 -- 37
31
83 88
** Assuming liquor to wood ratio of 3.3

Assuming a liquor
155 --
- 155
-
Euc~IYptus deglupta
EucalylAus
Gum,Kamarere)
(Mindanao Gam,Kamarere)
Plantation
Ela experience
/, t ation exp eri eric e
species is
indigenous to
to the
the Philippine Islands,
Islands, the Celebes,
Celebes, New
New Britain
Guinea, New Britain and
and New
New Ireland, where
where itit grows
grows in
in almost
almost pure stands
flats and
on alluvial flats and terraces.
terraces. It is fast-growing
fast-growing and
and has acclimatized
acclimatized well
well
in similar tropical island
island climates,
climates, such
such as
as those
those of
of Java
Java and
and Cuba.
Cuba. Good
results have also been
been reported
reported from
from Brazil,
Brazil, Sri
Sri Lanka,
Lanka, India,
India, Malaysia,
Malaysia,
Borneo and
North Borneo and the
the Solomon
Solomon Islands.
Islands. Less .satisfactory results have been
satisfactory results been
obtained in
obtained in Fiji and
and the Republic
Republic of
of ·South
S outh Africa. The species
species seems to have
failed, general, to acclimatize in East Africa,
failed, in general, Africa, whereas itit has
has shown some
promise in
promise in Congo.
Congo. It is is considered
considered by
by some
some to
to be
be one
one of
of the
the few
few eucalypt
eucalypt
species that
that are successful as exotics in tropical climates.
climates.
References: 38, 52,

38, 52, 57,
57, 109,
109, 123
123
characteristics
of the wood
The basic density of wood is
is in
in the
the normal range
range for
for hardwoods used
for pulping.
for pUlping. The fibres
fibres are fairly
fairly short,
short, of
of average
average width and
and not too
thick-walled.
thick-walled. This suggests a certain amount of desirable flexibility and
thus potentially
potentially good
good inter-fibre
inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper.
paper. The
The lignin
lignin content
content tends
tends
to be on the high side
side for
for a hardwood
hardwood which
which may
may affect
affect the
the yield
yield and
and ease
ease of
of
pulping.
chemical pulping.
Pulping
species requires
The species requires a fairly
fairly high
high alkali
alkali charge
charge in
in the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process
of pulp is
and the yield of is lower
lower than
than average
average for
for hardwoods,
hardwoods, although
although not exces-
exces-
sively so. The strength properties of the pulp are under average for good
sively so.
quality eucalypt
eucalypt pulp
pulp and
and they
they are, at
at their
their best,
best, comparable
comparable to
to poplar
poplar
sulphate pulp.
pUlp.
Scientific name: name: Mindanao
Common name: Mindanao Gum,
Gum, Reference:
Kamarere
deglupta (Syn.
Eucalyptus deglupta (Syn. E. naudiana) Country: New Guinea
New Guinea 78
78
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samplefrom
Sample fromplantation
plantation at Rabaul, New
New Britain, her
Ether
5 years old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.5
1.5
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
in water ~
VI
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% NaCll
in 1% NaCH
'"
Basio
Basic density, g/cm
g/cm33 0.43 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
A* 870
870
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p* 20
Lignin, % 27.3
27.3
.p.*
Holocellulose, %%
Wall thickness, ).1*
)1*
cellulose, '%
CrossBevan %
Lumenwidth,
Lumen width, J'-*
)1*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 14.4
Length/Widthratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.38
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.73
Additional

(microns) ._ 11 mm
-...
pulping
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Chsmical consumption, % 23
23 Na
Na,00 (total
(total alkali
alkali charge)
charge)
Kappa number 26.9 2
(unscreened), %
50.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater Lamp~n
Lampén
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 100
9 100
Burst factor 67
67
Tear factor 94
~
V1
Bleached -->
Sequence
%
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Iirightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
--
Scientific name:
name: Mindanao Gum Reference:
deglupta (Syn.
Eucalyptus deglupta (Syh. E. naudiana) Country: Congo 110
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin.:

from plantation
Samples from
Samples plantation at Loudima, 55 years old. Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Seeds from New
New Guinea.
Guinea. Ether
Methanol
Xethanol
Sol ubili ty, 'f,

Solubility, %
in water 3.67
3.67 ~
VI
Density and
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% NaCII
in 1% NaCH 13.6 ex>
Basio
(dry volume)
volume)
Ash, 'f,
% 0.45
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p* 762
762
Lignin, % 32.9
22 Lignin, %
Holocellulose, %
Fibre width, )J-*
)riE 22
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, .).14A
)1* 4
4 Cross-Bevan cellulose, 'f,
% 44.5
44.5
Lumen width, J>-*
Lumen width, p* 14
14
Pentosans, 'f,
Pentosans, % 16.5
Length/width ratio
35
Runkel ratio
Rukkel ratio 0.57
0.57
Flexibility ratio
0.64
** 1000
1000 )1. (micrens)
P. (microns) m. 1 lDID
mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
consumption, %~
Chemical 18.7 - 13.4 NaZO*
13.4 Na20*
Kappa number
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % %
25 - 3838
44.6 - 44.9 (screened)
(screened)
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 22
22 - 30
30 (Photovolt)
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner ?
Freeness
Freeness SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 77 100 .;. 99 000
Burst factor
factor 43 - 54
Tear factor
Tear factor 92 - 96 ~
VI
Bleached
Bleached '"'
Sequence CEHH
CEHEI
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness 76 - 78 (Photovolt)
Beater
Beater or refiner
or refiner ?
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR
SR
Breaking
900 - 7600
Burst
50
Tear faotor
factor 86 - 94
information:
liquor to
towood
wood ratio of 3.3
- 161
- 161 --
EucalyPtus delegatensis
Eucalyptus delegatensis
experience
species has not been

This species in large-scale
used in large-scale reforestation
reforestation and
and it
it is
is
not recommended
recommended for
for commercial
commercial plantations without fairly lengthy preliminary
trials. It is outstanding
trials. outstanding for
for its adaptation to wet sites
sites and
and deep
deep soils
soils as
well as
as for
for the
the quality
quality of
of its
its timber.
timber.
References: 38, 90, 123

38, 90, 123
The basic
The basic density
density is
is within
within the
the normal
normal range
range for
for hardwoods
hardwoods for
for pulping.
pUlping.
other data
No other data on
on the
the wood
wood characteristics
characteristics are
are available
available for
for the
the sample
sample at
hand.
in the chemical soda

The alkali consumption in soda process is
is in
in the normal
range
range for hardwoods and the pulp is obtained with a normal
normal yield, in spite
yield, spite of
the very low Kappa number aimed at. The strength
strength properties are good and
application of the sulphate process would probably give aa pulp which would
correspond to average quality
quality eucalypt
eucalypt pulp.
pulp.
Scientific name:
Eucalyptus delegateneis
Eucalyptus delegatensis Country: Tasmania,
Country: Tasmania, Australia
Australia 6
6
Wood sample
oharacteristics
Wood sample origin:

Wood sample origin: Chemioal characteristics:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from natural
Sample from natural forest
forest at
at Wesley
Wesley Vale.
Vale. Ether
Mountain region, 102
Mountain region, 102 years
years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, % \
I-
Density and fibre

pensity and fibre characteristics:
charaoteristios:
in water
1% Ham
in 1% Na0H
10,
Basio density,
Basio g/om 3
density, g/cm3 0.48 IN
Ash, %
%
Fibre length,
Fibre pf
length, )1* Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, p.*
Holocellulose, % %
Wall thickness,
Wall thiokness, p.*
).1."
oellulose, -%
Cross-Bevan cellulose9
CrossBevan %
width, p.*
Lumen width, ).1.*
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000 ,u (miorons)
]J. (microns) c. 1 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Process
(170°0
Chemical consumption, %% 18.1 Na 0 (charge for
2
Na20
Kappa 15)
for Kappa 15)
Kappa number 15
15
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 34.5 (Tappi)
(Tappi)
PFI
Beater or refiner 250 CSF
Freeness 7800
7 800
Breaking length,
length, mm
61
61
Buret
Burst factor
105
Tear factor
~
Bleached
Sequence
""'"I
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear
information:
- 165
165 -
EucalyPtus globulus
Eucalyytus globulus
(Blue Gur7)-----
Gum)
This is
is the most widely planted eucalypt
eucalypt species.
species. The annual yields per
ha are excellent, for instance in
in Spain over 30 m3jha, in Portugal
30 m3/ha, Portugal 8-12 m 3jha.
m3/ha.
The species gives its maximum yields on deep soils free of carbonates,
carbonates, in
climates with
mild climates with uniform
uniform rainfall
rainfall as
as well
well as
as with
with winter
winter or
or summer
summer maximum.
maximum.
References: 38,
38, 40,
40, 41,
41, 43,
43, 44,
44, 52,
52, 83,
83, 114, 123,
85, 114, 147
123, 147
characteristics
The basic density of the wood is is in

in the normal range
range for hardwoods for
pulping. The fibres are of normal length for hardwoods,
hardwoods, thin,
thin, but also
fairly thin-walled, which implies
thinwalled, which implies sufficient
sufficient flexibility
flexibility for
for proper
proper bonding
bonding
in paper. Judging from the thinness of the fibres,
fibres, pulp made from this species
should exhibit
exhibit good
good opacity.
opacity. The lignin
lignin content is
is around the average for
for pulping,
hardwoods for pulping, even
even slightly
slightly on
on the
the low
low side,
side, which
which implies
implies ease
ease of
of
chemical pulping.
pulp...1u characteristics
pulping
consumption in
The alkali consumption in the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process seems
seems to
to be
be low,
low, but
but
depends on the lignin content of the wood. The yield of pulp is very high. high.
The strength
strength properties
properties of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate pulps
pulps are
are excellent
excellent and
and meet
meet the
the
highest quality demands
demands on
on short-fibre sulphate pulps.
shortfibre sulphate pulps. The opacity
opacity is
is high,
high,
even at a freeness of 45 SR.
of 45 SR. The species
species also adapts itself
itself well to chemical
chemical
soda pulping and gives a good quality pulp
pulp with a good yield.
Cold soda pulping gives a fairly bright and easily

easily bleachable pulp of
excellent strength
strength with a high yield.
NSSC pulping
pulping gives
gives pulps
pulps of
of excellent
excellent strength.
strength. If used in in printing
printing
papers, a higher
papers, higher charge
charge of
of carbonate
carbonate is
is preferable
preferable in
in order
order to
to obtain
obtain aa more
more
easily bleachable
bleachable pulp.
pulp. Sodium bisulphite pulping
pUlping seems
seems to give
give a fairly
fairly
dark pulp of average strength properties. If used in printing
printing papers,
papers,
bleaching should be carried
bleaching should carried out
out in
in two
two steps
steps - for instance PM'S
P/HS in
in order
order to
to
at an
arrive at an acceptable
acceptable brightness. The trials on groundwood pulping carried
out
out on a pilot scale in India imply
imply that
that the species
species is
is not suitable
suitable for
stone grinder
grinder pulping.
pulping.
Successful laboratory tests, including

including filterability
filterability tests
tests of
of viscose,
viscose,
been carried
have been carried out
out in
in India
India for
for the
the manufacture
manufacture of
of dissolving
dissolving pulp
pulp by
by the
the
sulphate process
prehydrolysis sulphate (14, 72). The total yield
process (14, yield of
of pulp
pulp was
was about
about
35%.
35%. The species is also used inin Portugal and
and Spain
Spain for
for commercial
commercial production
production
of prehydrolysis sulphate
sulphate dissolving
dissolving pulp.
pulp .
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Blue Gum
Blue Gum Reference:
Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus globulus Country: India
India 11
11

oharacteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristios:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from the Nilgiris Division, Madras,
Madras, 0.68
Ether
15 years old.
old. Kethanol
Methanol
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water
in 3.51 (hot)
3.51 (hot) ~
Density and fibre

characteristics: 1
in 1% NaOH
BaCH 15.6
0\
0\
g/cm3
density, g/cm3
Basic density,
Ash, %
% 0.25
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )J.*
p.* 1 110
110
Lignin, % 20.3
1
width, p.*
Fibre width, Lignin, % 20.3
Fibre p* 14
14
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, )1*
pL*
cellulose, '%
Cross-Bevan oellulose, % 61.0
61.0
Lumen width, )1*
Lumen p*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 15.5
Length/width ratio
79
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
* 1000
* 1000 ,u (microns)
)l • 1 mm
(microns) .
characteristics
.Unbleached
Unbleached
0
Process
Process Sulphate Soda (153-162°C)
Soda (153-162 C)
Chemical consumption, % % 13.0 - 15.6 Na.p
1a2G 11.8 - 14.2
11.8 14.2 Na
Na20
2
0
Kappa
Kappa number
number
Yield (unscreened),
Yield (unscreened), % % 61.8 - 58.8 65.1 -- 60.0
65.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brigtitness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp4n Lamp~n
Lamp4n
Freeness
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 10 800 -- 99 600 8800-8200
8 800 - 8 200
Burst factor
Burst factor 68 -- 5656 - 46
48 - 46
Tear factor
125 105
105
Bleached
Bleached
~
Sequence
Sequence .....0\
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % I
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
Additional information: A
Additional information: A pilot
pilot plant
plant trail
trail to
to produce
produce wrapping
wrapping paper
paper from 100%
100% Blue Gum sulphate
SUlphate ((
(Yield 57.9"/0,
57.9%, Freeness 300
300 CSF)
CSF) with
with the
the following
following main
main characteristics:-
characteristics: ·
Machine direction
direotion direction
Cross direction
Breaking length,
3 710
Stretch, %
Stretch, % 1.8 4.7
Burst
Burst factor
factor 28.0
Tear factor 81.8 81.3
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Common name: Blue Gum
Blue Gum Reference:
Reference:
Eucalyptus globulus
globulus .Country:
. Country: Italy
Italy 20
20
Wood sample origin:

characteristics:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Grosseto, 88 years
Sample from plantation at Grosseto, years old.
old. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
~
in water 0\
Density and
Densitx and fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% NaOH
in NaOO
(»
I
Basio
density, g/om 0.58
0.58
0.4
n* Ash, %
Ash, % 0.4
Fibre length,
length, )1* 865
865
Lignin, %
% 19.3
19.3
Fibre width, p*iu* 17
17
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, ,u*
)1* 33 cellulose, %
CrossBevan % 48.3
48.3
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen p* 11
11
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/Width
51
Runkel ratio
Runkel 0.55
0.55
0.65
** 1C00 P. (microns)
1000 n (miorons) ._1 1mm
mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process (IiI 5)
NSSC (pH Cold Soda
Soda Na bisulphite
Na bisulphi te (IiI 8.5)
NSSC (pH
NSSC 8.5)
Chemical consumption, % 8.5 SO2
S02 13.9 Na0*
13.9 Na 2 0* 8.5
8.5 SO2
S02 8.5
8.5 SO2
S02
Kappa number
Kappa number 2
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 74.6 83.7
83.7 51.2 74.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 49 55.5
55.5 50.5 49.5
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner 25 SR
SR SR
40 SR 25 SR
25 SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Freeness
Freeness 55 300
300 77 loo
100 3400
3 400 4 loo
100 6 400
400 77300
300 6 400
400 7 200
200
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 31 38 16
16 28
28 26 39 34
34 36
Burst factor
52 50
50 83 78
78 71
71 62
Tear factor
Tear factor I I
~
0\
'!)
Bleached
Bleached
. I
Sequence
Sequence HS** P;HS
P/HS H~
HS HS
HS* 2 Na202'
Na 0 , 0.5
0.5HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS*
2 2
bleaching, %
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness 57 74 62 66
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
Charge.
* Charge.
**
hydrosulphite.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Blue Gum
name: Blue Gum Reference:
Eucalyptus globulus
globulus Country: India
India 16
16
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from the Nilgiris Division, Madras,
Ether
15
15 years old. Kethanol
Methanol
Ethanol-ben.zene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty,

Solubility, %
in water ~
Density and fibre

characteristics: 1%
in 1% NaCH
NaCE cl
Basio
Basic density, g/cm
g/cm3 3 I
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, )1*
length, )1*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width,
width, )J-*
A*
)1*
Wall thickness, )1*
Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen width, y.*
Lumen width, »*
CrossBevan %
cellulose, %
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
** p. (microns)
1000 ]J. - 1 mm
(microns) .
Unbleached
Process stone
Stone groundwood
Chemical consumption, % %
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brdghtness
refiner
Beater or refiner Voith stone
stone grinder
97 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 840 1 400 1 010
Burst
Burst factor 3
3 6
6 6
Tear factor
11 170 930 1 550
1 550 ....
~
-4
~
Bleached
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
I
Scientific name:
name: Reference:
Reference:
globulus
Eucalyptus globulus Country:
Country: portugal
Portugal 113
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:

The data do not refer to a specific sample but

but to
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
composite values accumulated from
from numerous
numerous studies
studies Ether 0.3
Methanol
in Portugal.
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 0.9
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
~
in water 1.3 (hot)
1.3 (hot) --.l
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% HACH
in t% Ractl N
I
density, g/cm3
Basic density, g/cm 3 0.55
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1.*
A* 910 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.4
p*
Fibre width, ,,u* 18 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 20.4
20.4
thickness, p*
Wall thickness,
18
Holocellulose, %
p.*
Lumen width, ).3.4*
,u*
44.8
Pentosans, %
% 21.6
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
** 1000
1000 )l (microns)
p. (microns) .
m 1 mm
1 mm
pulping and
characteristics ',-
!- ---------l
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, %% 16.1 Na 0 (charge)
16.1
2
Na20
Kappa number 57.4
Yield (unscreened),
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Lamp&
Freeness
Freeness 45 SR
SR
Breaking length,
13 300
Burst
Burst factor
factor 91
Tear factor 120
120
.....
~
w
Bleached
Sequence CEDED
consumption, %
%
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
(Tappi)
Beater
Beater or refiner Lampen
Lamp6n
Freeness 45 SR
Breaking
300
Burst factor 88
Tear factor 115
information: Printing opacity of bleached pulp at 45
45 SR
SR 80.
175 --
-- 175
gomphocephala
Eucalyptus gomphocephala
experience
Excellent results
Excellent results have
have been
been obtained
obtained with
with this
this species
species with
with plantations
plantations
in the Mediterranean area,
area, in
in the Republic
Republic of South Africa,
Africa, California and
Chile. Poor
Poor results
results have
have been
been reported
reported from
from most
most hot
hot and
and wet
wet tropical
tropical
countries, such
countries, such as
as Brazil,
Brazil, India,
India, Kenya
Kenya and
and Zaire.
Zaire. The
The yield
yield per
per annum
annum is
is
usually 10 m3/ha. It adapts itself
10 m3/ha. itself readily
readily to soils with a high percentage
of assimilable carbonates
carbonates which
which are
are harmful
harmful toto other
other eucalypt
eucalypt species.
species.
is resistant
It is resistant to
to long
long spells
spells of
.of dry
dry weather
weather and
and drought,
drought, especially
especially
coastal zones.
in the inter-tropical coastal zones. The tree is wind-firm and thus suitable
for planting sea as
planting by the sea as aa windbreak.
windbreak.
References: 38, 39,

38, 39, 45,
45, 52,
52, 83
83
The wood is very

very dense,
dense, strong
strong and
and tough
tough which
which may
may cause
cause wear
wear on chipper
chipper
knives in a pulp mill. The fibres are slightly on the short short side,
side, even for
hardwood, thin but fairly
a hardwood, fairly thick-walled
thick-walled which
which implies
implies aa certain
certain amount
amount of
of
stiffness which may
may prevent
prevent proper
proper bonding
bonding between
between the
the fibres
in paper. The lignin content is is low,
low, but
but there
there is
is aa serious
serious drawback
drawback in
in
regards pulping
this species as regards pulping due
due to
to the
the presence
presence ofof tannin 7% -
tannin -- up to T%
wood.
in the wood.
pulping by
Pulping by means
means of
of the
the cold
cold soda
soda process
process gives
gives aa fairly
fairly bright
bright and
and
easily bleachable pulp with acceptable strength
strength properties
properties for,
for, for
for instance,
instance,
printing papers.
papers.
The strength properties of

of the
the NSSC pulps
pulps from
from this
this species
species are
are also
also
acceptable. If used in printing
printing grade
grade papers
papers aa higher
higher charge
charge of
of carbonate
carbonate
improve the
is recommended in order to improve the bleachability
bleachability of
of the
the pulp.
pulp.
The sodium bisulphite process gives,

gives, with
with an
an average
average yield,
yield, aa fairly
fairly
dark pulp with acceptable strength properties,
properties, similar
similar to
to those
those of
of beech
beech
pulp. Judging from the fibre
sulphite pulp. fibre width,
width, the
the opacity
opacity of
of the
the pulp
pulp should
should
be good.
Scient.ific name:
Reference: ----I
Eucalyptus gomphocephala Country:

Country: Italy
Italy 20
20
Wood sample
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
plantation at Grosseto, 88 years
years old.
old. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~

charaoteristics: 4
in 1% NaCH
'-..I
0\
I
Basic density,
density, g/cm
g/cm33 0.63
0.63
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.4
Fibre length, p)1** 783 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 18.6
Fibre width, p*
,u* 15
15
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thickness, p*,u* 4.5 Cross-Bevan cellulose,
CrossBevan cellulose, % % 45·3
45.3
Lumen width,
Lumen p*
width, )1* 66 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
52
Runkel
Runkel ratio 1.50
1.50
** 1000 p.
1000 )J. (microns)
(microns) -. 1
1 mm
mm
Pulping and
and papermaking
papermaking, characteristics
characteristics
,-~-
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC
NSSC (PH
(Iii 5)
5) soda
Cold soda Na-bi sul phi t e
Nabisulphite NSSC (pu 8.5)
NSSC (pH 8.5)
Chemical consumption, % 8.5 502
S02 13.9 Na20*
13.9 Na 0*
2
3.5 s02*
S02* 8.5 502
S02
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unecreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 69.8 83.8 51.8 73.8
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 46 55 56 44.5
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
25 SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Freeness
Freeness 4 800 5 500
500 3 000
3000 3 500
50 0 5 000
000 6 200
6 5 200 5 500
500
Breaking length,
length, mm 23 27 13 16
16 24
24 34 26 29
29
Buret factor
Burst factor 52 54 34 38 71
71 75 62
62 58
Tear factor
Tear factor I I
, ~
--J
--J
Bleached
Bleached
' I
Sequence HS** P;HS
P/HS HS HS
HS* 22 Na
Na202'
0 , 0.5
0.5 HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS*
2 2
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
factor
** Charge.
Charge.
**
** Sodium hydrosulphi teo
hydrosulphite.
179 --
-- 179
EucalYptus grandis
Eucalyptus grandis
(Rose Gum)
species is
This species is very often confused
confused with
with Eucalyptus saligna.
saligna. Under
favourable conditions itit grows
grows rapidly
rapidly -- up to
to 20
20 mm in
in diameter and 22 mm in
in
per year. It prefers fresh
height per year. fresh and friable
friable loams
loams of good fertility and
like to be near water although itit does
does not grow
grow in
in waterlogged areas. ItIt
is
is fairly frost
frost resistant.
resistant.
References: 38, 52, 83, 85,

52, 83, 85, 125
characteristics
The density of the wood is lower than in in most eucalypt

eucalypt species. The
fibres have a length in
in the normal range
range of hardwoods
hardwoods for
for pulping.
pUlping. They are
very thin
also very thin which
which implies
implies that
that they
they may
may exhibit
exhibit aa certain
certain amount
amount of
of un-
un-
stiffness. However, the
desirable stiffness. the low
low density
density also
also implies
implies thin
thin walls,
walls, which
which
contradicts this conclusion.
conclusion. Unfortunately, no data on wall thickness are
for the samples
available for samples at
at hand.
hand. The thinness of the fibres indicates
indicates that
that
from this species
pulps made from species should
should exhibit
exhibit good
good opacity.
opacity. As regards
regards the
there are
chemical composition, there are no
no indications
indications of
of difficulty
difficulty of
of pulping.
pUlping.
The best pulping seem

best results in sulphate pulping seem to
to be obtainable with a fairly
which gives
low charge of active alkali which gives aa yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp in
in the
the average
average range.
range.
However, the
the amount
amount of
of screening
screening seems
seems somewhat
somewhat high.
high. The strength properties
excellent and
of the pulp are then excellent and comparable
comparable to
to best
best quality
quality eucalypt
eucalypt
sulphate pulps.
pulps. The strength of the bleached pulppulp is
is slightly
slight ly below
below normal
standard for eucalypt
eucalypt pulp and resembles
resembles more that ofof a poplar
poplar pulp.
The cold soda process gives a pulp of

of low
low strength,
strength, although
although easily
easily
bleachable to good brightness. However, itit is
is possible
possible that
that application
of a P/HS bleaching
bleaching sequence
sequence instead
instead of
of HH in
in one
one step
step may
may improve
improve the
the strength
strength
level. Unfortunately no strength
properties at least to an acceptable level. strength properties
are given for the unbleached pulp.
produced from
The groundwood pulp produced from one
one of
of the
the samples
samples is
is low
low in
in strength
strength
but probably not representative
representative for
for the
the performance
performance of
of the
the species.
species.
Laboratory trials for

for the
the manufacture
manufacture of
of high-alpha
high-alpha pulp (71) have
pulp (71) have
been successful
successful as regards
regards the chemical
composition of
of the
the pulp.
pUlp. The total
yield was 34%, the alpha-cellulose content
content 94.5% and the content of pento-
sans 1.5%.
sans 1.5%. No tests were made as
as to
to the
the processability
processability of
of the
the pulp
pulp in
in the
the
viscose process.
Scientific name:
Common name: Rose
Rose gum
gum Reference:
Eucalyptus grandis
Eucalyptus grandis Country:
Country: India
India 60,
60, 122
Wood sample
characteristics
W.ood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
Samples from
Samples from the
the Pachakkeram
Pachakkeram Range,
Range, Kottayam,
Kottayam, Kerala.
Kerela. Ether 0.80
0.80
Logs 15-54 cm in
Logs in diameter.
diameter. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.28
solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 1.45 (hot)
1.45 (hot) ~
CD
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1% HaCll
NaCH 10.8 o
Density and
I
Basio density,
Basic denSity, g/om
g/cm3
3
Fibre
Fibre length, )l* 820
820 %
Ash, % 0.39
0.39
,u*
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 21.9
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, p* 14
14
Holocellulose, %
Holooellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, )l*
).1* cellulose, %
CrossBevan oellulose,
Cross-Bevan % 65.5
Lumen width,
Lumen width, )1*
pA Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
Additional Additional information:
"* 1000 pP. (microns)

(microns) .m 11 mm
mm
Pulping and papenmaking characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate Cold Soda Groundwood
Groundwood
Chemical consumption, %% 13.9 Na229*
13.9 Na 0* 4.3 -- 4.7
4.3 4.1 Na20
Ns 20
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 53.0 89.7 -- 83.5
89.1 83.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 2.5
2·5 3.1 - 3.2**
- 3.2**
Brightness
Lamp4n Stone grinder
Freeness 250
250 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 13 400
Burst factor 87
81
~
CD
Bleached ~
Sequence H H
1.5 Cl 10.0 Cl*
Cl*
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield,
Total % 65.8 -- 67.1
65.8 61.1
Brightnese (Photovolt)
Brightness (Photovol t) 70
10 -72
- 12 64
Beater or refiner Lamp~n**
Lamp6n**
CSF
Breaking length
Breaking - 22 600
2 800 - 11 100
Burst factor
Burnt 11
11 5
29 21 14
14
Additional
* Charge
-** After 4 passes through sprout-Waldron
Sprout-Waldron 12"
12" disc
disc refiner
_
Scientific name:
Common name: Rose
Rose gum
gum Reference:
Eucalyptus grandis
Eucalyptus grandis Country: India 122

characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
sample
in Kerala. Ether
Ether 0.80
0.80
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.28
1.28
Solubility, %%
in _ter
water 1.45 (hot)
1.45 (hot) ~
0>
Density and fibre
characteristics: in
in1%
1%NaOH
NaCH 10.8 '"
Basic g/cm33
Basio density, g/cm 0.39
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
p* 82C
820
%
Ash, % 0.39
Fibre width, )J.*
pi' 14
%
Lignin, % 21.9
21.9
14
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, p."
p.it
Lumen width, p.*
width, )1* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
59
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
** 1000 pP (microns)
1000 (microns) .m 1 mm
Pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
%
18.0 (charge)
(charge)
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
53.3 - 49.7
49.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
length, m
Breaking length, m
Burst factor
Tear factor
~
(Xl
Bleached
'"
Sequence HEll
HEH
9.2 6.9 Cl
6.9 Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 50.0 -- 45.8
50.0 45.8
Brightness
lirightness (EEL)
(EEL) 76 -80
- 80
Lamp6n
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length
Breaking length 900 -- 55 600
8 900
8 600
Burst
60 35
67 54
-- 185
185 --
Eucalyptus hemiphloia
Planters have usually commented unfavourably on this species with respect

respect
acclimatization outside
to acclimatization outside Australia.
Australia. However, it has
However, it has been
been acclimatized
acclimatized in
in
Portugal,
Portugal, on the French Riviera and North Africa, its growth has been
Africa, but its
slow compared with other
other species
species introduced
introduced there.
there. Dubious results have
been obtained in
in Brazil, Congo,
Congo, Indonesia,
Indonesia, New Zealand,
Zealand, Southern
southern Rhodesia
of South
and the Republic of South Africa.
Africa.
References: 38,
38, 39,
39, 45,
45, 123
The wood is very hard and exhibits

exhibits a very
very high basic density.
density. It will
most probably
most probably cause
cause excessive
excessive wear
wear of chipper
chipper knives in
in a pulp
pulp mill.
mill. No
chemical characteristics are available for the sample at
data on fibre or chemical
hand.
The alkali charge used in

in the sulphate
sulphate process
process is
is in
in the normal range
range for
hardwoods. However, is very
However, the yield of pulp is very low.
low. The strength
strength properties
properties
of the pulp are not up to the standards
standards of
of good
good quality
quality eucalypt
eucalypt sulphate.
sulphate.
In this respect it resembles
resembles a poplar
poplar sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pUlp.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus hemiphloia Country: Australia

Australia 30
Wood sample
Wood sample oriKin:
%
Extractives, %
Ether
Methancl
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~
CD
Density and fibre characteristics: in 1% NaOH
Na.CI! 0\
3 I
Basic density, g/cm
giicm3 0.93
Ash, %
%
Fibre length,
length, )1*
Fibre width, p*
..n*
%
Lignin, %
Wall thickness, ,u*)1*
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen
Lumen width,
width, )1*
»*
%
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
Additional
A dcLitional information:
** 1000 )J. (microns)

)..i. (microns)m . 11 mm
mm
pulping and
characteristics
~-------------------------------------------------------------------~
Unbleached
Precess
Process Sulphate
consumption, %
Na00 0 (charge)
(charge)
Kappa
Kappa number
2c-
number 24.8
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
%
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
400
Burst factor
Burst factor 54
Tear factor
Tear factor 100
~
():)
Bleached
Bleached ..."
I
Sequence
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
1Jrightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
factor
189 --
-- 189
leucoxylon
Eucalyptus leucoxylon
experience
This species has only been tried

tried in
in small-scale experimental plantations
smallscale experimental plantations
in Italy,
Italy, North Africa and
and in.the
in, the Republic
Republic of
of South
South Africa.
Africa. The results in
countries have been discouraging.
tropical and intertropical countries discouraging. The species
The species
exhibits somewhat slow
slow growth.
growth.
References:
References: 19,
19, 38,
38, 123
The wood is fairly hard which may cause some

some wear on chippers in a pulp
mill. The fibres
fibres are
are very short,
short, even
even for
for aa hardwood,
hardwood, thin
thin and
and thick-walled.
thickwalled.
Judging from
Judging from the width
width characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the fibres,
fibres, they
they exhibit
exhibit a certain
certain
amount
amount of undesirable
stiffness which
which prevents
prevents proper
proper inter-fibre bonding in
interfibre bonding in
paper. The chemical
chemical composition data given do not indicate any difficulty
with regard
regard to chemical
chemical pulping.
pulping.
soda pulping
Cold soda pulping gives
gives aa fairly
fairly dark
dark pulp
pulp with
with low
low strength
characteristics
Application of
Application of the
the NSSC
NSSC process
process gives
gives aa pulp
pulp of
of just
just acceptable
acceptable strength
strength for
for
corrugating medium but not
not for
for paper.
paper. The yield is on the low side.
side. The
sodium bisulphite
process gives aa dark pulp with aa low yield and with
with
completely unacceptable strength properties.
properties.
species is
The species is not recommended
recommended for
for planting
planting for
for pulpwood.
pulpwood.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
leucoxilon
Eucalyptus leucoxilon Country:
Country: Italy 19
19
Wood sample
W.ood sample origin:

characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from plantation at Terra
Terra Apuliae, Ether
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
in water ~
'" ,
Density and fibre
in 1% HaCH o
g/om3
I
Basio
Basic density,
density, g/cm3
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
p.* 557
Ash, %% 0.4
0.4
p*
width, iir*
Fibre width,
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 21.9
14
Wall thickness,
thiokness, p.*
)1* 4.5
4·5
Holooellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
p.*
Lumen width, )1*
42.6
5 Pentosans,
Pentosans, % %
Length/width ratio
40
Runkel ratio 1.80
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.36
** 1000
1000 1 mm
P. (microns) .m 1
)1. mm
pulping and
characteristics
c_ _ _
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC
NSSC Cold Soda
Cold Soda Na-bisulphite (pH
Nabisulphite (pH 5)
5)
consumption, %% 8.5 S02*
8.5 SO2* 18.6
18.6 Na 0
2
Na20
8.5 S02*
8.5 SO2*
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened), % % 69.0 74.0
74.0 47.0
%
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 51
51 44
44 45
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner
Freeness 25 SR 40 SR 25
25 SR 40 SR 25 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 3 200
200 3 800 100
22 100 2500
2 500 2 700 3 500
Burst factor 14
14 17
17 77 8 12
12 17
Tear factor
Tear factor
~
\O
Bleached '"
~
Sequence HS** P/HS

PAIS HS
HS* 22 Na
Na200.5
0 , 0 . 5 HS*
2 22'
HS* 1 HS*
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total
Total yield
yield,, % %
Brightness 61.5 52 71·5
71.5
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information :
* Charge
**
- 193
193 -
Eucalyptus maidenii
Eucalyptus maidenii
Although this
Although this species
species has
has not
not been
been much
much used
used in
in plantations
plantations on
on a commercial
commercial
scale, it
scale, it has shown
shown itself
itself to
to be
be one
one of
of the
the most
most adaptable
adaptable eucalypt
eucalypt species.
species.
results have
Excellent results have been
been obtained
obtained in
in Italy
Italy and
and Portugal
Portugal with annual yields of
m3/ha. It is considered one of the best eucalypts for planting
about 20 m3/ha.
in Italy. In Zaire,
Zaire, the
the species
species has
has acclimatized
acclimatized very
very well in the east
well in east with
average annual
annual yields of 30 m3/ha. Satisfactory results have also been
30 m3/ha.
obtained in Southern Rhodesia,
Rhodesia, Malawi,
Malawi, Kenya and in the Republic of South
Africa. In the last-mentioned country, damage
lastmentioned country, damage from
from Gonipterus
Gonipterus scutellatus
scutellatus
recorded. In Brazil,
was recorded. Brazil, Morocco and New Zealand,
Zealand, the results have not not been
so good.
results have, in
Excellent results in general,
general, been
been obtained
obtained when
when the species
species has
been planted at appropriate altitudes in
in countries
countries with a tropical climate.
References: 38, 41,

38, 41, 83, 123
123
density of
The basic density of the wood
wood is
is in
in the
the normal range
range of
of hardwoods for
for
pulping. The fibres are of average length
length for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used for
for pulping,
pulping,
although
although on the
the low
low side,
side, thin
thin and
and thick-walled.
thickwalled. This implies a certain
amount
amount of undesirable stiffness
stiffness which
which is
is apt
apt to
to prevent
prevent proper
proper intev-fibre
interfibre
bonding in paper.
bonding in paper. However, it it may
may be that
that the
the sample
sample from
from Portugal
portugal differs
in this
this respect,
respect, but
but no data are available for thatthat sample with regard to
wall thickness.
regards the
As regards the chemical
chemical characteristics
characteristics of
of the
the wood,
wood, the
the present
present data
data
do not would cause
not exhibit anything which would cause difficulty
difficulty for
for chemical
chemical pulping.
The species
speCies is easily
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the sulphate
SUlphate process
process with
with an
an
average charge of active alkali to thethe normal range
range of
of Kappa
Kappa number.
number. The
yield of pulp is
is very high. The pulp exhibits
exhibits excellent
excellent strength
properties,
comparable to best quality eucalypt
eucalypt pulp,
pulp, both
both as
as bleached
bleaohed and
and as
as unbleached.
opacity of
The opacity of the
the bleached
bleached pulp
pulp is
is also
also good.
good.
Cold soda pulping gives a fairly

fairly dark
dark pulp
pulp with
with low
low strength
properties.
Application of
of the
the NSSC process
process gives
gives aa pulp
pulp acceptable
acceptable for
for corrugating
corrugating medium
medium
for paper.
but not for paper.
- 194 -
(Eucalyptus maidenii)
The sodium bisulphite process gives a dark pulp with an average yield
strength properties
and with strength properties in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for eucalypt
eucalypt sulphite
sulphite pulp.
pulp.
It seems to be easily bleachable to a brightness acceptable for printing
papers.
Research into the possibilities of utilizing this speciesspecies for manufacture

of high-alpha pulp by
highalpha pulp by means
means of
of the
the prehydrolysis
sUlphate process
process have
have been
been
in Italy.
carried out in
~:
Note: incomplete data
Due to incomplete data on
on the
the Portuguese
portuguese sample
sample it
it is difficult to
assess whether the somewhat
somewhat contradictory results
results are due
due to
to difference
or aa characteristic
in provenance or characteristic of
of the
the species.
species. However, itit seems
seems
that full chemical
that the species is more suitable for full chemical pulping than for
chemi-mechanical
chemimechanical oror semimechanical
semi-mechanical processes.
processes.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus maidenii
Eucalyptus maidenii Country:
Wpod sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
Logs of 6-29
Logs 6-29 cm diameter from Herdade do
do Rio
Rio Frio
Frio Ether 0.5
0,5
near Monti
near Montijo.
jo. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.7
1.7
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~
\0
Denai ty and
and fibre
characteristics: in 1% NaCH
Density
3 '"
Basio density, g/cm
Basic density, g/cm3 0.58
0.58
Ash, % 0.3
0.3
Fibre length, 920 Ash, %
Fibre length, )1*
p*
15
%
Lignin, % 23.8
23.8
Fibre width, )J-*
Holocellulose, %
,u* 15
Wall thickness,
thickness, }l"
;a*
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen p* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 17.9
17 .9
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
I.
)l (microns) m. 11 mm
mm
- - - - -- --- - -- -- ---~----------------------.
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
%
17.0 Na C (charge)
2
about 18
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.4
1.4
Brightness
refiner
Lamp6n
Freeness 45
45 SR
Breaking length,
12 000
000
Burst
Burst factor 87
Tear factor 135
~
Bleached '"'
......
I
Sequence HCED
HCEM
consumption, %
Cl
Yie bleaching, %
ld on bleaching,
Yield %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamplin
Lamp4n
Freeness 45 SR
Breaking
Burst factor 67
Tear factor 135
135
information: Printing opacity of
bleached pulp
pulp at 45 SR
at 45 SR 81.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus maidenii
Eucalyptus maidenii Country: Italy
Italy 19
19
Wood sample
characteristics
!!£od origin:
%
Extractives, %
plantation at
at Terra
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %%
in water ~
'-0
Densi ty and fibre characteristics:
Density in 1%
1% HaW
NaCH (Xl
I
g/cm3
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p* Ash, %
Ash, % 0.3
786 Lignin, % 22.3
width, p*
Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width, p* 15
15 Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p~pv. 4 cellulose, %
CrossBevan % 40.8
40.8
Lumen width,
Lumen width, p*
)1* 77 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio 1.14
** (microns) .~ 1 mm
1000 p)1 (microns)
1000
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC Cold Soda (pH 5)
Na-bisulphite (pH
Nabisulphite
Chemical consumption, % % 8.5 SO2*
8.5 SOt 18.6 Na 0*
Na22
O* 8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02*
Kappa
Kappa number
number
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 73 78 52
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 51 47 42
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner 25 SR
25 SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Freen~ss
Freeness 3 700
700 4 600
600 2 300
300 2 600
600 7 000
000 7 600
600
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 14 20 7
7 9 34 36
Burst factor
Burst factor 52 53 31 35 83
83 75
Tear factor
factor I1
~
\i)
Bleached
Bleached \i)
Sequence
Sequence HS** P,mS
P/HS HS
HS* 2 Na 0 , 0.5
2 2
Na202,
0.5 HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS*
%
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness 59 56 70
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst factor
Tear factor
** Charge
Charge
**
** Sodium
Sodium hydrcsulphite
hydrosulphite
.727....-
-201
201 -
Eucalyptus
Eucal)rptus obligua
obliqua
(Messmate)
Messmate)
species is
This species is not
not very
very adaptable.
adaptable. Only a few specimens have been
planted in the Mediterranean area, mainly
Mediterranean area, mainly in
in Spain
Spain and
and North
North Africa.
Africa. Satis-
Satis-
factory results,
results, although not strikingly so,so, have been obtained in Brazil
Brazil
and in the Republic of South
South Africa,
Africa, where it has been found
fQund to be resistant
resistant
to mountain frost but not to drought. Yields of 18-3018-30 m3/ha
mjjha per
per year
year have
been reported.
reported. Good results
results have been obtained in New Zealand,
Zealand, whereas
numerous failures have been
been recorded
recorded in
in tropical
tropioal countries.
oountries. The results
results
been dubious.
in Zaire have been dubious.

38, 114,
density of
the wood
wood is
is in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for hardwoods
hardwoods
for pulping.
used for pulping. No other
other wood
wood data
data are
are available
available for
for the
the samples
samples at
at
hand.
hand.
zalsly
species is
The species is easily
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the chemical
chemical soda
soda process
prooess with
of alkali. However, the yield is
a normal charge of is fairly
fairly low,
low, even
even in view of
number aimed
the low Kappa number aimed at
at in
in the
the present
present case.
case. AA higher
higher Kappa number
would increase the yield
yield somewhat,
somewhat, although
although not
not over
over aa value
value of 50%.
of 50%. The
strength properties of the pulps obtained are good and would probably improve
further on cooking to a slightly
slightly higher
higher yield
yield and
and Kappa number (about
(about 20).
20).
results indicate that aa good
The results good quality
quality eucalypt
eucalypt sulphate
sulphate pulp
pulp could
could be
be
speoies, although
manufactured from the species, although probably
probably at
at aa yield
yield slightly
slightly under
under
average.
been used
The species has been used in
in Australia
Australia since
since 1957 on a full commercial
commercial
scale (30 t/daY)
t/day) for production
produotion of cold soda
soda pulp
pulp for
for newsprint and similar
similar
addition of
grades. The addition of this
this pulp
pulp to
to the
the newsprint
newsprint furnish
furnish is
is about
about 30%
30% (21).
(21).
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Comm.on name:
Common Messmate
name: Messmate Reference:
Reference:
Eucalyptus obliqua
obliqua C.ountry: Tasmania,
Country: Tasmania, Australia 6
6
Weed sample characteristics

Wood sample
W.ood
Wood sample origin:
Extraoti ves, %
Extractives, %
Samples from
Samples from natural
natural forest
f.orest at
at Wesley
Wesley Vale:
Vale:
Ether
(a) M.ountain regi.on, 108 years .old
Mountain region, old Methan.ol
Methanol
(b) Foothill region,
F.o.othill regi.on, 67
67 years .old
old Ethan.ol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
(c) Coastal region,
C.oastal regi.on, 74
74 yeani
years .old
old
S.ol ubili ty, 'f.
Solubility, %
N
in water o
Density and fibre
characteristics: N
1% NaCH
in 1% BACH
I
3
Basic density,
density, gfom
g/cm3 (a) 0.54; (b)
(a) 0.54; (b) 0.56; (c) 0.55
(c) 0.55 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, ,u*)1*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
.,22*
H.ol.ocellul.ose,
Holocellulose, % %
Wall
Wall thickness, Fo" 1.144
Cross-Bevan oellul.ose,
p*
Lumen width, )2* Pent.osans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
rati.o
Runkel rati.o
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratic
** }.2 (miorons)
1000 ]J. (microns) •. 1 mm
Pulping and
and papermaking
characteristics
.-- .-- - - - ---------
Unbleached
Unbleached a b c
Soda Soda (170°C) Soda (170°C)
Soda (170°0
~
Chemical consumption, % 20·5
20.5 Na 20 • .7 Na 0* 22.5 Na20*
Na 0*
20*
Na20* 22.5
Kappa number 20.7 Na20*2 2
15 15
15 15
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 45.6 45.7 43.8
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness (Tappi)
(Tappi) 33 35
35 32.5
Beater or refiner
refiner PFI
PFI PFI PFI
Breaking length,
length, mm .77 800
800 8 200
200 88000
000
Buret
Burst factor
factor 62
62 66 65
Tear factor
factor 105 110
110 115
115
~
Bleached
'"
Sequence
bleaching, ~
yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
** Charge to obtain Kappa number 15.

-- 205
205--
Eucal~tus occidentalis
Eucalyptus occidentalis
Swamp Yate)
(Swamp
species has not been subjected

The species subjected to many
many acclimatization trials. Good
obtained in
in small-scale
small-scale plantations
plantations in
in Oran
Oran and
and Morocco,
Morocco,
to 8%
even on soils containing up to a% chlorides. It does stand up to prolonged
prolonged
compared with other
any advantages compared
drought and does not present any other eucalypts
except under very saline
saline soil
soil conditions.
conditions.
Reference: 38
characteristics
The fibres of this species are fairly short,

short, even
even for
for aa hardwood,
hardwood, thin,
thin,
thick-walled, which
but thick-walled, implies aa certain amount
amount of undesirable stiffness
stiffness
which is apt to
to prevent
prevent proper inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper.
paper. The lignin
content is low,
low, but the fact
fact that the wood contains
contains 16-25%
16-25% ofof tannin,
tannin,
according to the age of
according of tree, seriously affects its introduction as
the tree,
aa pulpwood species.
soda pulping
Cold soda pulping gives aa fairly
fairly dark
dark pulp
pulp which
which requires
requires more
more efficient
efficient
those applied
bleaching conditions than those applied in
in the
the present
present example
example (P/HS)
(P/HS) in
in order
order
sufficient for
to arrive at a brightness sufficient for printing
printing papers.
papers. However, the
the strength
strength
pulp are excellent
properties of the pulp excellent and
and the
the pulp
pulp can
can well
well be
be used
used in
in papers
papers or
or
boards where brightness is
is of
of no importance.
importance.
speCies adapts itself

The species itself well to
to NSSC pulping,
pulping, giving
giving aa fairly
fairly bright
easily be bleached
pulp which can easily bleached to
to the
the required
required brightness
brightness level
level for
for
papers. The strength properties of the pulp are excellent.
printing papers.
The sodium bisulphite process

process gives
gives aa rather
rather dark
darl<: pulp
pulp with an
an average
yield and with strength properties around
around the
the average
average for
for hardwood
hardwood sulphite
sulphite
pUlp. It is easily
pulp. easily bleachable to aa brightness
brightness of
of the
the required
required level
level for
for
printing papers.
printing papers. Judging from
from the
the fibre
fibre dimensions,
dimensions, the
the opacity
opacity of
of the
the pulp
pulp
should be good.
Scientific name: Common name: Swamp
Common Swamp yate
yate Reference:
Eucalyptus occidentalis
occidentalis Country: Italy 19
19
Wood sample
characteristics
sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
plantation at
at Terra
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
in water ~
characteristics: in 1% HaW
NaCH
'"
Basic g/cm3
Ash, %
% 0.3
Fibre length, .p* )1* 704
704
Fibre width, n*
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 16.7
16.7
jJ.* 17
17
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thickness, p.* F.* 55
LUlIIen width, p.*
Lumen width, p* 7
7
cellulose, % 46.1
46.1
Pentosans, '%f.
Pentosans,
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio 1.43
1.43
0.41

1000 (microns) .• 1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC Cold Soda
Cold Soda Nabisulphite (pH 5)
Na-bisulphite (pH 5)
consumption, %%
Chemical 8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02* 18.6 Na 0*
18.6 8.5
8.5 S02*
S02*
2
Na20*
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
72·5 77.5
77·5 50.0
5°. 0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 53 47 42.5
42·5
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness 25 SR
25 40 SR 25 SR
SR 40 SR SR
25 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 5 700
700 6 600
600 4 000 4 700 700
6 700 7 loo
100
Burst factor
Burst factor 27
27 34 17
17 20 30
30 32
32
Tear factor
Tear factor 68 68
68 41
41 48 70 61
~
Bleached
Bleached --.l
Sequence HS** P/HS HS

Chemical consumption, 22 Na 0.5 HS* 1 HS*
2 2 , 0.5 HS*
0
% 1 HS*
HS* HS*
Na202'
bleaching, %
Total
Total yi eld, %
yield, %
Brightness
Brightness 63 55 70
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
** Charge
**
-- 209
209--
Eucalyptus ovata
experience
Plantation ex erience
Only a few attempts have been made to acclimatize this species.

species. Good
resul ts have been reported
results reported from the Tell Atlas Mountains in Algeria,
Algeria, where
the species proved very resistant
resistant to frost
frost and summer
summer drought.
drought. Annual
Annual yields
yields
of 10-15 m 3Jha have been recorded
m3/ha recorded in
in the
the Republic
Republic of
of South
South Africa.
Africa.
species has
The species has not
not been
been of
of any interest for
any interest for tropical
tropical countries,
countries, but
it
it is possibly useful in the wetter Mediterranean climatic zoneszones where the
winter is too
winter too cold
cold for
for species
species such
such as £:!. camaldulensis
as E. camaldulensis and £:!. botryoides.
and E.
~:
Note: are numerous allied
There are allied species.
species. taken in
Thus care must be taken in
choosing the seeds.
choosing seeds.
References: 38
38
The basic density

density of the
the wood is
is in
in the
the normal
normal range
range of
of hardwoods for
for
pulping. No data
pulping. data are
are available for
for the
the fibre
fibre or
or chemical
characteristics
sample at hand.
for the sample
The species
species is
is easily
easily pulped
pulped with aa fairly
fairly low
low alkali
alkali charge
charge by
by means
means of
of
the chemical
the chemical soda
soda process.
process. However, the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is somewhat
somewhat low,
low, even
even
the unusually
in view of the unusually low
low Kappa number
number aimed
aimed at.
at. Pulping
pulping to a Kappa
number of 20
20 would increase
increase the
the yield,
yield, although
although probably
probably not
not over 50%. This
over 50%. This
would also improve the
the strength
strength properties
properties toto some
some extent
extent to
to aa good
good level.
level.
results imply
The results imply that
that by
by sulphate
sulphate pulping
pulping with
with aa fairly
fairly low
low alkali
alkali charge
charge
to Kappa number
number 20,
20, a good,
good, although
although not
not excellent,
excellent, quality
quality short-fibre
short-fibre pulp
pulp
could be
could be produced.
produced. The yield of pulp would probably
probably be slightly lower
lower than
average.
Scientific name:
1
ovata
Eucalyptus ovata Country:
Country: Tasmania, Australia
6
Wood sample
Wood sample
Wood sa.mple origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
at Wesley
Sample from natural forest at Wesley Vale:
Vale: Ether
Methanol
(a) region, 48 years old
Foothill region, Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
(b) region, 61
Coastal region, 61 years old
Solubility, %
solubility, % I
in water IN ~
0
Density and
Density and fibre
in 1% Naafi
NaCH
I
Basi
Basica density,
density, g/cm 3 (a)
glom3 (a) 0.58; (b) 0.61
0.58; (b) 0.61 Ash, %
%
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*A*
Lignin, %
%
width, A*
Fibre width, p* Holocellulose, %
Rolocellulose, %
Wall thickness, )1"
width, p*
Lumen width, p.*
.).]:*
Pentosans,
Pentosans, %
%
Length/Width
Length/width ratio
Ruhkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
1000 P.
..* 1000 p. (microns)
(microns) _. 1
1 IIDD
mm
characteristics
Unbleached
a b
Process Soda (170oC)
Soda (170°C) Soda (170°C)
Soda (170oC)
consumption, ~
19.3 Na 0* 21.1 Na
21.1 0*
1a 0*
2
Na20*
15 2
Kappa number 15
15 15
~
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), 48.0
48.0 44.9
44.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness (Tappi)
(Tappi) 34.5
34.5 31.5
31.5
PFI PFI
7 000 66 loo
100
Burst factor 49
49 43
43
Tear factor 94
94 85
85
I\)
~
~
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
consumption, ~
bleaching, ~
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
*
* Charge to obtain Kappa number 15.
number 15.
-- 213
213--
regnans
Eucalyptus regnans
Plantation experienoe
Plantation euerience
This species is adaptable toto cold

oold sites,
sites, but also very fire-sensitive.
fire-sensitive.
The growth is very
very rapid
rapid in
in early
early life,
life, over
over 12
12 mm in diameter per year under
conditions. It
good conditions. It is adaptable in various parts of the world,
world, including
of intertropical
countries of intertropical zones.
zones. Fairly
Fairly good results
in New Zealand and in the Republic
Republio of South Afrioa.
Africa.
References:
References: 38,
38, 90, 132
90, 132
Wood oharacteristics
basio density
of the
the pulp
pulp is
is in
in the
the normal
normal range
range of
of hardwoods used
for "pulping.
pUlping. No data
data on
on fibre
fibre or
or chemical
characteristios are available
available for
for
the samples at hand.
Pulpinz characteristics
Pulping
The species
speoies is easily
easily pulped
fairly low
low alkali
alkali charge
charge by
by means of
ohemical soda
the chemical soda process.
prooess. The yield of pulp is good,
good, in view of the unusually
low Kappa number
number aimed
aimed at in
in the
the present
present instance.
instance. InIn spite
spite of
of slight
slight over-
over-
cooking, the strength properties
cooking, properties are
are excellent
excellent and
and would
would probably
probably be improved
improved
by cooking
further by cooking to
to Kappa
Kappa number
number 20.
20. The results
results imply
imply that
that an
an excellent
excellent
pulp can be obtained with aa good yield byby means of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process with
aa fairly low charge of active alkali.
Laboratory trials for

for the production
production of
of high-alpha
high-alpha pulp
pulp from
from this species
species
by means of
by of the
the prehydrolysis
sulphate process
process (89)
(89) have
have been
been successful
successful as
as
far as the chemical composition
composition of the resulting
resulting pulp
pulp is
is concerned.
concerned. However,
the total
total yield of pulp was somewhat
somewhat low
low -- 30-32%.
30-32%. No tests
tests for
for processability
processability
in the viscose process were carried out.
since 1957 for commercial-scale

The species has been used in Australia since
(21).
production of cold soda pulp for newsprint (21).
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Co;mnon name:
Eucalyptus regnans
regnans ·Country:
Country: Tasmania,
6
Wood sample oharaoteristios

characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
oharacteristios:
Samples from natural

natural forest
forest at Wesley
Wesley Vale:
Vale:
Extractives, % %
Ether
(a) Mountain region, 72
region, 72 years old Methanol
(b) Foothill
Foothill region,
region, 57
57 years old Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, ~ %
in water I\)
~
and fibre charaoteristics:

Density and oharaoteristios: 1% BACH
in 1% NaCII .j>.
I
Basic density,
Basio g/om33
density, g/oa (a) 0.42;
0.42; (b) 0.45
0.45
Ash, %
%
Fibre length, )1*
Fibre ,u*
Lignin, ~
Lignin, %
Iddth, p.*
Fibre width, )1*
Wall
Wall thickness, ).1*p.'I
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose %
CroBe-Bevan oelluloBe, ~
Lumen width, p*
LUllen width, p.* Pentosans, ~
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio .
information: info rmat ionl
** P. (microns)
1000 p. (microns) _. 1
1 mm
JIlIn
-.....
pulping
characteristics
Unbleached aa b
Process o o
Soda (170°C)
(170 C) Soda (170°C)
Soda (110 C)
consumption, %
18.7 Na 0* 11.4 Na 0*
17.4
2
Na20* 2
Na20*
Kappa number 15 15
15
(unscreened), %
51.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness (Tappi)
(Tappi) 41
41 40
Beater or refiner
refine~ PFI
PFI PFI
PFI
Breaking length,
length, mm 88 800
800 . 8 700
100
Burst factor 68 69
Tear factor 115 115
N
~
Bleached VI
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
*
* Charge to obtain Kappa number
number 15.
15.
-- 217-
217 -
EucalyPtus robusta
Eucalyptus robusta
(swamp
(Swamp Mahogany)
The species is very widespread throughout the world.

world. ItIt has
has been planted
Spain, in the south
in Spain, south of Portugal, North Africa,
Africa, Italy and Cyprus,
Cyprus, where
where its
its
rate of growth has proved
proved inferior
inferior to
to species
species such
such as
as E.
E. camaldulensis,
camaldulensis,
!!. !!. E2molauplaLa.
and E.
E. globulus and gomphocephala. In South Africa it grows vigorously but
semi-arid zones.
only outside semi-arid zones. In general, satisfactory growth
general, satisfactory growth has
has been
been recorded
recorded
deep, moist soils.
on deep, soils. Apart from this it shows
,.hows fairly good adaptability to
subtropical · land with uniform rainfall
rainfall or summer maximum as wellwell as to intel'-
inter-
tropical high altitude
altitude zones.
zones. Good results
results have
have been
been reported
reported from
from Brazil,
Brazil,
Chile,
Chile, Madagascar, m3jha), MalaWi,
Madagascar, Mauritius (10 m3/ha), India, Malaysia and Zaire
Malawi, India,
(20-30 m 3 jha). It has failed to
m3/ha). to acclimatize
acclimatize inin Katanga
Katanga and
and Southern
Southern Rhodesia.
Rhodesia.
The species is more adaptable to acclimatization in wet tropical

tropical zones
than in
in arid Mediterranean zones.
Mediterranean zones.
References: 38, 39,

38, 39, 40, 42,
42, 45,
45, 57,
57, 109,
109 , 111,
111, 123
123
Wood characteriatics
of the wood
The basic density of wood is
is around
around the
the upper
upper limit
limit for hardwoods
used for
for pulping.
pulping. The fibres
fibres are of
of average
average length
length for hardwoods,
hardwoods, fairly
relation to the wall thickness. Judging from these data,
wide in relation data, the
the fibres
fibres
should be
be fairly flexible
flexible and capable of good bonding
bonding between
between the
the fibres
fibres in
in
paper. The lignin content
content of the wood
wood is
is very
very high for aa hardwood,
hardwood, at least
in the sample from Congo,
Congo, whereas no data in this respect
respect are available for
other sample.
the other sample. This may
may have
have an
an effect
effect on
on the
the yield
yield and
and ease
ease of
of pulping.
pulping.
pulping_2haracteristics
The species
The species requires
requires aa fairly
fairly high
high charge
charge of
of active
active alkali
alkali in
in the
the sulphate
sulphate
number of
process in order to arrive at a Kappa number of 20.
20. The yield of pulp is is below
for hardwoods.
the average for hardwoods. The strength
strength properties
properties are below
below the
the requirements
requirements
of aa good quality eucalypt
eucalypt sulphate pulp and resemble more those of poplar or
beech sulphate pulps,
pulps, depending
depending on
on the
the basic
basic density
density and/or
and/or the
the provenance.
provenance.
regards chemical
soda pulping,
pulping, the
the rate
rate of
of delignification
delignification isis slow
slow and
and
resulting pulp is obtained in
the resulting in aa crude
crude form
form with aa high ligning
Ugning content
content and
yield. The strength properties are not up up to
to normal requirements
requirements for
for eucalypt
soda pulps.
chemical soda pulps. Bleaching improves the
Bleaching improves the strength
characteristics to
to an
acceptable although still
still not good
good level.
level.
The NSSC process gives an extremely

extremely dark
dark pulp
pulp with
with aa fairly
fairly low
low yield.
However, the
the strength
strength properties
properties of
of the
the pulp
pulp are
are quite
quite good.
good.
Scientific name:
Common name: Swamp mahogany
name:Swamp mahogany Reference:
Reference:
Eucalyptus robusta
Eucalyptus robusta Country: Congo
Congo 110
110
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extraotives, %
Sample from
from plantation
plantation at Loudima, 55 years old
at Loudima, Ether
Ether
Methanol
Solubility, % %
N
in water 1.20 ~
CD
Density and
and fibre
1% Na(fi
NaOH 15.8
I
Basic density,
density, g/omg/Cm33 0.58
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, p.*p* 830 %
Ash, % 0.42
Lignin, %
% 33.2
Fibre width, p* iiii 18
18 Holocellulose, %
Holooellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, p.* ,u* 44 oellulose, %
Lumen width,
width, )1*pi 10
47.3
10
Pentosans, %
% 15.6
Length/width ratio
46
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.80
0.80
0.56
information:
"* 1000 (miorons) .- 1 mm

1000 p)l. (microns)
pulping and papermalcing
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % 18.5 - 13.5 Na
2
0*
Na20*
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
20 - 4545
46.2 - 46.7 (screened)
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 23 20
- 20
Beater or refiner Jokro?
Freeness 40
40 SR
SR
Breaking length,
length, m
m 7 900 - 9 000
7900-9000
Burst
Buret factor 45 -- 54
45
Tear factor
faotor 110 -- 115
110 115
I\:>
~
Bleached
Bleached
'"
Sequence CEE!
%
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness (Photovolt
(Photovolt)) 78 - 82
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Jokro?
Freeness SR
40 SR
500 -- 77 100
100
Burst
41
97 105
Additional information:;
Assuming liquor to
to wood
wood ratio
ratio of
of 3.3
3.3
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Cemmen
Common name: Swamp mahogany
Swamp mahegany Reference:
Eucalyptus robusta
robust a Ceuntry: Madagascar
Country:Madagascar 111
111
,
Weed
Wocd sample
Wood sample origi.n:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Cempcsite
Composite sample from Ampamaherana,
Ampamaherana, Ambatebe
Ambatobe and
and Ether
Anamalazactra censisting of
Anamalazaotra consisting .of lcgs 25-48 cm in
logs 25-48 Methanel
Methanol
diameter.
diameter. Ethanel-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
ScI ubili ty, 'f.

Solubility, %
in water N
Density and
Densit. and fibre
characteristics: in 1%NaOH
in 1% HaCH ~
I
Basic density, g/om3
density, glom3 0.71 (dry
0.71 (dry volume)
vclume)
Ash, %
Fibre length,
length,)1*
p*
Fibre width, .du*
)1*939
939
19 'f.
Lignin, %
%Lignin,
Bolocellulose, 'f.
Hclccellulcse, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness,)1*yi.* 4.5 cellulcse, %
Lumen width, )J-*
pit 10
10
Pentosans, %
Pentcsans, %
Length/width ratic
Runkel ratio
ratic 0.90
0.90
ratic
0.53
Additional
Additicnal infermatien:
information: Additicnal infcrmaticn:
* 1000 n (miorons)
1000 )J. (microns) -. 1
1 mm ___..
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate Soda (170°C) NSSC
Chemical
14.4 - 12.9 Na20
7.7 - 7.1 SO2
Kappa number
Kappa number 24 -47 54 - loo
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 45.6 - 52.9 50.9 - 54.7 66.3 - 68.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, % o -0.8 0.3 - 4.4 0.1 - 0.7
Brightness
(Photovolt) 23 -20 23 -18.5 17.5 - 15
Freeness
Breaking length,
length, m
m 5 500 - 6 800 5 700 - 5 500 5 400 - 4 600
Burst factor
Burst factor 33 - 42 32 - 28 26
Tear factor
Tear factor 95 - lio 95 - 88 74 - 78
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence CEHH CEHH
Chemical consumption, % 4.7 - 7.0 8.6 - 14.6
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness 15
75 - 77
11 76 -- 79
16 19
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking length
length 6 400 - 7 3oo
6400-1300 66300-1200
3oo - 7 200
Burst factor
factor 38 47
38 - 41 37
31 -- 4o
40
Tear factor
93 105 99 -- 89
99 89
- 223
- 223 --
Eucalyptus saligna
experience
Several failures
failures have been recorded with trials of this this species
species in low-
zones but remarkable
lying equatorial zones remarkable results
results have been achieved in climatic
or less marked tropical affinities. In RiQ
conditions with more or Rio Claro in
in
Brazil excellent results
results have been obtained in richrich soil,
soil, 625 mjjha
m3/ha from
7-year old stands for
for firewood,
firewood, pole
pole timber
timber and
and pulpwood.
pulpwood. In the Republic of of
South Africa it has been planted
planted in large numbers, chiefly on sandy loams over
granites, dolorites quartzites or other
granites, dolorites, other parent materials.
materials. The average annual
The average annual
yields were 15-35 m~jha, the best results
15-35 m3/ha, results being
being obtained in moist conditions
of the foggy zone
zone with comparatively high temperatures and summer
summer rainfall.
rainfall.
species was
The species was not
not very
very resistant
resistant to
to severe
severe frost
frost or
or prolonged
prolonged frost and
and in
in
instances damage
some instances damage by
by Gonipterus,
Gonipterus scutellatus was reported.
reported.
Very encouraging results

results have been obtained inin Chile,
Chile, Southern Rhodesia,
Rhodesia,
Nigeria, Malawi, Sri Lanka
Lanka and
and Kenya,
Kenya, where
where it
it is
is one
one of
of the
the main eucalypt
eucalypt
speCies planted
species planted with
with excellent
excellent volumetric
volumetric yields
yields and
and aa rotation
rotation of
of 8-12
8-12 years.
years.
It
It is widespread also in Congo and Zaire with annual increments of 30-40 m 3/ha.
m3/ha.
results have also
Good results also been
been obtained
obtained in
in Spain
Spain and
and Italy.
Italy.
References: 38,
38, 39, 40, 41, 44,
39,40,41,44, 52,
52, 57, 109,
109, 111, 114, 123,
111, 114, 123, 124
124
of the
wood is
is in
in the
the normal range
range of
of hardwoods used
used
for pulping. The fibres
fibres are ofof average length
length for
for hardwoods,
hardwoods, fairly
fairly wide and
implies good
thin-walled which implies good potential
potential bonding
bonding between
between the
the fibres
fibres in
in paper.
paper.
there seems
However, there seems to
to be
be aa considerable
considerable influence
influence of
of provenance
provenance on
on the
the fibre
fibre
width characteristics. The lignin
lignin content
content in
in all
all the
the present
present samples
samples is
is high
for a hardwood which implies difficulty
difficulty of
of chemical
chemical pulping
pulping and a low
low yield
pulp.
of chemical pulp.
The results of the pulping

pulping trials summarized
summarized in
in the
the following
following pages
pages are
quite contradictory and it is
is evident
evident that
that heed
heed must
must be
be taken
taken to factors
factors such
such
as seed origin and growth conditions.
conditions.
expected from
As expected from the
the high
high content
content of
of lignin
lignin in
in the
the wood,
wood, the
the requirement
requirement
of active alkali in the Eulphate
sulphate process
process is
is fairly
fairly high.
high. The one exception
is the sample from Angola where an exceptionally
exceptionally high
high yield
yield at Kappa number
number 20
20
obtained with
has been obtained with aa relatively
relatively low
low alkali
alkali consumption.
consumption. In all other
yield has
instances the yield has been
been low.
low. AsAs expected,
expected, aa higher
higher alkali
alkali charge
charge is
is
required and aa lower yield at
at constant Kappa number is obtained with trees
- 224
224 -
(Eucalyptus saligna)
(Eucalptus saligna)
suffering from gummosis

gummosis although
although no
no significant
significant effect
effect can
can be
be demonstrated
demonstrated
on the strength properties of the sulphate pulps
pulpa in general,
general, which
which range
range from
slighly below
below average
average for
for eucalypt
eucalypt pulps
pulpa (samples
(samples from
from Pointe-Noire,
PointeNoire, Congo)
Congo)
to excellent
excellent (samples
(samples from
from Loudima,
Loudima, Congo,
Congo, and
and Angola).
Angola).
Application of the cold soda process

process for
for newsprint-grade pulp has
newsprintgrade pulp has proved
proved
feasible in
feasible in laboratory,
laboratory, pilot
pilot plant
plant and
and mill
mill trials
trials (88).
(88). As regards
regards NSSC
NSSC
pulping, the
pulping, the sample
sample from
from Pointe-Noire exhibits excellent
PointeNoire exhibits excellent strength
strength properties
properties
al though low
although low yield
yield and
and brightness.
brightness. The strength properties and brightness
brightness
were
wers impaired considerably when trees from the the same plantation suffering from
gummosis were
were used;
used; however,
however, the
the strength
strength properties
properties wers
were still
still acceptable.
acceptable.
As regards
regards the Italian sample,
sample, the
the NSSC pulp exhibits hardly any bursting
the brsaking
strength although the breaking length
length is
is in
in an
an acceptable
acceptable range.
range. This peculia-
peculia-
still present after
rity was still after bleaching
bleaching and
and the
the sample
sample behaved
behaved in
in the
the same
same
manner in the sodium bisulphite process which was applied to obtain pulp in
the high yield
yield range.
range.
Research into the possibility of

of manufacturing dissolving pulp from this
species has been
species been carried
carried out
out in
in Italy.
Italy.
. /
Scientific name:
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus saligna Country:
Country: Congo
Congo 111
Wood sample
Wood sample
sample origin:
Sample
Sample from Pointe-No1re, 5
plantation at Pointe-Noire,
from plantation 5 years old. Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
1.80
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
1.61
I~
in water 1.67
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% NaCII
in 1% NaOH 18.4
18.4
Basic g/cm3
density, glom3
Basic density, 0.45 (dry volume
volume
Fibre length,
length, )1* 918
918 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.45
0.45
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 29.5
29·5
Fibre width,
Fibre p*
width, ,p* 21
21
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thickness, )1*
ym 3·5
3.5
cellulose, % % 45·0
45.0
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, p* 14
14
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 18.5
Length/width ratio
44
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.50
0.50
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.61
0.67
information:
**1000
1000 ,u (microns)
)l (microns) a- 1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
------------~------~
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Chemical %
Chemical consumption, % 19.0 - 13.6 Na20 9.3 SO2
Kappa numter
Kappa number 21 - 28
% 44.4 - 51.5 59.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1 - 2.1 0
Brightness
(Photovolt) 25 - 27 26.5
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length,
length, mm 6 800 - 9 300 8 600
Burst factor
Burst factor 42 - 58 59
Tear factor
Tear factor 90 - 105 93
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence CEHH
CEEB
4.8 5.5 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
(photovolt) 77 --79
79
Freeness 40
40 SR
Burst
Burst factor
factor 41 -- 49
41
93 115
information:
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus saligna
Eucalyptus saligna Country: Congo
Congo 111
111
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
plantation at POinte-Noire, 66 years
at Pointe-Noire, years old.
old. Ether
suffering from
Trees suffering from gummosis.
gummosis. Methanol
solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 2.96 I\J
Density and
and fibre
charaoteristics: 1
in 1% NaCH
NaOH 16.8 ~
3 I
Basio
Basic density, g/om
glom3 0.62 (dry volume)
Ash, %
Ash, % 0,39
0.39
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, p* 843
843 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 33.3
p*
Fibre width, ju* 20
Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, % %
Wall thickness, p* )..1.* 4.5 cellulose, %
4203
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen p:* 11
11
Pentoeane, %
Pentosans, % 17.3
17.3
Length/width ratio
ratio 42
42
Runkel ratio 0.82
** 1000 )1 (microns) .
)l m 1 mm
,..,
Pulping and
characteristics
" ------------i
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
consumption, % % 19.8 - 16.7 Na00
Na 0 9.5
9·5 SO2
S02
Kappa number
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % %
28
43.6
34
- 34
43.6 - 45.8
45.8
2
57.3
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.9
0.9 -- 2.3 oo
19·5 17
Beater or refiner
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
length, m
m 6 500
500 -- 66 800
800 6 100
Burst factor 40 - 44 37
Tear factor
Tear faotor 88
88 - 92
92 93
Bleached
Bleached
'"
z:g
Sequence CEHH
Chemical oonsumption, % 6.2 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
(Photovol t) 74
Freeness 40
40 SR
700
Burst
Burst factor 40
Tear factor 1105
05
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus saligna
saligna Country: Italy
Italy 108
Wood sample
Wood sáLnple
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from
plantation in
in Italy.
Italy. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 2.15
2.15
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
3.7 (hot)
(hot)
Density and fibre
charaoteristics:
in water
1
in 1% NaCH
HaCH '"
~
3 I
Basio density, g/om
Ash, % 0.3
0.3
Ash, %
Fibre length,
length, ju*
)1*
Lignin, %
Ligmin, % 24.2
Fibre width,
width, )1*
)11*
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thiokness,
thickness, )1*)1.*
% 56.0
Lumen width, )1*
p.*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 20.9
20.9
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio

information:
1
** 1000 p. (microns)
)l (microns) =. 11 mm
mm
pulping and
paperm~(ing characteristics
-----------------.-~--------.-----~-- - ---f
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC Na-bisulphite
Na-bisulphite
consumption, % % 8.0 S02*
SO2*
- 2.8
2.4 - 2.8 S02* SO2*
Kappa number
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
Yield (unscreened), % % 70·5 -- 75
70.5 75 79
79 -64
- 64
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 28
28 -25
- 25 43
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Jokro
Jokro Jokro
Freeness
Freeness 25
25 SR 50 SR**
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 4 600 -- 33 900
900 5 500
5 500
Burst factor
Burst factor 3 -- 22 33
Tear factor
Tear factor
I\)
Bleached
Bleached '"
~
Sequence
Sequence CEIl
CEH CEH
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 22
22 -- 25
25 Cl* - 16
26 - 16 Cl*
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 56
56 -- 54.4
54.4 - 48
55 -
Brightness
Brightness 70
70 -- 72 70
70 - 80
Beater or refiner Jokro Jokro
Breaking length 10
10 100 -- 7 100
100 700 -- 6 400
6 700
Burst factor
4
Tear factor
Tear factor
** Charge
Charge
l **
** Pulp with 2.8 %
% S02 charge only. ____ __________
SO2 ._~ ~
[----Additional
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
I Eucalyptus saligna Country:

Country: Congo 110
110
Wood sample
sampls characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
plantation at
Samples from plantation at Loudima,
Loudima, 44 years
years old.
old. Ether
her
from South
Seeds from South Africa.
Africa. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.18
1.78
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
3.42
Density and fibre
charaoteristios:
in water
in 1% NaCII
3.42
18.8
18.8 '"
VJ
Na(H
'"I
Basio density,
Basic g/om3
density, g/cm3 0.55 (dry volume)
Ash, %
% 0.32
Fibre length, )1* 804
804
Fibre width,
Fibre p*
width, ).1* 19 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 30.4
thickness,
Wall thiokness, ).1*
)1*
19
3.5
Holocellulose, % %
p.*
Lumen width, p.* 12
Cross-Bevan cellulose, % bb 46.4
12
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 18.4
18.4
Length/width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.58
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.63
0.63
** (miorons) .m 1 mm
1000 p)J. (microns)
_....
characteristics
1-· --------1
Unbleached
Unbleached
Precess
Process Sulphate
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % Na 20*
19.3 -- 13.5 Na20*
Kappa number
Kappa number 20
20 28
- 28
Yield (unscreened), % 45.5 - 48.3 (screened)
45.5 (screened)
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brieltness (Photovolt)
(photovolt) 26
26 22
- 22
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Jokro
Jokro
Freeness
Freeness SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
9 000 -- 10
53 - 69
Tear factor
100
Bleached
Bleached
'"
w
w
Sequence
Sequence CEHH
CERH
consumption, %%
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
(photovolt) 88-- 87
88 87
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Jokro
Jokre
Freeness SR
40 SR
Breaking length
Breaking length 6
6 700
700 -- 88 900
900
Burst factor
Burst factor 40
40 - 5959
Tear factor
factor 87 -- 95
87 95
information:
Assuming liquor to
to wood
wood ratio
ratio of 3.3
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus saligna Country: Angola 113

113
Wood sample origin:

Ii110-114:EUILL-922-ia: Chemical characteristics:
characteristics:
Logs of 7-22 cm diameter from

from forest
forest areas PRM 1 and Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether 0.6
0.6
PRM 2 and Perimeter of Sanguengue of the Companhia
Methanol
de Celulose do
do Ultramar Portugu~s, Angola.
Ultramar Portugu6s, Angola.
Ethanol-benzene 1.2
1.2
solubility, %
Solubility, %

charaoteristics:
in water
1% NaOH
in 1% HaOO
6.2
'"
~
Basio g/cm33
Basic density, g/om 0.48
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.2
Fibre length, )1*
,u* 942 Lignin, %
% 30.1
p*
Fibre width, ,u* 16
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, )1",11.11
cellulose, %
Lumen width,
Lumen width, )1*
p* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 18.4
18.4
Length/Width ratio
Length/width 59
59
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
* 1000
1000 P.
». (microns)
microns) .
m 1 mm ._
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
%
Chemical consumption, % 15·0 Na
15.0 Na20
2
(charge)
0 (charge)
Kappa number about 20
about 20
(unacreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp6n
Freeness 45 SR
45 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 13
13 500
Burst factor 92
Tear factor 125
I\)
LJ
Bleached ~
Ln
Sequence HCED
consumption, %
5·7
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Lampén
Freeness 45 SR
SR
Breaking length
11
Burst factor 78
Tear factor 125
information: Printing opacity
opacity of bleached
bleached pulp
pulp at 45 SR
at 45 SR 77.
77.
-- 237
237 --
EucalyPtus
Eucalyptus tereticornis
experience
This species
species has
has been
been introduced
introduced asas an
an exotic
exotic in
in Italy,
Italy, Spain,
Spain, Portugal,
Portugal,
Africa. It has exhibited inferior
Cyprus and North Africa. inferior growth
growth in
in semi-arid
semi-arid zones
zones
and low resistance
resistance to
to drought.
drought. As regards
regards the
the subtropical
subtropical and intertropical
intertropical
areas, shown good
i t has shown
areas, it good results
results on
on aa small
small scale
scale in
in Indonesia
Indonesia and
and Zaire,
Zaire,
whereas the
whereas the results
results have
have been
been less
less satisfactory
satisfactory in in Brazil.
Brazil. It cannot be
acclimatized at
acclimatized at low
low altitudes.
altitudes.
References: 38,
38, 39,
39, 45,
45, 52,
52, 123
123
Wood" characteristics
Wood'oharacteristics
wood of
The wood of this species
species is
is hard and
and heavy,
heavy, exhibiting
exhibiting a density of
0.85-1.05 in natural stands
stands in
in Australia. This may
may cause
cause serious
serious wear
wear on
on
chipper knives
chipper knives in
in pulp
pulp mills.
mills. The fibres are fairly short,
short, even for aa hard-
and thin-walled
wood but wide and thin-walled which
which implies
implies aa certain
certain amount
amount of flexibility
flexibility
and consequently
and consequently a potential
potential for
for good
good inter-fibre
inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper. Among
characteristics given
the chemical characteristics given for the
the present
present sample,
sample, none imply
imply any
difficulty for
difficulty for chemical
chemical pulping.
pulping.
Pulping
Pul in characteristics
soda pulping
Cold soda pulping gives a somewhat
somewhat dark
dark and
and not
not easily
easily bleachable pulp
pulp
just acceptable strength for
of just for a grade to be used
used in
in newsprint. However,
refining is
further refining is required.
required.
The NSSC process gives

gives aa fairly bright pulp,
pulp, but
but the
the strength
strength properties
are lower than usually
usually required
required for
for qualities like,
like, for
for instance,
instance, corrugating
Application of
medium. Application of the
the sodium
sodium bisulphite
bisulphite process
process results
results in
in an
an easily
easily
bleachable pulp of fairly
fairly low
low yield. The pulp
pulp develops
develops rapidly
rapidly an acceptable
breaking length on beating
beating although the burst factor
factor remains
remains low.
low. On further
beating there is insufficient development
development of
of the
the strength
properties. It is
mainly comparable to unbleached beech sulphite
sulphite pulp
pulp at
at low
low degrees
degrees of
of beating.
Judging from the fibre characteristics
characteristics ofof the
the wood,
wood, the
the opacity
opacity of the pulp
pulp
does not seem
seem to
to be
be very
very good.
good.
Scientific name:
Common name: Forest red
name:Forest red gum Reference:
Eucalyptus tereticornis
tereticornis Country:
Country: Italy
Italy 19
19
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

origin: characteristios:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
10
10 years old.
years old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
solubility, %
in water
water '"
'Cf,
Density and fibre
characteristics: in
in1%
1%NaOH
NaCH
I
Basio glom33
Basic density, g/om 0.2
Fibre length, ,u*
Fibre )1* 621
%
Ash, %
%
Lignin, %
Lignin, 24.7
Fibre width, p*p.* 26 Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thiokness,
thickness, )1"
p* 4
4 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
40.8
Lumen width, p*y* 18
18 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Runkel ratio 0.44
0.44
Flexibility ratio
0.69
information:
.. 1000 P.
* 1000 ,u (miorons)
(microns) m. 1 mm
/
Pulping and
paperm~{ing characteristics
~-~----------------------
Unbleached
.----------------------
Unbleached
Process
Process NSSC Cold Soda Na-bisulphite (pH5)
Nabisulphite (pH5)
Chemical %
consumption, % 8.5 S02*
SO2* 18.6
18.6 Na 0*
2
Na20*
8.5
8.5 SO2*
S02*
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 70 77 47
47
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 50 46
46 44
Beater
Beater or refiner
or refiner
Freeness
Freeness 25
25 SR 40 SR 25 SR 40 SR
SR 25 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 3 100
100 3 700
700 2 400
2 400 3000
3 000 55 100
100 5 700
700
Burst factor
Burst factor 11
11 14
14 8
8 11
11 21
21 24
Tear factor
Tear factor 37
37 41
41 26
26 28
23 43
43 49
N
Bleached ~
---
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence HS** PjHs
PAIS HS
consumption, %
HS* 2
2 Na 0 , 0.5 HS* 1 HS*
HS*
bleaching, %
Yield on bleaching, % 2 2
Na202'
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness 59 52
52 68
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst factor
Hurst factor
Tear factor
factor
information:
* Charge.
**
- 241
- 241 -
-
Eucalyptus
Eucyptus trabutii
t rabut i i
experience
botryoides and E. camaldulensis which was originally

This is a hybrid of E. botrgoides
found in Algeria. It exhibits vigorous growth in cool moist
moist coastal
coastal zones and
is mainly immune to parasites.
parasites. It is found in .plantations in North Africa and
saantations in and
has also
also shown
shown some
some promise
promise in
in trials
trials in
in Italy.
Italy.
References: 38, 53
53
characteristics
The basic density of the wood is in

in the normal range
range for hardwoods used
for pulping. The fibres are of average length for hardwoods,
hardwoods, fairly thin and
thin-walled which implies a certain amount of flexibility and consequently aa
potential for good
good inter-fibre
inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper.
paper. The
The lignin
lignin content
content is
is about
about
the average for softwoods.
softwoods.
The cold soda pulping

pulping process gives a fairly bright and easily bleached
pulp. However, the
the strength
strength properties
properties are
are slightly
slightly below
below the
the normal require-
require-
ments. It
ments. It is possible that they can be enhanced by some modifications of the
process variables.
pulping gives
pulp of
of good
good strength.
strength. If it is
is to
to be used in
in
printing grade papers,
papers, aa higher
higher charge
charge of
of carbonate
carbonate is
is preferable
preferable in
in order
to improve the bleachability.
Sodium bisulphite pulping

pulping gives
gives aa fairly
fairly dark
dark pulp
pulp with
with aa good
good yield.
yield.
As regards
regards the strength
properties, the
the pulp
pulp is
is very
very similar
similar toto beech
beech sulphite
sulphite
pulp at
at low degrees of beating but does not develop its strength
strength equally well
well
on further beating. Judging from the fibre dimensions,
dimensions, the opacity of the
pulp should be
be good.
good.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus trabutii
trabutii Country:
Country: Italy
Italy 20
20
Wood sample
.!!£od sample origin:

characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Ether
Ether
Sample from plantation at
at Grosseto,
Grosseto, 9 years old.
old.
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~
Density and
and fibre
1% NaC!! N
Basic density, g/cm

g/cm3
3 00.50
.50
Fibre length, ,u*
p* 802
%
Ash, % 0.4
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 22.4
Fi width, p*
':, re
Fire width, u* 19
19
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p«
Wall thickness, )..1.44 3.5
3.5
Lumen width,
width, )1*
p* 12
12
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
42
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.58
0 .58
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0 .63
0.63
** 1000 (microns) .= 1 rom

1000 p)l (microns) mm1
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process (Ii! 5)
NSSC (pH 5) Soda
Cold Soda Na bisulphite
Na bisulphite NSSC (Ii! 8.5)
NSSC (pH 8.5)
Chemical consumption, %% 8.5 S02*
8.5 SO2* 13.9 Na 0*
13.9 Na20*2 8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02* 3·5 SO2*
3.5 S02*
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 76.2 83.5 55·2
55.2 78.4
78.4
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 45 51
51 45 42
42
Beater or refiner
Freeness 25 SR 40 SR 25 SR SR
40 SR 25
25 SR 40 SR 25 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
300 5 000 2800
2 800 100
3 100 100
5 100 5 300
5 300 600
4 600 5 300
5 300
Buret factor
Burst 20 23
23 12
12 15
15 24
24 29
29 23
23 28
28
Tear factor 54
5A 50
5n 38
38 39
39 72
72 63
63 71
71 62
62
Bleached '"
.p.
VJ
I .
Sequence HS** P/HS
P/HS HS HS
HS* 2 Na 0 , 0.5
Na202' 0 .5 HS* 1 HS*
HS* 1 HS*
HS*
2 2
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness 53·5
53.5 72 .5
72.5 55 69.5
69.5
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Buret factor
Tear factor
information:
** Charge.
**
** hydroaulphite.
Sodium hydrosulphite.
245 --
-- 245
EucalYptus
Eucalyptus viminalis
recorded with this species in the Mediterranean

Vigorous growth has been recorded
area, especially
especially on the Pliocene sands
sands in
in the south
south of Portugal. Very encouraging
encouraging
results have also been obtained in California,
California, Chile and
and the
the Republic
Republic of South
South
Africa with
Africa with annual
annual increments
increments of
of 15-30 m3/ha and
15-30 m3/ha and at
at high
high altitudes
altitudes in
in India,
India,
Tanzania and Zaire.
Tanzania and Zaire.
The species
species is mostly utilized in
in the cooler
cooler temperate sub-humid sector
of the summer
summer rainfall
rainfall zone.
zone. It is fairly
fairly frost-hardy
frost-hardy and
and requires
requires deep
deep soils
soils
if it is not to suffer
suffer from drought but is only moderately adaptable to hot
hot
humid conditions.
References: 38,
38, 41,
41, 44,
44, 42,
42, 83,
83, 114,
114, 123,
123, 128
128
characteristics
The basic
basiC density of the wood is in the normal range of hardwoods for
pulping. The fibres are fairly short, even
even for a hardwood,
hardwood, thin or of inter-
thin-walled. This implies a certain amount of desirable
mediate width but thin-walled.
flexibility and
and consequently
consequently potentially
potentially good
good inter-fibre
inter-fibre bonding in
in paper.
paper.
The chemical characteristics given
given for
for the
the present
present samples
samples do
do not imply
imply any
any
difficulty for chemical pulping.
pulping
The charge of active alkali in the sulphate process is in the normal

normal range
for hardwoods. However, the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is lower
lower than
than average,
average, although
although not
seriously so. The strength
seriously so. strength properties
properties of
of the
the pulp,
pulp, both
both unbleached
unbleached and
and bleached,
bleached,
are good
good although not excellent,
excellent, and
and the
the opacity
opacity of
of the
the bleached
bleached pulp
pulp is
is slightly
slightly
below that of the best eucalypt
below eucalYpt pulps.
pUlps.
Application of
of the chemical soda
soda pulping
pulping orocess
process requires
requires an alkali
alkali charge
charge
around the average for
for hardwoods, but the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is lower
lower than
than average,
average,
even in view of the lower than usual Kappa number aimed at. at. pulping
Pulping to a
Kappa number
number about
about 20
20 would increase
increase the
the yield
yield somewhat
somewhat and
and probably
probably also
also
enhance the strength properties,
properties, which already are on an acceptable level.
level.
Cold soda
soda pulping
pulping gives a fairly
fairly bright
bright and
and easily
easily bleachable
bleachable pulp
pulp with
with a
yield. The strength properties are good and as bleached it can be used
good yield.
in printing
in printing papers.
papers. NSSC pulping
pulping gives
gives pulp
pulp of
of excellent
excellent strength.
strength. If used
printing papers,
in printing papers, a higher
higher charge
charge of
of carbonate
carbonate is
is preferable
preferable in
in order
order to
to
easily bleachable pulp.
obtain a more easily pulp.
Sodium bisulphite pulping gives a fairly dark pulp with a good yield.
yield. The
strength properties of the pulp are good.
good. If used in printing papers,
papers, the
required brightness level
level can be arrived at by
by application of two-stage P/HS
bleaching.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus viminalis Country: Italy
Italy 20
20
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %
%
Sample from
from plantation
plantation at Grosseto, 88 years
at Grosseto, years old.
old. Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~
Density and fibre
charaoteristios: 1% NaW
in 1% NaCE 0\
Density and
Basio dsnsity, g/cm
3 0.44 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.5
0.5
Fibre length,
length, )1*
,u* 759 Ligmin, %
Lignin, % 21.4
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, A* 18 Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p«
Wall thickness, ).14( 2.5
2·5 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, )1* 13
13
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Lsngth/width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio
rato 0.38
Flexibility ratio
information:
** u (microns)
1000 )l (mdcrons) =. 1 mm ____.
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Precess
Process NSSC (pH 5)
NSSC (pH Cold Soda Na-bisulphite
Nabisulphite (pH 8.5)
NSSC (pH
Chemical consumption, % % 8.5 SO2*
8.5 S02* 13.9 Na 0*
Na20*
2
8.5
8.5 SO2*
S02* 8.5
8·5 SO2*
S02*
Kappa
Kappa number
number
Yield (unscreened),
72·5 86.0 52.9 78.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness 52.5
52·5 56 57 53.5
53·5
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness 25 SR
25 SR 40 SR
SR SR
25 SR 40 SRSR 255R
25 SR 403R
40 SR 255R
25 SR 405R
40 SR
Breaking length,
5 700 7 400
400 300
3 300 44 loo
100 7000
7 000 8700
8 700 6300
6 300 77100
100
Burst factor
15 26 33 44 33 38
Tear factor
Tear factor 61 53 40 40 65
65 61 58 51
I\)
.p.
Bleached --J
I •
Sequsnce
Sequence HS** P/RS
PAIS HS HS
% 1 HS*
HS* 22 Na 0.5 HS*
0 , 0.5 HS* 1 HS*
HS* HS*
1 HS*
bleaching, %
Na202'
2 2
yield, %
Total yield, %
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
factor
information:
** Charge.
**
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
viminalis
Eucalyptus viminalis Country: Tasmania,
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
forest at Wesley
Wesley Vale:
Vale: Ether
Methanol
(a)
(a) region, 108
Mountain region, 108 years old Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
(b)
(b) region, 67 years old
Foothill region,
(c)
(c) Coastal region,
region, 74 years old
74 Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ~
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristios: in 1% NaCII
NaOH co
t
Basio
Basic density, g/om 3 (a) 0.53;
density, g/cm3 0.53; (b) 0.53;
0.53; (c) 0.55
(c) 0.55
Fibre length, ,u*
)1*
Ash, %
%
Fibre width, p* Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Holocellulose, %
iu*
Wall thickness,
thiokness, }l" Holocellulose, %
cellulose, %
)..1.*
u*
Lumen width, p.* Cross-Bevan cellulose,
CrossBevan %
Pentosans, '%
Pentosans, to
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
• 1000
* 1000 u
)J. (miorons)
(microns) m. 1 mm
11.1111,
Unbleached a b c
Process (170°C)
Soda (110°C) Soda (170°C) Soda (170°C)
Soda (110°C)
%
21.2 Na 0*
Na20*
2
21.2 Na20*
Na 0*
2
22.2 Na 0*
22.2
2
Na20*
Kappa number
Kappa number 15
15 15 15
15
(unscreened), %
44.6 44.6 43.5
43·5
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness 34.5
34·5 33.5
33·5 31.5
31·5
Beater or refiner PFI PFI PFI
Freeness 250 CSF
CSF CSF
250 CSF 250 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 17100
100 1200
7 200 71 100
100
Burst factor
factor 55 54 55
Tear factor
factor 98 96 100
100
Bleached
Sequence
*
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
* Charge to obtain Kappa number 15.

Scientific name:
Reference:
Eucalyptus viminalis Country:
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood saMP12114,
Wood sample origin: Chemioal characteristios:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Logs of
Logs of 7-15 cm diameter from
from Salvaterra
Salvaterra de
de Magos. Ether
Ether 0.4
0.4
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-bensene 1.7
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 5.0 (hot)
5.0 (hot)
~
Density and fibre
characteristics: in 1% !la(H
in T% Na0H o
I
Basic density,
density, g/cm
g/cm3
3 0.57
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
,u* 723 Ash, %
Ash, % 1.0
1.0
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 25.1
25·1
Fibre width,
width, p*
.,u* 11
11
Holooellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thiokness, )1*,u*
oellulose, % %
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, pi 18.7
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
66
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
Additional infomation:
** 1000 P,u (microns)

(microns) =. 1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical consumption, %% 17.0 Na 0 (charge)
17.0
2
(charge)
18
Yield (unscreened),
Screenings, %
% 0.2
Brightness
Brigbtness
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Lamp6n
Lamptin
Freeness 45 SR
Breaking length,
11
Burst factor 78
78
Tear factor
Tear 135
135
N
V1
Bleached ~
Sequence (cjn
(00EDAD
)EDAD
consumption, %
Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness (Elrepho)
92 (Elrepho)
Beater or refiner LamOn
Lamp~n
Freeness 45 SR
SR
Breaking 1 ength
Burst factor 52
Tear factor 105
opacity of bleached
bleached pulp
pulp at 45 SR
at 45 SR 76.
-- 253
253 --
Gmelina arborea
The species is widely

widely distributed
distributed through
through India,
India, Burma
Burma and
and in
in the
the moist
moist
regions of Sri Lanka. The tree grows on on aa wide
wide variety
variety of
of soils
soils but
but seems
seems toto
thrive best in valleys on
on moist
moist fertile
fertile alluvium
alluvium with
with good
good drainage.
drainage. It is is
resistant
resistant to
to moderate frost but not to
to extreme
extreme drought.
drought. It has been planted
planted
an exotic
as an exotic with very
very varying
varying results
results in
in West, Central and
and East Africa as
of South
well as in the Republic of South Africa, Malaysia, Borneo, Fiji and the
Philippines.
Philippines.
'References:
References: 27,
27, 40,
40, 41,
41, 81, 123, 129
81, 123, 129
The basic density of of the

the wood is
is lower
lower than
than usual in
in hardwoods used for
pulping,
pulping, although not to such an extent that it
extent that it would seriously affect the
seriously
tonnage capaoity
tonnage capaoity of
of the
the digesters..
digesters. The fibres
fibres are ofof average length for
hardwoods, wide and thin-walled which
hardwoods, whioh implies
implies a fair amount of of flexibility
flexibility and
potentially good inter-fibre
inteI'-fibre bonding
bonding in paper. Chemical
Chemical charac-
teristics are given only for for one of
of the
the samples
samples (Nigeria).
(Nigeria). The lignin
lignin content,
content,
as judged
judged from the content of of holocellulose seems
seems low, although still
still in the
normal range for hardwoods, and indicates
indicates good
good yield and
and low
low chemical
chemical consumption
of chemical
chemical pulping.
pulping. The
The extractives
extractives content
content is
is on
on the
the high
high side
side and
and may
may
require precautions for removal
require removal of extractives during pulping.
pUlping.
The consumption of active alkali in in the

the sulphate
sulphate process
process varies
varies from low
intermediate, depending
to intermediate, depending on
on the provenance of of the
the wood
wood sample.
sample. The yield
yield
of pulp varies correspondingly
correepondingly from
from good to
to fair.
fair. The same
same variation
variation is found
and thus it
in the strength properties and it can
can be said
said that
that when
when easily
easily pulped
with a low alkali consumption an excellent
excellent pulp
pulp is
is obtained
obtained with a good yield.
quality of
The quality of the
the pulp
pulp with
with regard
regard to
to strength
strength isis comparable
comparable to
to good
good quality
quality
eucalypt sulphate
eucalypt sulphate pulp.
pulp. However, judging
judging from
from the
the fibre
fibre characteristics,
characteristics, the
the
opacity will inferior to that
will probably be inferior that of
of eucalypt
eucalypt pulp.
pulp.
The same conclusions can be drawn

drawn from
from the
the results
results of
of chemical
chemical soda
pUlping.
pulping.
As regards
regards NSSC pulping
pulping there
there seems
seems to
to be
be aa minor
minor influence
influence from
from the
the
wood sample
provenance of the wood sample and
and the
the pulps
pulps obtained
obtained are
are all
all of
of good
good quality,
quality,
although in this case the wood sample
sample from
from the Ivory
Ivory Coast
Coast exhibits
exhibits somewhat
somewhat
better characteristics
better characteristics at
at the
the same
same yield
yield of
of pulp.
pulp. The brightness of the
is in
unbleached pulp is in the
the normal
normal range.
range.
-
Scientific name:
Reference:
Gmelina arborea
Gmelina arborea Country:
Countrys Nigeria 27
27
Wood sample
oharacterietics
Wood sample origin:

plantation near
near Ibadan,
Ibadan, Western
Western Nigeria,
Nigeria, Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
Ether
Ether
coppice regrowth, cut about
coppice regrowth, cut about 4
4 years after the previous
previous
Methanol
Methanol
coppicing mixed with other
other young
young trees of
of the
the same
same age.
age. Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 49
4.9
Solubility, %
%
in water 5·1
5.1 N
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in 1
1% NaCH 15·1
15.1
V1
~
I
Basic density, g/cm
g/cm3 3 0.38
Ash, %
Ash, % 1.2
1.2
Fibre length, p.*
Fibre length, p.* 1 010 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
width, )1.*
iu* 28
28
Holocellulose,
81.0
Wall thickness, p.*
Wall thickness, ,u* 33 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, p* 22
22
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.27
Flexibility ratio
** 1000 ,u.(microns)
)J. (microns) •. 11 rom
mm
_
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate NSSC NSSC
Chemical consumption, % % Na 0
12.9 Na20
2 9.4 S02*
9.4 s02* 9.4 S02*
9.4 s02*
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
75·7
Screenings, %
% 0.6 1.2**
1.2** 2.6**
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp6n
Lamp4n Lamp~n
Lampén Lamp~n
Lamp&
Freeness 500 CSF
CSF 500 CSF 500 CSF
Breaking length,
500 4 500
Tear factor
Tear 115 99 67
N
VI
I VI
Bleached
Sequence cm
CEE H
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 5.5 Cl*
5.5 12.0 Cl*
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total yield, %
yield, % 44.3 75.1
75·1
Brightness
Brightness (EEL)
(EEL) 80 68
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Lamp~n
Lamp4n Lamp6n
Lamp6n
Breaking length
600
Burst factor 58
58 26
Tear factor
Tear 125 45
45
information:
** Charge.
** After
** After three
three passes through sprout-Waldron disc refiner.
SproutWaldron disc refiner.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
name: Yemane
Yemane Reference:
Reference:
Gmelina
0melina arborea Country:
Philippines 36
36

characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
%
Extractives, %
Sample from
from plantation
plantation at
at Surigao,
Surigao, Mindanao.
Mindanao. Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, 'f.

Solubility, %
in water ~
Density and fibre
NaCR 0'>
3 I
Basic density,
denSity, g/om
ecre3
Ash, %
%
Fibre length, Ail)1* 980 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, )J-*
,A* 30 Holocellulose, 'f.
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, )1* p.* 55 Cross-Bevan cellulose, 'f.
Lumen width, p.*nil 20 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
Runkel ratio
Ruhkel ratio 0·50
0.50
Flexibility ratio
* 1000
* 1000 n (miorons)
Jl - 11 mm
(microns) . mm
Aall-,.1...*

Unbleached
Unbleached
0
Process
Process sulphate
Soda (170 C)
Chemical consumption, % 14.9 - 13.9 Na 20 11.8
11.8 Na 0
Kappa number
Kappa number 16 Na20 18
18
2
Na20
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 55.8 - 59.1 53.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1 - 0.2 0.1
Brightness
Brightness
Beater
Beater or refiner
or refiner Valley Valley
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 12 000 - 9 600
12 000 600 99 500
500
Burst factor
Tear faotor
~
...,
L11
Bleached
Bleached
I
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
lirightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
factor
Additional information
information:
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Gmelina arborea Country: Ivory Coast

Coast 111
Ivory 111
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

11:2:L1,0±12.111Q11: Chemical characteristics:
characteristios:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Log of
of 40
40 cm
cm diameter
diameter from
from plantation
plantation at
at Banco.
Banco. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water I\)
VI
Density and
and fibre
Na0H 0>
Basic density, g/om

glom33 0.40 (dry volume)
I
Fibre length, p.* 11 043 Ash, %

%
043
Lignin, %
Ail
Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width,
width, )J-*
pi 38
38
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, p.*,u* 3.5
3.5 cellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*p* 31
31
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
28
Runkel ratio 0.23
information:
** 1000 )l.
1000 )1 (microns)
(microns) _ 1 mm
. 1 mm
,..
characteristics
Unbleached
o
Process
Process Sulphate
(170 C) NSSC
NSSC
consumption, % 15.0 -- 13.3
15.0 13.3 Na 0
2
Na20
13.5 - 12.6
13.5 Na 0
12.6 Na20
2 5.4
5·4 -- 5·9 S02
5.9 SO2
Kappa
Kappa number
number 22 -- 44
44 38 - 100100 -
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), %% 49.0 -- 53.3
49.0 53.3 49.2 -- 52.5
49.2 52.5 72.5
72.5 -- 72.7
72.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0o 0 - 1.6
- 0
Brightness (Photovolt) 35 --3333 36 -28
- 28 47.5
41.5 - 45.5
45.5
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR
SR 40 SR
SR
Breaking
Breaking length, m
m 7 700
700 -- 77900
900 6 300
300 -- 66 800 6 000
000
Burst
53 49 45
45 - 4343 32
32 -- 33
33
faotor
94 93 78
78 -- 76
76 92 - 81
92 81
I\)
VI
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
'"
I •
Sequence CElIH
CEEB CElIH
CEHH
Chemical consumption, % 5.2 ClCl 8.1 Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
78·5 79.5
79·5
SR
Breaking length
100 7 500
500
Burst
Buret factor 45 47
Tear factor 75 93 (?)
93
--261
261 -
-
Hevea brasiliensis
(Para Rua-e-775--
(Para Rubber)
of the
Native of the Amazon
Amazon basin
basin in
in Brazil, this
this species
species is the most important
source of commercial rubber
rubber in
in the
the world.
world. In its
its native
native region
region it
it grows
grows in
in
rain forests
tropical rain forests on
on the
the flood
flood plains,
plains, associated
associated with various palms.
palms. It It
is cultivated on a large scale in many parts of the tropics,
tropics, especially inin
the East
Malaysia, the East and
and West
West Indies,
Indies, southern
southern India,
India, Burma,
Burma, Sri
Sri Lanka
Lanka and
and
Africa.
tropical Africa.
References: 1,
1, 44, 123
44, 123
The basic density of the wood is in

in the
the normal range
range for hardwoods used
for pulping. The fibres are of average length for hardwoods,
hardwoods, thin and thin-
walled which implies a certain amount of desirable flexibility
flexibility and consequently
potentially good bonding between the fibres inin paper. The
The extractives
extractives content
content
of the wood is fairly high and especially
especially the presence of latex may cause
difficulties on pulping
pulping and in the pulp unless special precautions are taken.
taken.
content is
The lignin content is around
around or
or below
below average
average for
for hardwoods
hardwoods and
and the
the pentosans
pentosans
content seems to vary considerably with provenance.
provenanoe.
pulping
consumption in
the sulphate
sulphate process
process is
is in
in the
the normal range
range
for hardwoods. However, the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp varies
varies from
from very
very low
low to
to average.
average.
The strength
strength properties of
of the
the pulp
pulp vary
vary somewhat
somewhat with
with provenance,
provenance, but
but in
in
general it can be said
said that
that they
they are lower
lower than
than average
average for
for hardwoods and
and the
quali ty of the pulp is
quality is best compared
compared to
to that
that of
of beech
beech sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
for the
Laboratory trials for the manufacture
manufacture of
of dissolving
dissolving pulp
pulp by
by means
means of
of the
sulphate process
prehydrolysis sulphate process have Shown
shown some
some promise (1). The alpha cellulose
promise (1).
and pentosans
pentos8ns content of
of the pulp was satisfactory,
satisfactory, but the
the total
total yield
yield was
low -- below
below 30%.
30%. No tests
tests for reactivity
reactivity in
in the
the viscose
viscose process
process were carried
carried
out.
Chemical or crude soda

soda pulping
pulping gives
gives pulps
pulps of
of satisfactory
satisfactory strength
strength
older trees,
properties. It has been noted that older trees, at
at constant
constant Kappa
Kappa number,
give lower yields of pulp
pulp than younger
younger trees,
trees, but
but with
with better
better strength
strength
properties.
properties.
The cold soda pulping, as applied

applied to
to the
the sample
sample from
from Liberia,
Liberia, has
has given
given
a pulp for corrugating
corrugating medium of insufficient strength
strength and
and stiffness
stiffness for
for
corrugating medium.
medium. The Ring crush and
and Flat crush
crush values
values reported
reported are
are only
only
about
about 50% of those required
required for
for corrugating
corrugating medium.
medium.
pulping gives
pulp ofof good
good strength
st rength properties
properties and
and seems
seems to
to be
be the
the
most suitable
suit abl e process
process for
for this
thi s species.
species .
Scientific name:
Common name: Rubberwood,
Rubberwood, Reference:
Reference:
Para Rubber
Hevea brasiliensis
Hevea brasiliensis Country:
Country: Indonesia
Indonesia 1
1
W.ood origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, '%1>
Extractives,
sample logs,
Sample logs, 30
30 cm
cm in
in diameter,
diameter, from
from plantation
plantation at
at Ether
Tjikumpaj, 38
38 years
years old.
old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 4.01
4.01
Solubility, '%1>
Solubility,
in water
in 2.72
Density and fibre
Basic density,
characteristics:
g/cm 3
density, g/cm3
1'1> N
in T%
Ash, '%
1>
aC!!
NaOH 18.3
18.3
0.86
I~
Fibre length,
Fibre length, p.*A* 11 290
16
16 Lignin, '%1>
Lignin, 24.4
24.4
Fi bre width, )J-*
Fibre du*
Holocellulose, '1%>
Holocellulose,
Wall thickness, p.* p.* 2·5
2.5
11 Cross-Bevan cellulose, '1%>
Luman width,
Lumen width, )1.*
)1*
Pentosans,
Pentosans, '1%> 23.5
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.46

information:
** (microns) .m 11 mm
1000 pJl (microns) mm
r--- - Pulping and papermaking
Unbleached
Process (155-165°0
Soda (155-165°C) NSSC
consumption, %
Kappa number 18 --52
52
(unscreened), %
46.8 -- 68.5
68.5 53.6 -- 64.6
53.6 64.6
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brdghtness
Beater or refiner
refiner Niagara S-w
S-W 12"
12"
Freeness 61 - 55
61 55 SR
SR 45 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 6 600 - 6 900
6600-6900 7 300
300 -- 55 900
900
34 40 - 35
40 35
86 -- 84
I~
Tear factor 105 -- 115 86 84
0\
Bleached \.W
Sequence I
consumption, %
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Buret
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
information: Soda pulping of trees of different age (25 and 50 years old) revealed
Additional information: revealed that
that the
older tree,
tree, at
at the same permanganate number,
number, gave pulp of lower yield but
but highe·r
higher strength.
strength. This confirmed
confinned
previous experience that
that rubberwood after an age
age of 30 years exhibits
exhibits these
these characteristics.
characteristics.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Para Rubber
Hevea brasiliensis
Hevea brasiliensis Country:
Country: Indonesia
Indonesia 1
1
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

characteristics:
sample logs,
logs, 65 cm in diameter, from plantation
diameter, from plantation at
at Extractives, %
%
Sample
Radjamandala (W.
(W. Java),
Java), 45-50 years old.
old. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %%
N
in water
Density and
and fibre
in 1% NaOR
HaW ~
Easic g/cm33
density, g/cm
Basic density,
Ash, %
Ash, %
length, p*
Lignin, %
%
Fibre width, p.* .,uil 17
17
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p" 2.5
cellulose, %
p.*
12 Cross-Eevan
Lumen width,
width, p.*
)1*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
78
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.42
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.71
* 1000 (microns) .a 11 mm
1000 p)J. (microns)
....a.
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Kappa number 25
25 30
- 30
(unscreened), %
49.3 - 50.1
50.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner ?
Freeness 40 SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 6 goo 7 800
6900-7800
factor
Burst factor 43
43 - 48
48
Tear factor
Tear factor 130
130
I\)
1.)
0\
Bleached VI
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
lJrightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
Reference:
Para Rubber
Hevea brasiliensis Country: India
India 65
65
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
Samples obtained
obtained from
from the
the Rubber
Rubber Research
Research Institute,
Institute,
Ether
Kottayam, Kerala:
Kottayam, Kerala: Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene (a) 4.8
4.8 (b)
(b) 3.9 Ii
(a)
(a) Stems,
Stems, 20 cm in diameter I
(b) Branches,
r~
(b) Branches, 8 cm in diameter
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water (a~
(a) 6.9
6.9 ~b~
(b) 7.3
7.3
Densit~
Density characteristics:
and fibre characteristics: in 1%
1% Naafi
Warn (a 20.5
(a) 20.5 b 19.0
(b) 19.0
Basio
Basic density, g/om (a~
ecm33 (a) 0.49 (b)
(b) 0.48
Ash, %
Ash, % (a) 0.8
(a) (b)
(b) 0.9
0.9
p.*
Fibre length, )1* (a
(a) 11 120 (b) 11 100
20 Lignin, %
Lignin, % (a) 20.5
(a) 20.5 20.0
(b) 20.0
Fibre width, p*
p.* (a) 21
21 (b)
(b) 20
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thiokness, p.* p..4(
cellulose, %
CrossBevan %
Lumen width, pit
width, J'-* Pentosans,
Pentosans, %
% (a) 14.8
(a) 14.8 (b) 12.5
(b) 12.5
Length/width
Length/Width ratio (a) 58
58 (b)
(b) 55
55
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
information:
)J. (microns) . 1 mm
m
r---'---
. " --
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached a b
Process
Process Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
{-11eached % 13.9 -- 18.6
13.9 18.6 Na 0*
2
Na20*
13.9 - 18.6
13.9 18.6 Na
Na 0*
22
0*
Kappa number
26 28
28 --23
23
43.0 40.2 42.7
42.7 - 28.0
28.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp4n Lamp~n
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 250 CSF
250 CSF
250 CSF
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 6 700 -- 4 000 7 100
100 -- 44 000
000
Burst factor
36 21 45
45 -- 16
16
Tear factor
Tear factor I I
Bleached
Bleached
'"
0\
.....
I
Sequence
Sequence HEIlli
HEHH HEIlli
HEHH
12.8 -- 8.8 Cl 10.0 --
10.0 7.6 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 39.0 -- 37.6
39.0 37.6 39.7
39.7 -- 25.0
25.0
(Photovolt) 65
65 65
Beater or refiner LamOn
Lamp~n LampM
Lampén
Freeness
Breaking length
length 55 600 -- 33 100
100 55 900
900 -- 33 300
300
14 30 -- 11
11
Tear factor
40 72
72 -- 38
information:
** Charge.
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Rubberwood,
Common name: Rubberwood, Reference:
Reference:
Para rubber
Hevea brasiliensis
Revea brasiliensis Country: Liberia
Liberia 77
77
Wood sample
characteristics
W.ood origin:
Composite sample from
frem plantation,
plantation, consisting of Extractives, %
%
logs frem 24 and
logs from 24 and 27 years old trees. Ether
Methanol
Methanol
4.26
Solubility, %
Solubility, % II
I\)
in water 0\
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% WaC!!
in 1% NaCE co
3 I
Basic
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 0.57 (dry
(dry volume)
volume)
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
p* 1 300
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.72
Lignin, %
1
Lignin, % 19.3
Fibre p*
Fibre width, ,,u* 27
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
thiokness, )1*
Wall thickness, ).1.41
Cress-Bevan cellulose,
p.*
Lumen width, pit.
45·3
45.3
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 15.2
15·2
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio

•* 1000
1000 )1 (micrens)
)J. 1 mm
(microns) m. 1 mm
Pulping and
and papermaking characteristics
paperm~<ing characteristics
------ ~
Unbleached
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 18.6 Na 0 (charge Na00 (charge)
9.3 Na (charge)
Kappa number 20
20
2
Na20 2
2
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.3
Brightness
Beater or refiner Valley Bauer
Freeness 50 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 9 800
800 11*
Burst factor 55
55 38*
38*
Tear factor 59
59 Ring crush,
Ring crush, lb
lb 26*
26* i
crush, psi
Flat crush, psi 20*
~
N.1
oh
10
Bleached
'"
1
Sequence Cllilli
CEHEH
7.0 Cl
bleaching, %
Yield on bleaching, % 88.0
yield, %
Total yield, % 44.0
44.0
Brightness (Tappi)
(Tappi) 82.5
Freeness 25 SR
7 200
Burst
Burst factor
factor 44
Tear factor 55
Additional information: prehydrolysis kraft
A prehydrolysis kraft cook
cook of
of high-alpha pulp gave
highalpha pulp gave aa total
total yield of 37.0% after
yield of
CEHEH to brightness 84 (Tappi)
bleaching with the sequence CEHEH (Tappi) and
and alpha-cellulose content 93.7%.
alphacellulose content 93.1%.
2
** Grammage of test sheet 128 g/m2.
sheet 128 g/m •
--271
271 -
-
Leucaena glauca
(Horse Tamarind)
TITTree Tamarind)
experience
This fast-growing,
fast-growing, small
small tree,
tree, up to 6 mm high,
high, is native to tropical
tropical
America but
America but naturalized
naturalized in
in other
other parts
parts of
of the
the tropics.
tropics. It is utilized to
suppress
auppress weed-growth in preparation of afforestation in the Philippines,
Philippines, and
cover crop
to provide a cover crop for
for soil
soil protection
protection when
when interplanted
interplanted with teak in
in
Java and
Java and India.
India. In Nigeria it is used to check soil soil erosion,
erosion, and to give
shade and green manure to coffee and other
other plantation in Africa and Sri
Sri Lanka.
Lanka.
Its avidity
avidity for
for water
water may
may turn
turn it
it into
into ·a weed and
a weed and it
it is
is consequently,
consequently, although
useful, also a dangerous
usefUl, dangerous species.
species.
References:
References: 40, 123
40, 123
The basic density ofof the wood is

is on
on the
the high
high side
side for
for hardwoods used for
for
implies a certain
pulping. This implies certain hardness which
which may
may cause
cause some
some wear
wear on
on chipper
ohipper
knives in
knives in pulp
pulp mills.
mills. The fibres
fibres are
are of
of average length
length for
for hardwoods, fairly
wide and
and thin-walled
thin-walled which
which implies
implies aa reasonable
reasonable flexibility
flexibility and
and thus
thus potentially
potentially
good inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper.
paper. The chemical
ohemical composition
oomposition of the
the wood implies
ease of chemical
ohemical pulping, although the
the very
very high
high extractives
extraotives content
oontent may
may require
require
removal of
special precautions for removal of extractives
extractives from
from the
the pulp.
pUlp.
Pulping

the sulphate
sulphate process
process is
is in
in the
the normal range
range for
for
but the
hardwoods, but the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is fairly
fairly low.
low. The strength
strength properties
properties of
of
aooeptable and resemble
the pulp are acceptable resemble those
those of
of beech
beeoh sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pUlp. However,
judging from the fibre dimensions, the
the opacity
opacity of
of the
the pulp,
pulp, as bleached,
bleaohed, would
inferior to beech sulphate
probably be inferior sulphate pulp.
pulp.
soda pulping
Cold soda pulping gives a pulp
pulp of
of entirely
entirely unsatisfactory
unsatisfactory quality.
quality.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Horse tamarind
name: Horse tamarind Reference:
Leucaena glauca
Leucaena glauca Country:
Philippines 94, 95
95
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
sample from plantation
Sample from plantation in the Philippines.
in the Philippines. Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 7.6
7.6
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 5.7
5·7 I\)
-I
Density and
and fibre
charaoteristics: 1% NaClI
in T% Na0H 18.6
18.6 I\)
3 I
Basio density, g/cm
Basic density, glom3 0.73
0.73
Fibre length,
length, )1*p.* 1 010 Ash, %
Ash, % 0.8
0.8
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 25.6
Fibre width, )J-* ).).* 24
24
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thickness,)1" ).1 4.5
4·5 Cross';'Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, J'-*
)3.* 15
15
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 17.9
17.9
Length/width
Runkel ratio
ratio 0.60
Flexibility

Additional infomation: Additional information:
** 1000 (microns)
).).
)1 (microns) • . 11 mm
mm
_....
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Cold Soda
Soda
15·7 Na20
2
0 6.2 Na 0
2
Na20
Kappa number
Kappa number 24
24
46.8 68.1
68.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.8
0.8 1.5
1·5
Brightness
Brightness 24
24 (Tappi)
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner Valley Bauer 8" + Valley
Freeness
Freeness 350 CSF
CSF 555 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 7 300
300 360
360 620
Burst factor
13
Tear factor
Bleached
....
I\)
Bleached '"'"
Sequence
consumption, %
on bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst factor
Burst
Tear factor
-- 275
275 --
cecropioides
Musanga cecropioides
(Umbrella tree)
tree)
Plantation exRerience
experience
Nati ve to
Native to West
west and
and Central
Central Africa,
Africa, where
where it
it grows
grows in
in tropical
tropical hardwood
hardwood
forests,
forests, the species has been subjected to plantation trials in its natural
natural
habitat since 1941. It is now considered a very promising species for planta-
tions. It is extremely fast-growing and reaches
tions. reaches a diameter of 25-30 cm in
6-7 years.
years.
References:
References: 32
32
characteristics
The basic
basic density
density of
of the
the wpod
wood is
is extremely
extremely low
low and
and corresponds
corresponds to
to that
that of
of
balsa. Accordingly
Accordingly it
it will
will restrict
restrict the
the tonnage
tonnage capacity
capacity of
of the
the digesters
digesters in
in
a pulp
pulp mill
mill due
due to
to the
the high
high liquor
liquor to
to wood
wood ratio
ratio required.
required. The
The fibres
fibres are
arc of
of
average length
length for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used
used for
for pulping,
pulping, very
very thick
thick but
but thin-walled,
thin-walled,
which suggests
which suggests aa high
high degree
degree of
of flexibility
flexibility and
and consequently
consequently aa high
high potential
potential
for forming
for forming inter-fibre
inter-fibre bonds
bonds in
in paper.
paper. No chemical
chemioal characteristics
characteristios are given
for the
for the present
present samples.
samples.
Pulping oharaoteristios
The consumption of alkali in

in the sulphate
SUlphate process
process is
is fairly
fairly low,
low, although
still
still in the
the normal range for hardwoods.
hardwoods. The yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is good
good and
and the
the
strength
strength properties of the pulps are excellent,
exoellent, comparable to those of good-
quali ty eucalypt
quality euoalypt or
or birch sulphate
sulphate pulpa.
pulps. However, judging from the fibre
However, judging
dimensions, the opacity
dimensions, opaoity of the pulp will be
be fairly
fairly low
low compared
oompared with eucalypt
euoalypt
pulp.
pulp.
Chemical soda
soda pulping
pulping also gives aa good-quality
good-quality pulp
pulp with
with aa good
good yield.
In the
the semi-chemical
semi-chemical range
range of
of this
this process,
process, pulps
pulps with
with excellent
exoellent strength
strength
provided that the
properties are obtained, provided the basic
basio density
density of
of the
the wood
wood is
is not
too high.
too high. This probably
probably applies toto the
the chemical
ohemical soda
soda and
and sulphate
sulphate processes
prooesses
as well. A
as well. ohemi-groundwood type pulp
A chemi-groundwood pulp can
can be
be produced
produoed from
from this
this species
speoies by
by
means of a sodium carbonate
oarbonate treatment. The resulting pulp has excellent
excellent
strength properties. However, the pulppulp is
is very
very difficult
diffioul t to
to bleach
bleach with the
the
prooesses applied.
processes applied. A bleaohing combination
A P/HS bleaching oombination would
would probably
probably bebe more
more success-
suooess-
ful.
ful. Cold soda as well as NSSC pulping
pulping gives
gives pulp
pulp with
with aa good
good yield
yield with
with
exoellent strength properties.
excellent strength properties.
Meohanical pulping, both

Mechanical pulping, both by
by stone
stone grinding
grinding and
and disc
disc refining,
refining, gives
gives pulps
pulps
of good quality suitable for
for newsprint, although
although bleaching
bleaohing will
will be
be required
required to
to
bring the brightness to an acceptable
aooeptable level.
level.
In general it can
oan be said
said that the
the species
speoies gives
gives good
good quality
quality pulp
pulp according
according
to any pulping
to pulping process
process provided
provided that
that wood
wood of
of comparatively
oomparatively high
high density
density is
is avoided,
avoided.
Scientific name:
name: Parasolier,,
Parasolier, Reference:
Reference:
Umbrella tree
Umbrella tree
Musanga cecropioides Country:
Country: Congo
Congo 32,
32, 111
111
Wood sample
oharacteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
oriin: Chemical characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Logs 8-20 cm in
in diameter,
diameter. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
in water
water N
in
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% NaOH
NaCII ~
Basio density,
Basic g/om 3
density, g/cm3 (dry volume)
0.20 (dry volume)
Fibre length,
Fibre length, p*,u* 11 264 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
p*
Fibre width, du* 56 Holocellulose,
Holooellulose, % %
thickness, p*
Wall thickness, 3.5
Lumen width,
width, )1.*
)1-*
,u*
49 Cross-Bevan cellulose9
%
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
23
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.14
0.14
Flexibility ratio
0.88
information:
* 1000
* 1000 »P (microns)
(microns) ._ 1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
I'
Unbleached
Unbleached
12.3 - 11.9 Na2o
8.9 - 8.1 SO2
Kappa number 20 -32 37 - 54
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 55.5 - 56.3 55.7 - 58.7 65.7 - 67.3
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 2.3 - 4.6 5.7 - 7.4 0.4 - 0.6
Brightness
Brdghtness (Photovol t)
(Photovolt) 33 - 30.5 33.5 - 31.5 41 - 36.5
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 10 100 - 10 700 10 200 - 10 700 9 800 - 9 900
Burst factor 59 - 65 57 - 67 60
Tear factor
Tear 63 - 67 69 - 65 55 - 56
Bleached
Sequence CEHH CEHH
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 5.1 - 6.5 Cl 7.9 Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness (Photovolt) 81.5 - 81
81 83
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Bauer Bauer
Freeness 40 SR
SR 40 SR
Breaking length
Breaking length 88800-8200
800 - 8 200 8 200
200
Burst
Burst factor 57
57 -- 50
50 51
Tear factor 57
, 57 56
information: Mechanical
Additional information: Mechanical and
and cold
cold soda
soda pulping
pulping were
were also
also successfully
successfully carried
carried out,
out, using
using aa
laboratory Sprout-Waldron disc refiner for the mechanical stage. stage. AtAt 60 SR the breaking length,
length, burst factor
and tear factor for the mechanical were 2 800, 13 and 42. With an
mechanical pulp were 50 el,
an alkali concentration of 50 gil, the
corresponding values for the cold soda pulp, also at 60 SR, SR, were 9 400,
400, 52
52 and
and 45.
45. The brightness values
of the
of the two
two pulps were 61.'5
ul s were 61 and_52.'5.~SDe-'rtivelv
nd (photovolt)
122.9-tilTA1Y.-(2122tgag.1.11.-----
Scientific name:
Common name: Umbrella
Umbrella tree,
tree, Reference:
Reference:
parasolier
Parasolier
Musanga cecropioides Country: (a)
Country: (a) Ivory
Ivory Coast;
Coast; 32
32
I
(b) Ivory
(b) Ivory Coast: (c) Cameroun
Coast; (c) Cameroun
Wood sample
characteristics

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples of
Samples of three
three different
different origins
origins and
and densities.
densities. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
Density and fibre

characteristics:
in water
in 1
in 1% NaOH
NaCH
'"
Ql,
I
Basio density,
density, g/cm
glom3
3 (a)
(a) 0.43;
0.43; (b) 0.22; (0) 0.14
(c)
(dry volume) Ash, %
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
}rit
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
Fibre p*
width, Juif Holocellulose, %%
Wall thickness, )1"
Wall thickness, p..4
Lumen width, p.*
pit Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
** ,u (microns)
1000 ]J. (microns) a. 1 mm
1
~------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached a b c
Process
Process Chip groundwood
groundwood Chip groundwood
groundwood Chip groundwood
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
Yield %
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness (Photovolt )
(photovolt) 51 52
52 50
50
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner s-w 12"
S-W 12" S-W 12"
S-W 12" S-W 12"
S-W 12"
Freeness
Freeness 75 SR* 75 SR
755R 75 SR
SR
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 1
1 800 2 800
2 800 3 100
100
Burst factor
Burst factor 8 12
12 14
14
Tear factor
Tear factor 18
18 20
20 41
41 j! 1
Bleached
Bleached
'"
-.I
'.!)
Sequence
Sequence
%
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
Additional information: scale trial with other wood samples
A pilot plant scale samples (density 0.21-0.29)
0.21-0.29) for stone
groundwood gave pulps
pulps with
with breaking length
length 2 100-2400,
100-2 400, burst factor 7.5-10.5, brightness 45-50 (Photovolt)
burst factor
as
as long as
as the
the power consumption kept
kept below
below 60 kW. Freeness 69-75 SR (90-75 CSF).
** About
About 75
75 CSF.
name: Parasolier, Reference:
Reference:
Umbrella tree
Musanga cecropioides Country: (a) Ivory
Country: (a) Ivory Coast;
Coast; 32
32
I (b) Ivory Coast; Cameroun
(0) Cameroun
Coast; (c)
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Samples of three different origins
origins and
and densities.
densities. Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %%
in water ~
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1" NaC!!
in Tg NaOH o
I
Basio g/om 3 (a)
Basic density, g/cm3 (a) 0.43;
0.43; 0.22;
(b) 0.22; (0) 0.14
(c) 0.14
Fibre length,
length, )11*
)1* (dry vol urne )
volume) Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
p*
Fibre width, 1.1*
Wall thickness,
thiokness, A)1*
*
Holooellulose,
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen width, F*
p.* Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
infonDS.tion: Addi tional information:
Additional info mat ion:
1000 FP. (microns) mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached a
a b c
Process
(110°C) (110°C)
Soda (110°C) (110°C)
Soda (110°C)
Chemical consumption, % 8.3NaOH
8.3 NaCfi 8.4
8.4NaOH
NaOH 8.7
8.7NaOH
NaOH
Kappa number
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.6 0.9 0.9
(Photovolt) 36 43 36
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner s-w 12"
SW 12" S-W 12"
SW 12" s-w 12"
SW 12"
Freeness
Freeness 60 SR* 60 SR 60 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 5 000
5 9 200 11 200
11
Burst factor
factor 29 50 60
Tear factor
Tear factor 59
59 55
55 45
45
Bleached ~
Bleached ~
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
** 60 SR is
is equivalent
equivalent to
to about
about 120
120 CSF.
CSF.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Parasolier,
Parasolier, Reference:
Umbrella tree
Musanga cecropioides C.ountry:
Country: West Africa 32
32
characterietics
Wood sample
sample origin:
.origin: characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, % %
in water '8,
Density and
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% NaOH
Na.C!I '"
Basio ecm33
Basic density, g/cm
Fibre length, pit)1*
Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width,
width, p.*
p*
Wall thickness,
thickness, p.* H.olocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Lumen width, p*)1
p.*
Pent.osans, %
%
Length/width
Length/Width ratio
Runkel
Rankel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
inf.ormation: Additional information:
** (microns) -= 11 mm
1000 p)l (microns) mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Chemigroundwood
o
Chemical consumption, ~%
Chemical consumption, 13.3 Na C0 (at 120°C)
13.3 120 C)
Kappa number 2 3
Na2CO3
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
Yield ~
(unscreened), % 89.1
89.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness (Photovol
Brightness t)
(Photovolt) 45
Energy consumption
Energy consumption 4t4
1.4
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Probably S-W 12"
Probably S-W 12"
Freeness
Freeness SRI'
60 SR*
Breaking length,
8 500
Buret
Burst factor 44
44
Tear factor
Tear factor 34
34
N
0>
Bleached
Bleached .....
Sequence
Sequence
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 8-16 Cl or 1-4
1-4 peroxide
bleaching, %
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
(Photovolt) 50-60
50 - 60
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
*
* About 120
120 CSF.
CSF.
- 285
285 --
Och romala~pus
Ochroma jçpus
(Balsa
Balsa
species is
indigenous to
to South and
and Central America and the Caribbean
but is
but is widely
widely c,ltivated in the
c~ltivated in the tropics.
tropics. It is fast-growing in natural
its natural
habitat,
habitat, but often grows
but often grows slowly as exotic, producing heavier
an exotic,
as an heavier is
wood which is
commercially unacceptable.
commeroially unacceptaXe. To
To obtain
obtain the
the best
best results,
results, it must
it must be grown on
rich well-drained soils
soils at
at low
low altitudes.
altitudes.
References: 40, 123

123
density is
The basic density is very low
low and this
this will affect
affect the tonnage
tonnage capacity
capacity
of the digesters.
of the digesters. The fibres
fibres are fairly
fairly long
long for
for a
a hardwood
hardwood and fairly thin-
walled in relation
relation to their
their total width. This implies a certain
certain amount
amount of
of
fibres and consequently
flexibility of the fibres consequently potentially
potentially good
good inter-fibre
inter-fibre
bonding in
bonding in paper. The lignin content is
paper. The is high
high which
which may
may imply
imply aa fairly
fairly high
high
consumption of chemicals and a lowlow yield
yield on
on chemical
chemical pulping.
pulping. The content
content of
extractives is above average forfor hardwoods
hardwoods but
but not
not seriously
seriously so.
so.
Pulping
The present
present example of application of the cold soda
soda process to this species
shows
shows that
that aa good-quality cold soda pulp can be obtained. The yield inin this
this
exaple is somewhat low,
low, but it could possibly be improved
improved without loss in
quality by proper
proDer selection of the process variable.
Scientific name:
name: Cemmen
Common name:
name: Balsa Reference:
Reference:
Ochroma lagopus
lagepus (Syn.
(Syn. O.
O. pyramidale,
pyramidale, O.
O. grandiflora)
grandiflera) Ceuntry:
Country: Phil ippines
Philippines 94
Weed
Woed
Wood sample .origin:
origin: Chemical oharaoteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
plantatien in
in the
the Philippines. Ether
Methanel
Methanol
Ethanel-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 3.0
5.01 ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
in water ~
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristios: 1
in 1% NaCH
HaOO 11.2
17.2 0-.
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 3 0.23
0.23
length, )1*
Fibre length, )1* 1 590
590 Ash, %
Ash, % 2.7
2.7
Lignin, %
1
Fibre width, p* 29 Lignin, % 29.9

iu*
Wall thickness, ,11.*
29
5.5 Helecellulese,
Rolocellulose, % %
Lumen width,
Lumen p.*
width, p*
)1*
18
18
CrossBevan cellulese, % %
Pentesans, %
Pentosans, % 19.2
19.2
Length/width ratie
55
Runkel ratio
ratie 0.61
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratie 0.62
Addi tienal information:

Additional infermatien: Additienal information:
Additional infermatien:
** 1000
1000 P. (microns)
),.1 (microns) m . 11 mm
mm
------------- . - . - ~
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Cold Soda
Cold Soda
consumption, %
Kappa number 2
Na20
(unscreened), %
72-3
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.6
1.6
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Bauer 8" ++ Valley
Bauer
Freeness 618 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 2 900
2900 5 800
800
Burst factor
factor 13 32
32
Tear factor 77 79
79
'2b
Bleached
Bleached -.J
Sequence
consumption, %
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Eirightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
- 289
289 -
Pinus brutia
((Cyprus
Cyprus Pine)
In its natural habitat the species

species is found mainly in Cyprus from sea
level up to 11 500
500 mm and
and in
in southern
southern Turkey,
Turkey, northern
northern Syria
Syria and
and Iraq.
Iraq. It is
is
very adaptable to different soils,
soils, from highly calcareous types to slightly
acid podzols.
pOdzols. On ridges and rocky slopes it it forms
forms very open forests
forests but
but well-
well-
stocked stands in mountain
mountain valleys.
valleys. The tree has been used extensively for
afforestation by
afforestation by direct
direct sowing.
sowing. Plantations ·have shown promise
have shown promise inin Australia
Australia
on difficult
difficult limestone
limestone sites
sites and
and in
in south-east Africa.
southeast Africa.
References: 39,
31, 39, 45, 123
The basic
basic density
density isis slightly
slightly higher
higher than
than average
average for
for softwoods
softwoods used
used for
for
pulping, although
pulping, although not
not to
to an
an extent
extent which
which would
would affect
affect its
its applicability
applicability to
to
pulping processes.
pulping processes. The fibres are of average length for softwoods,
softwoods, comparatively
thin and thick-walled. However,the
thickwalled. However, theRunkel
Runkelratio
ratioand/or
and/orthe
the flexibility
flexibility ratio
ratio
imply an acceptable degree of flexibility and consequently potentially aa good
inter-fibre bonding
in paper.
paper. The lignin content of the wood is fairly low
but still in the normal range
range for
for softwoods.
softwoods.
The wood is pulped with an active alkali

alkali charge
charge within
within the
the normal range
range
in the
for softwoods in the sulphate
sulphate process.
process. The yield of pulp is also in the normal
range. The consumption of chemicals
range. chemicals on
on bleaching
bleaching is
is somewhat
somewhat higher
higher than
usual in
usual in view
view of
of the
the Kappa
Kappa number.
number. AsAs regards
regards strength
properties, both
both
unbleached and
unbleached and bleached,
bleached, the
the pulps
pulps exhibit
exhibit aa fairly
fairly low
low breaking
breaking length
length but
but
a very good tear
tear factor.
factor. They consequently
consequently resemble
resemble with
with regard
regard to
to their
their
SUlphate pulps
strength properties sulphate pulps from
from North American
American southern
southern pines,
pines, and
accordingly the
accordingly the quality
quality of
of the
the pulps
pulps in
in this
this respect
respect can
can be
be considered
considered toto be
be
very good. A A pilot
pilot plant
plant sack
sack paper
paper run
run at
at 90
90 m/min
m/min gave
gave paper
paper of
of good
good strength
strength
properties but poor
poor formation due to flocculation
flocculation of
of the
the fibres
fibres under
under the con-
con-
ditions applied.
applied.
for crude
The trial for crude sulphate
sulphate pulp
pulp given
given in
in the
the data
data sheet
sheet gives
gives aa good-
good-
quality pulp with normal alkali charge, although with
with aa somewhat
somewhat low
low yield.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
name: Cyprus pine
Cyprus pine Reference:
Pinus brutia
Pinus brutia (Syn.
(Syn. P.
P. halepensis
halepensis var.
var. brutia)
brutia) Country:
Country: Turkey
Turkey 33
Wood sample
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Ether 6.87
6.87
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 7·59
7.59
Solubility, %
in water
% II
N
I
\D
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristios: 1% NaCE!
in V% NaCH 0
Basio density,
Basic g/om 3
density, g/cm3 0.542
0.37
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
,u* 2
2 950 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 24.1
24.1
p*
Fibre width, )1* 41
Wall thickness,
thiokness, )1*
41
8
8
Holocellulose, %
Bolocellulose, %
Lumen width, )1*
)1* 25
25
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
72 Cellulose, %
Cellulose, % 41.0
41.0
Runkel
Ruhkel ratio 0.64 Xylan, %
Xylan, % 6.6
6.6
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.61 Glucomannan,
Glucomannan, % % 17.0
* 1000
* 1000 »)J. (microns)
(miorons) .m 11 mm
____
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
~
Chemical consumption, % 17.5 -- 18.0 Na
Na200 (charge) 11.5 Na 0 (charge)
(charge)
2 100 Na202
Kappa number 25.5
25.5 -- 28.4 100
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 4303
43.3 -- 45.9 55.9
55·9
Screenings, %
2.3
Brightness
Beater or refiner Valley Valley
Freeness 40 SR SR
40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 7 600 -- 8 000
000 7600
7 600
Burst factor - 70
65 - 70 65
65
Tear factor 200
200 170
170
~
Bleached ~
Sequence CEDED
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % Cl
9.46 Cl
bleaching, %
yield, ~
Total yield, % 40 .7
40.7
Brightness 89.5 (Elrepho)
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Freeness 25 SR
25
Breaking
700
Burst
Buret factor 61
61
Tear factor 220
Additional information: pilot plant
A pilot plant trial
trial for
for sack
sack paper,
paper, run
run at
at 90
90 m/min
m/min gave
gave aa paper
paper with
with good
good strength
strength
properties, as good
properties, although the formation was not as good as
as aa run
run with
with aa corresponding
corresponding pulp
pulp made
made from
from Scots
Scots pine.
pine.
- 293 -
Pinus caribaea
(Caribbean Pine)
This species consists of three different

different varieties,
varieties, P. P. caribaea var.
var.
caribaea var.
bahamensis, P. caribaea var. caribaea
caribaea and
and P.
p .• caribaea
caribaea var.
var:-hondurensis,
hondurensis, which
are slightly
slightlydifferent with respect
different with respect to
to soil
soilandand climate
climate requirements. Unfo~
requirements. Unfor-
tunately,
tunately, the different sources quoted do not always state which variety their
findings refer
refer to.
to. However, as as regards
regards growth
growtll characteristics,
characteristios, it it can
can in
in general
said that
be said that the
the best results
results are
are obtained
obtained in
in conditions
conditions similar
similar to
to the natural
of the
environment of the variety.
variety. In order
order to
to obtain
obtain good
good form
form in
in P.
P. caribaea
caribaea var.
var.
hondurensis it
it is
is of
of importance
importance to
to plant
plant it
it onon sites
sites where it it-rs subjected to
is subjected
sufficient moisture
sufficient moisture stress
stress to
to ensure
ensure that
that aa band
band of
of thick-walled cells are
thickwalled cells are laid
laid
down in each year's growth,
growth, especially
especially on windy sites.
sites. If too shallow
shallow aa soil
soil
is chosen growth and yield will be less and,and, later
later in the life of the tree,tree, aa
proportion of
high proportion of latewood
latewood in
in the
the ring
ring will
will make
make the
the wood
wood strong
strong but heavy
heavy
for pulpwood.
and unsuitable for pulpwood. Much selective breeding combined with discrimina,discrimin&-
in choice
tion in choice of
of site
site and
and manipulation
manipulation of
of silvicultural
silvicultural practice
practice will be
necessary to
necessary to ensure
ensure both
both good
good form
form and
and adequate
adequate growth
growth rate.
rate.

22, 23, 28, 31, 40, 75,
31, 40, 15, 76,
16, 81, 98,
98, 99,
99, 100, 103,
100, 102, 103,
104, 106, 107,
104, 105, 106, 101, 117,
111, 123
characteristics
The basic density of the wood is in in the normal range

range of softwoods
softwoods used for
pulping. The fibre
fibre length varies considerably
considerably with the
the provenance wood sample
sample
ranges from
and ranges from far
far below
below normal
normal (2.0
(2.0 mm)
mm) to
to slightly
slightly above normal (3.7
above normal (3.1 mm)
mm) for
softwoods. The fibre width follows the same
softwoods. same pattern
pattern and
and varies between
oetween 38 and
63 microns and the cell wall thickness between 4 and 10 10 microns. The Runkel
ratio and/or the flexibility ratio
ratio also vary
vary considerably
considerably and
and indicate
indicate a potential
inte~fibre bonding which
interfibre bonding which ranges
ranges from
from very
very good
good to
to acceptable.
acceptable. The chemical
chemical
characteristics are,
are, in all instances, in in the normal range
range for
for softwood.
softwood.
in the
As in the wood
wood properties,
properties, there
there is
is considerable
considerable variation
variation in
in the
the pulping
pulping
and papermaking
and papermaking properties
properties with
with the
the provenance
provenance ofof the
the wood.
wood. The alkali con-
sumption in the sulphate process varies fromfrom normal toto high
high for
for softwoods.
softwoods. As
regards the strength properties, the breaking
breaking length
length seems
seems to
to increase
increase with
decreasing basic density of the wood. The general level of breaking length
factor is
and burst factor is fairly
fairly low,
low, at
at its
its best
best comparable
comparable to
to that
that of
of Korth
North American
American
southern pine
southern pine gulphate
SUlphate pulps.
pUlps. The tear
tear factor
factor is,
is, in
in general,
general, on
on the
the same
same level
level
of Scandinavian
as that of Scandinavian pine
pine sulphate
sulphate pulps
pulps but
but in
in some
some instances
instances very
very good.
good. In
pulps made from
general, pulps from this
this species
species can
can be
be said
said to
to have
have the
the unfavourable
unfavourable
characteristics of North American southern
southern pine
pine and
and Scandinavian
Scandinavian pine
pine sulphate
sulphate
-294-
- 294 -
(Pinus caribaea)
~
pulps, their compensating

pulps, without their compensating advantages.
advantages. However, there
there are
are exceptions.
exceptions.
With proper
proper heed
heed being
being given to seed
seed selection,
selection, selection
selection of soil
soil and climate
as
as well
well as other considerations,
considerations, aa pulp resembling southern pine
pine sUlphate
sulphate pulp
pulp
can perhaps be obtained
obtained from
from this
this species.
species. However, the
the yield
yield tends
tends to
to be
be
slightly lower
lower than average for
for pine
pine sulphate
sUlphate pulp.
pulp.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Caribbean pine
name:Caribbean pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
caribaea var.
var. hondurensis Country:
Country: Belize
Belize 107
107
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:

characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
sample from
Sample from natural
natural forest
forest in
in the coastal
coastal plain of Ether
Belize.
Belize. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, '%f.

Solubility,
in water 1:8
charaoteristics:
3
in 1%
in 1% NaCH '"
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3
Fibre length,
length, )J.*
,21.*
Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, '%
Lignin, f.
Fibre width, p*
,u*
Holocellulose, '%
Holocellulose, f.
Wall thickness, )1" p.*
Cross-Bevan cellulose, '%f.
Lumen width, p.*
p.*
Pentosans, '%f.
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:

1000 (miorons) .= 11 mm
I~_~_~~_~_~~ ~ __ Pulping and
pulping pape.:~ing
and papermaking characteristics
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
consumption, %%
Kappa number 40
40 35
- 35
(unscreened), %
47.7 - 40.1
40.1
Screenings, %
1.5
Brightness
Freeness 300 CSF
300 CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, - 77 300
6 800 -
Burst
56 59
240 285
~
Bleached --l
I
Sequence
Chemical
consumption, %%
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
factor
Scientific name:
name: Caribbean pine Reference:
Reference:
caribaea var.
Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Country:
Country: Queensland,
Queensland, Australi
Australia 131

characteristics

characteristics:
from plantations in
Samples from in Byfield,
Byfield, Rockhampton,
Rockhampton, Extractives, %
Extractives, %
14 old.
11t years old.
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Sol ubili ty, '"
in water ~
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: 00
Density in 1% HaC!!
NaCH
I
Basio density, g/cm
Basic density, g/cm3 3 0.438
0.438
Fibrelength,
Fibre length, )1* )1*3 3660
660 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, )1*
,u*
Wall thickness, gm )1*
Holocellulose, '"
Holocellulose, %
Lumen width,
Lumen hidth, )1*
pi
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, '"
Length/width ratio
Length/Width
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
information:
** 1000
1000 }a (microns)
P. (microns) .
m 1 mm
;----~--- - -- ---
Pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Kappa number 53.4
53.4 - 16.9
16.9
51.5 -- 42.6
42.6
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner PFI
PFT
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
700 - 88 200
200
factor
Burst factor 72 63
72 - 63
Tear factor
Tear factor 180
180 -- 155
155
~
\l)
Bleached
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name:Caribbean
Common name: Caribbean pine Reference:
Pinus caribaea var.

var. hondurensis Country:
Country: Belize 28
28
Wood sample
Wood sample
sample origin:
origin: Chemioal
Extractives, %
Extraotives, %
from natural
forest at
at Mountain
Mountain Pine
Pine Ridge.
Ridge. Ether
Estimated age of
Estimated of sample
sample tree
tree about
about 19
19 years.
years. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
w
in water o
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in V%
1% NaCH
NaOH o
I
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 3
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
length, Jl*
,u* 3 050
050 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
)1*
Fibre width, .Jl* 43
43 Holocellulose, %
Holooellulose, %
Wall
Wall thickness,
thickness, »*Jl* 10
10
cellulose, %
CrossBevan %
Lumen width, )1*
Lumen Fit 23
23
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
71
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.87
0.87
Flexibility ratio
0·54
information:
information:
* 1000 p)1 (microns)

* (microns) =a 11 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % (charge 22.5 Na20)
Na 0)
2
Kappa number 29
29
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 3·5
3.5
Brightness
Brightness
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 7300
7 300
Burst
Burst factor 55
Tear factor 270
~
Bleached ~
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
caribaea var.
Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis
hondurensis Country: Jamaica 105
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from plantation
plantation trial
trial plot
plot in
in Jamaica,
Jamaica, Ether
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.1
1.1
Solubility, %%
in water w
o
I\)
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% HaC!!
in 1% NaOH 9.4
I
Basio g/om3
0.480
Ash, %
Ash, % 28.2
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, p* 2 250
2 250 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 64.6
64.6
p*
Fibre width, ,u* 52
52 Holocellulose, %
44.8
Wall thi
Wall okness, A*
thickness, p~ 66 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, p* 40
40 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratic 45
45
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.30
0.30
Flexibility ratio
0.77
information:
* 1000
* 1000 P. (microns)
,u (microns) m. 1 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
consumption, % % 13.7 - 14.5 Na
Na,0
2
0
Kappa number
number 31.6 - 21.5 c-
Yield (unscreened), % % 47.6 - 45.3

Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.9
0.9 - 0.6
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
PFT
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 77 500 - 66 800
800
Burst factor
Burst factor 48
48 - 41
Tear factor
Tear factor 15
1500 - 135
'()
Bleached w
Sequence OEHD
CEHD
Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 42.6
Brightness 80 (Elrepho)
Freeness OSF
500 CSF
Breaking length 200
6 200
Burst
Burst factor
factor 36
Tear factor 135
Additional
Additional information: Printing opacity
of bleached
bleached pulp at 500 CSF 56, luminance factor 84, scattering
84, scattering
coefficient 160.
coefficient 160.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: name: Caribbean pine
caribaea var.
Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Country:
Country: Jamaica
Jamaica 105
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Samples from
plantation trial
trial plot
plot in
in Jamaica,
Jamaica, Ether
10
10 years old.
years old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 2·5
2.5
Solubility, %%
in water VJ
Densi ty and
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1% Ha<li
NaOH 11·5
11.5 ~
3 I
Basio
Basic density, g/cm
g/cm3 0.390 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
length, )1*
pit 2 330 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 29.7
Fibre width, ila*
p* 53 Holocellulose, % 59.3
Holocellulose, % 59-3
Wall thickness, )1"
Wall 55
,u41
pit
Lumen width, p." 43
43 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
44
Runkel
Rankel ratio 0.23
Flexibility ratio
information:
** 1000 u
)l (microns)
(microns) •. 1 mm
pulping and papermaking characteristics
Pulping
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % % 13.5 -- 15.2
13.5 15.2 Na20
Na 0
2
Kappa number
39.0 27.3
Yield (unscreened),
45.8 - 43.7
43.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 2.0
2.0 - 0.2
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner PFI
PFT
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
8900-8800
Buret factor
Burst factor 61-
61 - 61
Tear factor
154
Bleached
Bleached
~
Sequence
Sequence CElID
CEHD
Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 41.0
Brightness
Brightness (El repho )
76 (Elrepho)
PFT
Freeness 500 CSF
Breaking length
900
Buret
Burst factor 48
Tear factor
Tear factor 140
Additional
Additional information: Printing opacity of bleached pulp at
information: Printing CSF 58, luminance factor
at 500 CSF factor 80, scattering
scattering
150.
coefficient 150.
Reference:
caribaea var.
Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis
hondurensis Country:
Country: Jamaica
Jamaica 105
105
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from
from plantation
plantation trial
trial plot
plot in
in Jamaica,
Jamaica, Ether
Ether
10
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.2
1.2
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, % IIw
in water
Density and fibre
Density and fibre characteristics;
1% Ha<JI
NaOH 10.1
10.1 I~
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 3 0.325 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, p*)1* 1 980
1
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 31.7
)1*
Fibre width, p.* 59
59 Holocellulose, %
Ho1ocel1u1ose, % 58.3
Wall thickness,
thiokness, p* 11* 5 CroBs-Bevan ce11u1oBe, %
% 37.8
Lumen width, p.i.
)1* 49 Pentosans, %
%
Length/width
Runkel ratio 0.20
0.20

*
it 1000 n
P. (miorons)
(microns) m. 1 mm
Pulping and
paperm~(ing characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process SUlphate
Sulphate
Chsmical
14.4 Na00
Na 0
Kappa
Kappa number
number 28.9
28.9 -- 21.
21.j
Yield (unscreened),
Yield (unscreened), % % 44.0 - 41.9
44.0 41.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % oO
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 9 800 - 99 500
9 800 500
Burst factor
61 51
Tear factor
Tear factor 76 - 72
16 12
VJ
o
....,
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence CEHD
CEFID
% 8.3 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, 'f%o
Total yield, 40.0
Brightness
Brightness 81
81 (Elrepho)
Freeness 500 CSF
Breaking length
length 8 100
100
Burst factor
factor 51
51
Tear factor 82
82
Additional information: Printing opacity of bleached pulp at 500 CSF 56,
pulp at 56, luminance factor 84,
luminance factor 84, scattering
scattering
150.
coefficient 150.
Scientific name:
Common name: Caribbean
Caribbean pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
cari baea
Pinus caribaea Country:
Country: Malaya (Malaysia)
Malaya (Malaysia 106
106
Wood sample
characteristics

sample
Sample from plantation trial plot in
in Sungei
sungei Bulch
Bulch
%
Extractives, %
Ether
Forest Reserve,
Reserve, 10
10 years
years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1·5
1.5
Sol ubili ty, '%f.

Solubility,
in water
II w
0
Density and fibre
Basio density,
Basic
charaoteristics:
g/cm33
density, g/om 0.42
0.42
in 1% NaCH
Ash, %
NaOH 10.7
I CD
length, ~*
Fibre length, ,u* 22 690
690 Ash, %
60 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
p*
Fibre width, )1* 60
Holocellulose, %% 63.7
thickness, pi!
Wall thickness, p..* 77 cellulose, %
CrossBevan % 44.2
44.2
Lumen width,
width, )3:11
)1* 46
46 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
43
Runkel ratio
Rankel ratio 0.30
0.30
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.77
0.77
information:
..* 1000 pP. (microns)

(microns) .= 11 mm
mm ,
Pulping papermru<ing characteristics
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical %
consumption, % 12.7
12.7 -- 12.0 Na 0
12.0 11a00
2
Kappa number 18.7 -- 32.8
32.8 -
(unscreened), %
42.8 45.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1
0 . 1 -- 1.3
1.3
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
length, m
Breaking length, m 8 700 - 8 700
8700-8700
Burst
Burst factor
factor 61-
61 - 66
Tear factor
Tear factor 98-
98 - 115
115
'-'"
Bleached
Bleached ~
Sequence
Sequence cm
CEM
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 5.0 Cl (charge)
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 40.7
Brightness
14rightness 87 (EEL)
(FEL)
Lamp6n
Freeness 500 CSF
CSF
Breaking length
length 88 400
400
Burst
Burst factor 60
Tear factor
Tear factor 88
Common name: pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea Country: Malaya (Malaysia)

Malaya (Malaysia) 106
106
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
sample plot in
Sample from plantation trial plot in Sungei
Sungei Bulch
Bulch Ether
Forest Reserve,
Reserve, 6 years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.8
1.8
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
LV
in water ~
Density and fibre

charaoteristics: in 1% Ha.C!!
NaCH 13.4
13.4 o
Basio density,
Basic density, g/cm
g/cm3
3 0.31
length, p.*
Fibre length, ,u* 2 530
2 530 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
width, ,u* 63
63
thickness, ,u*
Wall thickness, p.* 77 Holocellulose,
Bolocellulose, % % 55.2
55·2
Lumen width,
Lumen p.*
width, p* 49
49
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.29
Flexibility ratio
information:
* 1000
it 1000 p. (microns)
P. = 1 mm
microns) .
I. "-"-- pulping and papermaking
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %
12.8 12.4 Na0
Na 0
2
11.6 -- 11.7
11.6 11.7 Na0
Na 0
36.7
2
43.5 - 52.5 22
- 52.5
(unscreened), %
41.3 - 45.4
45.4 43.3
4303 - 45.7
45.7
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2
0.2 -- 2.1 0.9
0.9 -- 3.0
Brightness
LamOn Lamp,§n
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 500 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 8 500
500 -- 9 93001
300 300 - 9 300
99300-9300
Burst factor
Burst factor 60
60 -- 7272 70
Tear factor
80 95 100
100 - 85
85
VJ
~
Bleached
Bleached ~
Sequence cm
CEH
5.5 6.5 Cl (charge)
(charge)
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 39.4 -- 40.5
39.4 40.5
Brightness 85 --76
76
Beater or refiner Lamp,§n
Lamp6n
Freenees
Freeness 500 CSF
Breaking length
300 -- 88 800
800
Burst factor 60
60 -- 68
68
94 80
Scientific name:
Caribbean pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
106
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, % i>
Sample from plantation trial
trial plot
plot in
in Sungei
Sungei Bulch
Bulch Ether
Ether
Forest Reserve,
Forest Reserve, 88 years
years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.6
1.6
Solubility, %
solubility, % w
in water ~
I\)
Density and fibre
in 1% NaOR 11.2
I
Basio g/cm 3
density, g/cm3
Basic density, 0.460
Fibre length, )1* 2 680 Ash, i>
%
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
,1.1* 60 Holocellulose, %% 63.8
63.8
Wall thickness, )1* II* 7 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
p.*
Lumen width, )1* 46 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
45
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.30
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.77

information:

1000 (microns) .= 11 mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process sulphate
Sulphate
13.4 - 12.1
12.1 Na 0
Na,0
Kappa number 18.8 - 35.6 42
(unscreened), %
45.2
Screenings, %
% 0.2 - 1.5
1.5
Brightness
Brightness
Lampan
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking
900 - 17 700
100
Burst factor 50--
50 61
Tear factor
Tear 115
115 - 145
Bleached
""'
~
Bleached ""
Sequence cm
CEH
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 4.5 Cl (charge)
4.5 (charge)
bleaching, %
Total yield, % 40.8
40.8
Brightness 83 (EEL)
Beater or refiner Lamp,!;n
Lampft
Freeness 500 CSF
Breaking length
800
Burst factor 53
Tear factor 125
125
information:
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Pinus caribaea
Wood
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

Extractives, %%
Extractives,
Sample plantation trial
trial plot
plot in Sungei Burch Ether
Ether
Forest Reserve,
Forest Reserve, 12
12 years
years old.
old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.3
%
Solubility, %
in water '"
~
Density and fibre

charaoteristics: in 1% HaC!!
1% Naafi 11.2 -1>0
I
Basio density,
Basic density, g/cm
g/om3
3 0.46
Fibre length,
length, p* 3 650
650
%
Ash, %
Fibre
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width,
ji*
p*
%
Lignin, %
Wall thickness, Al
Wall thickness, p.
62
8
Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, %% 66.6
47.8
Lumen width, p.* pil. 46 Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
ratio 59
59
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.35
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility 0.74
** 1000 u
1000 P. (microns) =
(microns) . 11 mm
mm
,
Unbleached
Unbleached
Precess
Process Sulphate
11.6 - 12.2 Na 0
Na,0
Kappa
Kappa number
2
number 14.7
14.7 - 28.0
(unscreened), %
43.9 - 46.4
46.4
Screenings, %
Screenings, % oo - 0.50.5
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner Lamp.m
LamOn
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 7 400 -- 88 400
'7400 400
Burst factor
Burst factor 54-
54 - 67
Tear faotor
125
IJJ
~
V1
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence CEH
CEH
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % (charge)
4.0 Cl (charge)
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 42.8
Brightness
lirightness 86 (EEL)
(En)
Lamp6n
Freeness 500 CSF
Breaking length
length 7 400
400
Burst
Burnt factor 57
Tear
Tear factor
factor 155
Scientific name:
name: Caribbean pine Reference:

Country: Fiji 104
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Ertraotives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from
from plantation trial plot
plantation trial plot at Seaqaqa, Ether
10
10 years old.
years old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 1.7
Solubility, %
Solubility,
in water
% II....
~

characteristiCS: 1% NaCH
in 1% NaCE 11·5
11.5
I 0\
Basio density,
Basic g/cm 3
density, g/cm3 0.480 0.480
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, A*
)J.* 2 300
300 %
Ash, %
Fibre width, .p*
p* 46
46
%
Lignin, % 27.7
Wall thickness,
Wall thi cmess, pi* 55 Holocellulose, %
61.4
Lumen width,
Lumen width,
)J.*
p*
)1* 36
36
cellulose, % % 40.9
40.9
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.28
Flexibility ratio
** (miorons) .= 11 mm
1000 p)l (microns)
pulping and
characteristics
I . --------+
Unbleached
process
Process Sulphate
sulphate
consumption, % 13.4 -- 13.7
13.4 13.7 Na20
Na 20
Kappa number
37.3 26.7
Yield (unscreened),
45.6 - 43.3
43.3
Screenings, %
0.2
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
PFI
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 8700-7700
8 700 - 7 700
Burst factor
Burst factor 64--
64 55
Tear factor
155
Bleached
Bleached
'"->
~
Sequence
Sequence CEHD
Chemical consumption, %% 9.9 Cl
9.9 Cl
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
Total yield, % 40.9
Brightness
Brightness 78.6
Beater or refiner
PFI
Freeness 500
500 CSF
Breaking length
length 800
6 800
Burst factor
factor 49
49
Tear factor
factor 155
Additional information: 500 CSF 59.
Printing opacity of bleached pulp at 500
Scientific name:
Common name : Caribbean pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
cari baea Country: Fiji
Fiji 104
Wood sample
Wood eample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Samples from
plantationtrial
trialplot
plotatatSeat:raga,
Seaqaqa,
5 years old.
old. Ether
5
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.8
1.8
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water
in .....
~
Density and fibre

in 1% Nactl 12.
12.33 0>
I
density, g/cm 0.370
Fibre length, ,,u*
p* 1 900 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 29.3
29.3
p*
Fibre width, .,u* 45 Holocellu1ose, % % 59.2
Holocellulose,
Wall thickness,
Wall thiclcnese, ,u*p* 44
Crose-Bevan cellulose., %
CrossBevan cellulose, % 37 .3
37.3
p.*
Lumen width, )3.* 37 Pentoeans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
42
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.22
Flexibility ratio
information: Additional
information:
** )J. (microns)
1000 ,u (microns) m. 1 mm
r---~
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
13.6 14.4 Na 0
- 14.4
2
Kappa number 37.0 - 27.0 Na20
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 43.0 - 41.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2 0
0.2 - 0
Brightness
Beater o.r
or refiner PFI
PFT
Free
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 9 800 - 8 700
9800-8700
Burst factor 71-
71 - 62
100
w
~
'J:l
Bleached
I
Sequence CElID
CEHD
Chemical consumption, % 10.
10.11 Cl
Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 39.2
Brightness 78.1
refiner
PFT
Freeness 500 CSF
CSF
000
Burst factor 56
Tear factor 97
bleached pulp
pulp at 500 CSF
at 500 61 .
CSF 61.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Caribbean pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
Country: Fiji 104
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %%
Extractives,
Samples from plantation trial plot at
at Drasa, Ether
15 years old.
15 years old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 2.2
Solubility, '%
Solubility, f.
in water
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1'f. Na<H
in T% NaCH 12.3 '"~
Basio
Basic density, g/omg/cm33 0.530
0.530
Fibre length, p.* 2 400 Ash, '%f.
Ash,
Lignin, %
,u*
width, p*
Lignin, % 26.9
Fibre
Fibre width, u* 45
45 Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thickness, p.* ).]..* 66 cellulose, '%f.
Cross-Bevan cellulose, 40.9
Lumen width, )1* p.* 33
33 Pentosans, '%f.
Pentosans,
53
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.36
Flexibility ratio
0.74
** 1000
1000 ya (microns)
)l (microns) a. 1 mm
....
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
12.9 - 14.3 Na
20
Na00
Kappa number
Kappa number 38.8 - 27.6 `
(unscreened), ~
45.5 - 43.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2
1.0 - 0.2
1.0
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
PFT
Freeness
Freeness CSF
300 CSF
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 7700-7400
7 700 - 7 400
Burst factor
Burst factor 56-
56 - 49
Tear factor
Tear factor 165 --
165 140
140
'-"
N
Bleached
Bleached
~
II
Sequence
Sequence COO
CEHD
~
Cl
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
% 40.3
Brightness
Brightness 75.6
75.6

Freeness 500 CSF
Buret
Burst factor 46
Tear factor
factor 140
Additional information: Printing opacity
opacity of
of bleached
bleached pulp
pulp at
at 500
500 CSF
CSF 61.
61.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea Country: Fiji 104
Wood sample
characteristics
W.ood sample
Wood sample origin:
oharaoteristics:
Samples from plantation trial plot

plot at
at Drasa, Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
10 years old.
old. Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 1.7
Sol ubili ty, %
Solubility, % II
in water w
N
Density and
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1%
in 1% HaOO
NaCH 1203
12.3 N
3 I
Basio density,
g/om 0.470
Fibre length,
Fibre length, p.*
pit 2 200
2 200 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 28.2
Fibre width,
Fibre p*
width, 1u* 47
47
Holooellulose,
61.1
thi omess, p.*
Wall thickness, ,u.i. 55 oellulose, %
p.*
Lumen width, p.* 37 Pentosans, % %
Length/Width ratio
47
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.27
Flexibility ratio
** (miorons) .= 11 mm
1000 »P. (microns) mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
process
Process SUlphate
Sulphate
11.9 -- 13.6
13.6 Na 0
Na20
Kappa number
number 51.6 -- 28.8 2
Kappa 51.6 28.8
(unscreened), %
47.8 - 43.4
43.4
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.7
0.7 -- 0.1
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner PFI
PFT
Freeness
Freeness CSF
300 CSF
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 8 No
300 -- 88100
100
Burst factor
Burst factor 72-
72 - 57
Tear factor
Tear factor 200
200 - 160
160
......
N
Bleached
Bleached ......
Sequence
Sequence CEIID
CEHD CEHllED
CEHDED
Chemical consumption, % 11.0 -- 11.5 Cl
Cl 11.2 Cl
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 40.9 -- 41.1
41.1 41.1
41.1
Brightness 77 - 75
75 86
PFT PFI
PFT
Freeness 500 CSF
CSF 500 CSF
CSF
Breaking length
7200-7800 7 400
400
Burst
51 58 53
Tear factor
Tear factor 155 145
Printing opacity of
of CEHD
CEIID bleached
bleached pulp at 500 CSF 59-58.
pulp at
Scientific name:
name: Common
Common name: Caribbean pine
Reference:

Country: Fiji
Fiji 104
104
W.ood sáJ2ple origin:

Wood sample Chemical characteristics:
characteristics:
Samples from plantation trial plot
plot at
at Drasa, Extractives, %
%
55 years old Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanolbenzene
Ethanol-benzene 2.1
Solubility, %
in water
%
I· w
~
Density and fibre in '1
in 1% HaW
NaCH 12.1
12.1
g/om3
density, g/cm3
Basic density, 0.400 •
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
,u* 2 200 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 28.0
28.0
Fibre width,
Fibre p*
width, ,,u* 50 Holooellulose, %
Wall
Wall thiokness,
thickness, )1*
A* 44 Holocellulose, % 58.7
58.7
Lumen width, p.*
width, p.* 42 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
36.6
42
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.19
0.19
Flexibility ratio
0.84
* 1000
* 1000 )l
,u (miorons) .m 11 mm
(microns)
....L.
Pulping
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Chemical ~
consumption, % 13.3 Na~
Na20
Kappa number
Kappa number 36.6
36.6 - 27.8
27.8
(unscreened), ~
44.8 42.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1 --
0.1 0
Brightness
Brightness
PFT
Freeness 300
300
Breaking length,
9000-8700
Burst factor 67-
67 - 66
Tear
Tear factor
factor -
130 - 120
Lu
I\J
Bleached
Bleached VI
Sequence
Sequence cmn
CEHD
consumption, %
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
Total yield, % 40.1
Brightness
lirightness 79 (Elrepho)
(El repho )
Freeness 500
500
Breaking length
800
Burst factor
factor 58
58
Tear factor
factor 120
Additional information: Printing opacity of bl.eached at 500 CSF
bleached pulp at CSF 58.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
Pinus cari baea Country: Sabah (Malaysia) 103
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
plantation trial
trial plot
plot in
in the
the Sibuga
Sibuga Ether
her
Forest Reserve, 9t
Forest Reserve, 9-i years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 0.9
Sol ubili ty, %
Solubility, %
in water w
N
Density and
and fibre
1% HaC!!
NaCH 12.6
12.6
'"I
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 3 0.445
0.445 Ash, %
%
Fibre length, p* Fit 300
2 300
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 28.4
28.4
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, u* 52
52 Holocellulose, % % 59.8
Wall thickness,
thiokness, )24 p" 55 Cross-Bevan cellulose,
Lumen width, J'-*
Lumen width, p* 42
42 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
44
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.24
0.24
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.81
0.81

information:
** 1000 »P (microns)
1000 (miorons) . 11 mm
D
...
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
14.6 Na20
Na 0
2
- 23.9
(unscreened), ~
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.3 - 0.2
-
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner PFI
PFT
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 7 500 -- 66 900
900
Burst
41
Tear factor 125
125 -- 97
97
W
N
Bleached .....
Sequence cmn
CEHD
Chemical consumption, % 10.0 -- 9.1 Cl
bleaching, %
Yield on bleaching, % 95·
95.77 -
- 95.9
95·9
yield, ~
Total yield, % 40.3 -- 38.8
38.8
Brightness 75
75 -- 76
76 (Elrepho)
(Elrepho)
PFT
Freeness 500 CSF
500
Breaking
Burst factor 43--
43 37
Tear factor 110 -- loo
100
Additional information: at 500
Printing opacity of bleached pulp at 500 CSF 61-62,
61-62, luminance
luminance factor 78-80,
factor 78-80,
160-180.
scattering coefficient 160-180.
Scientific name:
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
Country: Fiji
Fiji 102
,.
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
from plantation
Samples from plantation trial
trial plot
plot in
in Seaqaqa,
Seaqaqa, Ether
10 years old.
old. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene 2.4
2.4
Solubility, %
in water
% I·....
N
CD
Density and
Density and fibre
NaOH 13.9
13.9
Basio
Basic density, g/cmg/cm3 3 0.46 •
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
length, )J.*
)1* 2 200 Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width,
width, )J.*
u* 54 Holocellulose, %
59.6
Wall thickness, p.* )J.* 66 cellulose, %
Lumen width, p*
Lumen width, 42 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
41
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.29
0.29
Flexibility ratio
0.78
information:
information:
** 1000
1000 P. (microns) . 11 mm
}.1 (microns) D
-
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical
consumption, % 12.6 - 13.4
12.6 13.4 Na20
Na20
44.5 24·5
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), %% 44.4 - 39.2
44.4 39.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1 - 0.1
0.1 0.1
Brightness
Freeness 300 CSF
300
Breaking m
9 500 - 99 000
000
Burst factor 68
68 - 60
60
Tear factor 190 -
190 155
155
""
~
Bleached
Sequence CEH
7.0 Cl
% 93
93
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 36.4
36.4
Brightness
Hrightness 66
66 (Elrepho)

Freeness 500 CSF
Breaking length
Breaking 8 200
Burst
Burst factor 55
55
Tear factor 133
133
information:
Additional information: printing opacity of
bleached pulp
pulp at 500 CSF
at 500 62.
CSF 62.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name
Common : Caribbean pine
Pinus caribaea
caribaea Country:
Country: Sabah (Malaysia)
Sabah (Malaysia) 98
98
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample orig*n:

Wood sapple origin: Chemical characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from trial
Samples from trial plot
plot in sandaksn, 55 years old.
in Sandakan, old. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 3.47
Solubility, %
Solubility,
in vater
water
% I·
w
w
Density and
and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1% NaCH
NaOH 9.81 0
Basic density,
density, g/om 3 0.37 •
glom3
Fibre length,
length, )1* 22 570 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
,u*
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
width, )1-*
).1.* 47 Holocellulose, %
Rolocellulose, % 69.1
69.1
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, )1" yi* 4 Cross-Bevan cellulose,
Lumen width, p.*)1* 39
39 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 00.21
. 21
Flexibility ratio


1000 (microns) .= 1 mm
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %
11.5 -- 13.2
13.2
2
Na20
Na 0
Kappa number
Kappa 58
58 - 35
35
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 56.0 -- 46.8
46.8
Screenings, %
6.2 0.2
0.2
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
300
Breaking length,
350 -- 99 200 (max 99 600 at Kappa
600 at 45)
Kappa 45)
Burst factor 71-
71 - 63
Tear factor
factor 127 -- 130
Bleached '"
'"
~
Sequence
%
%
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Caribbean
Common Caribbean pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
caribaea var.
var. hondurensis
hondurensis Country:
Country: Trinidad 100
100
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
Chemdcal characteristios:
Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from plantation near
near Piarco Airport, Ether
12
12 years old.
years old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 3.2
3.2
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
VJ
in water VJ
N
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1% NaCE
NaOH 12.6
Basio density,
Basic g/om3
denSity, g/cm3 0.46
Ash, %
%
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
A* 3 250 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, ,u* p* 53
53 Holooellulose, %
Bolocellulose, % 61.1
thiokness, )1~
Wall thickness, 6
Lumen width9
width, )1*p.*
p.if
41
41
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
61
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.29
** 1000 ,u (miorons)
)1 (microns) m. 1 mm
mm
.....
Pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
%
Na,0
Kappa number 33.6 2
33.6
(unscreened), %
46.0
Screenings, %
screenings, % 0·5
0.5
Brightness
Valley
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 8000
8 000
Burst factor 66
66
Tear factor 185
185
w
Bleached ~
Sequence
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total yield, %
yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beatsr
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
_
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
name: Caribbean
Caribbean pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
pinus caribaea var.
var. hondurensis
hondurensis Country: Trinidad 100
Wood sample
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
oharaoteristics:

plantation at McNair
McNair and
and Ravine
Ravine Sable
Sable Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Forest Reserve, 12
12 years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.7
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water w
Densit charaoteristics: in 1% NaCli
NaCE 11.6 ~
Basio g/om 3
Basic density, gicm3 0.37
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )J.*
,u* 3 240
3 240 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
p*
Fibre width, iu* 57 Holooellulose,
thickness, )J.*
Wall thickness, »,* 55 Cross-Bevan oellulose, %
p*
Lumen width, ).1.* 47
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
57
Runkel ratio 0.21
0.21
Flexibility ratio
1000 p)l. (microns) mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % % 13.2 Na
13.2 Na20
2
0
Kappa number
Kappa number 32.7
32.7
45.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1
0.1
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
9 100
Burst factor
Burst factor 72
72
Tear factor
Tear factor 140
w
w
Bleached
Bleached VI
Sequence
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Buret factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
Caribbean pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
Country: Fiji
Fiji 99
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Samples from plantation at
at Verata, nearly 9
Verata, nearly 9 years old.
old. Ether
Methanol
2.11
Solubility, '%1>
Solubility,
in water .....
.....
Density and
and fibre
NaOH 10.8 0\
3 I
Basio density, g/om
0.44 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, )1*)1* 3 380
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre wddth, p.*
width, )u* 39
39 Holocellulose, '%
1> 63.8
thiclcness, p.*
Wall thickness, ,u* 55 cellulose, %
Cross-Bevan cellulose, % 42·5
42.5
Lumen width, )1*)1* 29
29
Pentosans, %
PentoBans, %
ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.34
0.34
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.74
0.74
information:
..* 1000
1000 p)l (microns)
(microns) .m 1 mm
1
Pulping
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % 11.9 - 13.9 Na 0
11.9
Kappa number 32 23
- 23
2
Na20
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %% 0.1 - 0
Brightness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 8 600 - 8 300
8600-8300
Burst factor 65-- 64
65
175 185
......
......
Bleached -J
Bleached
I
Sequence cm
CEH
%
Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 43.5
43·5
Brightness
Brightness 72 (EEL)
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Valley
Freeness 500 CSF
Breaking length
Breaking 6 800
Burst factor 47
Tear factor 115
information:
Scientific name:
Caribbean pine
pine Reference:
Pinus caribaea
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

%
Extractives, %
Samples from
from plantation
plantation at
at Madarivatu,
Madarivatu, 10
10 years
years old.
old. Ether
her
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 2.81
2.81
Solubility, %
Solubility,
in water
% I·........
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in 1% Ha<B
NaOH 12.1
12.7 0>
Basio density, g/om

Basic density, g/cm3 3 0.31 •
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )J.*
A* 2 610
670
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
width, p*
Fibre width, iu* 38 Holocellulose, %
Wall thiokness, )J.*
Wall thickness, yLit 4 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
width, p.*
Lumen width, p.* 30 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
70
Runkel ratio
ratio , 0.21
0.27
Fle~bility ratio
0.19
information:
1
)J. (microns) D. 1 mm
,
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Chemical
consumption, % 12.6 - 14.9
14.9
Kappa number
Kappa number 34 -24
- 24
(unscreened), %
46.8 -- 46.9
46.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1
0.1 -- 0
Brightness
Brightness
Valley
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 9 700 - 9 300
9100-9300
Burst factor 75-
75 - 62
62
Tear factor 110
110 -- 100
Bleached
""
~
Bleached
I
Sequence CEIl
CEH
Chemical
consumption, % 6.5 Cl
6.5 Cl
bleaching, %
88.1
yield, %
Total yield, % 41.6
Brightness 85 (EEL)
Beater or refiner
Beater Valley
Freeness 500 CSF
CSF
Breaking length
Breaking 7 600
1600
Burst factor 51
Tear factor
Tear 85
information:
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Caribbean
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus caribaea
Wood sample

samples from plantation

plantation at
at Drasa,
Drasa, 10
10 years
years old.
old. Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 2.71
2.71
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water ""
t
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1% NaCH
in 1% NaOH 12.4
12.4
I
Basio g/cm 3
Basic density, ecm3 0.44
Fibre length, p*ji* 2 930
Ash, %
%
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
width, iu*
p* 38
Wall Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p* 44
,u*
Lumen width, ~*Fit 30
30
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
Length/Width ratio 77.1
77.1
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.27
Fleribili ty ratio
information:
** 1000
1000 ». (microns)
)J. (mdcrons) -. 1 mm
Pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
%
Chemical consumption, % 13.2 -- 14.7 Na20
13.2 Na 0
Kappa number 43 22.5 2
43 -- 22.5
(unscreened), %
50.9 43.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2
0.2 -- 00
Brightness
Freeness 300 CSF
300
Breaking length,
length, mm 10 000 - 6 900
10 000 900
Burst factor 75-
75 - 44
Tear factor 195--
195 80
~
Bleached ~
Sequence CEH
CEH
C1
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 42.2
42.2
Brightness 79 (EEL)
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Valley
Freeness 500 CSF
500
Breaking length
900
Burst factor 38
38
Tear factor 67
343 -
- 343
Pinus contorta
(Lodgepole Pine)
experience
Indigenous to
to western North America and Mexico, this species
species is widely
distributed
distributed in
in two
two fonns;
forms; on
on coastal
coastal sand-dunes
sanddunes itit forms
fonns trees
trees with
with crooked
crooked
boles and twisted branches, whereas in in the Rocky Mountains and other mountain
areas it forms
fonns straight
straight boles and narrow crowns,
crowns, at altitudes
al ti tudes up to
to 1 800 mm
in the north and 33 500 mm in the south
south of its range.
range. ItIt grows mostly on on peor
poor
rocky soils.
rocky soils. It has been introduced successfully
successfully as a species of major
importance in the United Kingdom and promising results
results have been reported
reperted
in Sweden.
from trials in Sweden. In Australia,
Australia, excellent results have been obtained
excellent results obtained
in trials in the Capital Territory at an altitude of 700-1 700-1 400 m,
m, as well
well as
in Tasmania,
Tasmania, whereas it has failed to acclimatize in in Victoria.
Victoria. It has alsoalso
in New
been successful in New Zealand.
Zealand. Trials in in South
South Africa
Africa have
have not
not been
been successful.
successful.
References: 31, 73,

31, 73, 80,
80, 107,
107, 123
123
Wood
No representative
No representative results
reeul ts are
are available
available for
for the
the present
present samples
samples as
as regards
regards
characteristics. The chemical
wood characteristics. chemical composition
composition does
doee not
not imply
imply any difficulty
any difficulty
in pulping.
Pulping
species is
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the sulphate
SUlphate process
process with
with aa
in the
charge of alkali in the normal
nonnal range
range for
for softwoods.
softwoods. The yield of pulp
pulp is
is
about
about the average for
for softwoods.
softwoods. The strength properties of the pulp are
by high breaking
characterized by breaking length
length and
and aa fairly
fairly low
low tear
tear factor;
factor; it
it is
is
Scnadinavia pine
comparable to Scnadinavia pine sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
Scientific name:
name: name: Lodgepole pine
Reference:
contorta
Pinus contorta Country:
Country: New Zealand
New Zealand 126

characteristice: (a)
(a) (b)
(b)
Extracti ves, %
Extractives, %
Samples from plantations in
in Kaingaroa Forest: Ether
(a)
(a) 15
15 years old Methanol 2.0 2.6
2.6
(b)
(b) 20 years old Ethanol-benzene
Solubility,
Solubility, '"%
Density and
Density and fibre
characteristics:
in water
in 1% NaCti
NaCE It
Basic density,
density, g/cm
g/cm3 3
Fibre length,
Fibre length, A*
)1*
Aeh, %
Ash, %
Fibre width, )u*p* Lignin, %
Lignin, % 27.0
27.0 26.8
26.8
Wall thickness,
thickness, )1* Holocellulose, '"
Holocellulose, %
p.*
CroBB-Bevan %
LUIIlen
Lumen width, )1*p.* Pentosans, %
PentoBans, % 8.6
8.6 8.)
8.3
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
information: Addi tional information:
* 1000
1000 »)l(mdcrons)
(microns) . -1 1mm
mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached a
a b
Process
Process Sulphate Sulphate
consumption, %
Chemical % 14
14 --1818 14 -18
14 - 18
Kappa number
Kappa number 60 --5252 65 -50
- 50
(unscreened), %
53.1 - 47.2
47.2 52.4
52.4 - 49.6
49.6
Screenings, %
5.8 0,8 6.4
6.4 - 2.5
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner LamptSn
Lamp4n LamptSn
Lamp4n
Freeness
Freeness 700 CSF
CSF 700 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
900 8900
8 900
Burst factor
Burst factor 59 66
66
Tear factor
Tear factor 135 145
~
Bleached
Bleached VI
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
%
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
347 --
-- 347
Pinus elliottii
(Slash Pine)
--Taash Pine)
Plantation exierience
coastal plains from southern Carolina to central

Indigenous to the coastal central Florida
and southeastern
south-eastern Louisiana
Louisiana at
at low
low elevation
elevation on
on both
both wet
wet and
and dry
dry sites,
sites, this
this is
is
American 'southern
one of the North American 'southern pines'.
pines'. ItIt is
is the
the only
only pine
pine species
species which
which
grow on
will grow on the flats
flats close
close to
to the
the sea,
sea, and
and is
is widely
widely used
used in
in its
its natural
for afforestation
habitat for afforestation of
of denuded
denuded land,
land, mainly
mainly onon Shallow
shallow soils
soils overlying
overlying
clay, both for timber
clay, timber and
and for
for pulpwood.
pulpwood. As a special
special feature
feature of this species
species
may be mentioned
may mentioned that it
it yields
yields the
the highest
highest quality
quality and quantity
quantity of commercial
of all the American
turpentine of American 'pitch
'pitch pines'
pines' (a
(a turpentine
turpentine with a comparatively
comparatively
pinene which
high content of beta pinene which is
is the
the most
most valuable
valuable component
component for further
fUrther
processing in
processing in the
the chemical
chemical industry).
industry).
been successfully
It has been successfully introduced
introduced in
in northern
northern Argentina,
Argentina, Brazil,
Brazil,
New Zealand,
Australia, New Zealand, Fiji,
Fiji, Malawi,
Malawi, Southern
Southern Rhodesia
Rhodesia and
and the
the Republic
Republic of
of
South Africa. The results
results have been
been less satisfactory
satisfactory inin Kenya and Malaysia.
A very important
A very important pulpwood
pulpwood species.
species.
References: 8, 41,
41, 44,
44, 47,
47, 559
55, 87,
87, 123,
123, 133
133

of the wood is in the normal range
range of
of softwoods
used for
used for pulping.
pulping. The fibre
fibre length
length varies
varies from
from about
about average
average to
to slightly
slightly
above average for softwoods and its
its chemical
composition does
does not imply
imply any
difficulty pUlping.
difficulty on pulping.
species is
easily pulped
pulped by
by the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process with
with aa charge
charge of
of
active alkali inin the normal range
range for
for softwoods
softwoods and
and the
the pulp
pulp is
is obtained
obtained with
with
average yield.
an average yield. Like all sulphate
eulphate pulps
pulps from
from North
North American
American southern
southern pines,
pines,
characterized by
the pulp is characterized by aa high
high tear
tear factor
factor and
and aa fairly
fairly low
low breaking
breaking
compared with Scandinavian
length as compared Scandinavian pinepine sulphate
sulphate pulps.
pulps. However, thethe
strength properties
overall strength properties are
are excellent,
excellent, both
both as
as full
fUll chemical
chemical and
and crude
crude
sulphate pulp.
pulp. The only
only exception
exception from
from this
this is
is the
the results
results obtained
obtained with
with
samples from Mauritius.
Mauritius. However, thisthis isis probably
probably due
due to
to the
the growth
growth conditions
conditions
of those trees. High-yieldsodium
trees. Highyield sodiumbisulphite
bisulphite pulping
pulping gives
gives an
an excellent
excellent quality
~lity
pulp as does NSSC pulping, especially
especially in in the
the lower
lower yield
yield range
range (around 65%)
(around 65%)
for the
for the latter
latter process.
process.
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Slash pine
name: slash pine Reference:
elliottii
Pinus elliottii Country: Queensland, Australi~
Country: Queensland, Australia 133
133
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:

11.:=LIlf.E1P11-erlia22: Chemical characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Samples from plantations
plantations at
at Brisbane: (a) 3.0; 3.2; (c) 2.5;
2.5;
Ether (a) 3.0; (b) 3.2;
(a)
(a) 8 years old
8 Methanol (d) 2.8
(d) 2.8
(b)
(b) 13
13 years old (a) 5.6;
Ethanol-benzene (a) (b) 5.3;
(b) 5.3; (c) 4.2;
(c)
(c) 18 years old (d) 3.9
(d) 3.9
(d)
(d) 24 years old Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in
in water
water (a) 3.2;
3.2; (b) 4.2;
4.2; (0)
(c) 4.0;
4.0; (d) 5.P~
(d) 5.
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: 1
in 1% HaW
NaCH co
I
Basio density, g/cm 3 (a) 0.39;
density, g/cm 0.39; (b) 0.44;
0.44;
Ash, %
Basic (c) 0.51;
0.51; (d) '.63
(d) 4.63ASh, ,
70
Fibre length,
length, p*p* (a) (a) 22 690;
690; (b) 3 010
p*
width, iiiii
Fibre width,
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
thickness, p*
Wall thickness,
%
Holocellulose, %
/1.1.1(
%
Lumen width,
Lumen width, )1* .).1*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
*
it. 1000 p. (microns)
)J. (microns) m. 1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached a
a b c d
Process
Procese Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, ~%
Chemical consumption, 16
16 _18*
- 18* 16
16 -_18*
18* 16 -18*
- 18* 16 _17*
16 - 17*
Kappa number 95
95 -58
- 58 72 --46 46 -46
54 - 46
54 50 -61
- 61
(unscreened), %~
Yield (unscreened),
Yield 52.3 -- 47.0
52.3 47.0 49.9
49.9 -- 47.4
47.4 49.3
49.3 - 47.8
47.8 48.8 - 49.1
49.1
Screenings, ~
Screenings, % 2.5
2·5 -- 0.2
0.2 1.1 -- 0.1
1.1 0.2
0.2 -- 0.1
0.1 0.1
Brightness
Beater or refiner Valley Valley Valley
Va]. ley Valley
Valley
CSF 450 CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 7 800 -- 8 900
7800 900 8800
8 800 -- 8 900 8300-8000
8 300 - 8 000 8 600 - 8 200
8600-8200
Burst factor
Burst 59- 70
59- 69-- 68
69 68 67-- 66
67 69-
69 - 67
135 -- 155 195 -- 205 235
235 -- 280 - 250
Tear factor
factor 135 195 220 280 -
...
.l>-
Bleached
Bleached 'D
I
Sequence
consumption, ~
bleaching, ~
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Firightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
** Charge as Na20.
Na20.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Slash pine
name:Slash Reference:
Reference:
Pinus elliottii Country:Queensland, Australia

Countr,y:Queensland, Australia 133
133
Woodsample
Wood samplecharacteristics
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
samples
Samples from plantation at Brisbane:
Brisbane:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Ether (a) 3.0;
3.0; (b) 3.2
(b) 3.2
Methanol
(a) ~ld
Ethanolbenzene (a) 5.6;
(a) (b) 5.3
(b)
(b)
(b) 13 years old
Solubility, %%
Solubility,
in water (a) 3.2;
(a) 3.2; (b)
(b) 4.2
4.2
b:
Density and
Density and fibre
NaOH o
density, g/cm
Basic density, g/cm3 3 (a) 0.39;
0.39; (b) 0.44
0.44
(b)
Ash, %
Ash, %
length,)J.*
Fibre length, p.* (a) 2690;
(a) 2 (b) 33010
690; (b) 010
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
width, p*
)J
thickness, ;a*
Wall thickness, )J.*
Holocellulose, %%
Lumen width, ,,*
Lumen p* CrossBevan cellulose,
Cross-Bevan %
cellulose, %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Additional informationt
1000 p)J. (microns)

* 1000 (microns) =a 11 mm
rI - pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached a b
Process NSSC Na-bisulphite

Nabisulphite NSSC NSSC
Chemical consumption, % % 9.4 S02*
SO2*
S02*
11.1 SO2*
11.1 9.4
9.4 S02*
SO2* 1.9
1.9 S02*
SO2*
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 72.4 -- 77.9
72.4 77.9 63.7
63.7 -- 56.9
56.9 71.7
71.7 -- 64.6
64.6 87.5
87.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley** Valley** Valley** Valley**
Valley**
Freeness 600 CSF
CSF 600 CSF
CSF 600 CSF
CSF 105 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm 500 - 3 800
44 500 800 66 100
100 -- 66 400
400 4 600 -
- 66 200
200
Burst factor 26-
26 - 21
21 38--
38 42 25 -
25- 38 10
10
Tear factor
Tear factor 97-
97 - 83 110
110 -- 120
120 125 -- 115
Bleached
""
VI
~
Sequence
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
* Charge
**
** After three
three passes
passes in
in Sprout-Waldron 12" disc
SproutWaldron 12" disc refiner.
refiner.
Scientific name: Common name: Slash pine
Reference:
Pinus elliottii Country:

Country: Mauritius
Mauritius 29
29
Wood sample
characteristics
sample origin:
in Mauritius: Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
(a)
(a) 14
14 years
years old;
old; and Methanol
(b) 22 years old trees Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene (a)
(a) 1.4;
1.4; (b)
(b) 1.1
1.1
Solubility,
Solubility, '"%
I~
in water
Density and
and fibre
fibrs characteristics:
charaoteristics: 1% NaOH
in 1% HaClI
Basio density,
Basic g/cm33
dsnsity, g/cm 0.52; (b)
(a) 0.52;
(a) (b) 0.58
0.58
Fibre length, )1*
length, )1* Aeh, %
Ash, % (a)
(a) 0.23;
0.23; (b)
(13) 0.23
0.23
Fibre width,
Fibre p*
width, du* Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Wall thickness, )1*
Wall thickness, p .* Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, %
% (a) 72.5;
72.5; (b) 70.3
70.3
width,
Luman width, p.*
Lumen y.* Cross-Bevan cellulose,
CrossBevan cellulose, % %
Pentosans,
Pentosans, '" % (a) 11.4;
11.4; (b) 10.9
10.9
Length/width ratio
ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
Additional information: Additional information;
* 1000
* 1000 yP. (microns)
(microns) .= 11 mm
mm
characteristics
Unbleached 14 years old 22 years old

Process sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %
12.7 15.5
15·5
Kappa number
Kappa number 46 44
(unscreened), %
41.1 41.0
47.0
Screenings, %
1.o
Brightness
Lamp4n Lamp~n
Lamp6n
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 200
6 200 4 800
4 800
Burst factor 43 31
31
Tear factor 150 115
115
~
VJ
Bleached
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking
Burst factor
Buret
Tear factor
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Slash pine
Reference:
Pinus elliottii
Finus elliottii Country: Australia
Australia 87
Wood sample
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, "/0
Extractives, %
plantations in
in Australia: Ether
(a)
(a) 8 years old Methanol
(b)
(b) 13
(c) 18
18 years
years old
(d)
(d) 24
24 years old Solubility, "/0
Solubility, %
in water
Density and
Density andfibre
characteristics: in 1"/0
v% NaCE
NaCH ""
'"
.j:>
3 I
density, g/cm3
Basic density, g/cm (a) 0.39; (b)
(a) 0.39; 0.44;
(b) 0.44; (c) 0.54;
(c) 0.54; Ash, "/0
Ash, %
Fibre length,
Fibre length, p.*
,u* (d) 0.69
(d) 0.69
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, u*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Wall thickness, )l*
Wall thickness,
Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, % "/0
Lumen
Lumen width, p."
"I*
).1,*
Cross-Bevan cellulose, %"/0
Pentosans, %
"/0
Length/Width ratio
Length/width ratio
Minkel ratio
Runkel
Flexibility ratio
ratio
1000 ,u
"* 1000 P. (microns) .=1 1mm
mm
-,
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached a
a b c d
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, % % 16.0
16.0 -- 18.0
18.0 Na
2
U*
Na0* 17.0
17.0 -- 18.0
18.0 Na
Na0
2
0 18.0 Nao*
Na 0*
2
16.0 Na0*
16.0 Na 0*
2
Kappa number
Kappa number 79 -58
- 58 64 -46
- 46
2
46 50 2
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 52.1 -- 47.2
52.1 47.2 50.5 -- 47.5
50.5 47.5 47.8 48.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
CSF 450 CSF
CSF 450
450 CSF
CSF 450 CSF
CSF
Freeness
Freeness 8 200 - 8 900
8200-8900 8 800
800 -- 88900
goo 88000
000 8 600
8600
Breaking length, m
Breaking length, m 66--
66 70 69-
69 - 68 66 69
Buret factor
Burst factor 160
160 205 220 280
Tear factor
Tear factor
.....
VI
Bleacbed VI
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Buret
Burst factor
Tear factor
factor
information:
** Charge
Common name: slash
Slash pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus elliottii
elliottii Country:
Country: QUeensland,
Queensland, Australi
Australia 131
131
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:

origi.nt Chemical characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
at Beerburrum,
Beerburrum, butt
butt sections
sections Ether
from 11
11 and 20 years old trees (composite
(composite sample)
sample) Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water
~
Density and
Density and fibre
in 1% NaOR
!faCti 0\
g/cm3
I
Basio density,
0.473 %
Ash, %
Fibre length, p*
3 480 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
Fibre width, )J.*
Holocellulose, %%
,u*
Wall thickness,
Wall thiokness, ,u*
)1*
Holocellulosel
LUlllen width, ~*
Lumen width, pie
Cross-Bevan cellulose, %%
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000
1000 ,u (microns)
)J. (microns) -. 1
1 mm
mm
____-,
characteristics
-----------------------------1
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %%
Kappa number 50.1
50.1 - 17.0
(unscreened), %
54.9 45.8
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.0 -
- 0o
Brightness
PFT
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 88 goo
900 -- 8 200
200
Burst factor 73-
73 - 62
Tear factor
Tear 170 --
170 160 VJ
VI
--.I
Bleached
I
Sequence
consumption, %
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
firightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
_... .. - -- .~.- .~
_..
Scientific name:
Scientific name: name: Slash
Common name: Slash pine
pine Reference:
Pinus elliottii
Pinus elliottii Country: Malawi 107
c"t -,. ~J
Ii!";': .. Wood sample

characteristics
""
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Samples from
plantations in
in Malawi:
Malawi: Ether
'(a)
(a) . 13 years old old trees
trees Methanol
(_b ).., 116
(b) 16 years old trees
years old tr~es Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
%
T;
in water
water l»
VI
characteristics: in
in 1%
1% HaW
NAM CX>
Basi~
Basic density, g/cm g/cm3
3
Ash, %
I
1!'ibre fengt)1, ).1*

Fibre length, )1*
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre . ~dth,
E~bre width, p*iu*
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall.
Wall thi ckness, )1*
thickness,
Lumen width,
width, )1*
)1*
A* CrossBevan cellulose,
Cross-Bevan %
cellulose, %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
•* 1000
1000 ». (microns)
}l (microns) m. 1 mm
mm ,ma
characteristics
Unbleached 13 years old 16 years old

16 years old
Process
Procese Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, %
Kappa number - 25.2
37.2 - 25.2 45.2
45.2 - 23.8
23.8
Yield (unscreened), %% 46.3 -
46.3 - 43.2 45.3
45.3 - 46.1
46.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2
0.2 -- 0.1 1.0 -- 0
1.0
Brightness
PFT PFI
CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 99 200 -- 8 400 9 400
400 - 88 700
700
Burst factor 67--
67 62 70--
70 58
58
Tear factor
Tear factor 165
165 -- 120 180 -- 135
Bleached
""
VI
\D
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
=111
-- 361
361 --
kesiya
Pinus kesiza
Plantation ex
experience
erience
species is
indigenous to to Assam, through Upper Burma and the Shan
States to
to Thailand and
and Vietnam.
Vietnam. It grows at 500-2 500 mm in in a climate
climate of
of
the subtemperate
sub-temperate type
type and
and is
is adaptable
adaptable to
to aa wide
wide range
range of
of soils
soils which,
which,
however, must
however, must be
be well
well drained.
drained. Acclimatization
Acclimatization has
has been
been promising
promising in
in the
the
Republic of
of South
South Africa and
and in
in East
East Africa.
Africa. Varying
Varying results
results have been
been
obtained in
in Australia. It has failed
failed to
to acclimatize
acclimatize inin Fiji,
Fiji, Malaysia,
Malaysia,
Borneo and
and Uganda.
Uganda.
References:
References: 22, 31,
22, 31, 40, 41,
41, 59,
59, 101,
101, 123
123
The basic density of the wood is in the normal range range for softwoods used
for pulping.
for pulping. The fibre
fibre length
length varies
varies with
with the
the provenance
provenance of
of the
the sample
sample from
from
below average to above average for softwoods.
softwoods. The fibres
fibres are wide
wide but thin-
thin-
flexibility and thus also a good potential
walled which implies good flexibility potential for
inter--fibre bonding
in paper.
paper. The extractives content is low and none of
characteristics available
the chemical characteristics available imply
imply any difficulty on
any difficulty on chemical
chemical
pulping.

easily pulped by
by means of sulphate process with an
of the sulphate
alkali charge in the normal range.
range. The yield of pulp is about
about average
average for
softwoods. As regards the strength
strength properties, the tear
tear factor
factor is very high
whereas the breaking length is on the low
low side.
side. However, the
the overall strength
is
is excellent
excellent and comparable to North American Douglas Fir sulphate pulp,
pulp, both
as
as unbleached and bleached.

soda pulping, the same
same conclusions
conclusions apply as for the
sulphate process.
An excellent quality
quality pulp
pulp can be obtained
obtained by
by means of
of the
the NSSC process.
/
Scientific name:
Reference:
Pinus kesiya
kesiya (Syn.
(Syn. P.
P. insularis)
insularis) Country:
Country: Zambia
Zambia 101
101
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
samples plantation at
Samples from trial plantation at Dola
Dola Hill, Ether
22 years old Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.2
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 'tf...
Density and fibre
1% Na.CII. 12.2
3
NaOH 12.2
'"
Basio density, g/cm
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, p.*
p* 2 520
2 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*du* 50 Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, p.*)..1* 7
7 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, p*
Lumen width, 36
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
51
Runkel ratio 0.39
0.72

information:
..* 1000 p (microns)

1000 P. microns • 1 nun
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % 12.6 - 13.8 Na00
12.6 Na 0
2
Kappa number 41.4- 24.8
41.4 24.8
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.7
0.7- 0.1
Brightness
Brightness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 99 300 -- 8 400
400
Buret factor
Burst factor 74-
74 - 67
Tear factor
Tear factor 240
240 -- 190
190
'(f...
Bleached ""
Sequence CEH
CEFI
Chemical consumption, % CI
7.0 Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, % 46
Freeness 500
Buret
Burst factor 61
61
Tear factor 205
information: Printing opacity of bleached pulp at
at 500 CSF 68, luminance factor
factor 70,
70,
scattering coefficient
coefficient 160.
160.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Kesika
Kesika Reference:
Reference:
Pinus kesiya Country: Madagascar

Madagascar 111
111
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Composite sample
Composite sample from
from plantations
plantations at
at Manjakatompo,
Manjakatompo, Ether
Ampamaherana and
and Ambositra, 10-34 years
Ambositra, 10-34 years old.
old. Methanol
20-35 cm
Logs 20-35 cm in
in diameter.
diameter. Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, 'f,
Solubility, %
w
characteristics:
in water
in
in 1%
1% HaC!!
NOE z:
den~ity, giám3
I
Basio density,
Basic g/cm 3 (dry volume
0.40 (dry
0.40 volume
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
)1* 3 662
3 662
Fibre width, itrk-p.* 62 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
62
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, )1*p* 55 Cross-Bevan cellulose, 'f,
LUIIlen
Lumen width, )1* 52 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio 0.19
0.19
Flexibility ratio
information:
** 1000 pP (microns)
1000 (miorons) ._ 11 mm
mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Precess
consumption, %%
Chemical consumption, 16.0 - 14.5 13.5 Na20 6.8 - 5.5 s02
Na20
Kappa number 30 -54 95
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 42.8 - 47.1 47.1 65.2 - 69.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1 - 0.6 0.4 o
Brightness (photovolt)
(Photovolt) 27 - 24.5 27 30.5 - 31
Beater or refiner
refiner Bauer Bauer Bauer
Breaking length,
length, mm 6 900 - 7 800 7 200 7 200 - 6 200
Buret
Burst factor 50- 57 54 53- 42
Tear factor 98- llo 110 77- 84
Bleached
Sequence CEHH CEHH
Chemical consumption, % 7.1 Cl 11.3 Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
(photovolt) 79 77
77
refiner
Breaking
700 7 200
7 200
Buret
Burst factor 47 51
Tear factor 90
90 83
information:
Scientific name:
Reference:
Pinus kesiya
kesiyc (Syn.
(Syn. P. insularis)
insularis) Country:
Philippines 101
101
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

1/.:25-1-10.11T.LLS.211-LE: Chemical characteristics:
characteristics:
Samples from
from natural
natural forest
forest in
in the
the Mountain
Mountain Province
Province Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples
Ether
near Baquio, 15 to
Baquio, 75 to 200
200 years
years old.
old. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene 2.4
2.4
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water '-"
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: in 1% NaC!!
NaOH 14.4
14.4 '"'"
Basio density,
Basic g/cm33
density, g/cm 0.55
length, p.*
Fibre length, 22 900
Ash, %
Ash, %
,u* 900 Ligmin, %
width, p*
Lignin, %
Fibre width,
Fibre 52
52
Holocellulose,
61.7
thiokness, p.«
Wall thickness, ,1.1.0 17 Cross-Bevan cellulose, % % 41.6
41.6
p*
Lumen width, )1* 38 %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.31
0.37
0.73
** 1000
1000 ». (microns)
)J. (microns) c. 1 rom
mm
r--'--"---
!-~-----------.----------------
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
12.2 0
Na20
Kappa number 44.7 26.0 2
44.7 - 26.0
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 47.8 -- 43.2
47.8
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.7
1.7 -- 0.2
Brightness
Brigttness
Freeness 300 CSF
300
Breaking length,
length, mm 77 800
800 -- 77 900
900
Burst factor
Burst factor 61-
61 - 62
62
Tear factor
Tear factor 250 --
250 240
240
v..
Bleached '"
.....
I
Sequence CEH
CEl!
bleaching, %
%
Total yield, % 43
Freeness 500 CSF
500
Breaking
Breaking length 500
77 500
Burst factor 51
Tear factor 285
information:
Additional information: Printing opacity of
of bleached
bleached pulp at 500 CSF
pulp at 67, luminance factor 72,
factor 72,
scattering coefficient 175.
-- 369
369 --
Pinus muricata
(Bishop Pine)
experience
an indigenous
As an indigenous species,
species, this
this species
species is
is found
found scattered
scattered through the
coastal region of California down to the Mexican border.
border. It grows on rocky
under conditions
headlands under conditions of
of considerable
considerable exposure.
exposure. It
It has been
been extensively
planted in southern
southern Australia with good results
results and also widely distributed
in New Zealand. Trials in East Africa and in the Republic of South Africa
Africa
been so
have not been so successful.
successful.
References: 31, 123

31, 123
density of
the wood
wood is
is in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for softwoods
softwoods for
for
pulping. No fibre
fibre or
or chemical
characteristics are
are available
available for the
the sample
sample
at hand.
The species
species is
is easily
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process to produce
produce
sulphate pulp
crude sulphate pulp of
of top-liner
top-liner quality
quality with
with aa good
good yield.
yield. The strength
the pulp
properties of the pulp are excellent
excellent and
and comparable
comparable toto those
those of
of Scandinavian
Scandinavian
pine sulphate
pine sulphate pulp.
pulp. Further
Further cooking
cooking with aa somewhat
somewhat higher
higher charge
charge of
of active
range of
alkali to the range of full
full chemical
chemical pulp
pulp would
would probably
probably give
give aa pulp
pulp with
similar characteristics as those of North American southern
southern pine sulphate
pulps. Judging from the
Judging from the very
very limited
limited data available,
available, the
the species
speCies shows
shows good
good
promise for utilization asas pulpwood.
pulpwood.
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Bishop pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus muricata Country:

Country: Australia 87
87
Wood sample
characteristics
W.ood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from plantation, 14
14 years old.
old. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, % %
in water VJ
Density and fibre characteristics: in 1% NaC!!

NaCH cl
Basic
Basio density, g/cm
g/cm3 3 0.48
0.48 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, )1*)1*
Lignin, %
%
Fibre width, p*)1*
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
thi ckness, p*
Wall thickness, ;a*
cellulose, %
CrossBevan %
Lumen width, p.*
p*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
ratio
Rankel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
* 1000
1000 p (microns) .a 11 mm
]J. microns)
- I- _ . _ _.
Pulping and
papermaki ng characteristics
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Chemical %
consumption, % 14.0
14.0 Na
Na200 (charge)
Kappa number
Kappa number 61
61
2 (charge)
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brieitness
Beater or
Beater o·r refiner
refiner
Freeness
Freeness 400 CSF
Breaking length,
11 600
Burst factor
Burst factor 95
95
Tear factor
Tear factor 110
110
I
;':v.-;
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
consumption, %
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
information:
- 373 -
Pinus nigra var.

var. calabrica
((Corsican
Corsican Pine)
experience
fast-growingvariety
This fairly fastgrowing variety of ~ nigra
of Pinus nigra isis indigenous
indigenous to
to Corsica
Corsica
and southern Italy and reaches
reaches its finest
finest development in Corsica at at 900-1
900-1 200 mm
altitude. It grows on on sandy
sandy loams
loams derived
derived from
from granite
granite as as well as siliceous
siliceous
loams, from volcanic
loams, derived from volcanic rocks.
rocks. In Calabria,
Calabria, in southern Italy,
Italy, int!lI'-
inter-
mediates are found between this variety and P. P. nigra var.
var. austriaca.
austriaca. It has
planted on a large
been planted large scale
scale in
in Australia, in in Victoria,
VictOria, although in a mixture
with the Austrian
Austrian variety,
variety, with good results.
results. It It has
has also
also proved
proved successful
successful
in southeast
south-east Australia
Australia inin general,
general, although
although only
only introduced
introduced onon aa smaller
smaller
widely used
scale. It is widely used as
as an
an exotic
exotic for
for pulpwood
pulpwood inin New
New Zealand
Zealand and the
United Kingdom. Some smallscale
small-scale trials
trials have
have also
also been
been carried
carried out
out in
in India
India
with good results. It has failed to acclimatize
acclimatize in in Fiji
Fiji and
and South
South Africa.
Africa.

39,
The basiC density of

basic density of the
the samples
samples are in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for softwoods
softwoods
used for
used pulping. The lignin content is around the average for softwoods.
for pulping. softwoods.
The variety is
is easily
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process with an
range for
alkali charge in the normal range for softwoods.
softwoods. The yield is also around
softwood pulps.
the average for softwood pulps. As regards
regards the
the strength
properties, the
breaking length is slightly
slightly below
below that
that of
of Scandinavian
Scandinavian pine
pine sulphate
sulphate pulps,
pulps,
tear factor
whereas the tear factor is
is about the
the same.
same. The pulp resembles
resembles in quality
that of ~ radiata sulphate
Pinus radiata sulphate pulp.
pulp.
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Corsican pine
name:Corsican pine Reference:
var. calabrica
Pinus nigra var. Country:
New Zealand 127
127
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

--......-2....nl'kxxikmTLL.91:410.11: Chemical characteristics:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
samples in Kangaroa Forest:
Samples from plantation in Ether
(a)
(a) 15
Methanol
(b)
(b) 25
25 years
years old (samples from
(samples from growth
growth rings)
rings) Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Age of
of sample
sample tree:
tree: 46 years Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water '"
:;;:
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1
in 1% NaC!!
NaOH
Basio density,
Basic g/cm 3
density, g/cm3 (a) 0.40; (b) 0.42
(b) 0.42
length, )1*
Fibre length,
(a) 0.40; Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
).:*
Lignin, % (a) 27.2;
(a) 27.2; 27.7
(b) 27.7
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, »*
Wall thiokness,
Wall thickness, )1*
p*
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen width, p*)1*
CrossBevan cellulose, % %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
** 1000
1000 n
)J. (microns) .m 1 mm
1---- pulping and
characteristics
I - - - --
Unbleached
Unbleached a
a b
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % 18
18 Na 0*
2
Na20*
18
18 Na 0*
2
Na20*
Kappa number
Kappa number 36
36 37
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened),
Yield % 47.1 45.5
45·5
Screenings, %
•1
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Lamplin
Lampan Lamplin
Lamp6n
Freeness
Freeness 700 CSF CSF
700 CSF
Breaking length, mm
Breaking length, 5 900 6 000
Burst factor
Burst factor 54 53
Tear factor
Tear factor 165 180
Bleached
'"
--1-
V1
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst factor
Burst factor
Tear factor
** Charge
377 --
-- 377
ooca~
Pinus oocarpa
(Ocote Pine
Pine)
Plantation ex
experience
erience
species is
The species is widely
widely distributed
distributed as
as an indigenous
indigenous tree in Central America
at an altitude of
of 750-2
750-2 300
300 m.
m. It is very common in the sub-tropical
sub-tropical southern
areas of MexiCO
Mexico at 1 500-2 000 m m where it grows in open stands.
stands. However, this
seems to be a smaller variety of the species which has not been successful
seems successful as
as
an exotic. The larger tree of better form appears to be confined to to the
the southern
part of Honduras this species is
and Nicaragua. The resin obtainable from this
Honduras and is
valuable as a naval
naval stores product. Successful acclimatization
acclimatization has been
been reported
reported
from Kenya and varying success from the different parts
parts of
of the
the Republic
Republic of
of South
South
Africa.
References: 22,
22, 31,
31, 44,
44, 46,
469 123
characteristics

wood is
is in
in the
the normal range
range for softwoods
softwoods used
for pulping and the extractives content around average. No data
data on
on fibre
fibre
characteristics are available for
for the
the samples
samples considered.
pulping
species is
easily pulped
pulped with
with an
an average
average charge
charge of
of alkali
alkali by
by means
means
process. The yield of pulp is
of the sulphate process. is around average. As regards
regards
the strength properties,
properties, the tear
tear factor isis fairly
fairly high and the breaking length
slightly low,
low, although
although there seems to be a variation due to difference
difference in
provenance. At its
its best, it
it seems
seems that
that the
the quality
quality of
of the
the pulp
pulp would
would be
be
similar to that
to that of North American
North American southern pine sulphate pulp, but
pulp, but probably
slightly lower on the average.
Scientific name:
Common name: pine
Ocote pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus oocarpa
oocarpa Country:
Country: Mexico 87
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
%
Extractives, %
sample from natural
Sample from natural forest.
forest. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 3.6
Solubility,
Solubility, %."
in water '"
~
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% HaW
in T% NaOH
I
density, g/cm 0.48
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, pit
length, )J.*
p*
Fibre width, iu* Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Wall thickness, Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness, )J.*
A*
Lumen width, )1*
)1*
cellulose, %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
information:
information:
** 1000 }l (microns)
(microns) =. 1 mm
mm
--_._- --,
I I
I. Pulping
pulping and
and papermaking
characteristics _ _____ • ~.
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
SulPhate
18.8 Na 0 (charge)
2
Na20
(charge)
Kappa number 57
Yield (unscreened),
Screenings, %
%
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness 450 CSF
CSF
length, m
200
Burst factor 59
59
Tear factor
factor 150
l.U
...J
' '-0
Bleached
Bleached
I
Sequence
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst
Buret factor
Tear factor
Scientific name:
Reference:
Pinus oocarpa
Pinus oocarpa Country: Belize 107
Wood
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
sample from
Sample from natural
natural forest
forest at Mountain Fine
at Mountain Pine Ridge.
Ridge. Ether
Age unknown.
unknown. Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water \..U
CP
Density and fibre
charaoteristios: in t%
1% NaW
NaOH o
3 I
Basio density, g/om
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, )1* Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
width, ).3.* Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, %%
Wall
Wall thiolcness,
thickness, )1" A*
CrossBevan cellulose, %%
Lumen width, )1*
)1.1*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
** 1000 (microns) =. 11 mm
P. (microns)
)..1
-
...0
r---·-·
I .
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Kappa number
Kappa number 29
29
(unscreened), %
45.1
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.1
0.1
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Valley
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
Burst factor
Burst factor 67
Tear factor
Tear factor 195
195
w
(Xl
~
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
Yield bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
length
Burst
Buret factor
factor
Tear factor
factor
information:
-- 383 --
Pinus patula
(Patula Pine,
Pine, Jelicote
Jelicote Pine)
This species
species is
is common
common in the central eastern
eastern states
states of Mexico,
Mexico, mostly
in the warm and temperate zones
zones at 11 800-2
800-2 500 m,
m, with
with rainfall
rainfall over /1 000 mm/year
mm/year
frequent mists.
and frequent mists. It grows
grows abundantly
abundantly in
in pure
pure dense
dense stands.
stands. It
It thrives
thrives in
in
ravines and on flats
flats with deep,
deep, moist,
moist, well-drained soils
soils which are often
sandy. Early growth is
sandy. is rapid
rapid on good sites and free-growing trees often show
~d free-growing
only two rings per inch of of radius
radius up to about 1212 years of age.
age. The
The tree
tree is
is
found in
also found in Guatemala
Guatemala where
where its
its altitudinal
altitudinal range
range is
is 1 500-3
500-3 OOOm.
000m. It isis
used as an
widely used an exotic,
exotic, particularly
particularly inin South,
South, Central
Central and
and East
East Africa.
been introduced
It has also been introduced successfully
successfully in
in India
India on
on aa small
small scale,
scale, in
in New
New
Zealand and
Zealand and in
in some
some parts
parts of
of Australia. Dubious results
obtained
in Fiji,
Fiji, Jamaica and Kenya.
References: 31,
31, 40,
40, 41,
41, 44,
44, 48,
48, 59,
59, 87, 123
87, 123
The basic density

density of
of the
the species
species is
is in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for softwoods
aoftwoods
used for pulping, although
although on
on the
the low
low side.
side. Judging
Judging from
from the results
results given
the fibre
for the sample from Madagascar, the fibre length
length is
is above
above average
average for
for soft-
soft-
woods , but this probably
woods, probably varies
varies considerably
considerably with
with provenance
provenance ofof the
the sample.
sample.
The Runkel ratio
ratio and/or
and/or the
the flexibility
flexibility ratio
ratio imply
imply aa good
good potential
potential for inte~
for inter-
bonding in paper.
fibre bonding paper. No chemical characteristics are given for the present
present
samples.
samples.
The species is easily pulped by means of the sulphate

SUlphate process
process with
with an
an
alkali charge in the normal range
range for
for softwoods.
softwoods. The yield varies somewhat
with provenance and age, from
from average
average to
to above
above average.
average. There is is also con-
con-
in the
siderable variation in the strength
characteristics ofof the
the pulps
pulps with
with provenance.
provenance.
strength properties
Thus the strength properties of the pulps made from the samples
samples from
from Kenya
Kenya
exhibit excellent
exhibit excellent strength
strength and
and compare
compare well
well with
with Scandinavian
Scandinavian pine
pine sulphate
sulphate
pulps. The samples from Malawi and Madagascar
pulps. Madagascar have given pulps
pulps of
of equally
equally
strength, but more
excellent strength, more of
of the
the type
type of
of North
North American
American southern
southern pine
pine
sulphate pulps.
sulphate pulps.
Chemical soda pulping also gives good-quality pulp of that

that type
type with
with aa
good yield.
yield. The pulp obtained by means of the NSSC process
process is unsatisfactory
in strength.
7--
Scientific name:
Common name: patula
Patula pine,
pine, Reference:
Reference:
J elicote pine
Jelicote pine
Pinus patula
Pinus patula Country: Malawi
Malawi 107
107
Wood sample
characteristics
W.ood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Samples from
from plantations
plantations in
in Malawi:
Malawi: Ether
Ether
(a)
(a) 13
13 years
years old
old trees; and
trees; and Methanol
(b)
(b) 16
16 years
years old trees. Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
water
in water ....
Density and
and fibre
in 1% Hactl .&'
I
Basio g/om3
density, glom3
Basic density,
Fibre length,
length, )1* Ash, %
Ash, %
).1*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p* )1].*
Holooellulose,
Holocellulose, % %
Wall thiokness, )1*
Wall thickness, »..1(
Lumen width, p.*
).141
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
* 1000 p. (miorons)
1000 P. . 1 mm
(microns) =
___.
-1L_
-----·-.-- Pulping
_ ______________________
and papermaking
characteristics
----_._------------1
~
Unbleached 13
13 years
years old 16 years old
Process Sulphate SUlphate
Sulphate
Kappa number - 26.4
43.2 - 26.4 36.1 -
36.7 - 22.4
22.4
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 45.4 -
45.4 - 42.0 46.8 -
46.8 - 48.2
Screenings, %
3.1 0.1 0.4 -- 0
0.4
Brightness
Beater or refiner PFI PFI
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 8 500 9200-1100
9 200 - 7 700
Burst factor 60
60 67--
61 49
49
Tear factor 190 165 -- 140
'ex,
Bleached V1
Sequence
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name:Patula
Common name:Patula pine,
pine, Reference:
Reference:
Jelioote pine
Jelicote pine
patula
Pinus patula Country:
Country: Kenya 87
Wood sample oharacteristios
Wood sample
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
samples from
plantations in
in Kenya:
Kenya:
Ether
(a)
(a) 7 years old Methanol
(b) 12 years old
12 Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
(c) 15
15 years
years old
(d)
(d) old.
22 years old. Solubility, % %
in water
water '0>
Density and fibre
in 1% NactI
'"
Basio density,
Basic g/cm3 (a)
density, g/cm3 (a) 0.28;
0.28; (b)
(b) 0.47; (c) 0.34;
(c) 0.34;
Fibre length,
Fibre length, Alk
p.* (d) 0.38
Ash, %
p*
Fibre width, pic
Lignin,
Lignin, % %
Holocellulose, %%
Wall thickness,.x.1*
thiokness, p.* Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Lumen width, )1*
)1*
Pentosans, %
%
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000
1000 )1 (microns) =
P. . 1 mm
mm
1
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached aa b c
c d
d
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical
consumption, % % 16.0 Na 0*
2
Na20*
16.0 Na 0*
2
Na20*
16.0 Na 0*
2
Na20*
16.0 Na 0*
2
Na20*
Kappa number 45 64 45
45 55
(unscreened), %
49.6 49.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Briglitness
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness 500 CSF 500 CSF CSF
500 CSF 500 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 12
12 600
600 11
11 900 13 100
13 12 600
Burst factor
Burst factor 92 96 99 92
Tear factor
factor 98 100
100 94
94 110
110
'0;
Bleached
Bleached .."
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
information:
** Charge.
Scientific name:
Common name: patula
patula pine,
pine, Reference:
Jelicote pine
Jelicote
Pinus patula
p inus patula Country:
Country: Kenya 107
sample origin:
WDod sample
Wood characteristics:
'10
Extractives, %
Extractives,
in Kenya:
Kenya: Ether
(a)
(a) less than 77 years old
Thinnings, less
Thinnings, Methanol
(b)
(b) Trees, 7-15 years
Trees, years old;
old; and I
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
(c)
(c) Trees,
Trees, over 15 years
over 15 years old.
old.
Sol ubili ty, %
Solubility, '10
in water '<:t,
Density and fibre
Density a.nd fibre charaoteristics:
characteristics: 1'10 NaW
in 1% NaOH ():)
3 I
Basio density,
Basic density, g/cm
gyicm3
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*p*
Ash,, %
Ash '10
Lignin, %
%
width, p*
Fibre width,
Fibre u* Holocellulose,
Rolocellulose, %%
Wall
Wail thickness,
thicknes B , }l*
).1.*
%
Lumen width, p.*
width, )1.1* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Runkel
Runlcel ratio
ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
* 1000 P. (microns)
).2. (microns)=. 11 mm
mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached Less than 7 years 7-15

7-15 years OVer 15 years
Over
Process Sulphate Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate
%
Kappa number
(unscreened), %
5003 52.8 59.9 47.4
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 3.9 -- 1.9 403
4.3 0.8
Brightness
Briglitness
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner Valley Valley Valley
Freeness
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
Breaking length, sm lo 200
9 500 -- 10 10 000 800
8 800
73 69 67
Tear factor
110 190
190
Bleached &
Sequence
Sequence
Total yield,
yield, %%
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
name: Common
Common name: patula pine,
name:Patula pine, Reference:
Jelicote pine
patula
Pinus patula Country:
Country: Madagascar 111
Madagascar 111
Wood sample
sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Composite sample from different
different sites
sites of
of plantation
plantation Ether
at Manjakatompo. Logs 17-27
17-27 cm
em in
in diameter.
diameter. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Sol ubili ty, 10

Solubility, %
in water l>'
'D
Density and fibre
1% NaC!!
NaOH o
g/cm 3
Basic density, g/cm3 0.46 (dry
0.46 (dry volume)
vOlume) I
Fibre length,
length, p.*
p* 4 006
006 Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p* 54
Wall thickness,
thickness, ,u*
p.. 6
6
Holocellulose,
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen width,
Lumen p.*
width, p* 42
CrossBevan cellulose, %%
Pentosans, 10
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
74
Runkel ratio
Rankel ratio 0.29
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.78
information:
.. 1000
* 1000 )1
)J. (microns)
(microns) m. 1 mm
___.
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
o
Process
Process Sulphate Soda (170°C)
(170 C) NSSC
Chemical %
consumption, % 15.8 -- 14.0 Na
15.8
2
0 13.5 -- 12.4 Na
2
0
Na20
6.6 SO2
S02
--52
Na20
Kappa number
Kappa number 27 52 74 -- 120
74 120
(unecreened), % 45.7 - 50.3
45.7-50,) 45.7 -- 49.3
45.7 49.3 63.0
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 00 -- 1.4
1.4 0.1
0.1 -- 1.7
1.7 1.7
1.7
Brightness
(Photovolt) 30
30 - 24.5
- 24·5 28.5
28.5 - 25
25 31
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Bauer
Bauer Bauer Bauer
Freeness
Freeness 40 SR
40 SR 40 SR 40 SR
Breaking length,
length, mm 6 300
300 - 66 500
500 - 5 700
55 400 - 700 4400
4 400
Burst factor
Burst factor 44-
44 - 46
46 38-
38 - 39 28
Tear factor
factor 140 --
140 160 120 -- 125
120 125 70
70
......
\D
Bleached ~
I I
Sequence
Sequence CEHH CEHH
7.3 11.2 Cl
Cl 12.5 Cl
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
(Photovolt) 79.5 -- 79
79.5 79 79
refiner
Breaking length
length 55 800
800 -- 66 400
400 5 700
700
Burst factor
factor 41-
41 - 64 40
Tear factor
factor 110 --
110 130 120
120
information:
- 393 -
Pinuspinaster
Pinus inaster
Maritime Pine)
(Maritime
Plantation ex
experience
erience
species is one of the main commercial sources for resin for which it
The species it
is widely tapped. It is is native to
to the Mediterranean region,
region, chiefly at low
altitudes near the
the sea
sea on
on well-drained sandy soils.
welldrained sandy soils. ItIt is
is planted
planted on
on aa wide
wide
scale
scale inin its
its natural
natural habitat,
habitat, partly
partly for
for sand-fixation
sandfixation onon sand-dunes,
sanddunes, butbut
also in
in stelterbelts.
shelterbelts. It has been successfully
successfully introduced as an exotic in
west
West and South Australia, Southern Rhodesia and in the Republic of South
Australia/ in Southern
Africa.
Africa. Less successful results
results have
have been
been reported
reported from
from the
the United
United Kingdom,
Kingdom,
India (except in Punjab) and Kenya and it has failed to acclimatize in
Mauri tius.
Mauritius.

310 39, 45, 92,
44,45, 92, 93,
93, 123
123
characteristics
The basic density of the wood is in the normal

normal range
range for softwoods
softwoods used
for pulping.
pulping. No data on
on fibre
characteristics or
or chemical
composition are
are
available for the present sample.
sample.
Eulpinc characteristics
The species is easily pulped by means of of the sulphate

sulphate process with a
of active alkali
normal charge of alkali and
and the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp around
around average
average for
for soft-
soft-
woods. breaking length
woods. The breaking length and
and the
the burst
burst factor
factor of
of the
the pulp
pulp is
is good.
good. The
tear factor is slightly on the low side,
side, even
even compared
compared with a Scandinavian
pine sulphate
SUlphate pulp;
pulp; however, features it is very
however, in its general features very similar
similar to
this pulp
this pulp although
although of
of slightly
slightly lower
lower general
general quality.
quality. It is best compared
to
to sulphate pulp from ~ radiata.
Pinus radiata.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Maritime pine
name: Maritime pine Reference:
Pinus pinaster
pinaster (Syn.
(Syn. P. maritima)
maritima) Country:
Country: Australia 87
Wood sample
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %%
Extractives,
plantation in
Sample from plantation in Australia, 15
15 years old.
years old. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
water
in water ....
\D
charaoteristics: in 1% Na(JI
NaOH .j>.
3 I
Basio density, g/om
Fibre length,
length, )J.* Ash, %
Ash, %
Lignin, %
pi.*
Lignin, %
width, p*
Fibre width,
Wall thickness,
)1.ric
thickness, )1* )J.*

Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, »* Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Rankel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
information: Addi tiona! information:
* 1000 » (microns)
1000 }l microns = 1 mm
r-
._- - - - -
Unbleached
Unbleached
pulping and
characteristics
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical consumption, 15.5
15.5 Na20
Na 0 (charge)
2
Kappa number
Kappa number 44
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened),
Yield % 49.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness CSF
400 CSF
Breaking length, mm
11 400
Burst factor
Burst factor 98
Tear factor
Tear factor 115
115
~
Bleacbed
Bleached Vl
Sequence
Sequence
consumption, %
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
factor
-- 397
397 --
Pinus radiata
radiata
(Monterey Pine -- Radiata Pine)
experience
Indigenous to southern California, speoies grows exceptionally

California, this species exoeptionally fast
fast
in suitable conditions and gives a correspondingly high yield of cheaply
produced wood of wood cq
o~ adequate quality for lumber or pulp.
pulp. The mean
mean annual
annual
increment is about 25 m)/ha
m /ha on a rotation
rotation of 25 years. Frost in
years. Frost in winter
winter and
and
or excessive
damp heat or exoessive drought
drought in
in summer
summer rule
rule out
out this species
species in
in many regions
many regions
other conifers
where other oonifers thrive.
thrive. AA Mediterranean
Mediterranean type
type climate,
climate, like
like in
in its
its
natural habitat, seems
seems to
to offer
offer the
the most
most favourable
favourable conditions.
oonditions.
It has been
been introduced
introduced successfully
successfully in
in Australia, New Zealand,
Zealand, Chile,
in the
Spain and in the Republic
Republio of South Africa. Good results
obtained
in Kenya and Malawi and at high altitudes (3(3 500 m)
m) in Ecuador and Bolivia.
Certain difficulties,
diffioul ties, although not of
of aa severe
severe nature, have been reported
reported
from Tanzania. Attempts to grow P. radiata
radiata in
in Brazil have failed
failed due to an
unsuitabls climate
unsuitable climate and
and attacks
attacks of
ofJDiploida and other
Diploida and other pests.
pests.
Referenoes:
4, 7, 31, 34, 39, 41,
41, 44, 45,
45, 50,
50, 51,
51, 58,
58, 87,
87, 89,
89, 118,
118,
123, 133
123, 133
Wood oharaoteristios
basio density
of the
the wood
wood is
is the
the normal
normal range
range for
for softwoods
softwoods used
used
for pulping. The fibres of this species
species are
are usually
usually about 3.5
3.5 mm in length
miorons in
and 40 microns in width,
width, both
both of
of which
which are
are in
in the
the average
average raRge
range for
for softwoods.
softwoods.
No chemical
ohemical characteristics
characteristics are
are given
given for
for the
the present
present samples.
samples.
Pulping oharaoteristics
speoies adapts
The species adapts itself
itself well
well to
to sulphate
sulphate pulping
pulping with
with aa normal
normal charge
charge
of aotive alkali. The yield of
active alkali. of pulp
pulp is
is about
about the
the average
average for
for softwoods.
softwoods.
strength properties
The strength properties are
are usually
usually good,
good, although
although not
not excellent,
exoellent, with
with aa
greaking length and tear factor
faotor slightly
slightly below
below those
those of
of Scandinavian
Soandinavian pine
pine
pulps. IItt may be mentioned
sulphate pulps. mentioned that
that practically
practioally the
the entire
entire pulp
pulp industry
industry
in Chile is based on sulphate
sulphate pulping
pulping of
of this
this species.
species.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: name: Monterey
Common name: Monterey pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
(Radiata pine)
(Radiata pine)
Pinus radiata
Pinus radiata (Syn.
(Syn. P.
P. insignis)
insignia) Country: Kenya
Kenya 87
87
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Chemical oharacteristios:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
in Kenya:
Kenya: Ether
(a)
(a) 77 years
years old
old Methanol
Methanol
(b)
(b) 12 years old
old Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
(c)
(c) 17 years old
(d) 22 years old
old Solubility, '%
Solubility, /0
(d)
in water
....,
'!J
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1'/0 NaCti
in 1% NaCH co
I
3 (a) 0.39; (e) 0.39;
Basio density, g/om
Basic density, g/cm3 (a) 0.39; (b) 0.43;
(b) 0.43; (c) 0.39; Ash, '%
Ash, /0
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, p.*
p* (d) 0.49
(d) 0.49 Lignin, %%
Fibre width, p*
width, du* Holocellulose '%
Holocellulose, /0
Wall
Wall thickness,
thickness, p.*
p*
cellulose, '%/0
CrossBevan
width, p*
Lumen width, Pentosans, '%
Pentosans, /0
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Rankel ratio
Flexib£lity ratio
Flexibility ratio
1000 P.
•* 1000 p. (microns)
(microns) a. 1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
-.-. -~ .-
Unbleached
Unbleached aa b
b c
c d
Process SUlphate
Sulphate Sulphate Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
Chemical
consumption, % 16.0
16.0 Ns
Na0*
22
0* 16.0
16.0 Na
Na0*
2
2
0* 16.0
16.0 Na
Na0*
2
2
0* 16.5 Na0*
Na 0*
2
2
Kappa number
Kappa number 43 44 50 45
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), %% 51.4 50.2 49.8 46.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness 500 CSF
CSF 500 CSF
CSF 500 CSF
CSF 500 CSF
CSF
Breaking length, m
12 900 13 000
000 13 500
500 12 000
12 000
Burst factor 96 94 98 86
86
Tear factor
factor 105
105 110
110 100 115
115
~
Bleached
Bleached '!)
Sequence
Sequence
%
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Break-ing length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
** Charge.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name: Monterey pine
name:Monterey pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus radiata (Syn. P. insignia)

insignis) Country:
New Zealand 87
87
Wood sample
sample characteristice
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
in New
New Zealand,
Zealand, 23
23 years old.
years old. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water .l>-
Density and fibre characteristics: 4

in 1% NaOR
!facti S
gAm33
Basic density, g/cm 0.37 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, )1*
»*
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width,
width, )J.*
p* Holocellulose, %%
Wall thickness, ,u*)1*
cellulose, %
CrossBevan %
y.*
Lumen width, p.* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000 »P. (microns)

1000 (microns) ._ 11 mm
mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Precess
Process Sulphate
20.0 (charge)
2
42
Yield (unscreened), ~
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brieitness
CSF
Freeness
Freeness 900
10 900
Breaking length,
length, m
m 74
74
Burst factor
Burst factor 120
120
Tear factor
Tear factor
~
~
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
Tear factor
Scientific name:
Scientific name: Common name;
Common name: Monterey pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus radiata
Pinus (syn. f.p. insig-nis)
radiata (Syn. insignis) Country:
Country: Kenya
Kenya 107
Wood sample
Wood sample chara,cteristics
characteristics
W.ood origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from
from thinnings
thinnings from
from plantation.
plantation. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %%
in water
water tN
Density and fibre
Densit and fibre characteristics:
characteristics: 1% BaCH
in 1% NaOH
I
Basic density, g/cm
gi/cm3
3
)1*
Fibre length, )1*
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre width, p*
Lignin, % 'f.
,u*
Wall thickness, )1",ttit
Holocellulose, % %
Lumen width, pit
Luman width, J'-*
%
Pentosans,
Pentosans , %
%
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Additional
Addit ional information:
..* 1000 )J.

la (microns)
(microns) m. 1 mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
consumption, %%
Chemical
Kappa number
Kappa number 48.2
48.2
(unscreened), %
2.4
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner Valley
Valley
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
8 700
Burst factor
Burst factor 58
Tear factor
Tear factor 80
~
o
UJ
Bleached
Bleached
Sequence
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
_
05 -
- 4405
,
Pinus tabuliformis
Firms tabuliformis
(Chinese Pine)
experienoe
No information
information is
is available on
on the
the plantation
experience of this species,
epecies,
apparently been
although it has apparently been tried
tried in
in Mauritius.
References:
References: 29, 31
29, 31
The basio of the species is unusually

basic density of unusually high for
for a softwood. The
data given on chemical composition do not suggest any difficulty on chemical
any difficulty
pulping.
pulping.
The alkali requirement on sulphate

SUlphate pulping
pulping is in
in the normal nange
range for
softwoods. However, the
softwoods. the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is lower
lower than
than usual.
usual. As regards tear
factor,
factor, the pulp is similar
similar to Scandinavian pine sulphate
sulphate pulp,
pulp, but without
compensation of
the compensation of aa high
high breaking
breaking length
length and
and burst
burst factor.
factor. The overall
overall
strength characteristics of the pulp is accordingly below the normal require-
softwood pulps.
ment for softwood pulps.
Scientific name:
Scientific name: name: Chinese
Common name: pine
Chinese pine Reference:
tabuliformis (Syn.
Pinus tabuliformis (Syn. P.
P. densata,
densata, P.
P. sinensis
sinensis var.
var. Country:
densata)
densata)
Country: Mauritius 29
29
Wood sample

characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
Ether
Sample from Curepipe, Crown
Crown Land
Land Montille, Methanol
Compartment 2,
2, 30
30 years old.
old. Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene 1.0
1.0
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
~
in water
water o
0\
Density and fibre
characteristics: in 1% Na.CEI
1 NalCH
g/cm33
Basic density, g/cm
length, p*
Fibre length,
Fibre ,u*
0.65
Ash, %
Ash, % 0.2
0.2
Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, p*
Fibre width, pi
p*
thickness, }ili
Wall thickness,
Holocellulose,
Lumen width,
Lumen width, Jip.* Pentosans, %
% 8.6
8.6
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio

Additional information: Additional
** )J. (microns)
1000 }i (microns) m. 1 mm
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
consumption, % 13.1
13.1 Na 0
2
Na20
Kappa number 39
39
(unscreened), %
%
Screenings, % 2.0
2.0
Brightness
refiner
Lamp6n
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
Burst
Burst factor 43
Tear factor 140
140
~
Bleached -.J
Sequence
consumption, %
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
- 409
- 409 --
Pinus taeda
(Loblolly Pine)
(Loblolly
Indigenous to the eastern

eastern and southern
southern U.S.A.
U.S.A. this species grows on both
poorly drained lowland flats and upland soils with abundant moisture and good
drainage. ItIt is
is the
the fastest
fastest growing species of the North
North American 'southern
American 'southern
pines'
pines' and regenerates freely.
freely. ItIt is tapped for resin,
resin, but
but yields
yields are
are lower
than those obtainable from Pinus palustris. In its natural habitat it is
widely planted
widely planted on
on the wetter
wetter sites
sites of
of deforested
deforested land
land and
and used
used as
as an
an exotic
exotic
100 miles nort
up to about 100 nort of
of its
its natural
natural limit.
limit. Successful
Successful acclimatization
has been
been reported
reported from
from eastern
eastern Australia, northern
northern New
New Zealand,
Zealand, India,
India, Mauritius,
Kauri tius,
Southern Rhodesia,
Malawi, Southern Rhodesia, Uganda,
Uganda, the
the Republic
Republic of
of South
South Africa
Africa and
and the
the coastal
coastal
regions of
of Uruguay. Promising
Promising results
results have been
been obtained
obtained in
in trial
trial plantations
plantations
in Fiji,
Fiji, but
but the results have been
bean less good in Kenya.
References: 31,
31, 41, 115, 123
41, 115, 123

wood is
is in
in the
the normal range
range of
of softwoods
softwoods used
used
pulping. The
for pulping. fibre length is
The fibre is about
about the average
average for softwoods.
softwoods. The
available data on chemical composition
composition do
do not indicate
indicate any difficulties on
any difficulties
chemical pulping.
pulping.
Pulping
species is
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process with
with an
an
alkali charge in the no:nnal range. The yield of pulp seems to be slightly
normal range.
for softwoods,
above average for softwoods, but
but varies
varies with
with age
age and
and provenance.
provenance. As regards
the strength properties of the pulp, the
the breaking
breaking length
length is
is fairly
fairly low
low whereas
tear factor
the tear factor is high. On the whole,
whole, the pulp is very similar to sulphate
pulp from Douglas Fir, slightly lower
Fir, although of slightly lower tear
tear strength.
strength.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Common name: Loblolly pine
pine Reference:
Reference:
Pinus taeda Country:

Country: Mauritius 29
29
Wood sample
oharacteristics
Wood sample origin:

Wood se111221t_22.7*Eila,: Chemdcal characteristics:
Samples from Curepipe: Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
(a) Arboretum, 25
(b) Crown Land Beard,
(b) Beard, Compartment 3, 14 years old.
3, 14 old. Ethanolbenzene
Ethanol-benzene (a) 1.0;
1.0; (b) 1.9
1.9
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water .j:>.
~
Density characteristics:
Densit and fibre characteristics: in 1%
in 1% Na0H
HaW o
Basic density,
Basic g/Cm3
density, g/cm 3 (a) 0.40;
0.40; (b)
(b) 0.45
0.45
Fibre length,
Fibre length, ,u*p* Ash, %
Ash, % (a) 0.3;
0.3; (b) 0.3
Fibre width,
Fibre width, F* %
Lignin, %
Lignin,
ila*
thickness, )l*
Wall thickness, ,u*
Holooellulose,
Holocellulose, % % (a) 68.8;
(a) 68.8; (b) 63.1
(b) 63.7
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, »* CrossBevan cellulose, %%
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % (a) 10.7;
10.1; (b) 12.3
12.3
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio

*
if 1000
1000 P (microns)
}.1microns m 1 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached 25 years old
25 old 14 years old
14 years old
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Sulphate
consumption, %% 14.5 Na 20
14·5 12.6 Na 0
12.6
2
Kappa number 42 Na20 52
52
Na20
(unscreened), %
49.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 2.5
2·5 3.5
3·5
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Lamp~n
Lamp6n Lamp~n
Lamp6n
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 8 200
200 5 600
600
Burst factor 55 36
Tear factor
Tear factor 130 120
.p.
~
Bleached
Bleached ~
Sequence
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
or refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking
Breaking length
Burst
Buret factor
Tear factor
information:
Scientific name:
Scientific name: name: Loblolly pine
Reference:
Pinus
Finus taeda
taeda AustraliE.
Country: Queensland, Australi 131
131
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample origin:

ItaaLIT2X11_2/1..PLI Chemical
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
sample
Sample from plantation at Beerburrum, butt
butt sections
sections Ether
from 27 and 15
from 27 and 15 years old trees. Composite sample.
sample. Methanol
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
.j>.
in water
Density and
Density and fibre
in 1% BaCH
NaOR
~
'"
g/om3
Basic density, g/cm3 0.478 Ash, 'f.
%
length, pit
320 Lignin, 'f.
Lignin, %
Fibre width, )1*
,du*
Holocellulose, 'f.
%
Wall thickness, )1*;a*
Lumen width, 11*
A*
Pentosans, %
Pentosans, %
Length/wiath
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
** (microns) .= 11 mm
1000 »P. (microns) mm __..
Pulping
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process sulphate
Sulphate
Kappa number
Kappa number 59.0
59.0 - 17.5
11.5
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % % 54.5 -- 45.0
54.5 45·0
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 1.0- 00
1.0 -
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner PFI
PFT
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
900 :..- 88 200
200
Burst factor
Burst factor 74-
74 - 62
Tear factor
Tear faotor 165 --
165 165
.j:>.
~
Bleached
Bleached '-"
Sequence
Sequence
consumption, %
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
-
- 415 --
415
Popsbetulifolia
Populus betulifolia x
x P. trichocarpa
t richocarpa
This is
This is an
an experimental
experimental hybrid
hybrid which
which has
has not
not yet
yet been
been planted
planted on
on aa wide
wide
scale. No information
scale. information is
is available
available specifically
specifically on
on this hybrid.
References: 5, 39,
39, 41,
41, 42,
42, 44,
44, 45,
45, 54,
54, 84,
84, 123
123
The lignin content

content of
of the wood
wood is
is in
in the
the normal range
range for
for hardwoods
used for
used for pulping.
pulping. No other
other characteristics
characteristics are
are available
available for
for the present
wood sample.
wood sample.
The wood is easily

easily pulped by
by means ofof the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process with an alkali
charge in the normal range
range for hardwoods. In the present
present case,
case, some
some over.-
over-
cooking has occurred.
occurred. In spite
spite of
of this,
this, the
the yield of
of pulp
pulp is good and would
slightly increased
be slightly increased by
by pulping
pulping to
to aa Kappa
Kappa number
number in
in the
the region
region of
of 20.
20. The
The
strength properties are fairly low
low and
and are comparable
comparable to
to those of
of beech
sulphate pulp,
pulp, but at least a slight
slight improvement
improvement in
in this respect
respect can be
expected at a somewhat higher yield.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Populus betulifolia x P. trichocarpa Country:

Country: Mass., U.S.A.
Mass., U.S.A. 86
Wood sample
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from
plantation at
at Lawrence
Lawrence Hopkins
Hopkins Memorial
Memorial Ether
Experimental Forest, Williamstown, Mass., Methanol
Methanol
13-14 years old.
old. Ethanol-benzene
Sol ubili ty, %

Solubility, %
in water .r:>
~
Density and fibre

charaoteristics: in 1% Na<E
NaOH
'"
Basic density9 gicm33
density, g/cm Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre ,n*
length, p.*
Fibre length,
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 24.4
24.4
Fibre width, )1-*
iu*
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
thi ckness, p.*
Wall thickness, ).1.*
cellulose, %
Lumen width,
Lumen width, »*p* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 20.4
20.4
ratio
Length/width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000 }i
1000 )J. (microns)
(microns) a. 1 mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Precess
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
consumption, ~
Chemical consumption, % Na,00 (charge)
18 Na
18
Kappa number
Kappa number 14.8 `2
14.8
Yield (unscreened), ~
52.2
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness (Elrepho) 28
28
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner PFI
PFT
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length, m
8 000
Buret
Burst factor
factor 54
54
Tear factor
Tear factor 62 ..".
Bleached
Bleached
....
~
I
Sequence
Sequence
consumption, %
%
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking length
Buret
Burst factor
Tear factor
- 419 -
Populus ciliata
Paulus ciliata
species is
indigenous to
to the
the Himalayas where
where it grows at 11 200-3 000
it grows 000 m
m
al t i tude.
altitude. It is planted in Burma,
Burma, India and Pakistan and has proved to be
drought-hardy and
droughthardy and fairly
fairly frostresistant.
frost-resistant.
References: 5, 39,
5, 39, 41,
41, 42,
42, 43,
43, 44,
44, 45,
45, 54,
54, 84,
84, 123
123
characteristics
The fibres
fibres are
are of
of average
average length
length for
for hardwoods
hardwoods and
and fairly
fairly wide.
wide. The
lignin content is around average
average and
and none of
of the
the chemical
characteristice
difficulty on
imply any difficulty on pulping.
pulping.
The wood is easily

easily pulped
pulped by
by means of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process with an
an alkali
alkali
oharge in the normal
charge nonnal range
range for
for hardwoods. The yield ofof pulp
pulp is
is good.
good. However,
the strength properties are
are lower
lower than
than average
average and
and do
do not
not even
even reach
reach the
the level
level
of beech sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Populus ciliata
Populus ciliata Country:
Country: India
India 63
63
Wood sample
oharaoteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Chemical charactsristics:
Extractives, % %
forest in
in Kulu,
Kulu, 31
31 years old.
old. Ether
Ether 1.12
Methanol
Methanol
2.31
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
~
in water 3·51
3.51
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 4
in 1% NaOR
NaCH 20.1
20.1 ~
density, g/om
Ash, %
% 1.24
1.24
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
u* 11 140 Lignin, %
% 25·3
25.3
Fibre width, )1.1*
)J-* 24
24 Holocellulose, % %
Wall
Wall thiokness,
thickness, )1* ).7,.*
Lumen width, )1*
)1*
Pentosans, %
% 17 .e
17.8
Length/width
Runkel
Ruhkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000 P.
p. (miorons)
(microns) . 1
m 1 mm
mm
pulping
characteristics
Unbleachsd
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
consumption, ~
Na200 (charge)
2
Kappa number
%
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), 57.5
57.5 -- 51.5
51.5
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner
Freeness
Breaking length,
Breaking length, mm
Burst factor
Buret
Tear factor
Tear factor
-!>-
Bleached '"...
Sequence HFlI
HER
consumption, %
9.7 - 7.1 Cl
Cl
bleaching, ~
yield, ~
Total yield, % 53.0 -- 48.0
53.0 48.0
Brightness
Iirightness (Photovol t)
(Photovolt) 72 --77
77
Beater or refiner
Lampb
Lamp%
Freeness 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length
77 loo
100 -- 44 000
000
Burst
Burst factor
Tear factor
44
44 -- 23
23
73
73 -- 36
36
information:
- 423 -
deltoides xx PP. caudina

Populus deltoides
is an
This is an experimental
experimental hybrid
hybrid which
which has
has not
not as
as yet
yet been
been planted
planted on
on aa
wide scale.
scale. No information is available specifically
specifically on this hybrid.
hybrid.
References: 5, 39,
5, 39, 41,
41, 42,
42, 44,
44, 45,
45, 54,
54, 84,
84, 123
123
content is
The lignin content is in
in the
the normal
ncrmal range
range for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used
used for
for pulping.
pulping.
No other
No other characteristics
characteri.stics are
are available
available for
for the
the present
present wood
wood sample.
sample.
Pulyiy characteristics
In spite of the low

low Kappa number
number arrived
arrived at
at the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process has
given pulp with a good yield
yield with an
an alkali
alkali charge
charge in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for
hardwoods. With a lower
lower alkali charge
charge and
and cooking
cooking to
to aa Kappa
Kappa number
number ofof
about 20,
20, the yield
yield would
would be
be increased.
increased. At the
the same
same time
time there
there would
would be
improvement in
an improvement in the
the strength
strength properties
properties which,
which, as
as given,
given, are
are below
below normal
normal
for poplar pulp requirements,
requirements, with the
the exception
exception of
of the
the burst
burst factor.
factor. A A
pulp, similar
pulp, similar to
to beech
beech sulphate
sulphate pulp
pulp could
could possibly
possibly be
be obtained
obtained from
from this
this
speCies
species if
if over-cooking were avoided.
overcooking were avoided.
Scientific name:
Reference:
Populus deltoides x P.
P. caudina Country: Mass.,
U.S.A. 86
86
Wood sample
characteristics
,
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
origin: Chemioal oharacteristios:

at Lawrence
Lawrence Hopkins
Hopkins Memorial
Memorial Extraotives, %
Extractives, %
Ether
Experimental Forest,
Experimental Forest, Williamstown,
Williamstown, Mass.,
Mass., Methanol
Methanol
13-14
13-14 years old.
years old. Ethanol-benzene 2.8
2.8
Sol ubili ty, 'f.

Solubility, %
.j>.
in water
~
Density and fibre
charaoteristics: 1% NaCE
in 1% NaCH
I
Basic density,
density, g/om
g/cm3 3
Fibre length, )1* Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length, ,u*
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 26.8
26.8
Fibre width,
width, )1*
,11*
Holocellulose, % %
Wall
Wall thickness, )1* yit Cross-Bevan cellulose, 'f.
%
Lumen
Lumen width,
width, )1*
»* Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 21.4
21.4
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
ratio
** 1000 )J.
)11 (miorons)
(microns) -. 1 mm
mm
pulping
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate
Sulphate
Chemical consumption, % 18 Na
18 Na,00
2
(charge)
Kappa number
Kappa number 12.8 `
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Bm.ghtness
Brightness (Elrepho) 27
27

PFT
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length, m
7 300
Burst factor
Burst factor 55
Tear factor
Tear faotor 63
.po.
I\)
Bleached
Bleached VI
Sequence
Sequence
consumption, %
bleaching, %
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Beater refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
427
- 427 -
Populus xx euramericana
Populus euramericana cv.
cv. eugenei
eugenei
probably aa cross
This hybrid is probably of E!.
cross of P. .! euramericana cv,
x euramericana cv, regenerata
regenerata.!
x
P. nigra
nigra italica.
italica. It is little known outside the United Kingdom,
Kingdom, although
It
it has been introduced
introduced elsewhere.
elsewhere. It thrives on on dryish
dryish soils.
soils.
References: 5, 39,
5, 39, 41,
41, 42,
42, 43,
43, 44,
44, 451
45, 54,
54, 84,
84, 123
123
No information as regards
regards basic density
density or
or fibre
characteristics is
available for
for the
the present
present aample.
sample. As to the chemical
chemical composition,
composition, the
lignin content is fairly low,
low, although still in
in the
the normal
normal range.
range.

easily pulped
fairly low
low but still
still normal charge
charge
of alkali in the sulphate process.
process. The yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is good.
good. The strength
properties
properties are
are aa good
good example
example of
of good-quality poplar sulphat
goodquality poplar pUlp.
sulphat~ pulp.
The sodium sulphite process gives

gives a good
good poplar
poplar sulphite
sulphite pulp
pulp with a
good yield.
Scientific name:
name: Common
P.opulus xx euramericana
cv. eugenei
eugenei C.ountry:
New Zealand 125
125
.
.
W.o.od
WoO.od sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, 'f.
Extractives, %
from plantation
Sample from plantati.on at
at Rotorua, 28 years
R.ot.0 rua, 28 years old.
.old. Ether
Ether
Kethan.ol
Methanol 2.9
2.9
Ethan.ol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
S.olubility, 'fa
Solubility, %
~
in water ~
Density and
and fibre
fibrs characteristics:
characteristics: 1'fa HaW
in 1% NaOH
I
Basio density,
Basic g/om 3
density, g/cm3
Ash, 'f.
Ash, %
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
p*
Lignin, 'f.
Lignin, % 20.6
20.6
p*
Fibre width, p.*
H.ol.ocellul.ose, %
Holocellulose, 'fa
Wall thickness, pit
thiokness, )1* Cross-Bevan cellul.ose, 'fa
Crose-Bevan cellulose, % 50.6
Lumen width, p.*
)1*
Pentosans, 'fa
Pent.osans, % 15·4
15.4
Length/width ratio
Length/Width rati.o
Runkel rati.o
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000
1000 )l
,u (miorons) -. 11 mm
(macrons)
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate Na-bisulphite
Na-bieulphite
consumption, ~
Chemical consumption, % 14.0 -- 16.0 Na 0* 0*
S02*
10.6 SO
19
2
Na20*
28 -- 332
33
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 55.7 - 54.6 57.9 - 57.8
57.9
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2 -- 0.1 0.2 - 0.4
Brightness
PFT PFI
PFT
Freeness csF
420 CSF 280 CSF
Breaking length,
length, m
m 11
11 200 - 10 600 9 loo
100 - 99 300
Buret factor
Burst factor 84 - 77 64 - 67
Tear factor
faotor 110 85 - 91
91
"""
~
Bleached
Sequence
%
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Buret factor
Burst
Tear factor
information:
** Charge.
- 431 -
populus
o ulus x euramericana cv. regenerata
cv. re enerata
This is a collective name for

for several
several female
female hybrid
hybrid clones
clones in France,
France,
Belgium,
Belgium, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Germany. It It is probably a
result E:. nigra
result from the cross P. E:. euramericana
nigra xx P. euramericana cv.
cv. serotina.
serotina. Some of the
forms are highly susceptible to weeping
forms weeping canker
canker and the clones must be chosen
oarefUlly.
carefully.
The species is well suited to moist,

moist, marshy and peaty
peaty soils
soils as well
well as
to acid soils.
soils. It appears
appeare to be inadequately
inadequately resistant
resistant to drought and sea
winds.
References: 5, 39,
39, 41,
41, 42,
42, 43, 44, 45,
43, 44, 45, 54,
54, 84,
84, 123
123
characteristics
No information
information is
is available
available on
on fibre
characteristics or
or basic
basic density
density
of the present sample.
sample. As regards
regards the
the chemical
chemical composition,
composition, the
the lignin
lignin content
content
is fairly low,
low, but still in the normal range
range for
for hardwoods.
pulping
The species is easily pulped by

by means of
of the sulphate
sulphate process
process with a
fairly low alkali charge.
charge. In the present
present sample
sample some
some over-cooking has
overcooking has
occurred, but the pulp is still
occurred, still obtained
obtained with a good
good yield.
yield. As regards
regards the
strength properties, the pulp
properties, which are good, the pulp is
is a typical
typical example
example of
of good-
quality poplar
poplar sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
Good quality hardwood sodium sulphite

sulphite pulp can
can also be prepared
prepared from
from
species with aa good
this species good yield.
yield.
Scientific name:
Reference:
populus xx euramericana
Populus euramericana ov.
cv. regenerata
regenerata Country:
New Zealand 125
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
Sample from
from plantation at Rotorua, 28
at Rotorua, 28 years
years old Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol 2.9
2.9
Ethanol-benzene
Solubility, %% ;:..
in water W
Density and
and fibre
charaoteristics: 1% Na(!!
in 1% Na0H N
I
Basio density,
Basic density, g/cm
glom3 3
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
length, p.*pit Lignin, % 19.8
width, p*
Lignin, %
Fibre
Fibre width, A*
Holocellulose, %%
Wall thickness,
Wall thickness, p.* ,uit
cellulose, %
Lumen
Lumen width,
width, ~*pi Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 15·8
15.8
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility
Flexi.bility ratio
ratio

information:
** 1000
1000 )J. (microns) -. 1
)1 1 mID
mm
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process
Process Sulphate Na-bisulphi te
Na-bisulphite
Chemical consumption, % % 14.0 -- 16.0 Na 0*
2
Na20* 10.6 SO
S02**
Kappa
Kappa number
number 13 --12
12 26 - 88
- 88 2
Yield (unscreened),
Yield (unscreened), % % -
55.8 - 52.4 55.6
55.6 -- 67.8
67.8
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2 -- 0.1 -
0.2 - 4.8
Brightness
Brieitness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner PFI
PFT PFI
PFT
Freeness
Freeness 465 CSF 496 650
650 (Kappa
(Kappa 88)
Breaking length, mm
10 400 -- 99 700
700 8 100
100 77 500
Burst factor
78 71 50
50 48
Tear factor
~
Bleached ""
""
Sequence
Sequence
%
Total yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Buret factor
Tear factor
-435-
- 435 -
Populus x euramericana
Populusx euramericana cv0
cv. robusta
robust a
Plantation
planta- e3Perience
erience
is considered
This is considered to be aa hybrid
hybrid between ~ deltoides angulata and
between P.
nigra plantierensis.
~ nigra
P. plantierensis. It grows in fairly light and dry soils as well
well as
soils, but does not adapt well to
in acid soils, to moist
moist and badly
badly drained sites.
sites.
cultivated in
It is widely cultivated in France, Belgium, Germany,
Germany, the
the United Kingdom
and is distributed throughout the
the world in
in the 'poplar
'poplar belt°.
belt'.
References:
Referencesg 39, 41,
5, 39p 41, 42,
42, 43,
43, 44,
44, 45,
45, 54,
-54, 84,
84, 123
123
The basic density of the wood isis fairly

fairly low
low although not to an extent
extent
to lower the tonnage capacity of digesters.
to lower the tonnage capacity of digesters. The fibres are of average length
for hardwoods, fairly
hardwoods, fairly thick and thin-walled,
and thin-walled, which implies a certain degree
implies a certain degree
of flexibility and thus a potential for
for good
good inter-fibre
inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper.
paper.
The lignin content is fairly low,
low, but still
still in
in the normal range
range for
for hardwoods.
pulping
The species
species is easily
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the sulphate
SUlphate process
process with
with an
an
alkali charge which apparently
apparently should
should be
be fairly
fairly low.
low. In the present case
present case
some
some over-cooking has occurred although the pulp is still obtained with a
good yield.
yield. The strength properties are around the average for hardwood
SUlphate
sulphate pulps,
pulps, but
but would probably be slightly
slightly improved by less severe
severe pulping
conditions.
The overall quality of

of the
the pulp
pulp would
would probably
probably correspond
correspond to
to good-quality
good-quality
poplar sulphate
sulphate pulp.
pulp.
The sodium sulphite

The sodium sulphite process
process gives
gives aa good
good hardwood
hardwood sulphite
sulphite pulp
pulp with
with aa
yield.
good yield,
Scientific name:
Reference:

Populus x:x euramericana cv. robust
robustaa Country:
New Zealand 125
125

Wood sample
Wood origin:
sample origin: Chemioal characteristics:
Chemical oharaoteristios:
Extractives, %
Extraotivee, %
at Rotorua,
Rot 0 rua , 28
28 years
years old.
old. Ether
Ether
Methanol
Methanol 2.6
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanolbenzene
solubility, %
Solubility, % .p..
in water
Density and fibre
Densit, and fibre characteristics:
characteristics: in V%
1% NaCH
NaOH
'd..
I
Basio density,
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3
3 0.35 Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, Jl*
p* 1 250 1
Lignin, %
Lignin, % 20.2
Fibre width,
Fibre width, )J-*
,u* 21
21
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
Wall
Wall thickness, Jl*yrw 2.5 Crose-Bevan cellulose, %
52.6
width, p*
Lumenwidth,
Lumen pit 16 Pentosans, %
Pentoeans, % 15·1
15.1
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio 0.31
0.31
Flexibility ratio
ratio 0.76
0.76
information:
Traoheids and fibres,
Tracheids and fibres, %
% 65
Vessels, %
Vessels, % 31
31
** (microns)
}I (microns)
1000 )J. . 1 1mm
D mm
pulping and
papennaking characteristics
characteristics
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
Sulphate Na-bisulphite
16.0 Na 0* 10.6
10.6 SO
S02*
Kappa number 12 2
Na20* 2*
12 39
(unscreened), %
56.7 -- 53.1
53.1 56.7
Screenings, %
screenings, % oo - 0.1 0.1 0.4
Brightness
PFT PFI
PFT
Freeness 431
431 -- 415 CSF 332 CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 9
9 100 - 9
- 300
9 300 8 100
8100
Buret
51
Tear factor 100 85
.....po.
...,
Bleached
I
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
lirightness
refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Buret
Burst factor
Tear factor
infonnation:
* Charge.
-439-
- 439 -
populus x euramericana
Populus euramerioana cv. serotina
serotina
Plantation ex
erience
This species
species is
is one
one of
of the
the oldest
oldest euramericana
euramericana poplar
poplar hybrids.
hybrids. ItIt grows
grows
well in
well in clay
clay and
and compact
compact soils
soils and
and is
is very
very resistant
resistant to
to sea
sea winds
winds and
and to
to canker.
canker.
During early
During early years
years it
it is
is susceptible
susceptible toto Dothichiza.
Dothichiza. It is long-lived
long-lived and
and
extensively in
cultivated extensively in western Europe.
References:
5, 39, 41, 43,
43, 44, 45 54,
44, 45, 54, 84,
84, 123
The basic density

density is in
in the
the low
low range
range for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used
used for
for pulping.
The fibres
fibres are
are of
of average
average length
length for
for hardwoods,
hardwoods, fairly
fairly thick
thick and
and thin-walled
thin-walled
which implies a certain amount ofof flexibility
flexibility and
and consequently
potentially
good inter-fibre
good inter-fibre bonding
bonding in
in paper.
paper. The lignin
lignin content
content is
is fairly
fairly low,
low, but
but
still
still in the normal
normal range for hardwoods.
111112Ing characteristics
The species
species is easily
easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
th6 sulphate
sulphate process
process with an
alkali
alkali charge in the normal range for hardwoods.
hardwoods. The yield of of pulp
pulp is
is good.
good .
The strength properties
properties are
are excellent
excellent and
and the
the pulp
pulp corresponds
corresponds in
in overall
overall
quality to Scandinavian birch sulphate
sUlphate pulps.
pulps.
The sodium
sodium bisulphite
bisulphite process
process gives
gives an
an excellent
excellent quality
quality hardwood
hardwood
sulphite pulp with aa good
good yield.
yield.
Scientific name:
name: Common name:
Reference:
Populus xX euramericana
euramericana cv.
cv. serotina Country: Zealand
New Zealand 125
125
Wood sample
oharacteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
characteristics:
Extractives, %
%
at Rotorua,
Rotorua, 28
28 years
years old.
old. Ether
Methanol
Methanol 2.6
Ethanol-benzene
Ethanol-benzene
Sol ubili ty, 'f.

Solubility, %

charaoteristics:
in water to
1% Na(E
in 1% NaCE
I
Basic g/cm33
Basic density, g/cm 0.37
Fibre
Fibre length,
length, p.*
p* 11 240
240
Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre width, p*,u* 21 Lignin, %
Lignin, % 20.8
Holocellulose, %
21
Holocellulose, %
Wall thickness,
thickness, p.*
yil 2.5 Cross-Bevan cellulose, %
% 53.9
Lumen width, p.*
p* 16 Pentosans, %
Pentosans, % 16.2
Length/width
Runkel ratio 0.31
Flexibility ratio
information:
Traoheids fibres, %
Tracheids and fibres, % 65
Vessels, %
Vessels, % 30
** 1000
1000 P.
p. (microns) _ 11 mm
(microns) . mm
-.
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate Na-bisulphite
Nabisulphite
consumption, % % 16.0 Na 0*
16.0 Na,,0* 10.1
10.1 - 12.2 SO
S02*
Kappa number
Yield (unscreened),
(unscreened), % %
16 17 `
- 17
53.1 - 53.9
2
35
53.1
31
- 31
- 55.4
2*
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 0.2 - 0.10.1 0.8
0.8 - 0.5
Brightness
Beater or
or refiner
refiner Lamp~
Lampgn Lamp~
Lamp&
Freeness 520 CSF
CSF 370 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 11 11 300
11 500 - 11 300 10 000 - 9 500
10 000 500
74 67 -- 56
67 56
Tear factor 95 67 -- 61
61
Bleached
Bleached
t
~
Sequence
bleaching, %
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
1irightness
refiner
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst
Burst factor
factor
Tear factor
** Charge
- 443 -
- -
Populus maximowiczii x P.
P. trichocarpa
experience
is an experimental
This is experimental hybrid
hybrid which
which has
has not as yet been planted on a
scale. No information
wide scale. information is
is available specifically
specifically on this hybrid.
References: 5, 39,
5, 39, 41,
41, 42,
42, 44,
44, 45,
45, 54,
54, 84,
84, 123
123
The lignin and pentosan

pent 0 san contents of
of the wood are in the normal range
range
for harUwoods for pulping.
hardwoods for pulping. No other
other characteristics
characteristics are available for the
present sample.
Pulping
wood is
The wood is easily
easily pulped
pulped by
by the
the sulphate
eulphate process
process with
with an
an alkali charge
charge
in the normal range for hardwoods. Although in this instance
instanoe some over-cooking
has occurred, the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is still
still good.
good. The strength
strength properties are
slightly below average for poplar sulphate
sulphate pulps, but if the wood is cooked
to
to aa Kappa number of about 20,
20, there would possibly
possibly be an improvement in this
respect
respect to the average poplar quality level.
--
Scientific name:
Reference:
Populus
Populus maximowiczii
maximowiczii x
x P.
P. trichocarpa
trichocarpa .Country:
Mass., U.S.A. 86
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
Extractives, %
%
Sample from
plantation at
at Lawrence
Lawrence Hopkins
Hopkins Memorial
Memorial Ether
Experimental !orest, Williamstown, Mass.,
~orest, Williamstown, Mass., Kethanol
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 3.4
3.4
13-14 years
13-14 years old.
old.
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
Density and fibre

222411y and fibre characteristics:
characteristics:
in water
in 1% Ham
NaCH t
Basio density,
Basic g/cm33
density, g/cm Ash, %
Ash, %
Fibre length,
Fibre length, )1*
p* Lignin, %
Lignin, % 25.1
Fibre width, )u*p* Holocellulose, %
Holocellulose, %
thickness, )1"
Wall thickness, )24
%
Lumen width, p.*
Lumen width, p.*
Pentosans, %
% 19.3
Length/width ratio
Length/width ratio
Runkel ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
** 1000 P. (microns)
)..1 (microns)=- 11 mm
mm
pulping and
characteristics
Unbleached
Process SUlphate
Sulphate
consumption, %%
Chemical 18 Na 0
18 (charge)
(charge)
Kappa number
Kappa number 2
Na20
13.9
13.9
(unscreened), %
Screenings, %
Screenings, %
Brightness
Brightness (Elrepho)
(Elrepho) 29
29
Beater or
Beater or refiner
refiner PFI
Freeness
Freeness 300 CSF
Breaking length,
Burst factor
Buret factor 65
Tear factor
factor 72
72
t
VI
Bleached
Sequence
%
yield, %
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Burst factor
Tear factor
information:
- 447 -
Samanea saman
(Rain Tree)
experience
species is
The species is native
native to
to Central
Central America
America and
and parts
parts ofof northern South
where it
America, where it P.rows
grows mostly
mostly on
on open
open country but
but also
also on riversides in the
forests. ItIt is cultivated throughout
throughout the
the tropics
tropics as
as aa shade-tree, particularly
shadetree, particularly
on roadsides. It grows fastfast in heavy rainfall
rainfall (up to 22 500 rom
mm per year)
year) but
but
tolerates
tolerates also annual rainfalls
rainfalls as low as 75 mm.mm.
References: 41, 123

41, 123
The wood from

from this
this species
species isis usually
usually very
very hard which
which may
may cause
cause considerable
considerable
wear on chipper
chipper knives
knives in
in aa pulp
pulp mill.
mill. However, the the basic
basic density
density as given
given for
for
the present sample from
from the
the Philippines is is in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for hardwoods
used for pulping which implies
implies that
that the hardness
hardness may
may vary
vary with
with provenance
provenance and
age. The fibres
fibres are
are fairly
fairly short
short but
but still
still in
in the
the normal
normal range
range for
for hardwoods.
hardwoods.
of the
The width of the fibres
fibres is
is also
also around
around the
the average,
average, but
but the
the cell
cell walls
walls are
are
fairly thick which may
may cause
cause the
the fibres
fibres to
to be
be comparatively
comparatively stiff
stiff and prevent
prevent
proper inter-fibre bonding in
paper. As regards
regards the
the chemical
chemical characteristics,
characteristics,
the extractives content isis high and maymay require
require special
special precautions
precautions for
for
from the
extractives removal from the pulp.
pUlp. The silica content is also high and may
affect
affect the alkali recovery
recovery in alkaline processes.
processes. However, thisthis may
may also
also be
due to soil conditions on the site
to soil site from
from which
which this
this sample
sample has
has been taken.
taken.
Pulping
is easily
The wood is easily pulped
pulped by
by means
means of
of the
the sulphate
sulphate process
process with
with alkali
alkali
charge in the normal range
range for
for hardwoods. In view of the very low Kappa number
in the present
arrived at in present case,
case, the
the yield
yield of
of pulp
pulp is
is good.
good. The strength
properties of the pulp are below average for for hardwoods
hardwoods and
and about
about the
th e same
same as
as
those
those of beech sulphate pulps. However, by by pulping
pulping under
under less
less severe
severe conditions
conditions
to
to aa Kappa number about 20,
20, there would
would be
be an
an increase
increase in
in yield
yield to
to about 50%
about 50%
and at
at the same time there would probably
probably be
be an
an improvement
improvement in
in the
the strength
strength
properties, perhaps to
properties, to the
the level
level of
of average
average poplar
poplar sulphate
sulphate pulps.
pulps.
The cold soda process

process gives
gives aa good-quality pulp. If it is
goodquality pulp. is to be
be used
used
in printing type papers,
paperR, some
some bleaching
bleaching treatment
treatment will
will be
be required.
required.
Scientific name:
name: Common name: Rain
Common name: Rain Tree,
Tree, Reference:
Reference:
Acacia
Acacia
Samanea a:man
samaIl Country: Philippines
95
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
sample origin:
Extractives, %
Extractives, %
in the
the Philippines.
Philippines. Ether
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 8.7
solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 10.2
Density and
and fibre
characteristics: in 1% NaCH 31.9 """
"""0>
Basio
Basic density, g/om
g/cm3 3 0.51
I
.n* Ash, %% 2.4

2.4
Fibre length, )1* 870 Lignin, %
Lignin, %
Fibre width, )1.* 23 25·3
25.3
)12* 23 Holocellulose, %
Holooellulose, %
thiokness, )1~
Wall thickness, yrx 5.5
5.5 cellulose, %
Cross-Bevan cellulose° %
Lumen width, p*pie 12
12
Pentosans, %
% 18.4
18.4
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio 38 Silica 1.40
Runkel
Runkel ratio 0.92
0.52
information:
** 1000
1000 )l (miorons)
,u (microns) _ 1 mm
. 1 mm
characteristics
../11
Unbleached
Unbleached
Process Sulphate
SUlphate Cold Soda
Soda
consumption, %~
Chemical consumption, 16.2 Na 0
2
Na20
7.5 Na20
Na 0
2
Kappa number 12
12
(unscreened), %
47.1 82.3
Screenings, %
Brightness 49.5 (Tappi)
Beater or refiner Valley Bauer 8 n + Valley
Bauer 8" Valley
Freeness 350 CSF
CSF 510 CSF
CSF 300 CSF
CSF
Breaking length,
length, mm 7 600
600 2 600
2 600 4 600
600
Burst factor 63 14
14 25
25
faotor
Tear factor 81 48
48 48
48
t
'D
Bleached
Sequence
on bleaching, %
Total yield, ~
Total yield, %
Brightness
Beater or refiner
Freeness
Breaking length
Breaking
Burst factor
Tear factor
=et
-- 451
451 -
Sesbania grandiflora
Sesbania grandiflora
The species is found in abundance

abundance inin several
several countries
countries inin south-east
southeast
Asia, where it is grown traditionally
traditionally among
among fruit-trees.
fruittrees. Recently,
Recently, however,
increased interest
there has been an increased interest in
in this
this species
species for
for pulpwood.
pulpwood. It can
can be
be
easily planted on a large
large scale
scale and
and exhibits
exhibits good
good growth
growth characteristics.
characteristics.
References: 13
characteristics
The fibre length is about the

the average
average for
for hardwoods
hardwoods used for
for pulping.
The data given on chemical
composition of
of the wood
wood do
do not imply
imply any difficulty
on chemical
on chemical pulping.
pUlping.
pulping characteYsistics
Pulping characte~istics
The chemical consumption

consumption in
in the
the sulphate
SUlphate cook,
cook, due
due to
to an
an alkali
alkali charge
charge
has been
on the low side for hardwoods, has been low,
low, although
although the
the high
high Kappa number
number
arrived at suggests that the
the charge
charge has been insufficient.
insufficient. However, in in spite
spite
of the
the high
high Kappa number,
number, the yield of pulp has been low.
low. The strength
characteristics are below the normal requirements for hardwood sulphate
pulps, both as unbleached and bleached.
pulpa,
The species
species does not seem
seem suitable
suitable for
for the
the cold
cold soda
soda pulping
pulping process,
process,
as the resultin3 strength properties
resultin~ strength properties are very
very low
low and
and would
would probably
probably not
reach
reach an
an acceptable
acceptable level refining.
level even with further refining.
The NSSC process gives a pulp

pulp with
with unacceptable strength
strength properties
properties for
for
corrugating medium. However, after
after bleaching, with
with aa chlorine
chlorine consumption
consumption
of 23-21%,
23-27%, aa grade suitable for printing papers is obtained.
r-------------------------------------r-------------------.------------
Reference:
Scientific name:
Sesban;.a grandiflora
Sesbania grandiflora Country:
Country: India 13
Wood sample
characteristics
Wood sample
Wood sample origin:
%
from plantation,
Samples from plantation, 4 years
4t old
Extractives, %
Ether 0.5
0.5
Methanol
Ethanol-benzene 2.7
2.7
Solubility, %
Solubility, %
in water 603
6.3 .p-
\Jl
Density and fibre
characteristics: 1% Neal
in 1% NaCH 18.7
18.7 I\)
I
Basio density9
Basic g/cm 3
density, g/cm3
Fibre length9
Fibre length, )1* 1 070 Ash, %
% 1.9
1.9
Fibre width, )1* p* Lignin, %

Lignin, % 68.2
68.2
Wallthickness,
Wall thickness,
p* )1*
Holocellulose, %
Holocellulosel %
Lumen width,
Lumen width, p.* ~*
Pentosans, %
% 15.
15.88
Length/width ratio
Length/Width ratio
ratio
Runkel ratio
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio
* 1000
* (microns) .~ 11 mm
1000 p)J. (microns) mID
characteristics
Unbleached
Process Sulphate NSSC Cold Soda
consumption, %
Chemical consumption, % 15.0 Na,0* 8.5 S00* 4.0 - 4.5 Ka20
Kappa number 43 ` 100 - 135c-
(unscreened), %
Yield (unscreened), % 48.8 70.6 - 65.0 88.6 - 78.8
Screenings, %
Screenings, % 2.3
Brightness (Tappi 33 - 30 36 -30
Beater or refiner
refine r Valley Valley Valley
Breaking length,
length, m m 5 000 3 500 - 3 800 1 600
Tear factor 70 40 9
Bleached
Sequence CEHH CEH
ChemicLl
ChemicL1 consumption,
consumption, % % 40.0 Cl 22.8 - 26.7
Yield on bleaching,
bleaching, % % 90.7 79.8 - 79.3
Total yield, %
Total yield, % 44.2 56.3 - 51.5
Brightness (Tappi) 72 69 - 68
Beater or refiner Valley Valley
Breaking length 4 700 4 900 - 6 000
Burst
Burst factor 34 35 - 46
Tear factor 67 41 - 67
** Charge.
-- 455-
455 -
APPENDIX II
REFERENCES
1. Alaudin, -.; Soeprapti,

Soeprapti, K.;
K.; Experiments on Indonesian Rubberwood
R.; Margono, S.;
Moehji, R.; S.; as Raw Material for
for Pulp
pulp and
and Paper.
Paper.
T.A.; Soetrisno,
Hendayani, T.A.; Soetrisno, -.;
-.; UNlDO
UNIDO Expert Group Meeting on pulp
Pulp
Kahar, -.: Vienna, Sept.
and Paper, Vienna, Sept. (1971)
1971
2. V. ,
Amici, V., ; Pastina, F.:
Pastina, F.: Mechanical Wood Pulp
Pulp from
from Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
1961
1961 camaldulensis (in
(in Italian).
Italian). Cellulosa
Carta 12, (1961):3, 17-34
e Carta.11, 17-34
3. Anon: Investigation in
Investigation in Pinus
Pinus brutia.
brutia. The Finnish
1971
1971 Institute, FO:SF/TUR 26,
Pulp and Paper Research Institute,
Technical Report No.33 (1971)
Report No. (1971)
4. Anon: Monterey Pine,

Pine, Wonder Tree in the Manmade
Manmade
1968 Forests of
of New
New Zealand.
Zealand. Pulp Paper
Paper Mag.
Can. 22,
.6.2, (19
(1968)00,
68 ):10, 68-73
68-73
5· Avanzo, E.:
E.: Dendrometric Investigations ~n
on Row-Planted
1965-66 Poplars in the Fucino Plane.
Plane. (in Italian)
Italian)
Pubbl. Centro Sper. Forest. (1965-66)
Spero Agr. Forest.
5-17
6. Batchelor, B.K.; Crawford,
Crawford, I.A.;
I.A.; of aa· Forest for
Assessment of for Pulping.
Turner, C.H.:
C.H.: Appita 24, (1970):1, 27-44
Appita 24, 27-44
1970
Beekhuis, J.:
J.: Prediction of the Yield and Increment
Increment in
1966
1966 Pinus radiata
radiata Stands
Stands in
in New
New Zealand.
Zealand.
FQ;eSt. Res. Inst.,
Forest, Res. Inst., Tech.
Tech. Paper
Paper No.
No. 49
(1966))
(1966
8. Bethune, J.E.: Performance of Two Slash Pine Varieties

1966
1966 Planted in
Planted South Florida. U.S.
in South Forest Serv.
U.S. Forest Servo
Paper SE-24,
Res. Paper SE-24, (1966)
(1966)
Bhat, R.V.; Guha,

Guha, S.R.:
S.R.: Indigenous Cellulosic Raw Materials for
1952
1952 Production of
the Production of Pulp,
Pulp, Paper
Paper and
and Board.
Board.
VI. Writing and Printing
Printing Papers from
Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)
Mulberry (Broussonetia
Indian 78 (1952):2, 93-9
Indian For. 78 93-9
10. Bhat, R.V.; Guha, S.R.:

Bhat, R.V.; S.R.: Indigenous Cellulosic Raw Materials for
1953 of Pulp, Paper
the Production of Paper and Board
XV. Chemical
XV. Chemical Pulps
Pulps and
and Writing
Writing and
and Printin,
Print in,
Papers from
from Albizzia
Albizzia stipulata.
stipulata. India
For. 79 (1957:77-775-g3------
79 (1953):9, 475:S3
456 --
-- 456
11.
110 Bhat, R.V.: Gupta,
Bhat R.V.: Gupta, P.R.;
P.R.; Indigenous
Indigenous Cellulosic
Cellulosic Raw
Raw Materials
Materials for
for
Kapur, R.L.:
R.L.: the
the Production
Production of Pulp,
Pulp, Paper and
and Board
Board
1955, 1956
1955, 1956 XXVIII. Wrapping Papers from Blue
XXVIII. Blue Gum
(EucalYptus globulus). Indian
(Eucalyptus Frlobulus). For. 82
Indian For.
(1950:10,
(1956): 10, 514-21
514-21 -
Indian Pulp and Paper 12 (1955):6, 307-11
10 (1955):6, 307-11
12.
12. Bhat,
Bhat, R.V.;
R.V.; Kaushik,
Kaushik, H.K.
H.K. Indigenous
Indigenous Cellulosic
Cellulosic Raw
Raw Materials
Materials for
for
1955
1955 the Production of
of Pulp,
Pulp, Paper
Paper and
and Board.
Board.
XXV. Wrapping Papers
XXV. Papers from Acacia
Acacia decurrens
Indian For. 81 (1955):2,
For.jll (1955):2, 11775--
116-25
13. Bhat, R.V.; Menon, M.M.;
Bhat, R.V.; Sesbania grandiflora
grandiflora (A
(A Potential
potential Pulpwood)
Pulpwood)
Soundararajan
Soundararajan,, T.N.;
T.N.; For. 21 (1971):3, 128-44
Indian For. 128-44
Bhargava, R.L.:
Bhargava, R.L.:
1971
14. Singh, M.M.:

Bhat, R.V.; Singh, M.M.: Viscose Rayon Pulp from Blue Gum (Eucalyptus
(EucalYptus
1957 globulus) by
globulus) by the
the Water-Prehydrolysis
Water-Prehydrolysis Process.
Process.
83 (1957):6, 379-83
Indian For. 83 379-83
15. Bhat, R.V.; Virmani,
Virmani, K.C.
K.C. Indigenous Cellulosic
Indigenous Cellulosic Raw
Raw Materials
Materials for
for the
the
1953 Production of
Production of Pulp,
Pulp, Paper
Paper and
and Board.
Board. XVI.
XVI.
Chemical
Chemical Pulps
Pulps and
and Writing
Writing and
and Printing
Printing
Papers from Wattle Woods (Acacia
(Acacia decurrens
decurrens
and Acacia
and Acacia mollissima).
mollissima). Indian For. 12
Indian For. 12
(1957737
(1953):10, 526-38
526-38
16. Bhat, R.V.; Virmani,

Virmani, K.C.
K.C. from Blue Gum (Eucalyptus
Newsprint from (Eucalyptus globulus)
1957 and Wattle
and Wattle Wood
Wood (Acacia
(Acacia decurrens).
decurrens).
Indian For. 8383 (1957):5,
(197):5, 327-8
327:a
17. J.:
Blechschmidt, J.: Suitability of
The Suitability of Different Wood Species
SpeCies
1970 (In German).
for Groundwood Production. (In German).
Papier 12
Zellstoff Papier
Zellstoff 19 (1970):9, 268-75
268-75
18.
18. Boenisch, A.; Zvinakevicius, C.;
Boenisch, A.; Contribution to
Contribution to the
the Knowledge
Knowledge of
of 'Pino
'Pino
G·' Spitzner, R.:
Geisler, G. R.: Parana'. (In portuguese).
Parang'. Portuguese).
1968 ~ (1968):5, 8-18
Bol. ABCP 2 8-18
19. Bosia, A.;

A.; Lorenzo,
Lorenzo, C.
C. di;
di; Papermaking Properties of
Papermaking of Six
Six Further
Further
Duranti, D.; Ciaralli, L.:
L.: Species of
Species of Eucalyptus.
Eucalyptus. (In
(In Italian).
Italian).
1965 Cellulosa Carta 16
Cellulosa ee Carta 16 (1965):9, 7-27
7-27
20. Bosia, A.:

Bosia, A.: Papermaking Properties of
Papermaking of Six
Six Eucalyptus
~~
1963
1963 Species. (In
Species. (In Italian).
Italian).
Cellulosa ee Carta
Cellulosa 1i (1963):5, 9-18
Car~a 14 9-18
-- 457
457 -
21. Bugg,
Bugg, E.J.: Pearson, A.J.: I(anufacturing
Manufacturing Process
Prvcess to Produce
Produce Cold
Cold
1958
195 8 Soda pulp from Eucalaltus.
Pulp from Eucalyptus. Description
Description
of
of Plant
Plant at Boyer, Australia.
Australia.
Appita 21
Appita 12 (195
(1958):3,
8 ):3, 73-87
73-87
22. Burley, J.; Nikles, D.G.:
Burley, J.; Selection and
and Breeding
Breeding to
to Improve
Improve Some
Some
1972 Tropical Conifers. 1-2.
Conifers. Volumes 1-2.
Commonwealth
Commonwealth Forestry
Forestry Institute,
Institute, Oxford
Oxford
University and
and Department
Department of
of Forestry,
Forestry,
Queensland, Australia (1972).
Queensland,
23. Burley, J..;

J.; Wright,
Wright, H.L.;
H.L.; A Volume Table
A Volume Table for
for Pinus
Pinus caribaea
caribaea var.
var.
E.:
Matos, E.: caribaea. Commonweart'ilForestry
caribaea. Commonwealth Forestry
1972 Review 51(2) (1972):137-43
(1972):137-43
24. Cabotage-Salud, E.;
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1967
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12, 14, 16 -
25. Centola, G.:
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1963
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26. F. O.:
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1971
1971 Lumberman 11
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26
27. Coursey, D.G.;
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1964 Tappi 47 (1964):12,
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28. Chittenden, A.E.; Jaraman,
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29. Chittenden, A.E.; Palmer, E.R.:
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30.
30. 'I.E.:
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1960 I. Effects
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1972
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-- 459 --
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1961
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1964 Brazzaville (In
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1970 Thesis, Royal
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62. Guha, S.R.; Nadan,
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64. Guha, V.N.;
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1964 (1964):4, 279-81
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65. Guha, S.R. ; Mukherjea, V.N.;
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1963
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66. Guha, S.R.; Negi, J.S.:
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1969 24 (1969):3,
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67. Guha, S.R.; Pant, P .c.:
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A. Cunn.
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1966 Indian For.-777966):1,
Illdian For. 92 (1966):1, 51-5
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68. Prasad, B.D.:
S.R. ; Prasad,
Guha, S.R.; B.D. : for Writing
Chemical Pulps for Wri ti!lg and Printing
rrinting
1961 from Eucalyptus
Papers From cj tri.odora.
Eucal~tlls citriodora.
Indian For. 87
IlldiRIl 87 (1961):12,
( 19 1): 12, 768-70
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-- 461
461 --
69.
69. Guha, B.D.:
Guha, S.R.; Prasad, B.D.: Chemical Pulps for Writing and Printing
1961
1961 from Albizzia
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(White
Pulp and Paper 12
Siris). Indian pulp 12 (1961):8,
487-9. Indian For. 8787 (1961):2, 124-7
124-7
70. Guha, S.R.; Sharma, Y.K.;

Guha, S.R.; Y.K.; Chemical,
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R.; Dhoundiyal, S.N.:
Pant, R.; S.N.: pulps from
Pulps from Casuarina
Casuarina equisetifolia.
eguisetifolia.
1970 Indian For.
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For. 96 (1970):11,
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830-40
71. Guha, S.R.; Singh, N.M.:

Guha, S.R.: M.M.; Production of High-Alpha Cellulose pulp
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Saxena, V.B.:
V.B.: grandis.
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1963 Indian Pulp and Paper ~18 (1963):3,
(1963):3, 187-9
187-9
72. Gupta, M.K.: pulp from

Rayon-Grade Pulp from Indian
Indian Hardwood.
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1966 (1) Processing of Eucalyptus globulus
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1971 (In Swedish). Sveriges Skogsvardsförbunds
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75, Hughes,
75· Hughes, J .F.:
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1970 and Properties
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1965 pulp and Paper Development in
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1958 Bruguiera parviflora and Avicennia marina
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79. von; Sitzman,

Koeppen, A. von; Sitzman, L.:
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E. S.: American Woods:
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1968 Tropics. Gmelina arborea. Commonwealth
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McFarlane, H.M.; Serafin, J.F.: pulp
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~(
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463 --
90. Moulds, F.R.:

F.R.: Forest Research
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65
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105-110 -
94. P.M.; Navarro,

Nicolas, P.M.; Navarro, J.R.:
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Nicolas, Navarro, J.R.;
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96. Nicolas, P.M.; Tadena, 0.B.:

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Philippines Lumberman 16
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1967 caribaea from Sabah. Tropical Prod.
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1968 caribaea from Fiji. Tropical p~
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1969 Tropic;;:r-Frod.
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1969 from Zambia
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Gibbs, J.A.:
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1971 from Seagaga,
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24 (1971)
Inst. Report LL 24
Prod. Inst.
464
- 464 -

Gibbs, J.A.:
J.A.: pulping Characteristics
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1972 from the Main Growing AreasinFiji,
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E.R.; Gibbs,
Gibbs, J.A.:
J.A.: Pulping Characteristics
Pulping Characteristics of
of Three
Three Trees
Trees of
of
1973 Pinus caribaea
Pinus caribaea with
with Different Densities
Densities
Grown in
Grown in Jamaica.
Jamaica. Tropical Prod.
Prod. Inst.
Inst.
30 (1973)
Report LL 30
106. Palmer, E.R.; Peh,

Peh, T.B.:
T.B.: Pulping Studies on
Pulping Studies on Malayan Exotic Species.
Malayan Exotic Species.
1966 (2) Pinus caribaea
caribaea Mor. Malaya Forest
Forest
Res.-rn;t. Res. Pamphlet
Res. Inst. Res. No. 55
Pamphlet No. 55 (1966)
(1966)
107. Palmer, E.R.; Tabb,

Tabb, C.B.:
C.B.: Production of
Production of Pulp
Pulp and
and Paper
Paper from
from
1968 Coniferous Species
Coniferous Species Grown
Grown in
in the
the Tropics.
Tropics.
Sci. 12
Tropical Sci. 10 (1968):2, 79-99
79-99
108. Pancirolli, F.; Ceraglioli,

Ceraglioli, G.:
G.: Preparation of
Preparation of Semichemical
Semichemical Pulps
Pulps from
from
1954 Eucalyptus saligna.
Eucalyptus saligna. (In
(In Italian).
Italian).
Cellulosa e Carta 2 (1954):3,
(1954):3, 8-21
8-21
109. G.:
Petroff, G.: Papermaking Study
Papermaking Study of
of Some
Some Samples
Samples ofof
1964 Eucalyptus from
Eucalyptus from Madagascar.
Madagascar. (In
(In French).
French).
Bois Forêts Tropiques (1964):94, 25-93
Forets Tropiques 25-93
110. petroff, G.:

Petroff, G.: Papermaking Study
Papermaking Study of
of Some Samples of
of
1965
1965 Congolese Eucalypts.
Congolese Eucalypts. (In
(In French).
French).
Forets Tropiques (1965):103, 27-38
Bois Forêts 27-38
111. G.; Doat,

Petroff, G.; Doat, J.:
J.: Papermaking Characteristics
Papermaking Characteristics ofof Some
Some
1960,11967, 1968
1960,11967, 1968 Species for
Tropical Species for Reafforestation.
Reafforestation.
(In French). Centre Technique
Technique For.
For.
No. 19
Report No.
Tropical Report 19 (1960), No.
No. 29
29
(1967), No.
(1967), No. 31
31 (1968)
(1968)
112. L.D.; Byrne,

Pryor, L.D.; Byrne, O.R.:
O.R.: Variation and
Variation and Taxonomy
Taxonomy in
in Eucalyptus
Eucal~tus
1969 Genet. 118 (1969):
camaldulensis. Silvae Genet.
3, 64-71
64-71 -
113. Queiroz, M.G.: Behaviour of

The Behaviour of Several
Several Species
Species ofof
1971 Eucalyptus in
Eucalyptus in Sulphate
Sulphate Pulping,
pulping. ECE/FAO:
ECE/FAO:
Symposium on
Symposium on the
the Production
Production and
and Industrial
Industrial
utilization of
Utilization of Eucalyptus. (1971), 49-58
Eucalyptus. Rome (1971), 49-58
114. Reid, J.N.:

J .N.: The Use
The Use of
of New
New Zealand
Zealand Grown
Grown Eucalypts.
Eucalypts.
1957 New Zealand
New Zealand J.
J. For. l
For. 7 (1957):4,
(1957):4, 58-67
58-67
-- 465
465 --
115. Richards, B.N.:

B.N.: Effect
Effect of
of Cultivation and Fertilizing
1967 Potential 'Yield
on Potential Yield of
of Pulpwood from
Pulpwood from
Loblolly Pine.
Pine.
Austrelian For.
AustrElian Jl (1967):3, 202-10
For. 31
116. Rys, L.:

Rys, L.: Tropical
Tropical Woods
Woods for the
the Cellulose
Cellulose Industry
1949
1949 FAO:
FAO: 4th Meeting of the Technical Committee
on Wood Chemistry,
Chemistry, Brussels,
Brussels, August (1949),
(1 949 ),
120-21
117. Schmidt, Smith, W.J.:

Schmidt, J.D.K.; Smith, W.J.: Wood Quality
Quality Evaluation and
and Improvement
Improvement
1961 in
in Pinus
Pinus caribaea Morelet. Queensland For.
Queensland For.
Service,
Service, Dept. Forestry,
Forestry, Report No. 15
Report No. 15 (1961)
(1961)
118. C.W.:
scott, C.W.: Pinus radiata
1960
1960 FAO, Rome
FAO, ( 1960)
Rome77760)
119. Singh, M.M.: High Alpha-(Cellulose) Pulp from

High from Wattle
1967 (Acacia mollissima Willd.)
Willd.) by
by Water
Water Pre-
Pre-
hydrolysis Sulphate
Sulphate Process.
Process.
Indian For. 21
22 (1967):7, 486-8
120. soloman,
Soloman, A.R.: Continuous TwO-Stage pulping of
Two-Stage Pulping of Eucalypts.
Eucalypt~.
1960 Appita 11 (1960):14, 57-62
14 (1960):14,
121. Soloman, A.R.: Production of

of Semi-Bleached
Semi-Bleached Cold
Cold Caustic
Caustic
1960 Eucalypts Pulp.
Eucalypts Appita 1i
Pulp. Appita (1960): 14, 65-6
14 (1960):14, 65-8
122. Srivastava,
Srivastava, J.S.; G.M.:
J.S.; Mathur, G.M.: Chemical Pulps for Writing and Printing
Chemical
1964 from Eucalyptus
Papers from EucalYptus grandis.
grandis.
Indian pulp
Pulp and Paper 19
19 (1964):3,
(1964):3, 215-16
12.
123. R.J .:
Streets, R.J.: Tree s in
Exotic Forest Trees in the
the British
British Common-
Common-
1962 wealth. Clarendon Press, Oxford
wealth. Oxford (1962)
(1962)
124. S.F. :
Uppin, S.F.: Exotic Eucalypts and Their
Eucal~~ts and Their Yields.
Yields.
1969 Indian Pulp
pulp and
and Paper
Paper 23
23 (1969):8,
(1969):8, 485-91
485-91
125· J .M.:
Uprichard, J.M.: Pulping Studies of Ne~
New Zealand-Grown
1971
1911 Poplars. Appita 2~ (1971):4,
f.ppita 24 (1 97 1 ):4., 261-6
261-6
126. lJprichard, J.M.:

Uprichard, J .M.: Pulps from New Zealand-Grown Pinus
1971 contorta. 12 (1971):2,
Appito. 12
contorta. Appita (1971):2, 116-19
116-19
127. J .1,\. i Gray,

Uprichard, J.M.; Gray, J.T.:
J.T.: from New
Pulps from New Zealand-Grown Corsican
Zealand-Gro~m Corsican
1972 Pine. Appita 26
Fine. 26 (1972):1,
(1 972):1, 39-42
39-42
128. S.; Scaramuzzi,

Valenziano, S.; Scaramuzzi, G.:
G.: Preliminary Observations
Preliminary Observations onon the
the Seasonal
Seasonal
196-(
1967 Diameter Growth
Diameter Growth of
of Eucalyptus
EucalYptus camaldulens3s
camaldul Gn~l s
Eucalyptus viminalis.
and Eucalyptus vimill&li!!. World
riorld Symposium
Symposillll1
on Mpl1-II,p.<1e Forests and
MPn-kade Pprests and Their
Their Industrial
Industrial
Importal:CE.. Cenberra, April (1967)
Importance. Canberra, (1 96 7)
-- 466
466 --
129. J.:
Viado, J.: Fast-Growing Reforestation Tree Species
Fast-Growing
1967
1967 for pulp
Pulp and Paper Manufacture. Philippine
Philippine
13 (1967):9,
Lumberman 21 (1967):9, 26,
26, 28,
28, 32-3
32-3
130. B.A.;
Vincent, A.J.; Mitchell, B.A.; Permanent Sample Plot Information on the
Sandrasegaran, K.:
K.: Stocking,
Stocking, Growth and Yield for
for Pulpwood
Pulpwood
1964 of Batai (Albizzia falcata Back.) Grown
in Malaya.
in
Malayan Forester 27
27 (1964):4, 327-53
327-53
131. Watson,
Watson, A.J.; Higgins, H.G.; pulping
Pulping and Papermaking Properties of
Smi th, W.J.:
Smith, W.J.: Conifers from Queensland Plantations.
1971 CSIRO Div.
Div. Forest
Forest Prod.
Prod. Technol.
Technol. Paper
Paper
No.
No. 61
61 (1971)
(1971)
132. Webb, A.W.:
A.W.: The Growth of Mountain
Mountain Ash
Ash under Plantation
Plantation
1967 Conditions. World Symposium on Man-Made
and Their
Forests and Their Industrial
Industrial Importance.
Importance.
Canberra, April (1967)
133. Young, W.D.:

Young, pulping Potential of Australian Pinus
Pulping
1964 elliottii. Appita 21
17 (1964):4, 94-108
94-108
- 467 -
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX II
DEFINITION
DEI0INITI0N OF
OF TERMS
TERMS USED
USED IN THE DATA SHEETS
SHEETS
I. Wood sample
Basic density ratio of oven dry weight of the sample

The ratio
to its green (wet) volume
volume
Ru.'lkel
Runkel ratio fibre" wall thickness/lumen width
2 x fibre width
Flexibility ratio
Flexibility ratio Lumen width/fibre
Lumen width/fibre width
width
Holocellulose residue after extraction

The residue extraction and delignifi-
cation, chlorine or
cation, either with chlorine or chlorite.
chlorite. ItIt
represent the
is supposed to represent the total
total content
content of
of
carbohydrates in
in the wood cellulose ++ hemi-
wood -- cellulose hemi-
(non-cellulosic carbohydrates)
cellulose (non-cellulosic carbohydrates) --
some carbohydrates
but usually some carbohydrates are lost
lost during
treatment and
the delignification treatment and some
some lignin
lignin
is retained.
Cross-Bevan cellulose residue in

The residue in percent
percent of
of oven
oven dry
dry wood
wood after
after
treatment with aG succession of chlorine,
succession of chlorine,
sulphur dioxide water,
water, sodium
sodium sulphite
sulphite and
and aa
17.5% solution of sodium hydroxide. It is an
approximation of
of the
the cellulose
cellulose content
content of
of the
the
wood but
but can sometimes be seriously
seriously in
in error.
error.
II. Pulping papermaking characteristics

11.1. Unbleached
Processes:
Processes:
Sulphate A process of digestion

A digestion of the wood with sodium
sodium
hydroxide and sodium
sodium sulphide
sulphide asas chemicals
Chemicals atat
temperatures between
between 1500C
1500 C and 170o C. The
and 170°C.
pulp
pulp obtained
obtained with
with aa very low charge
charge of
of
chemicals and at
at high yield isis called
called crude
crude
pulp.
sulphate pulp.
Chemical
Chemical soda A process of
A process of digestion
digestion ofof the
the wood
wood with
with sodium
sodium
hydroxide alone as cooking chemical atat tem-
peratures
peratures between 900C 170oC.
90 0 C and 170°C.
Cold soda A chemi-mechanical or

A chemi-mechanical or semi-chemical
semi-chemical process
process
where the wood is
is impregnated
impregnated with sodium
sodium
hydroxide
hydroxide at
at ambient
ambient temperature
temperature and
and there-
there-
after given aa mechanical treatment in order
mechanical treatment
to obtain defibration ofof the
the chips.
chips.
-
- 468
468 --
NSSC A semi-chemical process,

A semi-chemical process, Neutral
Neutral Sulphite
Semi-Chemical, suggests, it
Semi-Chemical, and as the name suggests, it
comprises treatment of
of the wood chips
chips with
aa sodium sulphite
sulphite solution
solution with an
an addition
addition
of sodium carbonate in
in order
order to arrive at
at
or slightly
neutral or slightly alkaline
alkaline conditions.
conditions.
is carried out at
This treatment is at elevated
temperatures and followed by mechanical
treatment.
Sodium bisulphite A semi-chemical

A semi-chemical or
or chemical
chemical process
process with
sodium bisulphite
sodium bisulphite asas cooking
cooking ch3mical
chmical is
carried out
out at
at slightly
slightly acid conditions.
conditions.
o
temperature range
The temperature range isis usually 130-160 C.
usually 130-160°C.
yield is
If the yield is left
left high,
high, aa mechanical
mechanical
treatment
treatment is given as aa second
second stage
stage (semi-
(semi-
chemical or high-yield bisulphite pulp)pulp)
Chip groundwood A mechanical

A mechanical pulping
pulping process
process where
where defibration
defibration
of the chips is obtained by means
means of
of refining
in disc refiners.
refiners.
Groundwood
Groundwood A
A mechanical pulping process where defibration
is achieved by grinding
grinding wood
wood billets
billets on
on aa
stone grinder.
grinder.
consumption
Chemical consumption The consumption of chemicals in the process
expressed as percent of
of oven
oven dry
dry wood.
wood.
Kappa number consumption of

The consumption of a 0.1 N
N potassium permanganate
perroanganate
solution by 11 gg of
of pulp, under
under specified
specified con-
con-
ditions and expressed
expressed as
as the
the consumption
consumption in
in
50% consumption of the
ml corresponding to 50%
of solution
volume of solution added.
added. ItIt is a direct
of the content
measure of content of residual
residual lignin in
the pulp.
(unscreened)
Yield (unscreened) The yield of
of pulp in
in the process,
process, expressed
expressed
in percent of oven-dry
oven-dry wood.
wood.
Screenings of shives
The amount of shives and
and knots in
in the pulps
retained by
by aa screen
screen and
and expressed
expressed in
in percent
percent
of oven-dry
oven-dry wood.
wood.
Brightness of a sheet
The brightness of sheet of
of pulp,
pulp, measured
specified conditions
under specified conditions with
with a blue filter
(457 nm)
nm) and expressed as reflection factor
smoked magnesium
with smoked magnesium oxide
oxide as
as 100.
100.
- 469
469 -
Freeness
Freeness called 'wetness'
Also called 'wetness' or
or 'degree
'degree of
of beating'
beating'
it expresses
it expresses how extensive
extensive the
the beating
beating oror
refining treatment has been.
been. Two scales
scales are
are
applied in
applied in this
this context:
context: a) the
the Canadian
(CSF) with
Standard Freeness (CSF) with aa graduation
graduation
1000 to 00 and
from 1000 and b) the
the Schopper
schopper Riegler
Riegler (SR)
(SR)
value with aa graduation
graduation from
from 11 to
to 100.
100. They
linearly related.
are not linearly related. The following
following table
table
rough comparison
gives a rough comparison of
of the
the two
two scales:
scales:
CSF SR
SR
700 15
600 20
20
500
500 25
25
400 32
32
300 40
40
200 52
52
loo
100 68
Breaking length
Breaking length A measure
A measure of
of the
the tensile
tensile strength
strength of
of the
the
paper under standard conditions
Burst factor A measure

A measure of
of the
the pressure
pressure at
at which
which the
the paper
paper
will burst as determined
will detennined under standard
standard
condit ions.
conditions.
Tear factor A resistance of the

A measure of the tearing resistance
paper under standard
standard conditions
conditions of
of test.
test.
II.2.
11.2. Bleached
Sequence
Sequence A
A description of stages of
of the stages of bleaching
bleaching
applied to
to the pulp. The following abbrevia-
the pulp.
ttions
ions are used:
used:
C
C Chlorination
E Extraction with sodium hydroxide
H Hypochlorite treatment
treatment
D Chlorine dioxide
dioxide treatment
treatment
P Peroxide treatment
HS
HS Hydrosulphite (dithionite) treatment
treatment
Yield on bleaching The yield on bleaching expressed

expressed in
in percent
percent
of
of unbleached
unbleached pulp
Total
Total yield on bleaching The total after bleaching,
total yield of pulp after bleaching,
expressed in percent
percent of oven-dry wood
--470
470 -
Brightness 'Unbleached'
See 'Unbleached'
See
Freeness
Freeness See 'Unbleached'
'Unbleached'
Breaking length
length See 'Unbleached'
See 'Unbleached'
Burst factor
factor See 'Unbleached'
See 'Unbleached'
Tear factor
factor See 'Unbleached'
'Unbleached'
- 471 -
APPENDIX III
APPENDIX III
LIST OF SPECIES EVALUATED FOR PULPING CHARACTERISTICS
Species
Species, Page
Acaoia albida
Acacia 77
Aoaoia auriculiformis
Acacia auriouliformis 11
11
Aoaoia dealbata
Acacia dealbata 15
Aoacia decurrens
Acacia deourrens 19
19
Acacia decurrens
Acacia decurrens var.
var. dealbata
dealbata (see
(see Acacia
Aoaoia dealbata)
dealbata)
Acacia mearnssii (see
(see Acacia mollissima)
Acacia mollissima 27
Aoacia
Acacia nilotica var. pubescens 31
Albizzia falcata 35
Albizzia chinensis (see
Albizzia chinensis (see Albizzia
Albizzia stipulata)
stipulata)
Albizzia moluccana
Albizzia moluccana (see
(see Albizzia
Albizzia falcata)
falcata)
Albizzia procera 41
Albizzia stipulata
Albízzia stipulata 45
Aleurites moluccana 49
cadamba 53
53
chinensis (see
Anthocephalus chinensis (see Anthocephalus
Anthocephalus cadamba)
cadamba)
Anthocephalus indicus
indicus (see
(see Anthocephalus cadamba)
cadamba)
Araucaria angustifolia 63
brasiliensis (see
Araucaria brasiliensis (see Araucaria
Araucaria angustifolia)
angustifolia)
Araucaria cunninghamii 67
Araucaria hunsteinii (see
(see Araucaria
Araucaria klinkii)
klinkii)
Araucaria
Araucaria klinkii 73
Aucoumea klaineana 77
Broussonetia papyrifera 85
equisetifolia 91
Ceiba pentandra 97
Cupressus lusitanica 101
101
Eucalyptus 12 ABL
ABL 105
105
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus albens 115
Eucalyptus amygdalina 119
Eucalyptus botr,yoides
botryoides 125
camaldulensis 133
133
Eucalyptus citriodora 143
Eucalyptus cloeziana 151
Eucalyptus deglupta 155
Eucalyptus delegatensis 161
161
Eucalyptus globulus
globulus 165
Eucalyptus gomphocephala 175
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus grandis
grandis 179
Eucalyptus hemiphloia 185
Eucalyptus leucoxylon 189
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus maidenii 193
Eucalyptus (see Eucalyptus deglupta)
naudiana (see
-- 472
472 -
Species Page
Eucalyptus obliqua 201

201
Eucalyptus occidentalis 20 5
205
Eucalyptus ovata 209
209
Eucalyptus regnans
regnans 213
213
Eucalyptus robust a
robusta 217
Eucalyptus rostrata (seo
rostrata (see Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
camaldulensis)
Eucalyptus salicifolia (see
salicifolia (see Eucalyptus amygdalina)
Eucalyptus saligna
saligna 223
Eucalyptus tereticornis 237
Eucalyptus trabutii 241
241
Eucalyptus viminalis 245
245
Gmelina arborea 253
Hevea brasiliensis 261
261
Leucaena glauca 271
271
cecropioides 275
Ochroma grandiflora (see Ochroma lagopus)
lagopus)
Ochroma lagopus 285
Ochroma pyramidale (see Ochroma
Ochroma lagopus)
lagopus)
Pinus brutia 289
289
Pinus caribaea 293
Pinus contorta 343
densata (see
Pinus densata (see Pinus tabuliformis)
tabuliformis)
elliottii
Pinus elliottii 347
347
Pinus halepensis var.
var. brutia
brutia (see
(see Pinus
Pinus brutia)
brutia)
Pinus insignis
insignis (see
(see Pinus radiata)
radiata)
insularis (see
Pinus insularis (see Pinus
Pinus kesiya)
kesiya)
Pinus kesiya 361
361
Pinus maritima (see
(see Pinus pinaster)
pinaster)
Pinus muricata 369
var. calabrica
Pinus nigra var. 373
Pinus oocarpa 377
377
Pinus patula 383
383
Pinus pinaster 393
393
Pinus radiata 397
397
Pinus sinensis
sinensis var. densata
densata (see
(see Pinus
Pinus tabuliformis)
tabuliformis)
Pinus tabuliformis 405
Pinus taeda 409
409
Populus betulifolia x P.
P. trichocarpa 415
populus
Populus ciliata 419
Populus deltoides x P.
P. caudina 423
Populus x euramericana cv.
cv. eugenei
eugenei 427
populus
cv. regenerata 431
cv. robusta 435
populus x euramericana
Populus euramericana cv. serotina
serotina 439
maxi mowiczii x P. trichocarpa
Populus maximowiczii 443
saman
Samanea saman 447
447
Sesbania grandiflora 451.

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FAO FORESTRY PAPER

FAO FORESTRY PAPER 19/1

aM-growi gi plantation wood specie

manual was first published in 1976

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The information presented in this volume is based on data published in

(a) wood sample

(b) Wood characteristics of

(c) pulping and

The definitions of the terms used are given in

Although the determinations of basic density,

(b) The freeness of

(c) The equipment

(d) The extent of pressing of the wet sheet

(f) grammage (basis

( g) The grammage used in

(h) equipment used for the

In order to facilitate understanding of the results given in the data

The tree is particularly valuable in in agricultural areas on account

The wood is fairly soft

The fibres are of average length for hardwood,

In spite of the fairly high alkali charge used for sulphate

islands off the north coast of Australia,

not imply any difficulties with

The yield of pulp is on the low side SUlphate pulping,

* 1000 p)J. (microns)

The alkali consumption in

Wood sample characteristics

Samples from natural forest at Wesley Vale

** Charge to obtain Kappa number 15

It prefers moist sites and cool winters ·with an annual

References: 15, 43,

The species also adapts itself well to production of crude sulphate

Wood sample origin:

** 1000 p)J. (microns)

Wood sample characteristics

Wood sample origin:

Sol ubili ty, '%1>

Additional information: Additional information:

References: 15, 401

The chemical consumption

Acacia mollissima (Syn.

Wood sample characteristics

Addi tional information:

India, Arabia and

The chemical soda

Wood sample characteristics

Wood sample origin:

Basic density, g/cm

In its natural range,

References: 111, 123, 129,

The basic density of Che

The NSSC process gives pulps

WoOod sample origin:

Additional information: information:

The chemical consumption in

The pulp ranks

Wood sample origin:

This very fast-growing species is distributed as an indigenous

Wood sample characteristics

Additional information: Addi tional information:

** 1000 p)l (microns)