REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Reference:

Basso, M. C., Trindade, W. G., Meneguin, A. B., Neto, A. G., & Rosa, D. S. (2019). Use of lignin extracted from pumpkin
rind waste for paper production. Industrial Crops and Products, 128, 137-143.

Title: Use of lignin extracted from pumpkin rind waste for paper production. Industrial Crops and Products

According to Basso (2019), the study explores the use of lignin extracted from pumpkin rind waste for paper
production. The lignin extraction process involved cutting the pumpkin rind into small pieces and heating it in a
solvent mixture of ethanol and water at a temperature of 170°C. The resulting lignin extract was used to
produce paper by mixing it with cellulose pulp and other paper additives such as starch and kaolin clay. The
paper sheets were then dried and tested for various physical and mechanical properties. The results showed that
the addition of the pumpkin rind lignin extract improved the paper's tensile strength and burst index, indicating
its potential use as a paper strengthener. The study highlights the use of agricultural waste as a valuable
resource for the production of high-quality paper products (Basso, 2019).

Procedure:

1. Collect the pumpkin rind and cut it into small pieces.

2. Place the pieces in a container and add a solvent that is known to dissolve lignin, such as ethanol or a mixture of
ethanol and water.
3. Heat the mixture (Pumpkin Rind, 50% alcohol & 50% water) to a temperature between 150-200°C to facilitate
lignin extraction.
4. Allow the mixture to cool and then filter it to remove any solids.
5. Repeat the extraction process with fresh solvent to ensure that all of the lignin is extracted from the pumpkin
rind.
6. Once the lignin has been extracted, it can be further purified and characterized using various different technique
techniques.
7. To make pumpkin rind paper, mix the extracted lignin with a little amount of water to make a pulp and blend.
The ratio of lignin to water will depend on the desired thickness and strength of the paper.
8. Add any desired additives to the pulp, such as cornstarch and starch to add pulp binders, and paper strengthener
or coloring agents are optional.
9. Pour the pulp onto a flat surface, such as a mold or a screen, and spread it out evenly. The mold can be coated
with a non-stick agent or release agent to prevent the paper from sticking.
10. Use a press to remove any excess water from the pulp and flatten it into a sheet. This can be done by placing a
piece of cloth or felt on top of the pulp and applying pressure with a press or by hand.
11. Dry the sheet in a well-ventilated area until it is completely dry. This can take several days depending on the
thickness of the paper.
12. Once the paper is dry, it can be cut to the desired size and shape.

IF:

 1 kilogram of pumpkin rind, the amount of solvent needed would be:

 Solvent volume = 1 kg pumpkin rind x (50% alcohol + 50% water)
 Ethyl alcohol volume = 50% only for mixtures to put in the solvent volume
 Water volume = 50% only for mixtures to put in the solvent volume

Ingredients and materials for Solvent:

1. Ethyl Alcohol – use 500 mL out of 1000 (50%)

2. Water - use 500 mL out of 1000 (50%)

3. Acetone – 150 ml

5. Pumpkin Rind – half kilo

6. cornstarch – additive (pulp binder)

7. Blender – To make fine pumpkin rinds after extracting the lignin in the fiber