FO:MISC/94/7

Working Paper

NUTMEG AND DERIVATIVES

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 1994
 FO:MISC/9417
FO:MISC/94/7
Working Paper

NUTMEG AND DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVES

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

FOOD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
ORGANIZATION OF
Rome, September
September 1994
1994

This document is a working paper. It documents information forming part of a larger

study and informs interested persons about work in progress. It is available in limited'
ilnumbers for comment and discussion.
 The designations
The employed and
designations employed and the
the presentation
presentation ofof material
material in this publication do not
imply the expression
imply the expression of any opinion
opinion whatsoever
whatsoever on on the
the part
part of the
the Food
Food and
and Agriculture
Agriculture
Organization (FAO) of of the
the United
United Nations
Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory,
territory,
city or area
area or
or of
ofits
itsauthorities,
authorities, ororconcerning
concerningthe
thedelimitation
delimitation of
of its
its frontiers
frontiers or
orboundaries.
boundaries.

The opinion expressed in the document are those of the author(s) and
and do
do not
not necessarily
necessarily
reflect the opinion on the part of the FAO.

(ii)
 PREFACE

This document consists

This consists of
of two
two related
related reports:
reports: (i) Nutmeg Processing
Processing and
and Marketing
Marketing in
Grenada prepared by Dr. Dilon
Dilon Daniel
Daniel and
and (ii) Nutmeg, Mace
Mace and
and their By-Products:
By-Products: A
A Market
Market
Overview prepared
Overview prepared by
by the
the Trade
Trade Information Service of
Information Service of the
the International
International Trade
Trade Centre
Centre
UNCTAD/GATT.

These reports form part of

These of the
the several
several studies
studies on Non-Wood Forest Products
Products (NWFP),
commissionedby
commissioned by FAO.
FAO. InIn the
the two
two reports,
reports, the
the authors
authors have
have used different sources relevant
sources of relevant
No attempt
information. No attempt has
has been made made to reconcile
reconcile differences,
differences, if any,
any, in
in the
the statistical
statistical
information provided.

This document,
This document, along with other
along with other similar
similar and
and related
related studies,
studies, will
will be
be used
used for
for preparing
preparing
a substantial
substantial publication of wider coverage
coverage on NWFP.

Comments on the document (along with supporting materials

materials as relevant) may kindly be
as relevant)
sent to:
to:

Chandrasekharan
C. Chandrasekharan
Chief, Non-Wood
Non-Wood Products and Energy Branch
Branch
Forest Products
Products Division
Division
FAO
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
Caracalla
00100 Rome
Italy

(iii)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE iii

REPORT No.
No.11

List of
of Abbreviations
Abbreviations x
Executive Summary 1

1. Background Information and

Background Information and Trends
Trends Relating
Relating to
to the
the Growing,
Growing, Management,
Management,
Production, and
and Trade
Trade of
of Nutmeg/Nutmeg
Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products
Products inin Grenada
Grenada 2

2. Relative
Relative Importance
Importance of Nutmeg in Providing
Providing Income,
Income, Employment
Employment and
and Export
Export
Earnings 2

3. Constraints/Problems Faced by
Constraints/Problems Faced by Grenada
Grenada in Nutmeg Production and Trade, and
and
Proposed Solutions
Solutions 33

4. Definition of Terms 66

5. Description of Components
Components of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg 6

7. The Present Market Status

Status of
of the
the Vegetable
Vegetable Fats
Fats and
and Oleochemical
Oleo chemical Industries 15

8. Market Analysis for Trimyristin and Myristic

Myristic Acid 20

9. Recommendations 23

Endnotes 25

TABLES

Table 1:
1: Grenada's Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace Production
Production1986-1993
1986-1993 (tons)
(tons) 2

Table 2:
2: Export Quantities of Nutmeg and Mace and Total Earnings for
for the
the
Period 1986-1993
1986-1993 33

Table 3:
3: Prices
Prices Received by Grenada
Received by for its
Grenada for its Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace for the
the
Period 1988-1993
1988-1993 (US$)
(US$) 33

Table 4: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 5:
5: US Imports of
of Mace
Mace for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 6: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 7: EEC Imports

Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for Manufacture
Manufacture of Nutmeg Oil 5

Table 8: Sources of Trimyristin 12

(v)
(y)
Table 9:
9: World
World Production of Oils
Production of Oils and
and Fats
Fats by
by Source
Source (million
(million metric
metric
tons) 15

Table 10:
10: World Oil and
World and Fat
Fat Production
Production by
by Geographic
Geographic Region
Region (million
(million
metric tons)
tons) 16

Table 11:
11: Prices of
of Major
Major Raw
Raw Materials
Materials of
of Oleochemicals
Oleochemicals 16

Table 12:
12: Relative Fatty Acid Composition
Relative 17

Table 13:
13: World Fatty Acid
Acid Production,
Production, 1988-2000
1988-2000 (1,000
(1,000 MT)
MT) 18

Table 14:
14: Consumption of
Consumption of Natural
Natural Fatty Acids,
Acids, 1987-1992
1987-1992 (1,000 MT) 18

Table 15:
15: World Glycerine
World Glycerine Production,
Production, Consumption and Capacity,
Consumption and Capacity, 1988
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 16:
16: World
World Production
Production of
of Basic
Basic Natural
NaturalOleochemicals
Oleochemicals By-Product
By-Product
Group, 1988-2000
Group, 1988-2000 (1,000 MT) 19

Table 17:
17: World Production of
of Basic
Basic Oleochemicals
Oleochemicals by Region,
Region, 1988-2000
1988-2000
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 18:
18: Listed Catalogue Price for Trimyristin
Trimyristin 21

Table 19:
19: US Imports of Industrial
Industrial Mono Fatty Acids
Acids from Coconut,
Coconut, Palm
Kernel,
Kernel, and Palm Oil
Oil 22

Table 20:
20: Myristic Acid into Ports of
of New
New York
York and
and New
New Jersey
Jersey 22

Table 21:
21: Prices of Four
Four Major
Major Fatty
Fatty Acids
Acids 22

APPENDICES

Appendix 1:
1: Structure and Physical Properties of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil Components
Components 29

Manufacturers and
Appendix 2: Manufacturers and Suppliers
Suppliers of
of Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid and
and Myristyl
Myristyl
Alcohol 31

Appendix 3: Price Quote for

for aa Gas
Gas Chromatograph
Chromatograph Machine
Machine 33

Appendix 4: Companies Presently Selling Trimyristin as a Laboratory

Reagent 37

Appendix 5: Companies Selling Oils and Fats Extraction

Extraction Equipment
Equipment 39

Appendix 6: Estimate for a Pilot

Estimate for Pilot Study
Study to be
be Conducted
Conducted at Texas
Texas A and
and M M
University and Price Quotation
Quotation for Equipments
Equipments Necessary
Necessary for the
the
Production
Production of Trimyristin
Trimyristin on a Commercial
Commercial Scale,
Scale, from
from Crown
Crown
Iron Works 41
(vi)
REPORT No.
No.22

List of
of Abbreviations
Abbreviations 50

List of ACP and LDCs

LDCs 51

1. Nutmeg and Mace - World

World Overview
Overview 53

2. Nutmeg and Mace -- European

European Union
Union Overview
Overview 59

3. Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace - USA
USA 65

4. Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace - Japan
Japan 69

5. Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace - India 71

6. Derivatives
Derivatives of Nutmeg and Mace
Mace - Market Overview
Overview 75

TABLES

Table 1:
1: Minimum Export Prices Agreed to by
by Indonesian
Indonesian and Grenadian
Grenadian
Producers
Producers Under 'Marketing Agreement'
Agreement' in 1987
1987 54

Table 2: MNS Prices for Nutmegs and Mace

Nutmegs and Mace as
as on 29 April 1994
1994 56

Table 3: Customs Tariffs

Customs Tariffs in
in the
the EU for Imports of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace 60

Table 4: Customs Charges

Customs Charges in
in USA
USA for
for Imports
Imports of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace 66

Table 5: Main Suppliers

Suppliers of Nutmeg Oil to the US Market
Market 76

APPENDICES

Appendix 1:
1: Statistical Annexes 83

Appendix 2: List of Importers 97

(vii)
 REPORT No.
No.11

Nutmeg Processing
Nutmeg Processing and Marketing
in Grenada
prepared by

Dilon Daniel
Daniel
 LIST OF
OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS

AAI% Average Annual Percent

Percent Increase
Increase
FELDA Malaysian Federal Land
Land Development
Development Authority
Authority
g gram
GCNA Grenada Cooperative
Cooperative Nutmeg
Nutmeg Association
Association
GC Gas Chromatography
Chromatography
Inform International News on Fats and
and Oils
Oils and
and Related
Related Materials
Materials
kg Kilogramme
MT Metric Ton
$ Dollars
US United States
States
USDA US Department
Department of
of Agriculture
Agriculture

(x)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page

Executive Summary 1
1

1. Background Information and

Background Information and Trends
Trends Relating
Relating to the
the Growing,
Growing, Management,
Management,
Production, and
and Trade
Trade of
ofNutmeg/Nutmeg
Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products
Products inin Grenada
Grenada 2

2. Relative
Relative Importance
Importance of Nutmeg
Nutmeg in Providing Income,
Income, Employment and Export
Employment and
Earnings 2

3. Constraints/Problems Faced by Grenada in Nutmeg

Constraints/Problems Faced Nutmeg Production and Trade, and
and
Proposed Solutions
Solutions 33

4. Definition of
of Terms
Terms 6

5. Description of
of Components
Components of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg 6

7. The Present Market

Market Status
Status of
of the
the Vegetable
Vegetable Fats
Fats and
and Oleochemical
Oleo chemical Industries 15

8. Market Analysis for Trimyristin

Trimyristin and
and Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid 20

9. Recommendations 23

Endnotes 25

TABLES

Table 1:
1: Grenada's Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace Production
Production 1986-1993
1986-1993 (tons)
(tons) 2

Table 2: Export
Export Quantities
Quantities of Nutmeg and
and Mace and
and Total Earnings for
for the
the
Period 1986-1993
1986-1993 33

Table 3: Prices
Prices Received by Grenada
Received by Grenada for
for its
its Nutmeg and Mace
Nutmeg and Mace for the
the
Period 1988-1993
1988-1993 (US$)
(US$) 33

Table 4: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 5:
5: US Imports of Mace for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

6:
Table 6: US Imports of Nutmeg Oil
Oil for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

7:
Table 7: EEC Imports of Nutmeg for Manufacture
Manufacture of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil 5
5

8:
Table 8: Sources of Trimyristin 12

Table 9:
9: World Production
World of Oils
Production of Oils and
and Fats
Fats by
by Source
Source (million
(million metric
metric
tons) 15

(xi)
Table 10:
10: World Oil
World Oil and
and Fat
Fat Production
Production by
by Geographic
Geographic Region
Region (million
(million
metric tons)
tons) 16

Table 11:
11: Prices of
of Major
Major Raw
Raw Materials
Materials of
ofOleochemicals
Oleochemicals 16

Table 12:
12: Relative Fatty Acid Composition
Relative 17

Table 13:
13: World Fatty Acid
Acid Production,
Production, 1988-2000
1988-2000 (1,000
(1,000 MT)
MT) 18

Table 14:
14: Consumption of
Consumption of Natural
Natural Fatty
Fatty Acids,
Acids, 1987-1992 (1,000 MT) 18

Table 15:
15: World
World Glycerine
Glycerine Production,
Production, Consumption and Capacity,
Consumption and Capacity, 1988
1988
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 16:
16: World
World Production
Production of
of Basic
Basic Natural
Natural Oleochemicals
Oleochemicals By-Product
By-Product
Group, 1988-2000
Group, 1988-2000 (1,000 MT) 19

Table 17:
17: World Production of Basic Oleochemicals by Region,
Oleochemicals by Region, 1988-2000
1988-2000
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 18:
18: Listed Catalogue
Catalogue Price for Trimyristin
Trimyristin 21

Table 19:
19: US Imports of Industrial Mono
Mono Fatty Acids from Coconut,
Acids from Coconut, Palm
Kernel,
Kernel, and Palm Oil 22

Table 20: Myristic Acid into Ports of

of New
New York
York and
and New
New Jersey
Jersey 22

Table 21: Prices of Four Major

Major Fatty
Fatty Acids
Acids 22

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Structure and Physical Properties of

of Nutrneg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil Components
Components 29

Appendix 2: Manufacturers and Suppliers

Manufacturers and Suppliers of
of Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid and
and Myristyl
Myristyl
Alcohol 31

Appendix 3: Price Quote for aa Gas

Gas Chromatograph
Chromatograph Machine
Machine 33

Appendix 4: Companies Presently Selling Trimyristin as a Laboratory

Reagent 37

Appendix 5: Companies Selling

Companies Selling Oils and Fats Extraction Equipment
Equipment 39

Appendix 6: Estimate for

Estimate for aa Pilot
Pilot Study to be
Study to be Conducted at Texas
Conducted at Texas A
A and
and MM
University and
University and Price Quotation for Equipments
Quotation for Equipments Necessary
Necessary for
for the
Production of
Production of Trimyristin
Trimyristin on
on aa Conunercial Scale, from
Commercial Scale, from Crown
Iron Works 41

(xii)
EXECUTFVE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Questions Addressed

The feasibility extracting individual

feasibility of extracting individual components
components from nutmeg and marketing
from nutmeg marketing these
components is reported in this document.
document. Within
Within this
this context,
context, an
an analysis
analysis was conducted of the
trend in nutmeg
nutmeg production and and trade
trade in Grenada alongalong with the
the importance this crop as aa
importance of this
source
source of income
income to to the
the populace.
populace. A thorough
thorough scientific
scientific investigation
investigation of the
the individual
individual
compounds found in nutmeg and the viability of extracting these compounds compounds waswas also
also covered.
Finally, an
Finally, an economic
economic evaluation
evaluation isis discussed
discussed in terms of of cost
cost ofofproduction,
production, marketing
marketing andand
revenue outlook ofof extracting
extracting these
these components,
components, and recommendations
recommendations are made based on on the
the
findings.

Summary of Findings

Nutmeg production
Nutmeg production continues
continues to
to playa
play a pivotal
pivotal role
role as
as a source
source of income, employment
and revenue for
for Grenada. However, the
Grenada. However, the recent
recent decline
decline in
in the
the nutmeg trading price
nutmeg trading price on the
international market has seriously affected the economy
economy of the country.

Upon examination of diversifying the uses

uses of nutmeg,
nutmeg, one of its its components,
components, trimyristin,
was seen as a potential marketable
marketable product. Trimyristinisis aa fat,
product. Trimyristin fat, and
and ititcomprises
comprises approximately
approximately
40% by weight
40% weight of the nutmeg seed. AAby-product
nutmeg seed. by-product of
of trimyristin
trimyristin is myristic acid, and
myristic acid, and this
this
carboxylic acid is used commercially
carboxylic commercially in the soap and
and cosmetic
cosmetic industry.

Another possible
possible marketable product isis nutmeg
marketable product nutmeg oil. Nutmeg oil,
oil. Nutmeg oil, which
which isis the
the essential
essential
or volatile
volatile oil
oil of nutmeg,
nutmeg, is is approximately
approximately 12 12% by weight
% by weightof of the
the nutmeg
nutmegseed.
seed. A A steam
steam
plant is
distillation plant is under construction
construction in in Grenada
Grenada to to obtain
obtainthethenutmeg
nutmegoil.oil. However, once once the
nutmeg oil
nutmeg oil is removed
removed by by the
the steam
steam distillation,
distillation, if nothing
nothing isis done
done with
with the
the remaining
remaining
components of
components of the
the nutmeg,
nutmeg, then
then 8888%% ofof the
the nutmeg
nutmeg seed
seedisisdiscarded.
discarded. Most importantly,
importantly, the the
potentially marketable
trimyristin which is a potentially product, will be lost. Trimyristin can be sold as
marketable product,
any other fat or oil
any oil to
to be
be used
used asas aasource
source forfor making
making fatty
fatty acids,
acids, fatty
fatty alcohols,
alcohols, oror glycerol
glycerol
which are used for the soap,
which soap, cosmetic
cosmetic and oleochemical industries. Moreover,
oleochemical industries. Moreover, the the equipment
equipment
used toto extract
extract trimyristin
trimyristin from nutmeg
nutmeg can can also
also be used
used toto extract
extract other
other products
products suchsuch as
as
coconut oil from copra. Thus, Thus,thethemarketing
marketingpotential
potential of
oftrimyristin
trimyristin demands
demands that a pilot
pilot study
be conducted on its extraction
extraction from
from nutmeg
nutmeg to to evaluate
evaluate the
the possible
possible commercial
commercial production of of
this fat.

11
 NUTMEG PROCESSING AND
AND MARKETING IN GRENADA
GRENADA

1. Background Information and

Background Information and Trends Relating
Relating to
to the
theGrowing,
Growing, Management,
Management,
Production, and
and Trade
Trade of
of Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products in Grenada
Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products

Most ofof Grenada's

Grenada's nutmeg
nutmeg isis grown
grown inland
inland inin areas
areas of
of higher
higher altitude,
altitude, greater
greater than
than 100
100 meters
meters
level. About
above sea level. Aboutthree
threetotofive
fiveyears
years after
afterplanting
planting the the nutmeg,
nutmeg, thethe nutmeg
nutmeg tree
tree (Myristica
(Myristica
fragrans)
jragrans) begins
begins to
to bear
bearfruits
fruits which
which turnturn yellow
yellow inincolour
colour uponupon ripening.
ripening. The fruits
The yellow fruits
split open
split open to expose
expose a shining
shining dark brownbrown nut thatthat isis surrounded
surrounded by aa bright
bright red
red lace-like
lace-like
covering called mace. Inside
called mace. Inside ofofthe
the dark
dark brown
brown nutnut isis the
the light
light brown
brown nutmeg
nutmeg seed.
seed.

Grenada produces
Grenada produces overover 23%
23% of the world's
world's nutmeg,
nutmeg, whichwhich is
is second
second to
to Indonesia
Indonesia which
which
produces 73% of the world's nutmeg.
produces 73% nutmeg. Nutmeg
Nutmeg in inGrenada
Grenada isis grown
grown byby both
both large
large and
and small
small
Over the years,
farmers. Over years, 1951-1993,
1951-1993, 29% 29% ofof the
the growers
growers inin Grenada
Grenada had
had annual
annual average
average
deliveries
deliveries of less
less than 100
100 pounds
pounds (or 45.41 kg). kg). The seventy-six
seventy-six largest
largest producers which
which
comprise 0.5% of ofthe
the nutmeg
nutmeg farming
farming population
popUlation contributed, on an annual average, deliveries
in excess
excess of 10,000
10,000 pounds
pounds (or
(or 4,541
4,541 kg).
kg). AsAs aa group,
group, they
they have
have been
been responsible
responsible forfor
approximately 20%
approximately 20% ofof Grenada's
Grenada's annual
annual production
productioninin terms
termsofof volume.
volume. The
The structure
structure of
of the
the
industry as
industry as it relates to farm
farm size,
size, over
over time,
time, has
has not
not changed
changed inin any
any significant
significant manner
manner.

Both nutmeg and mace

nutmeg and mace are traded regionally and extra-regionally.
regionally and extra-regionally. Mace
Mace is is removed
removed from
from the
the
nutmeg, washed and sun-dried
sun-dried for aa few
few days
days until
until itit becomes
becomes brittle.
brittle. The macemace isis then sold
to the receiving
receiving station for grading and packing.
grading and packing. Nutmeg
Nutmeg are dried,
dried, graded
graded and and bagged
bagged atat the
the
processing stations.
processing stations. Once
Once the
the products
products have
have been packaged, they are
packaged, they are ready
ready for export.

Table 11:
Table 11: Grenada's
Grenada's Nutmeg and Mace
Mace Production
Production 1986-1993
1986-1993 (tons)

Year Nutmeg Mace

1986 2,229 212
1987 2,687 304
1988 2,712 331
1989 2,691 283
1990 2,717 271
1991 2,622 236
1992 2,595 163
1993 2,347 102

Historically, the major

Historically, the major markets
markets for
for Grenada's
Grenada's nutmeg
nutmeg have
have been
been Holland,
Holland, West
West
Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium,
Belgium, Canada, Poland,
Canada, Poland, Spain and Argentina. Although
and Argentina. Although Holland
provides
provides Grenada
Grenada with its largest
largest single
single market of nutmeg
nutmeg exports,
exports, aa significant
significant amount
amount of
of
nutmeg reaching Holland isis re-exported.
re-exported.

2. Relative Importance
Relative Importance of
of Nutmeg in Providing
Nutmeg in Income, Employment
Providing Income, Employmentand
and Export
Export
Earnings

The nutmeg
The nutmeg industry
industry is important
important as aa provider
provider of
ofemployment
employment and
and income
income inin Grenada.
Grenada.
According to
According to the Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association, about 7,000 to 10,000 small
Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association, about 7,000 to 10,000 small
farmers
farmers are directly involved the production
involved in the production of
of the
the crop.
crop. Conservative
Conservative estimates claim that
estimates claim that

2
not less
less than
than 35,000
35,000 persons
persons inin the
the farm
farm household,
household, or or about
about one-third
one-third of
of Grenada's
Grenada's total
total
population, depend
population, depend directly
directly on
on the
the nutmeg
nutmeg dollar.
dollar. AA further
further 500
500 persons
persons find
find employment
employment at
the processing stations.
stations.

As seen in the tables below, over the last six financial years
years the export earnings derived
from nutmeg have been
nutmeg have been on
on the
the decline.
decline. Export
Export earnings
earnings have
have fallen from US
US $15,761,107 in
1988 to
1988 to US
US $2,660,595
$2,660,595 inin 1993.
1993. During
During that
that same
same period
period farm income has declined
income has declined both
both in
in
share of export earnings.
absolute terms and as a share earnings. The
The Grenada
Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association
claims that whereas farm income was 83% 83 % of the 1988
1988 export
export earnings,
earnings, by
by the
the 1993
1993 financial
financial
year the share
share had declined 58 %.
declined to 58%.

Some of the more important reasons

Some reasons for the decline in the performance
performance of the industry
industry
are: decline
are: decline in the
the world
world demand
demand forfor raw
raw nutmeg;
nutmeg; the
the dismantling
dismantling of the Grenada - Indonesia
Indonesia
marketing arrangement; and, to a lesser extent,
arrangement; and, production expansion.
extent, production expansion. Given the trends
trends in the
trade of
of nutmeg,
nutmeg, the
the revival
revival of
ofthe
thenutmeg
nutmeg industry
industry would
would depend
depend on the
the extent
extent to
to which
which
Grenada diversifies both the industry and and the market.
market.

Table 22:
Table 22:Export
Export Quantities
Quantities of
of Nutmeg
Nutmegand
and Mace
Maceand
and Total
Total Earnings
Earnings for
for the
Period
Period 1986-1993
1986-1993

Year Nutmeg Mace Total Export

(tons) (tons) (US$)
1986 3,362 217 7,690,957
1987 2,334 224 14,306,088
1988 2,230 256 15,761,107
1989 1,769 162 12,496,538
1990 1,900 173 10,912,888
1991 1,522 257 4,909,421
1992 1,577 201 3,620,911
1993 1,863 184 2,660,595

3
Table
Table 333: PricesReceived
: Prices Receivedby
byGrenada
Grenada for
for its
its Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace for the
Period 1988-1993
1988-1993 (US$)
(US$)

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Nutmeg/kg 3.35 3.22 2.49 1.26 0.88 0.57

No. 11 Mace/kg
Mace/kg 7.43 7.38 6.22 2.62 260 2.53
No. 2 Mace/kg
Mace/kg 4.83 4.08 3.24 1.43 1.26 0.81

3. Constraints/ProblemsFaced
Constraints/Problems Facedby
by Grenada
Grenada in
in Nutmeg
NutmegProduction
Productionand
and Trade,
Trade, and
Proposed Solutions
Solutions

Although Grenada continued to receive declining prices for its its nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace during
during
the last
the last five
five years,
years, production
production of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg during
during that
thatperiod
periodremained
remained relatively
relatively constant.
constant.
Therefore, the problem that the nutmeg
Therefore, nutmeg industry faces lies
industry faces lies in
in the
the nutmeg
nutmeg trade
trade and
and not
not in its
production.

3
 The following information
infonnation shows the market conditions for nutmeg and
and nutmeg products
products
in the U.S. and
and European
European markets:
markets:

Table 44: US
Table 44: USImports
Imports of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Consumption

Country Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (thousand US$) (kg) (thousand US$)
December 1992
1992 January-December 1992
1992
World Total 135,206 196 1,685,231 2,358
Canada --- --- 1,077 33
Grenada --- --- 51,325 95
India --- --- 2,020 6
Indonesia 119,156 176 1,200,302 1,716
Italy --- ---
--- 135 33
Madagascar --- --- 2,000 55
Netherlands --- --- 100,000 143
Singapore 16,050 20 323,600 381
St. Vincent
Vincent and
and Grenadines
Grenadines --- --- 4,676 55

Table 55:US
Table 55: USImports
Imports of
of Mace
Mace for
for Consumption

Country Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (thousand US$) (kg) (thousand US$)
December 1992
1992 January-December 1992
1992
World Total 18,965 23 219,949 456
Egypt --- --- 7,000 16
France --- --- 39 11
India --- --- 1,473 33
Indonesia 10,120 17 145,394 305
Malaysia --- --- 425 2
Netherlands --- --- 38,655 84
Peru 8,845 6 8,845 6
Singapore --- --- 18,118 39

6
Table 666:
Table USImports
: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil for
for Consumption

Country Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (thousand US$) (kg) (thousand US$)
US$)
December 1992 January-December 1992
1992
World Total 3,720 32 191,952 1,998
France --- --- 1,459 19
India --- --- 7,899 88
Indonesia 3,000 29 178,204 1,789
Mexico --- --- 1,690 54
Spain --- --- 19 2
United Kingdom 720 3 2,601 47

4
 7
Table
Table 777: EEC Imports
: EEC Imports of Nutmeg for Manufacture
Nutmeg for Manufacture of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil

Country Quantity Quantity

(kg) (kg)
1991
January-December 1991 January -December 1992
January-December 1992
World Total
Total 58,928 33,528
Indonesia 30,480 5,080
Grenada --- 5,080
India --- 5,080
Sri Lanka --- 5,080
Intra-EEC 28,448 20,320

Note:
Note: Germany
Germany imported the largest
imported the largest quantity, 79% and 45%
quantity, 79% 45% of
of EEC
EEC nutmeg
nutmeg
imports for essential oil manufacture in 1991
manufacture in 1991 and
and 1992,
1992, respectively.
respectively. The second
largest importer
largest importer in
in 1991 was Ireland,
1991 was Ireland, 12%,
12%, and
and in
in 1992,
1992, the
the second
second largest
largest
importer was
importer was France, 24 %.
France, 24%.

The statistics
statistics in the
the tables
tables above
above reveal
reveal that the US US market
market is is potentially
potentially the largest
largest
consumer market for nutmeg and related
related products,
products, in particular
particular nutmeg
nutmeg oil.oil. Moreover, Grenada
Grenada
in 1992
1992 exported to the USUS only
only 3%
3 % of
of the
the total
total 1.7
1.7 million
million kg
kg of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg exported
exported to
to the
the US
US
for consumption during this period while Indonesia exported
this period while Indonesia exported 71.2%.71.2%. In addition, of the 191,952
kg of
of nutmeg
nutmeg oil
oil exported
exported during
during 1992
1992 to thethe US,
US, Indonesia
Indonesia exported
exported 92.8%
92.8% while
while Grenada
Grenada
exported zero. This
Thisdisparity ofGrenada's
disparityof Grenada'sportion
portionininthe
theUS
US market
marketbecomes
becomes shockingly
shockingly visible
visible
when taking into consideration that Grenada produces
produces about 23% of of the
the world's nutmeg. s
world's nutmeg.8

In 1991,
1991, Grenada's
Grenada's Junior
Junior Agriculture
Agriculture Minister,
Minister, Denis Noel reported
Denis Noel reported that
that the
the prices
prices of
Grenada's nutmegnutmeg plummeted
plummeted by by more
more than
than 50%50% between
between19901990and
and1991.
1991. In 1992, Grenada's
Agriculture Minister
Minister George
George Brizan
Brizansaidsaid that
that the
the value
value of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace exports
exports had
had slumped
slumped
sharply from US $30 million million total for both 1987 1987 and 1988 to only US US $8.5 million total for both
1991 and
1991 and 1992.
1992. He
Healso
alsosaid
said that
that the
the price
price ofofnutmeg
nutmeg fell
fell because
because of the
the end
end of the Indonesia-
Grenada marketing agreement which had limited production production to keep the nutmeg prices
to keep the nutmeg prices higher.
higher.
Once the agreement ended in 1990, there was an oversupply of nutmeg and the prices drastically
fell. 9 ItItwas
fell.' was hinted
hinted that
that the
the excess
excess stocks
stocks ofof nutmeg
nutmeg in Grenada were to be burned if additional
markets
markets were were not
not found.
found.'10

Because
Because of the pathetic
pathetic situation
situation with the sales
sales of
of nutmeg,
nutmeg, the
the Grenada
Grenada Cooperative
Cooperative
Nutmeg Association (GCNA) was forced to sign an agreement in 1992 with J.H.B. International
International
of Belgium
Belgium toto arrange
arrange through
through J.H.B.'s
J.H.B.'s bankers,
bankers, aa financial
financial package to make
package to make it possible for
possible for
GCNA
GCNA to continue
continue operations of nutmeg,
operations of pay for the
nutmeg, pay the current
current nutmeg
nutmeg crop and
and increase
increase its
its
sale.
sale."11

From the above

From above information, it is evident
information, it evident that Grenada
Grenada faces
faces a serious
serious problem
problem in
marketing its nutmeg.
marketing nutmeg. It is
is conceivable
conceivable that a more
more aggressive
aggressive marketing
marketing strategy
strategy will give
give
Grenada a bigger share, for example, of
Grenada of the
the US market. Recommendations
Recommendations to to achieve
achieve this
this will
be discussed
discussed under
under the
the recommendations
recommendations section.
section.

Although an increase in the market size

size of nutmeg
nutmeg would
would aidaid Grenada's
Grenada's present situation,
it is doubtful that this alone would solve the problem completely since the the prices
prices of nutmeg have
fallen to
fallen to an all
all time
time low.
low. One
One possible
possible solution would be
solution would be to
to diversify
diversifythe
theuses
usesofofnutmeg.
nutmeg. If

5
there
there is concurrently
concurrently an increase
increase in
in the
the supply
supply of
of nutmeg
nutmeg by-products and a decrease
by-products and decrease in
in the
the
supply of nutmeg,
supply nutmeg, the price of nutmeg would have an
would have an elevating
elevatingeffect.
effect. Moreover,
Moreover, this
this would
would
be a more
more profitable
profitable solution
solution than
than simply
simply burning the excess stocks
stocks of nutmeg.

The distillation plant to be constructed in Grenada to produce nutmeg oil is in in line

line with
with
finding alternative
finding alternative uses
uses of nutmeg,
nutmeg, in addition to to only
only selling
selling unprocessed
unprocessed nutmeg.
nutmeg. This
This plant
plant
is estimated
is estimated to to cost
cost EC $3 $3 million
million (or us $1.11
(or US $1.11 million),
million), and
and the
the expected
expected capacity
capacity of
production is approximately
approximately 32,000 kilograms of nutmeg oil. Since Since the
the estimated
estimated yield ofof this
plant is 10%
plant is 10% of
ofthe
the nutmeg,
nutmeg, this
this steam
steam distillation
distillation plant
plant will
will consume
consume 320,000
320,000 kilograms
kilograms (or
(or315
315
nutmeg. 12,13
tons) ofofnutmeg.12,13
tons)

production of
The production of nutmeg oil
oil will
will aid
aid in
in finding outlets for the excess nutmeg,
nutmeg, which
whichwas
was
because
created because of the depressed market. However, this will only consume a small percentage
depressed market. However, this will only consume a small percentage
of Grenada's potential
potential output
output of
of nutmeg.
nutmeg.

The
The remainder
remainder of this
this document
document will
will explore
explore the
the possibility
possibility of
of obtaining
obtaining other
other
components of nutmeg that may marketable, and thus, reduce
components of nutmeg that may be marketable, and thus, reduce Grenada's dependence on
dependence
selling only unprocessed nutmeg.
nutmeg.

4. Definition of Terms

To aid
aid in
in the
the understanding
understanding of
of the
the chemistry
chemistry in this
this report,
report, the
the following
following terms
terms are
are
defined:

Organic compounds - in general are compounds which contain

contain carbon
carbon and
and hydrogen
hydrogen as
as the
the major
major
elements

Carboxylic acids - are organic compounds which contain the

the functional
functional group
group -- COOH
COOH (Carboxy
(Carboxy
group)

Fatty acids - are

are long
long straight
straight chain
chain carboxylic
carboxylic acids
acids which
which can be obtained
obtained from fats
fats

Alcohols
Alcohols - are organic
organic compounds
compounds that contain the functional group - OH (hydroxy group)
functional group

Esters
Esters - are
are derivatives
derivatives of
ofcarboxylic
carboxylic acids
acids and
and alcohols
alcohols and contain
contain the functional
functional group
group -
COOR

Fats - are
are naturally
naturally occurring
occurring esters
esters of
of fatty
fatty acids and the alcohol
alcohol glycerol
glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol).
sometimes referred to
They are sometimes to as
as triglycerides
triglycerides

Oils - are fats that

Oils that exist
exist naturally
naturally as aa liquid
liquid at
at or
or below
below room
room temperature
temperature

Essential Oils - are

Essential Oils are the
the water
water insoluble
insoluble fractions
fractions obtained
obtained from
from plants
plants or flowers
flowers via
via steam
steam
distillation. This fraction usually
usually possess
possess the
the characteristic
characteristic odours
odours identified
identified with
with the
the plant
plant or
flower.

5. Description of Components of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg

The nutmeg seed is one ofof four components

components of the fruit obtained from the nutmeg tree,
Myristica fragans Houtt (Myristicaceae). About
About30-55%
30-55% of
ofthe
theseed
seed consists
consists of
ofoils
oils and
and 45-60%
45-60%
consists solid matter
consists of solid matter including
including cellulose
cellulose materials. There are
materials. There are two types
types of oils: (1) The
oils:

6
"essential oil
"essential oil of nutmeg"
nutmeg" also called the "volatile
"volatile oil" accounts
accounts for 5-15%
5-15% ofof the
the nutmeg
nutmeg seed
seed
and (2) the "fixed
"fixed oil
oil of
of nutmeg"
nutmeg" sometimes
sometimes called "nutmeg
"nutmeg butter" or or expressed
expressed oil
oil of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg
accounts for 24-40%
accounts for 24-40 % of thethe nutmeg
nutmeg seed." The relative
seed. 14 The relative percentages
percentages of of the
the different
different
depending on the
components will vary depending the geographical
geographical origin
origin of
of the
the nutmeg. From this
nutmeg. From this point
point on,
on,
"essential
"essential oil", "volatile oil", and
oil", "volatile and "nutmeg
"nutmeg oil"
oil" will
will be
be used
used interchangeably.
interchangeably.

Oil
Essential Oil

Although the essential

essential oil is present in lesser amounts
amounts than the fixed
fixed oil, the essential oil
has received most of of the
the investigative
investigative research efforts especially
especially during
during the last twenty years.
This is in
in accord
accord with
with the
the fact
fact that
that the
the essential
essential oil
oil contains
contains the
the greater
greater number
number of of individual
individual
compounds
compounds or or components,
components, most most of whichwhich are valuable
valuable in
in industries.
industries. Furthermore,
Furthermore, the the
psychotropic effects of
of nutmeg as well as most of its its other pharmacological
pharmacological properties
properties have been
been
the compounds
attributed to the compounds found in in the
the essential
essential oil.

is obtained
The essential oil is obtained from
from the
the nutmeg
nutmeg by
by steam
steam distillation.
distillation. It is aa colourless
colourless or
pale yellow
pale liquid with
yellow liquid with aa taste
taste and
and odour
odour ofof nutmeg.
nutmeg.'15 This
This oil isis soluble
soluble inin alcohol
alcohol andand
insoluble in water and has a density,
density, at 25°C
25°C of
of 0.859-0.924.
0.859-0.924. Since
Since itit isis light
light and
and air
air sensitive,
sensitive,
tightly closed
it must be kept cool in a tightly closed container
container and
andprotected
protectedfrom
fromlight.light.'16

Components
Components of the Essential Oil

The first major successful

successful analytical
analytical works to determine
determine the
the constituents
constituents ofofnutmeg
nutmeg waswas
18
performed by Frederick
performed Frederick Power
Power and
andArthur
ArthurHenry
HenrySalway
Salwayfrom
from1907
1907to to
1908.17'18
1908.11. They
isolated
isolated and identified
identified numerous
numerous compounds
compounds found
found in nutmeg. Around
in nutmeg. Around thethe 1960's,
1960's, more
more
compounds were
compounds were identified
identified by
by using
using modern
modern techniques
techniqueslike
likegas-liquid
gas-liquidchromatography.
chromatography.' 19

The
The early articles
articles on the
the chemistry
chemistry of nutmeg,
nutmeg, including
including the the Merck Index, reported
reported
camphene and pinene
camphene and pinene asas the major constituents
constituents ofof the
the essential
essential oil.
oil. More
More recent
recent articles
articles show
show
20 21
to be
sabinene to bethe
themajor
majorconstituent
constituentofof
thethe essential
essential oil. • It is
oi1.20'21 is still
still questionable
questionable whether
whether
sabinene constitutes
sabinene constitutesmost
mostof of the
the essential oil because
essential oil because the the latest
latest Merck
Merck Index
Index still
still shows
shows
camphene and pinene to be the the major
major constituents
constituents of thethe essential
essential oil.
oil.

From these
these analyses,
analyses, a listing
listing of the
the major
major components
components of the essential
essential oil and
and their
their
relative percentages below. Note
percentages is provided below. Note that
that either
either sabinene
sabinene or
or camphene
camphene comprise
comprise about
about
50% essential oil:
50% of the essential

Sabinene
1. Sabinene (50%) 5. d-Linalool
d-Linalool
or
Camphene
2. Camphene (50%)
6. d-Borneol
d-Bomeol
7. i-Terpineol
i-Terpineol
1} 6%6%
3. d-Pinene
d-Pinene 20% 8. Geraniol
Geraniol JJ
9. Myristicin
96 Msyarfirsolecin 4%
4. Dipentene
Dipentene 8%
10. Safrole 0.6%
11.
11. Eugenol
12.
12. iso Eugenol } 2%

In addition,
addition, a thorough
thorough listing
listing of all
all the
the components
components that
that have
have been observed
observed in the
essential oil along
along with
with their
their classification
classification based on type isis given
given below:
below:

7
 Aromatic ethers

Eugenol
Methyl Eugenol Eugenol
Methyl Iso-Eugenol
Iso-Eugenol Myristicin
Methoxy Eugenol Elemicin
Safrole Iso-Eugenol
Iso-Elemicin

Ter:penes
Terpenes

Alpha-Terpinene Myrcene
Gamma-Terpinene Terpinolene
Alpha-Pinene Camphene
Beta-Pinene Uinonene (Dipentene)
Alpha -Phellandrene
Alpha-Phellandrene Sabinene
Beta-Phellandrene
Beta -Phellandrene Delta3-Carene
Delte-Carene
Alpha-Thujene
Alpha-Thuj ene

Monoter:pene Alcohol
Monoterpene

Geraniol 4-Terpineol
Alpha-Terpineol Beta-Terpineol
Citronellol Linalool

Sesguiter:pene
Sesquiterpene

Caryophyllene

Terpinic
Ter:pinic Esters

Acetate
Geranyl Acetate Linalyl Acetate
BornyI acetate
Bornyl

Acids

Formic Octanoic
Butyric Acetic

Aromatic hydrocarbons

P-Cymene Toluene

The following compounds were identified

compounds were only on
identified only on the
the basis
basis of retention times observed
from gas chromatography.
chromatography.

Cumene Cyclamen Aldehyde

Camphor Menthone
Menthyl Isovalerate

The structures
The structures and
and physical properties of
physical properties of the
the major
major compounds
compounds in
in the
the essential
essential oil
oil is
given in Appendix I.
Appendix 1.

8
Uses of the Essential Oil
Uses

Because of its aroma, the essential oil has been used as a natural flavouring extract and
Because
as perfume in the
as a perfume cosmetic industries.
the cosmetic 22 InInparticular,
industries.' particular, the
the oil
oil has
has been
been used
used as
as aa flavouring
flavouring
agent, replacing ground nutmeg
agent, nutmeg in in order
order to
to avoid
avoid leaving
leavingparticles
particlesininfoods
foodsand
andbeverages.
beverages. For
For
example,
example, it has
has been
been used
used to
to flavour
flavour baked
baked goods,
goods, beverages,
beverages, candies,
candies, meats
meats and
and syrups.
syrups.

The essential oil has found widespread

widespread use
use in the cosmetic industry
industry when a spicy odour
is required.
required. For
Forexample,
example,itithas
hasbeen
beenemployed
employedasasaaflavour
flavourinindental
dentalcreams
creams inincombination
combination
peppermint, methyl
with peppermint, methyl salicylate
salicylate and cloves.'23
and cloves.

In addition
addition to its
its use
use inincosmetic
cosmetic industries,
industries, nutmeg
nutmeg oil isis prominently
prominently used
used in the
the
Historically, nutmeg
pharmaceutical industry. Historically, nutmeghashasbeen
beenused
usedasas aa form
form of medicine
medicine to
to treat
treat
many
many illnesses ranging from
illnesses ranging from those
those affecting
affectingthe
the nervous
nervoussystem
systemtoto thethe digestive
digestivesystem.
system.'24
Presently,
Presently, the nutmeg
nutmeg oil
oil isis used
used by
by many
many pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical companies
companies in their formulations
formulations of
products to treat different
different illnesses.
illnesses. In 1992,
1992, Procter
Procter and
and Gamble
Gamble launched
launched a non-drowsy
non-drowsy and and
alcohol-freeVicks
alcohol-free Vickscough
coughsyrupsyrupand
andthethe essential
essentialoil
oilof
of nutmeg
nutmeg isis a major
major ingredient.'
ingredient. 25
Robinson-Health
Robinson-Health CareCare in in Britain
Britain in 1991
1991 also
also marketed
marketed an an impregnated
impregnated tissue
tissue called
called Easy
Easy
Breather
Breather Tissue
Tissue which helps
helps to clear congestion, and the essential
congestion, and essential oil of nutmeg
nutmeg was also also an
an
active ingredient."
active ingredient. 26 InInthat
thatsame
sameyear,
year,Ramedica
Ramedica International
International Corp. marketed
marketed in the USA,
USA, a
pain relieving ointment
ointment called Ramedica Herbal Wonder Balm, and nutmeg nutmeg oil was
was again
again one
one
of the active ingredients. This shows that the essential
active ingredients. essential oil of
of nutmeg
nutmeg continues
continues its
its historical
historical
importance as
importance as a major pharmaceutical ingredient."
pharmaceutical ingredientY

Discussion on Some of
of the
the Major
Major Components
Components of
of the
the Essential
Essential Oil
Oil

Most of the
the following
following information
information on components
components of the
the essential
essential oil
oil including
including the
the
physical properties in
physical properties in Appendix
Appendix II was
was taken
taken from
from Merck
Merck Index,
Index, 111th
lth edition and the CRC
CRC
handbook of Physics and Chemistry.

Sabinene - no information
(i) Sabinene information was available on the uses of
of sabinene
sabinene

(ii) Camphene and its derivatives

Camphene and derivatives areare widely
widely used
used ininnumerous
numerous industrial
industrial processes
processes and
and
manufactures.
manufactures. AAstriking
striking illustration
illustration of
of camphene's
camphene's industrial
industrial importance
importance isis shown
shown in
in the
the
scheme
scheme below: Camphene can
below: Camphene canbe
beeasily
easilyconverted
converted to
to these
theseother
othercompounds
compounds.28
28

Borneol -<
~ Camphor ~
Isobomeol
>Isobomeol
" " Camphene ~

camphene is used in the manufacture of camphor

Thus, camphene camphor and
and its
its related
related compounds. Camphene
compounds. Camphene
chloro-derivative have strong antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal
and its chIoro-derivative
properties.''''' Many of
properties.29.30.31 Many of camphene
camphene derivatives
derivatives are known
known pharmaceutical drugs, and
pharmaceutical drugs, and
camphene
camphene itself hashas been shown to prevent atheromatosis
atheromatosis of the aorta in
in some animals.32
some animals 32

(iii) d-Pinene accounts for 8-20% essential oil of nutmeg.

8-20% of the essential This compound
nutmeg. This compound is
is used widely
widely
industry. It is
in industry. is used
used in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture of camphor (3/4 of US camphor
camphor (3/4 camphor is made from d-
pinene), solvents, plasticizers,
plasticizers, perfume
perfume bases
bases and
and synthetic
synthetic pine
pine oil.
oil.

(iv) Dipentene is the dl-foim

Dipentene is dl-form of lhnonene
limonene or the inactive limonene. This
inactive limonene. This terpene
terpene is
is used
used as
as aa
wetting and
solvent and also a wetting and dispersing agent. It is also used in the manufacture
dispersing agent. manufacture of resins.

9
(v) d-Linalool is also
d-Linalool is also called coriandrol and
called coriandrol and is
is used in perfumery substituting for bergamot oil
substituting for
or french lavender.

d-Borneol exists
(vi) d-Borneol exists mostly
mostly asas an
an acetate ester in nutmeg
acetate ester rather than the free
nutmeg rather free alcohol.
alcohol. The
acetate ester
acetate ester and
and other
other ester
ester derivatives
derivatives of of borneol
borneolare areused
usedininthe
themanufacturing
manufacturingindustries.
industries. In
In
addition,
addition, some free borneol, ie,
ie, the
the alcohol,
alcohol, isis used
used in
in perfumery
perfumery and
and incense
incense making.
making.

(vii) i- Terpineol is
is used as
as an
an antiseptic.
antiseptic. It is also used in the making of
of perfumes and in
in soap
soap
manufacturing.

(viii) Geraniol is used mainly

mainly in perfumery
perfumery because
because of
of its
its sweet
sweet rose
rose aroma.
aroma. Some
Some of
of its
its esters
esters
such as
such as butyrate is used for making
making artificial
artificial atter of rose.

Myristicin isis the most

(ix) Myristicin most studied
studied individual
individual compound found in
compound found in nutmeg,
nutmeg, especially
especially its
its
pharmacological properties.
pharmacological properties. This
This compound
compound is is thought to be responsible
responsible for the hallucinogenic
hallucinogenic
effect of nutmeg
nutmeg oil.
oil.'33However,
However,the
theevidence
evidenceisisnot
notvery
veryclear
clearas
as to
to whether
whether other
other compounds
compounds
34
are involved since natural
natural myristicin
myristicin isis more
more potent
potent than
than synthetic
syntheticmyristicin.
myristicin.'

Safrole is
(x) Safrole is used
used industrially
industrially in
in perfumery,
perfumery, and
and in
in the
the manufacturing heliotropin and
manufacturing of heliotropin and in the
the
denaturing
denaturing ofof fats
fats in soap manufacture. Medically,
soap manufacture. Medically, it isis used
used as
as an
an antiseptic.
antiseptic.

Eugenol is
(xi) Eugenol is used
used in the manufacture vanillin, and
manufacture of vanillin, and in perfumery,
perfumery, instead of oil of
of cloves.
cloves.
Eugenol is
Eugenol is also used as aa dental
dental analgesic.
analgesic.

(xii) iso-eugenol,
iso-eugenol, like eugenol, is
is used
used in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture of
ofvanillin.
vanillin.

Fixed Oil of Nutmeg

Nutmeg

Depending upon the method used to obtain the the fixed

fixed oiloil of
of nutmeg
nutmeg from
from the
the seed,
seed, varying
amounts
amounts of essential
essential oil will be present inin the fixed There are two general ways in which
fixed oil. There which
the fixed
fixed oil of nutmeg
nutmeg is extracted from nutmeg.
extracted from nutmeg. In In thethe first
first process,
process, the
the ground
ground nutmeg
nutmeg isis
subjected to
subjected to intense
intense hydraulic pressure and heat. The
and heat. The other method employs aa solvent,
method employs solvent, for
example, diethyl ether. In Inthis
thisprocess,
process, the
the ground
ground nutmeg
nutmeg is is reflux with diethyl ether, and after
filtering
filtering off the solid residue, the diethyl
diethyl ether is distilled off from the filtrate to to leave
leave behind
behind
the crude fixed oil. These
Thesetwo
twoprocesses
processes will
will result
result in
in the
the crude
crude fixed
fixed oil
oil containing
containing substantial
substantial
quantities essential oil.
quantities of essential oil. The
The quantities
quantities of essential
essential oiloil vary
vary between
between 10-12
10-12%.%. If
If the essential
essential
oil is removed
removed by steam
steam distillation prior to extracting
extracting the the crude
crude fixed
fixed oil, then the fixed oil
oil of
of
nutmeg
nutmeg will contain only trace amounts
amounts of essential
essential oil.

Unlike the liquid essential

essential oil,
oil, the fixed
fixed oil
oil is
is a semi-solid,
semi-solid, reddish brown material with
both the smell and taste nutmeg. ItItmelts
taste of nutmeg. melts at
at 45-51°C
45-51DC and hashas a density
density of 0.990-0.995. Like
most oils, itit isis completely
completely soluble
soluble in in hot
hot alcohol,
alcohol, however,
however, sparingly
sparingly soluble
soluble in cold
cold alcohol.
alcohol.
The fixed oil is is freely
freely soluble
soluble in
in ether
ether and
and chloroform.
chloroform.

The fixed oil of nutmeg

nutmeg has not been
been subjected to as much investigative
investigative research as
as the
the
essential oil.
essential oil. One
Onepossible
possible reason
reason isis because
because of
of the small number of compounds
compounds that are present
in the fixed oil.

10
 PREFACE

This document consists

This consists of
of two
two related
related reports:
reports: (i) Nutmeg Processing
Processing and
and Marketing
Marketing in
Grenada prepared by Dr. Dilon
Dilon Daniel
Daniel and
and (ii) Nutmeg, Mace
Mace and
and their By-Products:
By-Products: A
A Market
Market
Overview prepared
Overview prepared by
by the
the Trade
Trade Information Service of
Information Service of the
the International
International Trade
Trade Centre
Centre
UNCTAD/GATT.

These reports form part of

These of the
the several
several studies
studies on Non-Wood Forest Products
Products (NWFP),
commissionedby
commissioned by FAO.
FAO. InIn the
the two
two reports,
reports, the
the authors
authors have
have used different sources relevant
sources of relevant
No attempt
information. No attempt has
has been made made to reconcile
reconcile differences,
differences, if any,
any, in
in the
the statistical
statistical
information provided.

This document,
This document, along with other
along with other similar
similar and
and related
related studies,
studies, will
will be
be used
used for
for preparing
preparing
a substantial
substantial publication of wider coverage
coverage on NWFP.

Comments on the document (along with supporting materials

materials as relevant) may kindly be
as relevant)
sent to:
to:

Chandrasekharan
C. Chandrasekharan
Chief, Non-Wood
Non-Wood Products and Energy Branch
Branch
Forest Products
Products Division
Division
FAO
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
Caracalla
00100 Rome
Italy

(iii)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE iii

REPORT No.
No.11

List of
of Abbreviations
Abbreviations x
Executive Summary 1

1. Background Information and

Background Information and Trends
Trends Relating
Relating to
to the
the Growing,
Growing, Management,
Management,
Production, and
and Trade
Trade of
of Nutmeg/Nutmeg
Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products
Products inin Grenada
Grenada 2

2. Relative
Relative Importance
Importance of Nutmeg in Providing
Providing Income,
Income, Employment
Employment and
and Export
Export
Earnings 2

3. Constraints/Problems Faced by
Constraints/Problems Faced by Grenada
Grenada in Nutmeg Production and Trade, and
and
Proposed Solutions
Solutions 33

4. Definition of Terms 66

5. Description of Components
Components of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg 6

7. The Present Market Status

Status of
of the
the Vegetable
Vegetable Fats
Fats and
and Oleochemical
Oleo chemical Industries 15

8. Market Analysis for Trimyristin and Myristic

Myristic Acid 20

9. Recommendations 23

Endnotes 25

TABLES

Table 1:
1: Grenada's Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace Production
Production1986-1993
1986-1993 (tons)
(tons) 2

Table 2:
2: Export Quantities of Nutmeg and Mace and Total Earnings for
for the
the
Period 1986-1993
1986-1993 33

Table 3:
3: Prices
Prices Received by Grenada
Received by for its
Grenada for its Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace for the
the
Period 1988-1993
1988-1993 (US$)
(US$) 33

Table 4: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 5:
5: US Imports of
of Mace
Mace for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 6: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 7: EEC Imports

Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for Manufacture
Manufacture of Nutmeg Oil 5

Table 8: Sources of Trimyristin 12

(v)
(y)
Table 9:
9: World
World Production of Oils
Production of Oils and
and Fats
Fats by
by Source
Source (million
(million metric
metric
tons) 15

Table 10:
10: World Oil and
World and Fat
Fat Production
Production by
by Geographic
Geographic Region
Region (million
(million
metric tons)
tons) 16

Table 11:
11: Prices of
of Major
Major Raw
Raw Materials
Materials of
of Oleochemicals
Oleochemicals 16

Table 12:
12: Relative Fatty Acid Composition
Relative 17

Table 13:
13: World Fatty Acid
Acid Production,
Production, 1988-2000
1988-2000 (1,000
(1,000 MT)
MT) 18

Table 14:
14: Consumption of
Consumption of Natural
Natural Fatty Acids,
Acids, 1987-1992
1987-1992 (1,000 MT) 18

Table 15:
15: World Glycerine
World Glycerine Production,
Production, Consumption and Capacity,
Consumption and Capacity, 1988
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 16:
16: World
World Production
Production of
of Basic
Basic Natural
NaturalOleochemicals
Oleochemicals By-Product
By-Product
Group, 1988-2000
Group, 1988-2000 (1,000 MT) 19

Table 17:
17: World Production of
of Basic
Basic Oleochemicals
Oleochemicals by Region,
Region, 1988-2000
1988-2000
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 18:
18: Listed Catalogue Price for Trimyristin
Trimyristin 21

Table 19:
19: US Imports of Industrial
Industrial Mono Fatty Acids
Acids from Coconut,
Coconut, Palm
Kernel,
Kernel, and Palm Oil
Oil 22

Table 20:
20: Myristic Acid into Ports of
of New
New York
York and
and New
New Jersey
Jersey 22

Table 21:
21: Prices of Four
Four Major
Major Fatty
Fatty Acids
Acids 22

APPENDICES

Appendix 1:
1: Structure and Physical Properties of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil Components
Components 29

Manufacturers and
Appendix 2: Manufacturers and Suppliers
Suppliers of
of Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid and
and Myristyl
Myristyl
Alcohol 31

Appendix 3: Price Quote for

for aa Gas
Gas Chromatograph
Chromatograph Machine
Machine 33

Appendix 4: Companies Presently Selling Trimyristin as a Laboratory

Reagent 37

Appendix 5: Companies Selling Oils and Fats Extraction

Extraction Equipment
Equipment 39

Appendix 6: Estimate for a Pilot

Estimate for Pilot Study
Study to be
be Conducted
Conducted at Texas
Texas A and
and M M
University and Price Quotation
Quotation for Equipments
Equipments Necessary
Necessary for the
the
Production
Production of Trimyristin
Trimyristin on a Commercial
Commercial Scale,
Scale, from
from Crown
Crown
Iron Works 41
(vi)
REPORT No.
No.22

List of
of Abbreviations
Abbreviations 50

List of ACP and LDCs

LDCs 51

1. Nutmeg and Mace - World

World Overview
Overview 53

2. Nutmeg and Mace -- European

European Union
Union Overview
Overview 59

3. Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace - USA
USA 65

4. Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace - Japan
Japan 69

5. Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace - India 71

6. Derivatives
Derivatives of Nutmeg and Mace
Mace - Market Overview
Overview 75

TABLES

Table 1:
1: Minimum Export Prices Agreed to by
by Indonesian
Indonesian and Grenadian
Grenadian
Producers
Producers Under 'Marketing Agreement'
Agreement' in 1987
1987 54

Table 2: MNS Prices for Nutmegs and Mace

Nutmegs and Mace as
as on 29 April 1994
1994 56

Table 3: Customs Tariffs

Customs Tariffs in
in the
the EU for Imports of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace 60

Table 4: Customs Charges

Customs Charges in
in USA
USA for
for Imports
Imports of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace 66

Table 5: Main Suppliers

Suppliers of Nutmeg Oil to the US Market
Market 76

APPENDICES

Appendix 1:
1: Statistical Annexes 83

Appendix 2: List of Importers 97

(vii)
 REPORT No.
No.11

Nutmeg Processing
Nutmeg Processing and Marketing
in Grenada
prepared by

Dilon Daniel
Daniel
 LIST OF
OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS

AAI% Average Annual Percent

Percent Increase
Increase
FELDA Malaysian Federal Land
Land Development
Development Authority
Authority
g gram
GCNA Grenada Cooperative
Cooperative Nutmeg
Nutmeg Association
Association
GC Gas Chromatography
Chromatography
Inform International News on Fats and
and Oils
Oils and
and Related
Related Materials
Materials
kg Kilogramme
MT Metric Ton
$ Dollars
US United States
States
USDA US Department
Department of
of Agriculture
Agriculture

(x)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Page

Executive Summary 1
1

1. Background Information and

Background Information and Trends
Trends Relating
Relating to the
the Growing,
Growing, Management,
Management,
Production, and
and Trade
Trade of
ofNutmeg/Nutmeg
Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products
Products inin Grenada
Grenada 2

2. Relative
Relative Importance
Importance of Nutmeg
Nutmeg in Providing Income,
Income, Employment and Export
Employment and
Earnings 2

3. Constraints/Problems Faced by Grenada in Nutmeg

Constraints/Problems Faced Nutmeg Production and Trade, and
and
Proposed Solutions
Solutions 33

4. Definition of
of Terms
Terms 6

5. Description of
of Components
Components of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg 6

7. The Present Market

Market Status
Status of
of the
the Vegetable
Vegetable Fats
Fats and
and Oleochemical
Oleo chemical Industries 15

8. Market Analysis for Trimyristin

Trimyristin and
and Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid 20

9. Recommendations 23

Endnotes 25

TABLES

Table 1:
1: Grenada's Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace Production
Production 1986-1993
1986-1993 (tons)
(tons) 2

Table 2: Export
Export Quantities
Quantities of Nutmeg and
and Mace and
and Total Earnings for
for the
the
Period 1986-1993
1986-1993 33

Table 3: Prices
Prices Received by Grenada
Received by Grenada for
for its
its Nutmeg and Mace
Nutmeg and Mace for the
the
Period 1988-1993
1988-1993 (US$)
(US$) 33

Table 4: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

Table 5:
5: US Imports of Mace for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

6:
Table 6: US Imports of Nutmeg Oil
Oil for
for Consumption
Consumption 4

7:
Table 7: EEC Imports of Nutmeg for Manufacture
Manufacture of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil 5
5

8:
Table 8: Sources of Trimyristin 12

Table 9:
9: World Production
World of Oils
Production of Oils and
and Fats
Fats by
by Source
Source (million
(million metric
metric
tons) 15

(xi)
Table 10:
10: World Oil
World Oil and
and Fat
Fat Production
Production by
by Geographic
Geographic Region
Region (million
(million
metric tons)
tons) 16

Table 11:
11: Prices of
of Major
Major Raw
Raw Materials
Materials of
ofOleochemicals
Oleochemicals 16

Table 12:
12: Relative Fatty Acid Composition
Relative 17

Table 13:
13: World Fatty Acid
Acid Production,
Production, 1988-2000
1988-2000 (1,000
(1,000 MT)
MT) 18

Table 14:
14: Consumption of
Consumption of Natural
Natural Fatty
Fatty Acids,
Acids, 1987-1992 (1,000 MT) 18

Table 15:
15: World
World Glycerine
Glycerine Production,
Production, Consumption and Capacity,
Consumption and Capacity, 1988
1988
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 16:
16: World
World Production
Production of
of Basic
Basic Natural
Natural Oleochemicals
Oleochemicals By-Product
By-Product
Group, 1988-2000
Group, 1988-2000 (1,000 MT) 19

Table 17:
17: World Production of Basic Oleochemicals by Region,
Oleochemicals by Region, 1988-2000
1988-2000
(1,000 MT) 19

Table 18:
18: Listed Catalogue
Catalogue Price for Trimyristin
Trimyristin 21

Table 19:
19: US Imports of Industrial Mono
Mono Fatty Acids from Coconut,
Acids from Coconut, Palm
Kernel,
Kernel, and Palm Oil 22

Table 20: Myristic Acid into Ports of

of New
New York
York and
and New
New Jersey
Jersey 22

Table 21: Prices of Four Major

Major Fatty
Fatty Acids
Acids 22

APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Structure and Physical Properties of

of Nutrneg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil Components
Components 29

Appendix 2: Manufacturers and Suppliers

Manufacturers and Suppliers of
of Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid and
and Myristyl
Myristyl
Alcohol 31

Appendix 3: Price Quote for aa Gas

Gas Chromatograph
Chromatograph Machine
Machine 33

Appendix 4: Companies Presently Selling Trimyristin as a Laboratory

Reagent 37

Appendix 5: Companies Selling

Companies Selling Oils and Fats Extraction Equipment
Equipment 39

Appendix 6: Estimate for

Estimate for aa Pilot
Pilot Study to be
Study to be Conducted at Texas
Conducted at Texas A
A and
and MM
University and
University and Price Quotation for Equipments
Quotation for Equipments Necessary
Necessary for
for the
Production of
Production of Trimyristin
Trimyristin on
on aa Conunercial Scale, from
Commercial Scale, from Crown
Iron Works 41

(xii)
EXECUTFVE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Questions Addressed

The feasibility extracting individual

feasibility of extracting individual components
components from nutmeg and marketing
from nutmeg marketing these
components is reported in this document.
document. Within
Within this
this context,
context, an
an analysis
analysis was conducted of the
trend in nutmeg
nutmeg production and and trade
trade in Grenada alongalong with the
the importance this crop as aa
importance of this
source
source of income
income to to the
the populace.
populace. A thorough
thorough scientific
scientific investigation
investigation of the
the individual
individual
compounds found in nutmeg and the viability of extracting these compounds compounds waswas also
also covered.
Finally, an
Finally, an economic
economic evaluation
evaluation isis discussed
discussed in terms of of cost
cost ofofproduction,
production, marketing
marketing andand
revenue outlook ofof extracting
extracting these
these components,
components, and recommendations
recommendations are made based on on the
the
findings.

Summary of Findings

Nutmeg production
Nutmeg production continues
continues to
to playa
play a pivotal
pivotal role
role as
as a source
source of income, employment
and revenue for
for Grenada. However, the
Grenada. However, the recent
recent decline
decline in
in the
the nutmeg trading price
nutmeg trading price on the
international market has seriously affected the economy
economy of the country.

Upon examination of diversifying the uses

uses of nutmeg,
nutmeg, one of its its components,
components, trimyristin,
was seen as a potential marketable
marketable product. Trimyristinisis aa fat,
product. Trimyristin fat, and
and ititcomprises
comprises approximately
approximately
40% by weight
40% weight of the nutmeg seed. AAby-product
nutmeg seed. by-product of
of trimyristin
trimyristin is myristic acid, and
myristic acid, and this
this
carboxylic acid is used commercially
carboxylic commercially in the soap and
and cosmetic
cosmetic industry.

Another possible
possible marketable product isis nutmeg
marketable product nutmeg oil. Nutmeg oil,
oil. Nutmeg oil, which
which isis the
the essential
essential
or volatile
volatile oil
oil of nutmeg,
nutmeg, is is approximately
approximately 12 12% by weight
% by weightof of the
the nutmeg
nutmegseed.
seed. A A steam
steam
plant is
distillation plant is under construction
construction in in Grenada
Grenada to to obtain
obtainthethenutmeg
nutmegoil.oil. However, once once the
nutmeg oil
nutmeg oil is removed
removed by by the
the steam
steam distillation,
distillation, if nothing
nothing isis done
done with
with the
the remaining
remaining
components of
components of the
the nutmeg,
nutmeg, then
then 8888%% ofof the
the nutmeg
nutmeg seed
seedisisdiscarded.
discarded. Most importantly,
importantly, the the
potentially marketable
trimyristin which is a potentially product, will be lost. Trimyristin can be sold as
marketable product,
any other fat or oil
any oil to
to be
be used
used asas aasource
source forfor making
making fatty
fatty acids,
acids, fatty
fatty alcohols,
alcohols, oror glycerol
glycerol
which are used for the soap,
which soap, cosmetic
cosmetic and oleochemical industries. Moreover,
oleochemical industries. Moreover, the the equipment
equipment
used toto extract
extract trimyristin
trimyristin from nutmeg
nutmeg can can also
also be used
used toto extract
extract other
other products
products suchsuch as
as
coconut oil from copra. Thus, Thus,thethemarketing
marketingpotential
potential of
oftrimyristin
trimyristin demands
demands that a pilot
pilot study
be conducted on its extraction
extraction from
from nutmeg
nutmeg to to evaluate
evaluate the
the possible
possible commercial
commercial production of of
this fat.

11
 NUTMEG PROCESSING AND
AND MARKETING IN GRENADA
GRENADA

1. Background Information and

Background Information and Trends Relating
Relating to
to the
theGrowing,
Growing, Management,
Management,
Production, and
and Trade
Trade of
of Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products in Grenada
Nutmeg/Nutmeg Products

Most ofof Grenada's

Grenada's nutmeg
nutmeg isis grown
grown inland
inland inin areas
areas of
of higher
higher altitude,
altitude, greater
greater than
than 100
100 meters
meters
level. About
above sea level. Aboutthree
threetotofive
fiveyears
years after
afterplanting
planting the the nutmeg,
nutmeg, thethe nutmeg
nutmeg tree
tree (Myristica
(Myristica
fragrans)
jragrans) begins
begins to
to bear
bearfruits
fruits which
which turnturn yellow
yellow inincolour
colour uponupon ripening.
ripening. The fruits
The yellow fruits
split open
split open to expose
expose a shining
shining dark brownbrown nut thatthat isis surrounded
surrounded by aa bright
bright red
red lace-like
lace-like
covering called mace. Inside
called mace. Inside ofofthe
the dark
dark brown
brown nutnut isis the
the light
light brown
brown nutmeg
nutmeg seed.
seed.

Grenada produces
Grenada produces overover 23%
23% of the world's
world's nutmeg,
nutmeg, whichwhich is
is second
second to
to Indonesia
Indonesia which
which
produces 73% of the world's nutmeg.
produces 73% nutmeg. Nutmeg
Nutmeg in inGrenada
Grenada isis grown
grown byby both
both large
large and
and small
small
Over the years,
farmers. Over years, 1951-1993,
1951-1993, 29% 29% ofof the
the growers
growers inin Grenada
Grenada had
had annual
annual average
average
deliveries
deliveries of less
less than 100
100 pounds
pounds (or 45.41 kg). kg). The seventy-six
seventy-six largest
largest producers which
which
comprise 0.5% of ofthe
the nutmeg
nutmeg farming
farming population
popUlation contributed, on an annual average, deliveries
in excess
excess of 10,000
10,000 pounds
pounds (or
(or 4,541
4,541 kg).
kg). AsAs aa group,
group, they
they have
have been
been responsible
responsible forfor
approximately 20%
approximately 20% ofof Grenada's
Grenada's annual
annual production
productioninin terms
termsofof volume.
volume. The
The structure
structure of
of the
the
industry as
industry as it relates to farm
farm size,
size, over
over time,
time, has
has not
not changed
changed inin any
any significant
significant manner
manner.

Both nutmeg and mace

nutmeg and mace are traded regionally and extra-regionally.
regionally and extra-regionally. Mace
Mace is is removed
removed from
from the
the
nutmeg, washed and sun-dried
sun-dried for aa few
few days
days until
until itit becomes
becomes brittle.
brittle. The macemace isis then sold
to the receiving
receiving station for grading and packing.
grading and packing. Nutmeg
Nutmeg are dried,
dried, graded
graded and and bagged
bagged atat the
the
processing stations.
processing stations. Once
Once the
the products
products have
have been packaged, they are
packaged, they are ready
ready for export.

Table 11:
Table 11: Grenada's
Grenada's Nutmeg and Mace
Mace Production
Production 1986-1993
1986-1993 (tons)

Year Nutmeg Mace

1986 2,229 212
1987 2,687 304
1988 2,712 331
1989 2,691 283
1990 2,717 271
1991 2,622 236
1992 2,595 163
1993 2,347 102

Historically, the major

Historically, the major markets
markets for
for Grenada's
Grenada's nutmeg
nutmeg have
have been
been Holland,
Holland, West
West
Germany, United Kingdom, Belgium,
Belgium, Canada, Poland,
Canada, Poland, Spain and Argentina. Although
and Argentina. Although Holland
provides
provides Grenada
Grenada with its largest
largest single
single market of nutmeg
nutmeg exports,
exports, aa significant
significant amount
amount of
of
nutmeg reaching Holland isis re-exported.
re-exported.

2. Relative Importance
Relative Importance of
of Nutmeg in Providing
Nutmeg in Income, Employment
Providing Income, Employmentand
and Export
Export
Earnings

The nutmeg
The nutmeg industry
industry is important
important as aa provider
provider of
ofemployment
employment and
and income
income inin Grenada.
Grenada.
According to
According to the Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association, about 7,000 to 10,000 small
Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association, about 7,000 to 10,000 small
farmers
farmers are directly involved the production
involved in the production of
of the
the crop.
crop. Conservative
Conservative estimates claim that
estimates claim that

2
not less
less than
than 35,000
35,000 persons
persons inin the
the farm
farm household,
household, or or about
about one-third
one-third of
of Grenada's
Grenada's total
total
population, depend
population, depend directly
directly on
on the
the nutmeg
nutmeg dollar.
dollar. AA further
further 500
500 persons
persons find
find employment
employment at
the processing stations.
stations.

As seen in the tables below, over the last six financial years
years the export earnings derived
from nutmeg have been
nutmeg have been on
on the
the decline.
decline. Export
Export earnings
earnings have
have fallen from US
US $15,761,107 in
1988 to
1988 to US
US $2,660,595
$2,660,595 inin 1993.
1993. During
During that
that same
same period
period farm income has declined
income has declined both
both in
in
share of export earnings.
absolute terms and as a share earnings. The
The Grenada
Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association
claims that whereas farm income was 83% 83 % of the 1988
1988 export
export earnings,
earnings, by
by the
the 1993
1993 financial
financial
year the share
share had declined 58 %.
declined to 58%.

Some of the more important reasons

Some reasons for the decline in the performance
performance of the industry
industry
are: decline
are: decline in the
the world
world demand
demand forfor raw
raw nutmeg;
nutmeg; the
the dismantling
dismantling of the Grenada - Indonesia
Indonesia
marketing arrangement; and, to a lesser extent,
arrangement; and, production expansion.
extent, production expansion. Given the trends
trends in the
trade of
of nutmeg,
nutmeg, the
the revival
revival of
ofthe
thenutmeg
nutmeg industry
industry would
would depend
depend on the
the extent
extent to
to which
which
Grenada diversifies both the industry and and the market.
market.

Table 22:
Table 22:Export
Export Quantities
Quantities of
of Nutmeg
Nutmegand
and Mace
Maceand
and Total
Total Earnings
Earnings for
for the
Period
Period 1986-1993
1986-1993

Year Nutmeg Mace Total Export

(tons) (tons) (US$)
1986 3,362 217 7,690,957
1987 2,334 224 14,306,088
1988 2,230 256 15,761,107
1989 1,769 162 12,496,538
1990 1,900 173 10,912,888
1991 1,522 257 4,909,421
1992 1,577 201 3,620,911
1993 1,863 184 2,660,595

3
Table
Table 333: PricesReceived
: Prices Receivedby
byGrenada
Grenada for
for its
its Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace for the
Period 1988-1993
1988-1993 (US$)
(US$)

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Nutmeg/kg 3.35 3.22 2.49 1.26 0.88 0.57

No. 11 Mace/kg
Mace/kg 7.43 7.38 6.22 2.62 260 2.53
No. 2 Mace/kg
Mace/kg 4.83 4.08 3.24 1.43 1.26 0.81

3. Constraints/ProblemsFaced
Constraints/Problems Facedby
by Grenada
Grenada in
in Nutmeg
NutmegProduction
Productionand
and Trade,
Trade, and
Proposed Solutions
Solutions

Although Grenada continued to receive declining prices for its its nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace during
during
the last
the last five
five years,
years, production
production of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg during
during that
thatperiod
periodremained
remained relatively
relatively constant.
constant.
Therefore, the problem that the nutmeg
Therefore, nutmeg industry faces lies
industry faces lies in
in the
the nutmeg
nutmeg trade
trade and
and not
not in its
production.

3
 The following information
infonnation shows the market conditions for nutmeg and
and nutmeg products
products
in the U.S. and
and European
European markets:
markets:

Table 44: US
Table 44: USImports
Imports of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Consumption

Country Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (thousand US$) (kg) (thousand US$)
December 1992
1992 January-December 1992
1992
World Total 135,206 196 1,685,231 2,358
Canada --- --- 1,077 33
Grenada --- --- 51,325 95
India --- --- 2,020 6
Indonesia 119,156 176 1,200,302 1,716
Italy --- ---
--- 135 33
Madagascar --- --- 2,000 55
Netherlands --- --- 100,000 143
Singapore 16,050 20 323,600 381
St. Vincent
Vincent and
and Grenadines
Grenadines --- --- 4,676 55

Table 55:US
Table 55: USImports
Imports of
of Mace
Mace for
for Consumption

Country Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (thousand US$) (kg) (thousand US$)
December 1992
1992 January-December 1992
1992
World Total 18,965 23 219,949 456
Egypt --- --- 7,000 16
France --- --- 39 11
India --- --- 1,473 33
Indonesia 10,120 17 145,394 305
Malaysia --- --- 425 2
Netherlands --- --- 38,655 84
Peru 8,845 6 8,845 6
Singapore --- --- 18,118 39

6
Table 666:
Table USImports
: US Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil for
for Consumption

Country Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (thousand US$) (kg) (thousand US$)
US$)
December 1992 January-December 1992
1992
World Total 3,720 32 191,952 1,998
France --- --- 1,459 19
India --- --- 7,899 88
Indonesia 3,000 29 178,204 1,789
Mexico --- --- 1,690 54
Spain --- --- 19 2
United Kingdom 720 3 2,601 47

4
 7
Table
Table 777: EEC Imports
: EEC Imports of Nutmeg for Manufacture
Nutmeg for Manufacture of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil

Country Quantity Quantity

(kg) (kg)
1991
January-December 1991 January -December 1992
January-December 1992
World Total
Total 58,928 33,528
Indonesia 30,480 5,080
Grenada --- 5,080
India --- 5,080
Sri Lanka --- 5,080
Intra-EEC 28,448 20,320

Note:
Note: Germany
Germany imported the largest
imported the largest quantity, 79% and 45%
quantity, 79% 45% of
of EEC
EEC nutmeg
nutmeg
imports for essential oil manufacture in 1991
manufacture in 1991 and
and 1992,
1992, respectively.
respectively. The second
largest importer
largest importer in
in 1991 was Ireland,
1991 was Ireland, 12%,
12%, and
and in
in 1992,
1992, the
the second
second largest
largest
importer was
importer was France, 24 %.
France, 24%.

The statistics
statistics in the
the tables
tables above
above reveal
reveal that the US US market
market is is potentially
potentially the largest
largest
consumer market for nutmeg and related
related products,
products, in particular
particular nutmeg
nutmeg oil.oil. Moreover, Grenada
Grenada
in 1992
1992 exported to the USUS only
only 3%
3 % of
of the
the total
total 1.7
1.7 million
million kg
kg of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg exported
exported to
to the
the US
US
for consumption during this period while Indonesia exported
this period while Indonesia exported 71.2%.71.2%. In addition, of the 191,952
kg of
of nutmeg
nutmeg oil
oil exported
exported during
during 1992
1992 to thethe US,
US, Indonesia
Indonesia exported
exported 92.8%
92.8% while
while Grenada
Grenada
exported zero. This
Thisdisparity ofGrenada's
disparityof Grenada'sportion
portionininthe
theUS
US market
marketbecomes
becomes shockingly
shockingly visible
visible
when taking into consideration that Grenada produces
produces about 23% of of the
the world's nutmeg. s
world's nutmeg.8

In 1991,
1991, Grenada's
Grenada's Junior
Junior Agriculture
Agriculture Minister,
Minister, Denis Noel reported
Denis Noel reported that
that the
the prices
prices of
Grenada's nutmegnutmeg plummeted
plummeted by by more
more than
than 50%50% between
between19901990and
and1991.
1991. In 1992, Grenada's
Agriculture Minister
Minister George
George Brizan
Brizansaidsaid that
that the
the value
value of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace exports
exports had
had slumped
slumped
sharply from US $30 million million total for both 1987 1987 and 1988 to only US US $8.5 million total for both
1991 and
1991 and 1992.
1992. He
Healso
alsosaid
said that
that the
the price
price ofofnutmeg
nutmeg fell
fell because
because of the
the end
end of the Indonesia-
Grenada marketing agreement which had limited production production to keep the nutmeg prices
to keep the nutmeg prices higher.
higher.
Once the agreement ended in 1990, there was an oversupply of nutmeg and the prices drastically
fell. 9 ItItwas
fell.' was hinted
hinted that
that the
the excess
excess stocks
stocks ofof nutmeg
nutmeg in Grenada were to be burned if additional
markets
markets were were not
not found.
found.'10

Because
Because of the pathetic
pathetic situation
situation with the sales
sales of
of nutmeg,
nutmeg, the
the Grenada
Grenada Cooperative
Cooperative
Nutmeg Association (GCNA) was forced to sign an agreement in 1992 with J.H.B. International
International
of Belgium
Belgium toto arrange
arrange through
through J.H.B.'s
J.H.B.'s bankers,
bankers, aa financial
financial package to make
package to make it possible for
possible for
GCNA
GCNA to continue
continue operations of nutmeg,
operations of pay for the
nutmeg, pay the current
current nutmeg
nutmeg crop and
and increase
increase its
its
sale.
sale."11

From the above

From above information, it is evident
information, it evident that Grenada
Grenada faces
faces a serious
serious problem
problem in
marketing its nutmeg.
marketing nutmeg. It is
is conceivable
conceivable that a more
more aggressive
aggressive marketing
marketing strategy
strategy will give
give
Grenada a bigger share, for example, of
Grenada of the
the US market. Recommendations
Recommendations to to achieve
achieve this
this will
be discussed
discussed under
under the
the recommendations
recommendations section.
section.

Although an increase in the market size

size of nutmeg
nutmeg would
would aidaid Grenada's
Grenada's present situation,
it is doubtful that this alone would solve the problem completely since the the prices
prices of nutmeg have
fallen to
fallen to an all
all time
time low.
low. One
One possible
possible solution would be
solution would be to
to diversify
diversifythe
theuses
usesofofnutmeg.
nutmeg. If

5
there
there is concurrently
concurrently an increase
increase in
in the
the supply
supply of
of nutmeg
nutmeg by-products and a decrease
by-products and decrease in
in the
the
supply of nutmeg,
supply nutmeg, the price of nutmeg would have an
would have an elevating
elevatingeffect.
effect. Moreover,
Moreover, this
this would
would
be a more
more profitable
profitable solution
solution than
than simply
simply burning the excess stocks
stocks of nutmeg.

The distillation plant to be constructed in Grenada to produce nutmeg oil is in in line

line with
with
finding alternative
finding alternative uses
uses of nutmeg,
nutmeg, in addition to to only
only selling
selling unprocessed
unprocessed nutmeg.
nutmeg. This
This plant
plant
is estimated
is estimated to to cost
cost EC $3 $3 million
million (or us $1.11
(or US $1.11 million),
million), and
and the
the expected
expected capacity
capacity of
production is approximately
approximately 32,000 kilograms of nutmeg oil. Since Since the
the estimated
estimated yield ofof this
plant is 10%
plant is 10% of
ofthe
the nutmeg,
nutmeg, this
this steam
steam distillation
distillation plant
plant will
will consume
consume 320,000
320,000 kilograms
kilograms (or
(or315
315
nutmeg. 12,13
tons) ofofnutmeg.12,13
tons)

production of
The production of nutmeg oil
oil will
will aid
aid in
in finding outlets for the excess nutmeg,
nutmeg, which
whichwas
was
because
created because of the depressed market. However, this will only consume a small percentage
depressed market. However, this will only consume a small percentage
of Grenada's potential
potential output
output of
of nutmeg.
nutmeg.

The
The remainder
remainder of this
this document
document will
will explore
explore the
the possibility
possibility of
of obtaining
obtaining other
other
components of nutmeg that may marketable, and thus, reduce
components of nutmeg that may be marketable, and thus, reduce Grenada's dependence on
dependence
selling only unprocessed nutmeg.
nutmeg.

4. Definition of Terms

To aid
aid in
in the
the understanding
understanding of
of the
the chemistry
chemistry in this
this report,
report, the
the following
following terms
terms are
are
defined:

Organic compounds - in general are compounds which contain

contain carbon
carbon and
and hydrogen
hydrogen as
as the
the major
major
elements

Carboxylic acids - are organic compounds which contain the

the functional
functional group
group -- COOH
COOH (Carboxy
(Carboxy
group)

Fatty acids - are

are long
long straight
straight chain
chain carboxylic
carboxylic acids
acids which
which can be obtained
obtained from fats
fats

Alcohols
Alcohols - are organic
organic compounds
compounds that contain the functional group - OH (hydroxy group)
functional group

Esters
Esters - are
are derivatives
derivatives of
ofcarboxylic
carboxylic acids
acids and
and alcohols
alcohols and contain
contain the functional
functional group
group -
COOR

Fats - are
are naturally
naturally occurring
occurring esters
esters of
of fatty
fatty acids and the alcohol
alcohol glycerol
glycerol (1,2,3-propanetriol).
sometimes referred to
They are sometimes to as
as triglycerides
triglycerides

Oils - are fats that

Oils that exist
exist naturally
naturally as aa liquid
liquid at
at or
or below
below room
room temperature
temperature

Essential Oils - are

Essential Oils are the
the water
water insoluble
insoluble fractions
fractions obtained
obtained from
from plants
plants or flowers
flowers via
via steam
steam
distillation. This fraction usually
usually possess
possess the
the characteristic
characteristic odours
odours identified
identified with
with the
the plant
plant or
flower.

5. Description of Components of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg

The nutmeg seed is one ofof four components

components of the fruit obtained from the nutmeg tree,
Myristica fragans Houtt (Myristicaceae). About
About30-55%
30-55% of
ofthe
theseed
seed consists
consists of
ofoils
oils and
and 45-60%
45-60%
consists solid matter
consists of solid matter including
including cellulose
cellulose materials. There are
materials. There are two types
types of oils: (1) The
oils:

6
"essential oil
"essential oil of nutmeg"
nutmeg" also called the "volatile
"volatile oil" accounts
accounts for 5-15%
5-15% ofof the
the nutmeg
nutmeg seed
seed
and (2) the "fixed
"fixed oil
oil of
of nutmeg"
nutmeg" sometimes
sometimes called "nutmeg
"nutmeg butter" or or expressed
expressed oil
oil of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg
accounts for 24-40%
accounts for 24-40 % of thethe nutmeg
nutmeg seed." The relative
seed. 14 The relative percentages
percentages of of the
the different
different
depending on the
components will vary depending the geographical
geographical origin
origin of
of the
the nutmeg. From this
nutmeg. From this point
point on,
on,
"essential
"essential oil", "volatile oil", and
oil", "volatile and "nutmeg
"nutmeg oil"
oil" will
will be
be used
used interchangeably.
interchangeably.

Oil
Essential Oil

Although the essential

essential oil is present in lesser amounts
amounts than the fixed
fixed oil, the essential oil
has received most of of the
the investigative
investigative research efforts especially
especially during
during the last twenty years.
This is in
in accord
accord with
with the
the fact
fact that
that the
the essential
essential oil
oil contains
contains the
the greater
greater number
number of of individual
individual
compounds
compounds or or components,
components, most most of whichwhich are valuable
valuable in
in industries.
industries. Furthermore,
Furthermore, the the
psychotropic effects of
of nutmeg as well as most of its its other pharmacological
pharmacological properties
properties have been
been
the compounds
attributed to the compounds found in in the
the essential
essential oil.

is obtained
The essential oil is obtained from
from the
the nutmeg
nutmeg by
by steam
steam distillation.
distillation. It is aa colourless
colourless or
pale yellow
pale liquid with
yellow liquid with aa taste
taste and
and odour
odour ofof nutmeg.
nutmeg.'15 This
This oil isis soluble
soluble inin alcohol
alcohol andand
insoluble in water and has a density,
density, at 25°C
25°C of
of 0.859-0.924.
0.859-0.924. Since
Since itit isis light
light and
and air
air sensitive,
sensitive,
tightly closed
it must be kept cool in a tightly closed container
container and
andprotected
protectedfrom
fromlight.light.'16

Components
Components of the Essential Oil

The first major successful

successful analytical
analytical works to determine
determine the
the constituents
constituents ofofnutmeg
nutmeg waswas
18
performed by Frederick
performed Frederick Power
Power and
andArthur
ArthurHenry
HenrySalway
Salwayfrom
from1907
1907to to
1908.17'18
1908.11. They
isolated
isolated and identified
identified numerous
numerous compounds
compounds found
found in nutmeg. Around
in nutmeg. Around thethe 1960's,
1960's, more
more
compounds were
compounds were identified
identified by
by using
using modern
modern techniques
techniqueslike
likegas-liquid
gas-liquidchromatography.
chromatography.' 19

The
The early articles
articles on the
the chemistry
chemistry of nutmeg,
nutmeg, including
including the the Merck Index, reported
reported
camphene and pinene
camphene and pinene asas the major constituents
constituents ofof the
the essential
essential oil.
oil. More
More recent
recent articles
articles show
show
20 21
to be
sabinene to bethe
themajor
majorconstituent
constituentofof
thethe essential
essential oil. • It is
oi1.20'21 is still
still questionable
questionable whether
whether
sabinene constitutes
sabinene constitutesmost
mostof of the
the essential oil because
essential oil because the the latest
latest Merck
Merck Index
Index still
still shows
shows
camphene and pinene to be the the major
major constituents
constituents of thethe essential
essential oil.
oil.

From these
these analyses,
analyses, a listing
listing of the
the major
major components
components of the essential
essential oil and
and their
their
relative percentages below. Note
percentages is provided below. Note that
that either
either sabinene
sabinene or
or camphene
camphene comprise
comprise about
about
50% essential oil:
50% of the essential

Sabinene
1. Sabinene (50%) 5. d-Linalool
d-Linalool
or
Camphene
2. Camphene (50%)
6. d-Borneol
d-Bomeol
7. i-Terpineol
i-Terpineol
1} 6%6%
3. d-Pinene
d-Pinene 20% 8. Geraniol
Geraniol JJ
9. Myristicin
96 Msyarfirsolecin 4%
4. Dipentene
Dipentene 8%
10. Safrole 0.6%
11.
11. Eugenol
12.
12. iso Eugenol } 2%

In addition,
addition, a thorough
thorough listing
listing of all
all the
the components
components that
that have
have been observed
observed in the
essential oil along
along with
with their
their classification
classification based on type isis given
given below:
below:

7
 Aromatic ethers

Eugenol
Methyl Eugenol Eugenol
Methyl Iso-Eugenol
Iso-Eugenol Myristicin
Methoxy Eugenol Elemicin
Safrole Iso-Eugenol
Iso-Elemicin

Ter:penes
Terpenes

Alpha-Terpinene Myrcene
Gamma-Terpinene Terpinolene
Alpha-Pinene Camphene
Beta-Pinene Uinonene (Dipentene)
Alpha -Phellandrene
Alpha-Phellandrene Sabinene
Beta-Phellandrene
Beta -Phellandrene Delta3-Carene
Delte-Carene
Alpha-Thujene
Alpha-Thuj ene

Monoter:pene Alcohol
Monoterpene

Geraniol 4-Terpineol
Alpha-Terpineol Beta-Terpineol
Citronellol Linalool

Sesguiter:pene
Sesquiterpene

Caryophyllene

Terpinic
Ter:pinic Esters

Acetate
Geranyl Acetate Linalyl Acetate
BornyI acetate
Bornyl

Acids

Formic Octanoic
Butyric Acetic

Aromatic hydrocarbons

P-Cymene Toluene

The following compounds were identified

compounds were only on
identified only on the
the basis
basis of retention times observed
from gas chromatography.
chromatography.

Cumene Cyclamen Aldehyde

Camphor Menthone
Menthyl Isovalerate

The structures
The structures and
and physical properties of
physical properties of the
the major
major compounds
compounds in
in the
the essential
essential oil
oil is
given in Appendix I.
Appendix 1.

8
Uses of the Essential Oil
Uses

Because of its aroma, the essential oil has been used as a natural flavouring extract and
Because
as perfume in the
as a perfume cosmetic industries.
the cosmetic 22 InInparticular,
industries.' particular, the
the oil
oil has
has been
been used
used as
as aa flavouring
flavouring
agent, replacing ground nutmeg
agent, nutmeg in in order
order to
to avoid
avoid leaving
leavingparticles
particlesininfoods
foodsand
andbeverages.
beverages. For
For
example,
example, it has
has been
been used
used to
to flavour
flavour baked
baked goods,
goods, beverages,
beverages, candies,
candies, meats
meats and
and syrups.
syrups.

The essential oil has found widespread

widespread use
use in the cosmetic industry
industry when a spicy odour
is required.
required. For
Forexample,
example,itithas
hasbeen
beenemployed
employedasasaaflavour
flavourinindental
dentalcreams
creams inincombination
combination
peppermint, methyl
with peppermint, methyl salicylate
salicylate and cloves.'23
and cloves.

In addition
addition to its
its use
use inincosmetic
cosmetic industries,
industries, nutmeg
nutmeg oil isis prominently
prominently used
used in the
the
Historically, nutmeg
pharmaceutical industry. Historically, nutmeghashasbeen
beenused
usedasas aa form
form of medicine
medicine to
to treat
treat
many
many illnesses ranging from
illnesses ranging from those
those affecting
affectingthe
the nervous
nervoussystem
systemtoto thethe digestive
digestivesystem.
system.'24
Presently,
Presently, the nutmeg
nutmeg oil
oil isis used
used by
by many
many pharmaceutical
pharmaceutical companies
companies in their formulations
formulations of
products to treat different
different illnesses.
illnesses. In 1992,
1992, Procter
Procter and
and Gamble
Gamble launched
launched a non-drowsy
non-drowsy and and
alcohol-freeVicks
alcohol-free Vickscough
coughsyrupsyrupand
andthethe essential
essentialoil
oilof
of nutmeg
nutmeg isis a major
major ingredient.'
ingredient. 25
Robinson-Health
Robinson-Health CareCare in in Britain
Britain in 1991
1991 also
also marketed
marketed an an impregnated
impregnated tissue
tissue called
called Easy
Easy
Breather
Breather Tissue
Tissue which helps
helps to clear congestion, and the essential
congestion, and essential oil of nutmeg
nutmeg was also also an
an
active ingredient."
active ingredient. 26 InInthat
thatsame
sameyear,
year,Ramedica
Ramedica International
International Corp. marketed
marketed in the USA,
USA, a
pain relieving ointment
ointment called Ramedica Herbal Wonder Balm, and nutmeg nutmeg oil was
was again
again one
one
of the active ingredients. This shows that the essential
active ingredients. essential oil of
of nutmeg
nutmeg continues
continues its
its historical
historical
importance as
importance as a major pharmaceutical ingredient."
pharmaceutical ingredientY

Discussion on Some of
of the
the Major
Major Components
Components of
of the
the Essential
Essential Oil
Oil

Most of the
the following
following information
information on components
components of the
the essential
essential oil
oil including
including the
the
physical properties in
physical properties in Appendix
Appendix II was
was taken
taken from
from Merck
Merck Index,
Index, 111th
lth edition and the CRC
CRC
handbook of Physics and Chemistry.

Sabinene - no information
(i) Sabinene information was available on the uses of
of sabinene
sabinene

(ii) Camphene and its derivatives

Camphene and derivatives areare widely
widely used
used ininnumerous
numerous industrial
industrial processes
processes and
and
manufactures.
manufactures. AAstriking
striking illustration
illustration of
of camphene's
camphene's industrial
industrial importance
importance isis shown
shown in
in the
the
scheme
scheme below: Camphene can
below: Camphene canbe
beeasily
easilyconverted
converted to
to these
theseother
othercompounds
compounds.28
28

Borneol -<
~ Camphor ~
Isobomeol
>Isobomeol
" " Camphene ~

camphene is used in the manufacture of camphor

Thus, camphene camphor and
and its
its related
related compounds. Camphene
compounds. Camphene
chloro-derivative have strong antibacterial, antifungal, and insecticidal
and its chIoro-derivative
properties.''''' Many of
properties.29.30.31 Many of camphene
camphene derivatives
derivatives are known
known pharmaceutical drugs, and
pharmaceutical drugs, and
camphene
camphene itself hashas been shown to prevent atheromatosis
atheromatosis of the aorta in
in some animals.32
some animals 32

(iii) d-Pinene accounts for 8-20% essential oil of nutmeg.

8-20% of the essential This compound
nutmeg. This compound is
is used widely
widely
industry. It is
in industry. is used
used in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture of camphor (3/4 of US camphor
camphor (3/4 camphor is made from d-
pinene), solvents, plasticizers,
plasticizers, perfume
perfume bases
bases and
and synthetic
synthetic pine
pine oil.
oil.

(iv) Dipentene is the dl-foim

Dipentene is dl-form of lhnonene
limonene or the inactive limonene. This
inactive limonene. This terpene
terpene is
is used
used as
as aa
wetting and
solvent and also a wetting and dispersing agent. It is also used in the manufacture
dispersing agent. manufacture of resins.

9
(v) d-Linalool is also
d-Linalool is also called coriandrol and
called coriandrol and is
is used in perfumery substituting for bergamot oil
substituting for
or french lavender.

d-Borneol exists
(vi) d-Borneol exists mostly
mostly asas an
an acetate ester in nutmeg
acetate ester rather than the free
nutmeg rather free alcohol.
alcohol. The
acetate ester
acetate ester and
and other
other ester
ester derivatives
derivatives of of borneol
borneolare areused
usedininthe
themanufacturing
manufacturingindustries.
industries. In
In
addition,
addition, some free borneol, ie,
ie, the
the alcohol,
alcohol, isis used
used in
in perfumery
perfumery and
and incense
incense making.
making.

(vii) i- Terpineol is
is used as
as an
an antiseptic.
antiseptic. It is also used in the making of
of perfumes and in
in soap
soap
manufacturing.

(viii) Geraniol is used mainly

mainly in perfumery
perfumery because
because of
of its
its sweet
sweet rose
rose aroma.
aroma. Some
Some of
of its
its esters
esters
such as
such as butyrate is used for making
making artificial
artificial atter of rose.

Myristicin isis the most

(ix) Myristicin most studied
studied individual
individual compound found in
compound found in nutmeg,
nutmeg, especially
especially its
its
pharmacological properties.
pharmacological properties. This
This compound
compound is is thought to be responsible
responsible for the hallucinogenic
hallucinogenic
effect of nutmeg
nutmeg oil.
oil.'33However,
However,the
theevidence
evidenceisisnot
notvery
veryclear
clearas
as to
to whether
whether other
other compounds
compounds
34
are involved since natural
natural myristicin
myristicin isis more
more potent
potent than
than synthetic
syntheticmyristicin.
myristicin.'

Safrole is
(x) Safrole is used
used industrially
industrially in
in perfumery,
perfumery, and
and in
in the
the manufacturing heliotropin and
manufacturing of heliotropin and in the
the
denaturing
denaturing ofof fats
fats in soap manufacture. Medically,
soap manufacture. Medically, it isis used
used as
as an
an antiseptic.
antiseptic.

Eugenol is
(xi) Eugenol is used
used in the manufacture vanillin, and
manufacture of vanillin, and in perfumery,
perfumery, instead of oil of
of cloves.
cloves.
Eugenol is
Eugenol is also used as aa dental
dental analgesic.
analgesic.

(xii) iso-eugenol,
iso-eugenol, like eugenol, is
is used
used in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture of
ofvanillin.
vanillin.

Fixed Oil of Nutmeg

Nutmeg

Depending upon the method used to obtain the the fixed

fixed oiloil of
of nutmeg
nutmeg from
from the
the seed,
seed, varying
amounts
amounts of essential
essential oil will be present inin the fixed There are two general ways in which
fixed oil. There which
the fixed
fixed oil of nutmeg
nutmeg is extracted from nutmeg.
extracted from nutmeg. In In thethe first
first process,
process, the
the ground
ground nutmeg
nutmeg isis
subjected to
subjected to intense
intense hydraulic pressure and heat. The
and heat. The other method employs aa solvent,
method employs solvent, for
example, diethyl ether. In Inthis
thisprocess,
process, the
the ground
ground nutmeg
nutmeg is is reflux with diethyl ether, and after
filtering
filtering off the solid residue, the diethyl
diethyl ether is distilled off from the filtrate to to leave
leave behind
behind
the crude fixed oil. These
Thesetwo
twoprocesses
processes will
will result
result in
in the
the crude
crude fixed
fixed oil
oil containing
containing substantial
substantial
quantities essential oil.
quantities of essential oil. The
The quantities
quantities of essential
essential oiloil vary
vary between
between 10-12
10-12%.%. If
If the essential
essential
oil is removed
removed by steam
steam distillation prior to extracting
extracting the the crude
crude fixed
fixed oil, then the fixed oil
oil of
of
nutmeg
nutmeg will contain only trace amounts
amounts of essential
essential oil.

Unlike the liquid essential

essential oil,
oil, the fixed
fixed oil
oil is
is a semi-solid,
semi-solid, reddish brown material with
both the smell and taste nutmeg. ItItmelts
taste of nutmeg. melts at
at 45-51°C
45-51DC and hashas a density
density of 0.990-0.995. Like
most oils, itit isis completely
completely soluble
soluble in in hot
hot alcohol,
alcohol, however,
however, sparingly
sparingly soluble
soluble in cold
cold alcohol.
alcohol.
The fixed oil is is freely
freely soluble
soluble in
in ether
ether and
and chloroform.
chloroform.

The fixed oil of nutmeg

nutmeg has not been
been subjected to as much investigative
investigative research as
as the
the
essential oil.
essential oil. One
Onepossible
possible reason
reason isis because
because of
of the small number of compounds
compounds that are present
in the fixed oil.

10
Components of the Fixed Oil
Components

Power and Salways' analysis

analysis of the fixed oil which was obtained from nutmeg withoutwithout
prior removal
removal of
ofthe
theessential
essential oil
oilgave
gavethe
thefollowing
following components
components and
and their
their relative
relative abundance
abundance
in the fixed oil.

Trimyristin 73.0%
Essential oil 12.5%
Unsaponifiable constituents 8.5%
Oleic acid (as glyceride)
Oleic 3.0%
Resinous materials 2.0%
Linolenic glyceride)
Linolenic acid (as glyceride) 0.5%
Formic, acetate
acetate and
and cerotic
cerotic acids
acids (very small amounts)
amounts)

In this
this extraction
extraction procedure,
procedure, the essential
essential oil waswas not
not removed
removed prior
prior to
to extracting
extracting the
the
fixed oil and
and thus, the
the essential
essential oil
oil appears
appears as
as aa component
component in the fixed oil. If If the fixed oil
oil was
was
obtained
obtained after initial
initial removal
removal of thethe essential
essential oil,
oil, the
the relative
relative component
component ratios
ratios would
would bebe as
as
shown below:
below:

Trimyristin 84.0%
constituents
Unsaponifiable constituents 99.8%
. 8 %

Oleic acid (as glyceride)

glyceride) 3.5%
Resinous material 2.3%
Linolenic acid (as
(as glyceride)
glyceride) 0.6%
Formic, acetic
acetic and
and cerotic
cerotic acids
acids (very small amounts)
amounts)

Uses of
of the
the Fixed
Fixed Oil
Oil

The fixed oils that contain

contain aa substantial
substantial amount of essential
essential oil have the same
same odour
odour as
as
nutmeg. Therefore,
Therefore,these
thesefixed
fixedoils
oilshave
havebeen
beenused perfumes.. 35
usedininperfumes 35 In medicine,
medicine, the fixed oil
has been used
used externally
externally for sprains
sprains and
and rheumatism.36
rheumatism. 36 As a whole,
whole, the
the fixed
fixed oil
oil finds
finds very
very
little commercial use;
use; however, components
components of the fixed oilsoils and derivatives
derivatives of some of those
find extensive
compounds find extensive commercial
commercial uses.
uses.

Discussion on the Individual

Individual Components
Components of the Fixed Oil
Oil

Oil:
Essential Oil:

Since the
Since the essential
essential oil
oil was
was already
already dealt
dealt with
with under
under its
its own
own topic
topic heading,
heading, no
no further
further
discussion of essential oil will be covered
covered under
under this
this section.
section.

Trimyristin:

Trimyristin accounts
Trimyristin accountsfor for over
over three
three quarters
quartersofof the
the fixed
fixed oil
oil of
of nutmeg.
nutmeg. Because
Because the
the
component of the fixed oil, trimyristin
essential oil was considered as a component 75 % of the total
trimyristin is about 75%
oil (fixed
(fixed and
and volatile)
volatile) extracted
extracted from nutmeg. This
from nutmeg. This implies that nutmeg
implies that nutmeg isis made up of
made up
approximately 40%40 % trimyristin.
trimyristin.

Other
Other names
names used
used for
for trimyristin are (i)
trimyristin are (i) glycerol
glycerol trimyristate
trimyristate and
and (ii) glycerol
tritetradecanoate. It is
is aa white
white to
to yellowish
yellowish grey
grey solid
solid with
with aa melting
melting point
point between
between 56-57
56-57°C.
°C.

11
the
the catalyst
catalyst used,
used, and
and at
at times
times an
an alkaline
alkaline catalyst
catalyst like
like zinc
zinc oxide,
oxide, calcium
calcium hydroxide
hydroxide or
hydroxide can
magnesium hydroxide canbe used. 46
beused.46

H2C-02CC13H27
H2C-02CC13H27 H2COH
H2COH
I Catalyst I
HC-02CC13H27 +
HC-02CC13H27 + 1120
H20 -->-;. 33 H02CC131127
H02CC13H27 + HCOH
HCOH
I I
H2C-02CC13H27
H2C-02CC13H27 H2COH
H2COH

Because
Because of the
the high
high pressure
pressure and
and temperature
temperature required,
required, this
this hydrolysis
hydrolysis technique
technique is
is used
used
predominantly in industry.

A Laboratory Preparation
Preparation of
of Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid from
from Trimyristin
Trimyristin

Equipment: One 500

One 500 ml
ml round
round bottom
bottom flask;
flask; aa mechanical
mechanicalstirrer
stirrer or
or magnetic
magnetic stirrer;
stirrer; a steam
bath or heating
heating mantel;
mantel; one 500 ml m! erlenmeyer
erlenmeyer flask;
flask; steam-jacketed funnel; a
steam-jacketed funnel;
cyHnder
graduated cylinder

Procedure: Pure trimyristin (25g, 0.935

trimyristin (25g, 0.935 mole)
mole) is placed into a 500 ml round
placed into round bottom
bottom flask
flask
followed by
followed by the
the addition
addition of
of 50
50ml
ml of
of aa 2.5
2.5 MM solution
solutionof ofsodium
sodiumhydroxide.
hydroxide. This
mixture isis heated
mixture heated at at 100
100°C°C with
with the
the heat
heat source
source forfor 22 hours
hours with
with constant
constant
stirring. At this
At this time, thethe solution
solution should
should appear
appear clear
clear indicating
indicating that
saponification is completed.
saponification completed. The The solution
solution isis then
then poured
poured into
into aa 500
500 mlml
erlenmeyer flask
erlenmeyer flask containing 150 ml solution
containing 150 solution of 20%20% hydrochloric
hydrochloric acid.
acid. The
crude myristic acid should form a separate phase
should form and appear clear. If this layer
phase and
is not clear, the mixture is heated
heated until
until the
the oily
oilylayer
layerisistransparent.
transparent. This mixture
is then allowed
allowed toto cool
cool and
and the
the crude
crude myristic
myristic acid
acid solidifies.
solidifies. The
The myristic
myristic acid
acid
can be collected by filtering through aa steam-jacketed funnel
steam-jacketed funnel.

Conclusion from Chemical

Chemical Composition
Composition Analysis
Analysis of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg

(No in-depth
(No review of the
in-depth review the essential
essential oil as
as aapotential
potential marketable
marketable commodity
commodity will be be
further discussed
further since aa construction
discussed since projectof
construction project of aa steam distillation plant
steam distillation plant isis in progress
progress in
In
Grenada.)

the discussion
As seen from the discussion on
on the
the chemical
chemical composition of nutmeg, the most abundant
abundant
individual compound
compound in nutmeg isistrimyristin.
in nutmeg trimyristin. Trimyristin, a triglyceride (fat) is approximately
approximately
75
75%% by weight ofof the total fixed
fixed and essential oils of nutmeg and 40 % by weight of the nutmeg
40%
seed. The
Therelative
relativeabundance
abundanceof oftrimyristin
trimyristin in
in nutmeg
nutmeg makes
makes itit a potentially desirable target for
isolation.

At present, the price ofof the

the essential oil on the US market is $14/kg and the market size
seems to be good.
good. In In1989,
1989,nutmeg
nutmeg oil
oil imports
imports to
to the
the US
US were
were approximately
approximately 115,000 kg, and
in 1992 nutmeg
nutmeg oiloil imports
imports were
were about
about192,000
192,000kgkgvalued
valuedatatabout
about2 2million
millionUS
USdollars. 47 ,48
dollars."
Recognizing the
Recognizing the favourable
favourable market
market trends
trends and
and prices
prices ofof nutmeg
nutmeg oil,
oil, it would not be
be advisable
advisable
to isolate
to attempt to isolate any
any individual
individual compounds
compounds fromfrom nutmeg oil. Nevertheless,
nutmeg oil. Nevertheless, one must keep
in mind the
the possibility
possibility of
of extracting
extracting compounds
compounds from from the nutmeg
nutmeg oil in case
case nutmeg
nutmeg oil
oil faces
faces
any severe marketing problems in the near future. future.

Trimyristin is a favourable
Trimyristin is potential compound
favourable potential compoundtotoisolate
isolatefrom
fromnutmeg.
nutmeg. In addition to
being the most abundant compound in nutmeg,
nutmeg, six times
times that of the essential
essential oil, derivatives of
of

14
 marketable products, specifically
this compound are highly marketable specifically myristic acid, myristyl
myristyl alcohol
alcohol and
and
glycerol.

Trimyristin is a vegetable fat and can serve as aa feedstock

feedstock for the
the production
production of
of myristic
myristic
acid, aa saturated
saturated C14
C14 fatty
fatty acid.
acid. An
An evaluation
evaluation of
of the
the economic
economic viability
viability of
of producing
producing trimyristin
raw material
as a raw material for
for the
the production
production of
ofmyristic
myristic acid
acid and
and glycerol
glycerol will
will warrant
warrant examination
examination of
the market
market conditions
conditions of thethe vegetable
vegetable fat industry
industry and
and other related
related industries
industries such as
as the
the
oleo chemical industry.
oleochemical

7. The Present Market

Market Status
Status of
ofthe
theVegetable
Vegetable Fats
Fats and
and Oleochemical
Oleochemical Industries

An oleochemical
oleochemical is is any chemical
chemical that has
has been derived
derived from fats and
and oils.
oils. In general,
general,
there are
are two
two types
types of
offeedstock
feedstock (raw
(raw materials)
materials) for
for the
the oleochemical
oleochemical industries:
industries: (1)
(1) when
when the
the
feedstock raw
feedstock raw material
material used
used isis a natural
natural fat
fat then
then the
the oleochemical
oleochemical produced
produced is is known
known as
"natural" oleochemical and
"natural" oleochemical and (2)
(2) when the
the raw material is from petroleum then the oleochemical
produced is known as "synthetic"
"synthetic" oleochemical or petrochemical. The focus
petrochemical. The focus here
here will
will be
beon
onthe
the
"natural" oleochemicals and
"natural" oleochemicals and reference
reference will be made to show the competition of the "synthetic"
"synthetic"
oleochemicals.

Between
Between 1960
1960 and annually at an
and 1990, the world production of fats increased annually an average
average
3.7% .49 Kaufman (Vice-president
(Vice-president forfor Oleochemicals for Henkel's
Oleochemicals for Henkel's Emery
Emery Group
Group in Ohio)
Ohio) in
in
a keynote
keynote address
address to the
the world
world conference
conference onon oleochemicals
oleochemicals inin 1990
1990 said
said that
that the
the world
world
production of fats
fats and oils
oils increased
increased between 1960 andand 1990 from 32.1 million
1990 from million metric tons to
80.6 million
80.6 million metric tons.'50 Furthermore,
metric tons. Furthermore,the
theaverage
average annual
annual growth
growth rate
rate to
to the
the year
year 2000
2000 isis
expected to be about 2.8% withwith total production reaching
reaching 105
105 million
million metric
metric tons. The figures
tons. The figures
are shown in the table below:

Table 9: World Production of Oils and Fats by

Table 9: by Source
Source (million
(million metric tons)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Vegetable Oils
Coconut oil 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.0 3.3
Palm kernel oil
oil 0.4 0.4 0.7 1.3 2.1
Palm oil 1.1 1.7 4.7 10.6 17.4
Soybean oil 4.0 6.1 14.4 16.9 23.2
Sunflower oil 1.2 3.8 5.6 8.0 9.9
Rapeseed/ canola
Rapeseed/canola 1.1 1.9 3.4 8.1 10.7
Others 8.7 10.5 11.4 12.7 15.3
15.3
Subtotal 18.6 26.2 43.2 60.0 81.9

Animal Fats
Tallow 3.6 4.4 6.1 6.8 7.7
Butter/lard 9.0 8.2 10.0 11.8 13.8
Subtotal 12.6 12.6 16.1 18.6 21.5

Fish Oil 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.6

Total
Grand Total 32.1 40.1 60.5 80.6 105.0

15
 Table 10: World Oil and Fat
Table 10: Fat Production
Production by
by Geographic
Geographic Region
Region (million
(million metric tons)
tons)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

North America 9.1 13.3 20.6 19.0 22.0
South America 1.6 2.2 5.0 6.5 9.7
Asia 7.5 8.4 13.5 24.4 39.3
Europe 6.2 7.5 9.8 17.0 19.0
USSR 3.1 5.2 5.3 6.0 8.0
All others 4.6 3.5 6.3 7.7 7.0
Total 32.1 40.1 60.5 80.6 105.0

The
The figures
figures in the
the tables
tables above
above show
show that
that although
although North
North America
America was
was the
the world's
world's
leading producer of fats and
and oils
oils up
up to
to 1980,
1980, within
within the
the next
next ten
ten years
years they
they were
were bypassed
bypassed by
by
the Asian countries. In particular, the
the increase
increase in
in palm
palm oil
oil production
production inin Asia
Asia was
was responsible
responsible
for this
for this change
change in position. This
in position. This increase
increase inin fats
fats and
and oils
oils production
production inin Asia
Asia occurs
occurs
simultaneously
simultaneously with the development the oleochemical industries in the
development of the oleochemical industries in the region, especially in
Malaysia.

In 1990, over 20 %of

over 20% ofthe
the worldwide
worldwide production
production of
of fats
fats and
and oils were used in
in non-edible
non-edible
industries. Tallow, coconut oil, palm oil and
products related industries. Tallow, coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil are the raw
major raw
materials for oleochemicals,
oleochemicals, and
and in 1990
1990 they accounted for 36%
accounted for 36% of all the world's fats
fats and
and oils
oils
produced. It isis expected that in the year 2000, they will account
expected that for over
account for over 42
42%% of the
the total
total
51 52
world production of fats and oils
oils..5152
•

The prices for the four

four major
major raw
raw materials
materials for
for the
the oleochemical
oleochemical market as
as given
given in
in the
the
Chemical Marketing Reporter for
for November
November 1993
1993 are
areshown
shownininthe
thetable below: 53
tablebelow:53

11: Prices
Table 11:
Table Prices of Major Raw
Raw Materials
Materials of
ofOleochemicals
Oleo chemicals

Raw Material Price US$/Metric Ton

1993
November 1993
Palm Kernel 418
Palm Oil 407
Coconut oil 522
Tallow (inedible)
(inedible) 319

16
 The relative fatty acid composition of these
these four major oils compared with the fixed
fixed oil
oil
of nutmeg is
is shown
shown below':
below4:

Table 12:
Table 12: Relative Fatty Acid
Acid Composition
Composition

Fatty Acid Coconut

Fatty Acid Coconut Oil Palm
PalmKernel
Kernel Oil
Oil Palm Oil
Oil Tallow (Beef)
(Beef) Fixed Oil of
Nutmeg
Lauric 48.0 49.6
Myristic 17.5 14.1
14.1 1.0 3.0 95.0
Palmitic 8.8 8.8 42.5 29.0
Caprylic 8.0 2.5
Oleic 6.0 18.5 43.0 46.5 4.0
Capric 7.0 7.0
Stearic 2.0 1.3 4.0 18.5
Linoleic 2.5 0.7 9.5 3.0
Linolenic 1.0

The fatty
The fatty acid comparison
comparison asas shown in the table above above reveals
reveals that coconut
coconut oil and
and palm
palm
kernel oil
oil can
can be
be used
used interchangeably
interchangeably inin the
the oleochemical
oleochemical industries
industries because of their similarities.
similarities.
A very
very similar
similar situ.ation
situation exists
exists between palm oil oil and tallow. It also
and tallow. also shows that the
shows that the fixed
fixed oil of
nutmeg has aa relatively
nutmeg has relatively high
high proportion
proportion ofof myristic acid. This
myristic acid. This makes
makes the fixed
fixed oil
oil of
of nutmeg
nutmeg
advantageous
advantageous as as a source of myristic acid since the extraction and purification processes
processes would
would bebe
less tedious
less tedious due
due to the high proportion of of myristic
myristic acid and low low proportion of
of other
other components.
components.

To show how these

these fats
fats are
are used
used in
in the
the oleochemical
oleo chemical industries,
industries, a flowchart
flowchart taken from
taken from
International News
International News on Fats and Oils and
and Related
Related Materials (Inform),
(Inform), Vol. 1(12)
1(12) 1990
1990 isis provided
provided
below:

Raw Materials Oleo chemical Unit Operations

Oleochemical Oleo chemicals
Basic Oleochemicals
Natural
Tall Splitting Acids
Fatty Acids
Tallow Distillation FA Methyl
Methyl Esters
Esters
Coconut Oil Fractionation Alcohols
Fatty Alcohols
Palm Oil Separation Amines
Fatty Amines
Palm Kernel Oil
Oil Hydrogenation Glycerine
Soybean Oil Methylation
Oil
Sunflower Oil Deionization
Rapeseed Oil
Oil
Canola Oil
Oil
Oils
Other Veg. Oils
Synthetic
Ethylene
Propylene
Olefins

17
 Derivative Operations
Operations Oleochemical Derivates End-use Markets
Amidation Fatty Amides Building Auxiliaries
Chlorination Dimer and Trimer Acids
Dimer Acids Candles
Dimerization Epoxidized Oils and Esters
Epoxidized Oils Cleaning Agents
Epoxidation Ethoxylates Cosmetics
Ethoxylation Fatty Acid Sulphates
Fatty Detergents
Quaternization Fatty Acid
Acid Sulphonates
Sulphonates Fixe Extinguishing Agents
Agents
Sulfation Fatty Esters Flotation
Sulfonation Transesterification Salts
Soaps and Salts Food Emulsifiers Insecticides
Insecticides
Esterification Leather
Saponification Lubricants
Paints
Paper
Pesticides
Pharmaceuticals
Plastics
Rubber
Soaps
Textile
Tires

Oleochemicals

In 1990,
1990, the
the world
world demand
demand for
for oleochemicals was about
oleochemicals was about 4.4 million metric tons
million metric tons with 50%
50% of this
this
5
representing market for fatty
fatty acids
acids and
and 20%
20% for
for fatty
fatty alcohols.5
alcohols.

The following
The tables taken
following tables taken from
from Inform
Inform show
show the
the present market for
present market for fatty
fatty acids
acids and
and other
other
oleochemicals. 6 (MT means metric tons, and
oleochemicals.6 and AAI% means average annual percent increase.)
average annual increase.)

Table 13: World Fatty

Fatty Acid
Acid Production,
Production,1988-2000
1988-2000 (1,000
(1,000 MT)
MT)

1988 1995 2000

2000 AAI%
AAI%
North America 590 680 750 2.0
Western Europe 895 1,010 1,100 1.7
Asia 555 660 750 2.5
Other 190
190 225 260 2.6
Totalaa
Total 2,230 2,575
2,575 2,860
2,860 2.1

aa Does
Does not include tall oil fatty
include tall fatty acids or synthetic
synthetic fatty
fatty acids
acids

Table 14:
Table 14: Consumption of Natural
Natural Fatty
FattyAcids,
Acids,1987-1992
1987-1992 (1,000
(1,000 MT)
MT)

1987 1992
1992 AAI%
AAI% 1987-1992
1987-1992
United States 737 842 2.7
Western Europe 904 986 1.5-2.0
Japan 245 310 4.8
Total 1,886 2,138 2.5

18
 Table
Table 15:
15: World Glycerine Production, Consumption and Capacity,
Capacity, 1988
1988 (1,000
(1,000 MT)

Production Consumption Refining Capacity

Natural Synthetic
North America 153 166 170 60
Western Europe
Europe 200 160
160 177 50
Asia/Pacific 150
150 137 189 40
Other 85 125 107 20
Total 588 588 643 170

Table 16: World

Table 16: World Production of Basic Natural Oleochemicals By-Product Group,
Oleo chemicals By-Product Group,
1988-2000 (1,000 MT)
1988-2000

1988 1995 2000 All%

AII% 1988-2000
1988-2000
acids a
Natural fatty acidsa 2,230.0 2,575.0 2,860.0 2.1
Fatty acid
acid methyl estersb
methyl estersb 110.0 175.0 232.0 6.4
Natural fatty alcohols c
fatty alcohols 364.0 581.0 627.0 4.6
d
Fatty aminesd
amines 371.0 491.2 581.7 3.8
glycerinee
Natural glycerine' 240.0 300.0 341.0 3.0
Total 3,315.1 4,122.2 4,461.7 2.8

aa Does
Does not include tall oil fatty acids
b Other than in production of fatty
fatty alcohols
alcohols
C Overstated by undetermined amount used in fatty fatty amines
amines
d Does not
not include
include amines
amines produced from olefins
olefins
e Does not include
include glycerine
glycerine from soap
soap production
production

Table 17: World

World Production
ProductionofofBasic
BasicOleochemicals
Oleo chemicalsby
byRegion,
Region,1988-2000
1988-2000 (1,000
(1,000 MT)a
MT)a

1988 1995 2000 AAI%

AAI% 1988-2000
1988-2000
North America 831.5 1,022.2 1,144.3 2.7
Western Europe 1,274.4 1,464.3 1,593.8 1.9
Asia 751.2 1,070.6 1,252.6 4.3
Other 212.0 265.0 310.07 3.2
Total World
Total World Natural
Natural Glycerine
Glycerine 3,315.1 4,122.2 2,641.7 2.8

aa Conditions
Conditions that
that were
were given
given in the
the footnote
footnote of the
the previous
previous table
table apply
apply here
here also.

The data in the

the tables
tables above
above shows
shows that there
there has been aa steady
steady increase
increase in demand
demand for
oleochemicals and that industry will probably grow steadily at an average annual increase of
oleochemicals 3 %up
of 3% up
to the year 2000. The
Thelargest
largestgrowth
growthininterms
termsof
ofproduction
production of
of basic
basic oleochemicals
oleochemicals isis expected to
expected to
Asia. It should be reminded
occur in Asia. reminded that the figures
figures given
given above are forfor oleochemicals
oleochemicals produced
from natural sources and
from natural and does production of synthetic oleochemicals
does .not include the production
(petrochemicals),
(petrochemicals), je,
ie, oleochemicals
oleochemicals whose
whose raw material
material sources
sources are
are petroleum-based
petroleum-based products.
products.

The competition
The competition of synthetic versus natural
synthetic versus natural feedstock
feedstock for for the surfactant
surfactant industry
industry exists
exists
primarily with the
primarily the production
production of of surfactant
surfactant alcohols
alcohols (fatty alcohols). At present,
(fatty alcohols). present, vegetable
vegetable oil
oil
accounts for
accounts for 40%
40% of fatty
fatty alcohols produced in
alcohols produced in the
the world
world and
and this
this isis expected
expected toto rise
rise to
to 52%
52 % by
1995. ItItisisbelieved
1995. believed that
thatfurther
further increases
increases in
in the
the use
use ofofoleochemicals
oleochemicals over petrochemicals
petrochemicals for fatty
fatty
alcohol production
alcohol production willwill occur
occur asas new
new facilities
facilities areare built
built to
to produce
produce moremore fatty
fatty alcohols
alcohols from
from
57
oleochemicals. This
oleochemicals. This increased
increased capacity expected to
capacity is expected to occur
occur predominantly
predominantlyininsoutheast
southeastAsia.
Asia.'

19
 Malaysia is a prime example
example of growth with the oleochemical industry. The
oleo chemical industry. The first
first fatty
fatty acid
acid
1979 producing
plant was built in Malaysia in 1979 producingover
over30
30thousand
thousandmetric
metrictons
tonsannually.
annually. Later in 1981,
two
two other plants
plants were
were opened with combined
opened with combinedcapacity
capacityofofabout
about62
62thousand
thousandmetric
metrictons.58
tons." There
were six oleochemical
oleo chemical plants in Malaysia in 1990 with total annual
annual capacity
capacity of
of 250
250 thousand
thousand metric
metric
tons.

The Industrial Master Plan (IMP),

(IMP), an
an industrial
industrial development
development program in Malaysia, calls for
an increase
increase to 750
750 thousand
thousand metric
metric tons
tons by
by 1995.
1995. In 1993, 1993, the
the US
US Department
Department of of Agriculture
Agriculture
(USDA)
(USDA) estimated
estimated Malaysia's oleochemical capacity at 600 thousand
oleochemical capacity metric tons. This
thousand metric This has
has been
accomplished by several joint venture projects between Malaysian companies companies and and foreign
foreign companies.
companies .
For example,
For example, Procter
Procter and
and Gamble
Gamble joined with Felda
joined with Felda Mills
Mills Corporation,
Corporation, aa subsidiary
subsidiary of the
the
Malaysian Federal Land Development Authority
Authority (Felda)
(Felda) to to build
build a $50
$50 million
million natural
natural fatty
fatty alcohol
alcohol
and glycerine
and glycerine plant production which began
production which began inin 1992
1992 andand the capacity
capacity is is 60 thousand
thousand metric tons
tons
annually. In
annually. this venture, Procter and Gamble
In this venture, Procter and Gamble has 50% ownership
50% ownership and will use its propriety natural
will use its propriety natural
alcohol technology. Felda
Feldawill
willsupply
supplypalm
palmkernel
kerneloiloilasasfeedstock.59'6°
feedstock. 59.60

8. Market Analysis
Analysis for Trimyristin
Trimyristin and
and Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid

if obtained from nutmeg after initial removal from the nuttneg

Nutmeg fixed oil if nutmeg oil (essential
oil) will contain up to
oil) 84 %trimyristin.
to 84% Trimyristin is
trimyristin. Trimyristin is a fat which is made
made up
up of
ofaaC14
C 14 fatty
fatty acid,
which is myristic acid, and
which and glycerol. There are three major other natural
glycerol. There natural sources of trimyristin:
trimyristin:
coconut oil
coconut oil (17.5%); palm kernel
kernel oil (14.1%)
(14.1 %) and
and babassu
babassu oil (19.9%).
(19.9%).

The two most

most prominent
prominent fatsfats (triglycerides) found in
(triglycerides) found in coconut
coconutoiloil and
and palm
palm kernel
kernel oiloil are
are
(glyceryl trimyristate).
glyceryl trilaurate and trimyristin (glyceryl trimyristate). Together these fats fats account
account for
for 65.5
65.5% % and
63.7% of all fats
63.7% fats found
found in coconut
coconut oil oil and
and palm
palm kernel
kernel oil,
oil, respectively.
respectively. However, these fats
However, these fats are
never isolated
never and sold
isolated and sold individually becauseitit would
individually because would be be tedious
tedious to to separate
separate them
them from
from thethe six
additional fats
additional fats present in these oils.
oils. What
Whatisis done
done in
inthe
the oleochemical
oleochemical industry
industry with these
these oils
oils is
is that
that
all the fats in these
these oils
oils are
are split
split by
by aa single
single hydrolysis
hydrolysis process into their different
into their fatty acids
different fatty acids andand
glycerol. The crude fatty acids are then fractionally distilled to produce the individual fatty acids
glycerol. The crude fatty acids are then fractionally distilled to produce the individual fatty acids
which are then sold.
sold.

Presently,
Presently, the main use use of trimyristin
trimyristin isis for
for research
research and
and development.
development. In a survey
survey taken
taken
of some chemical companies asking them
companies asking them about
about the
the quantity
quantity of
of trimyristin
trimyristin they
they sell,
sell, most reported
amount sold
that the amount sold is
is small
small and
and only
only as
as aa laboratory
laboratory reagent.
reagent. The name, location of the company
company
and the price listed in their
their catalogues
catalogues are
are given
given inin Table
Table 18:
18:

It is not clear whether these companies

companies are
are extracting
extracting the
the trimyristin
trimyristin from
from natural
natural sources
sources or
or
producing thethe trimyristin synthetically. Trimyristin
trimyristin synthetically. Trimyristin can be produced synthetically
synthetically by esterifying
esterifying
myristic acid with
with glycerol,
glycerol, i.e., the
the reverse
reverse process of splitting.
splitting. The
The myristic
myristic acid can be obtained
from the distillate
distillate of fatty acids
acids from either coconut oil or palm kernelkernel oil. Thus, there is aa small
oil. Thus, small
potential market for the sale of
potential of relatively
relatively pure
pure trimyristin.
trimyristin.

One
One can estimate this sale
estimate this sale at
at present to be
present to be about
about one
one or two
two kilograms per year. It is
kilograms per is
conceivable that the the high
high cost
cost at which
which trimyristin is being sold presently limits its
availability/accessibility to
availability/accessibility to other potential
potential buyers.

The choice
choice of fats
fats and
and oils
oils used
used directly
directly in
in the
the manufacturing
manufacturing of soap and indirectly
indirectly for
oleochemicals depends
oleochemicals depends onon their
their relative
relative proportions
proportions of of individual
individual fatty acids. Fats
fatty acids. Fats andand oils
oils
containing fatty
containing fatty acids
acids of chain
chain length
length between
between C12-C14 servebest
C 12-C 14 serve bestasasraw
rawmaterial
materialfor for the
the soap,
detergent and
detergent and oleochemical.
oleochemical.61 The two
61 The two fatty
fatty acids
acids occurring
occurringininnatural
naturalfats
fats and
and oils
oils ofof this
this chain
length are lauric and
and myristic
myristic acid.
acid. There
Thereare
aretherefore
thereforeonly
onlyfour
fournatural
naturalsources
sourcesforforC12-C14
C 12-C I4 fatty
acids:
acids: coconut oil, palm kernel oil,
oil, nutmeg
nutmeg fixed
fixed oil
oil and
and babassu
babassu oil.

20
 Table 18:
Table 18: Listed
Listed Catalogue
Catalogue Price
Price for Trirnyristin
Trimyristin

Name Location Catalogue Prices

Indofine
Indofine Chemical
Chemical Co.
Co. Inc. USA
New Jersey, USA 500 mg $ 45.00
11gg $ 68.00
Macali Tesque, Inc.
Macali Kyoto, Japan
Kyoto,
Extrasynthese S.A. Genay,
Genay, France
Fluka New USA
New York, USA 55g
g $ 38.50 99
99%% pure (GC)
(GC)
25 g $157.30 99%
$157.30 99 %pure
pure (GC)
(GC)
50 g 44.80 97%
$ 44.80 97 %pure
pure (GC)
(GC)
Kodak New USA
New York, USA
Chemicals
Accurate Chemicals New York, USA
USA
Sigma Montana, USA
USA 1 gg $$11.70 99% pure
11.70 99%
5 g $$36.65 99% pure
36.65 99%
25 gg $149.80
25 $149.80 99%
99% pure
pure
11 gg $$ 5.90
5.90 90+%
90+%pure
pure
5 g $$15.45
15.45 90+% pure
pure
10gg $$25.75
10 25.75 90+% pure
pure
25 51.45 90+% pure
25 g $$ 51.45 pure

Coconut,
Coconut, palm kernel and babassu oil are sometirnes oils. Laurie
lauric oils.
sometimes referred to as lauric Lauric acid
acid
is C 12 fatty
is a C12 fatty acid
acid and myristic acid is aa C14 C 14 fatty acid. "Lauric oils produce the best
fatty acid. best surfactant
surfactant
molecules due
molecules their 12-carbon
due to their 12-carbon and
and 14-carbon
14-carbon chainchain lengths,
lengths, which
which provide
provide good
good performance
performance
for detergency,"
properties for detergency," according
according to to Bill
Bill Knodel,
Knodel, Manager
Manager of ofChemicals
Chemicals for Procter
Procter and
and Gamble
Gamble
Co.'62Thus,
CO. Thus,fixed
fixedoiloilofof
nutmeg
nutmegorortrimyristin
trimyristinasasa aprecursor
precursorofofC14
C14 fatty
fatty acid
acid has
has aa place
place in
in the
the
soap, oleo chemical industry
soap, detergent and oleochemical industry if if it can be produced at a reasonable price.

To estimate
estimate the present consumption
consumption of of trimyristin
trimyristin asas aa fat source, it is
is necessary
necessary toto make
make
some assumptions.
some assumptions. The The world
world production
production of coconut
coconut oiloil and
and palm kernel oil
palm kernel oil are 2.85 and
and 1.53
1.53
respectively. Together,
tons, respectively.
million metric tons, Together, the total production
production of thesethese two
two oils
oils is 4.38
4.38 million
million
metric tons.63
tons. 63 Assuming that half of this this is
is for
for non-edible
non-edible purposes, then then 2.19
2. 19 million
million metric
metric tons
tons
of these oils are
are used industrially. 64 If 16%
used industrially. 16 % of of these
these oils
oils is
is trimyristin,
trimyristin, then
then about
about 0.35
0.35 million
million
metric tons or 350 thousand
or 350 thousand metric
metric tons
tons of
oftrimyristin
trimyristin isis consumed
consumed annually.
annually.

Myristic acid
Myristic acid supply
supply isis extremely
extremely tight
tight in
in the
the European
European market
market causing
causingprices
prices there
there to
to rise
rise
65
strongly. AAproducer
strongly. producer says
says the
the US
US market
market is firm with strong demand,
with strong demand, but
but prices
priceshave
havenot
notsurged.
surged.'

Most of this
Most this trimyristin
trimyristin used is is in
in the
theproduction
production of ofmyristic
myristic acid
acid and
and myristyl
myristyl alcohol
alcohol
splitting this fat. Myristic acid and derivatives of this C14
splitting fatty acid
C 14 fatty acid play
play very
very crucial
crucial roles in the
cosmetic industry. In May
cosmetic industry. May 1993,
1993, aaBristol-Myers
Bristol-Myers Squibb's
Squibb's patent
patent application
application forfor novel
novel anti-
anti-
agents described
perspirant agents esters of myristyl alcohol
described esters alcohol as important
important ingredients
ingredients which reduces
reduces the
skin/clothes whitening
skin/clothes whiteningeffect.
effect.'
66 Lancaster marketedaanew
Lancaster marketed new brand
brand ofof cosmetic
cosmetic 'Le 'Le Futur'
Futur' and
and
myristyl lactate
myristyl lactatewas
wasan an active
activeingredient
ingredientinintheir
theirliplipcolour
colourformulation.
formulation.'
67 Dr.Dr. Pearl
Pearl Grimes,
Grimes, an an
associate professor of
associate professor of dermatology
dermatology atat the the King
King Drew
Drew Medical
Medical Centre
Centre reported
reported that
that isopropyl
isopropyl
myristate and myristyl
myristyllactate active ingredients
lactate are active ingredients found in cosmetics
cosmetics frequently purchased by by the
the
blacks. Moreover,
blacks. Moreover, black
blackwomen
women spendspend over US US $600 million
million annually
annuallyon oncosmetics
cosmeticsininthetheUS.
US.' 68
Unichem North America
Unichem North America of of Chicago
Chicago marketed
marketedEstolEstol 1509
1509asas anan emollient
emollientforfor the
the skin
skin care
care and
and
cosmetic industry with
cosmetic industry with thethe isopropanol
isopropanol derivative
derivative of myristic
myristic acid
acid as
as ananactive
activeingredient.69
ingredient. 69

21
Although there are no worldwide statistics
Although statistics given for the production or consumption ofof myristic acid
acid
the commercial sale of fatty acid imported to the US.
and myristic alcohol, the following table shows the commercial sale of fatty acid imported to the US.

Table 19:
Table 19: US
US Imports
Imports of
of Industrial
Industrial Mono Fatty Acids
Acids from
Coconut, Palm
Coconut, Palm Kernel,
Kernel, and
and Palm oiroo
Pahn oif

Country Quantity Value Quantity Value

(kg) (thousand $) (kg) (thousand $)
1992
December 1992 January-December 1992
1992
World Total 1,856,347 782 27,415,771 13,435
Canada 202,652 146 581,908 430
Germany, West 758 6 7,038 98
Indonesia 1,486,253 376 4,366,016 2,068
Japan --- --- 63,442 157
Malaysia 91,254 137 15,735,727 5,257
Netherlands 17,920 27 86,149 157
Philippines 57,510 71 6,258,914 5,080
Thailand --- --- 246,577

The quantity
The quantity of myristic acid landing
myristic acid landing in
in ports
ports of New York and
New York and New Jersey during June-
September of
of1993
1993isisgiven
givenbelow
below (taken from Chemical Marketing Reporter):71,n,73,74,75
(taken from Chemical Marketing Reporter):71,72,73,74,75

Table 20:
Table 20: Myristic
Myristic Acid
Acid into
into Ports
Ports of New
New York
York and
and New
New Jersey
Jersey

Consignee (kg)
Net weight (kg) Port of
of Origin
Origin Date of Arrival
Date
Interflow 19,540 Singapore 27 June
ITCM 47,479 Kaohsiung 9 August
Artek 20,589 Singapore 27 August
Interflow 19,260 Pt Kelang
Kelang 7 September
Tormont 22,898 Algeciras 13 September
13

It is important to note that the above table

table is
is only for myristic acid imported
myristic acid into the
imported into the U.S.
through ports
through ports in
in New
New York and
and New
New Jersey.
Jersey. Much
Much more
more myristic
myristic acid
acid is
is expected
expected to be irnported
imported
on the pacific coast because of
of its
its proximity
proximity to the
the south-east
south-east Asian producing countries.

The prices of four major fatty acids listed

listed in
in Chemical
Chemical Marketing
Marketing Reporter
Reporter in
in November
November are
are
given in the table below: 76
table below:m

Table 21:
Table 21: Prices
Prices of
of Four
Four Major Fatty
Fatty Acids
Acids

Fatty
Patty Acid Type Price per kg
Myristic Commercial pure
Commercial pure bags, truckload 2.75
Lauric Commercial pure
Commercial pure bags, truckload 1.50
Tallow fatty acids Technical non-returnable, carload
Technical 0.90
Oleic Distilled, railroad tank cars
Distilled, 1.56

If one used the estimate that 350 thousand metric tons of trimyristin is consumed
consumed indirectly
through the
through the use
use of coconut and
and palm
palm kernel
kernel oil,
oil, and
and if 20
20%% of all fats and oils are
are used
used to
to produce
produce

22
raw materials for the
the oleochemical industry, then
oleochemical industry, then 70 thousand metric tons
thousand metric tons of trimyristin
trimyristin is
is used
used toto
produce myristic acid and other raw materials for the oleochemical industries. Myristic
oleo chemical industries. Myristic acid
acid is 71 %
is 71%
and glycerol
glycerol is 29 % by weight of trimyristin.
is 29% trimyristin. Thus,
Thus, the
theapproximate
approximate amount
amount of of myristic acid and
myristyl alcohol
myristyl alcohol from trimyristin estimated to
trimyristin estimated to be
be produced
produced annually
annually is
is about
about 50
50 thousand
thousand metric
metric
tons.

It has been stated that a major rule of thumb for pricing fatty fatty acids
acids is
is that
that itit is
is twice
twice the
the cost
cost
material. 77Thus,
of the raw material.' Thus,since
sincemyristic
myristicacid
acidisissold
soldcommercially
commercially at at US
US $2.75
$2.75 per perkilogram,
kilogram,
then one
then one would
would assume that the
assume that the crude
crude trimyristin
trirnyristin can
can be
be sold
sold at
at US
US $1.40
$1.40 per kilogram.
kilogram. This,
therefore, implies
therefore, implies that there isis aa potential
potential world
world market
market forfor trimyristin
trimyristin of
of 70
70 thousand
thousand metric
metric tons
tons
annually to be used in
annually to in the
the production
production of of myristic
myristic acid
acid and
and other
other raw
raw material
material for
for the
the oleochemical
oleo chemical
industry. The
industry. Theestimated
estimated value
value ofofthis
this market
market can
can be
be about
about $140
$140 million
million US
US dollars.
dollars.

9. Recommendations

The following
following recommendations made based on the analysis
recommendations are made analysis given throughout the body
of this report.

(a) The Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association

Association (GCNA) needs to increase its share in the sale
of nutmeg
nutmeg and mace in
and mace in the
the US
US market.
market. AtAt present,
present, the
the GCNA
GCNA holds 3 %share
holds a 3% share of
of the
the US
US
market nutmeg
market nutmeg sales
sales and
and 0%
0% in mace
mace sales.
sales. AAmore
moreintensive
intensive marketing
marketing strategy
strategy must be
put into operation to achieve
achieve this
this increase.
increase.

One suggestion
One is to have aa marketing
suggestion is marketing representative located in
representative located in the
the Grenadian Mission in
Grenadian Mission in
New York whose sole purpose is to liaison with all the nutmeg and mace brokers in the US.
The representative
The should send
representative should send these
these brokers
brokers information
information on on the
the quality
quality and
and prices
prices of
of
Grenada's nutmeg and mace. The Thebrokers
brokersshould
shouldbebeinformed
informed about
about how
how they
they can
can purchase
purchase
nutmeg from Grenada. The
nutmeg Themarketing
marketingrepresentative
representative should
should keep
keep abreast
abreast of
ofthe
the nutmeg
nutmeg andand
mace prices on the US
mace US market
market and
and inform
inform the
the GCNA
GCNA on on aa monthly
monthly basis
basis of
of the
the US
US prices
prices
of nutmeg and mace. In addition,
and mace. addition, the
the representative
representative should follow
follow the
the market
market trends
trends and
and
update the GCNA on suchsuch trends.
trends.

A time limit should be given to this

A this representative
representative toto achieve
achieve a certain
certain percentage
percentage increase
increase
in sales
sales of Grenada's nutmeg and
Grenada's nutmeg and mace
mace toto the
the U.S.
U.S. The
The GCNA
GCNA must
must be
be given
given aa monthly
monthly
report on the quantity
quantity of Grenadian
Grenadian nutmeg
nutmeg and mace has been sold in the
mace that has the US.
US.

(b) The marketing

The marketing representative mentioned in
representative mentioned in (1)
(1) should
should playa
play a similar
similar role in the
the marketing
marketing
of nutmeg oil from Grenada
Grenada inin the
the US.
US.

(c) Because there

Because there is
is a large potential market for
potential market for trimyristin
trimyristin as
as a raw material for the the soap
soap and
and
oleochemical
oleochemical industries, the GCNA
GCNA should begin looking
looking further into
into isolating
isolating this
this material
material
from nutmeg
nutmeg and marketing
marketing this
this material.
material. The
The isolation
isolation of
of trimyristin
trimyristin should
should preferably be
done from
done from the
the remains
remains of nutmeg
nutmeg after
after the
the nutmeg
nutmeg oiloil has
has been
been removed
removed by steamsteam
distillation.

Note that the

Note the GCNA
GCNA intends
intends toto use
use "defective"
"defective" nutmeg
nutmeg as as raw
raw material
material for
for the
the steam
steam
distillation project. (Defective nutmeg is
(Defective nutmeg is nutmeg that does
does not float when placed in water. water.
It is
is termed
termed defective
defective because
because it it is not
not as
as dense
dense as
as the
the "sound"
"sound" nutmeg
nutmeg thatthat sinks
sinks when
when
water). ItItisisbelieved
placed in water). believedthat
thatnewer
newer (or
(oryounger
younger ininage)
age) defective
defective nutmeg
nutmeg would have
almost the
the same
same proportion
proportion of trimyristin
trimyristin asas sound
sound nutmeg.
nutmeg. A A laboratory
laboratory evaluation
evaluation of the
yield of trimyristin
trimyristin from
from defective
defective nutmeg
nutmeg after steam
steam distillation
distillation of the nutmeg oil will have
to be undertaken by the Produce Chemist Laboratory. Laboratory. ThisThisevaluation
evaluation should
should examine
examine thethe
percentage of of trimyristin
trimyristin that
that can
can be extracted fromfrom defective
defective nutmeg of of different ages
ages (older
(older

23
 versus
versus newer
newer nutmeg)
nutmeg) and the the quantity
quantity of
of solvent
solvent needed
needed for
for extraction.
extraction. It is is strongly
strongly
recommended that
recommended that this
this study
study be
be done
done prior
prior to aa pilot
pilot study
study of
of the
the trimyristin
trimyristin extraction
extraction
process because
because no full
full evaluation
evaluation has been
been conducted
conducted on the the "defective"
"defective" nutmeg.
nutmeg. This
report and other
other previous
previous evaluations
evaluations have only focused on "sound"
"sound" nutmeg.

In short, itit will

will be
beeconomical
economical toto extract
extract both
both nutmeg
nutmeg oil
oil through
through steam
steam distillation
distillation and
and the
the
trimyristin from
from the
the remains
remains after
after steam
steam distillation
distillation because
because the same
same batch ofof nutmeg
nutmeg would
would
be used to yield thesethese two
two marketable
marketable by-products.
by-products. Moreover, the the equipment that would
would be
used for extracting
extracting the the trimyristin
trimyristin from
from nutmeg
nutmeg can also
also be used to extract coconut
coconut oil
oil from
from
copra. This
This would
would allow
allow the equipment
equipment to to have
have multi-purpose uses, and
multi-purpose uses, and would
would save
save in
having to
to purchase additional
additional equipment to extract the coconut oil as as well as other vegetable
vegetable
oils.

(d) In considering
considering extracting
extracting trimyristin from nutmeg
trimyristin from nutmeg on a large scale, thethe GCNA
GCNA should
should first
first
look into a possible joint venture with a largelarge company
company that already produces myristic acid acid
and other
other oleochemicals.
oleochemicals. The GCNA GCNA should propose
propose to this company
company the possibility
possibility of
Grenada supplying
Grenada supplying them
them with
with trimyristin
trimyristin asas a source
source ofof C14 myristic acid
C 14 myristic acid and
and myristyl
myristyl
alcohol. It should be stated thatthat the
the advantage
advantage of of using
using trimyristin
trimyristin over
over coconut
coconut oil
oil or
or palm
kernel oil
oil is
is that
that you
you eliminate
eliminate the distillation process of purifying the fatty
fatty acid since GCNA
can produce trimyristin
trimyristin with
with greater
greater than
than 90
90%% purity.
purity. In
In Appendix
Appendix 2, aa list
list of
ofprospective
prospective
companies that would possibly use trimyristin to produce produce myristic acid and
and myristyl
myristyl alcohol
alcohol
given.
is given.

(e) The GCNA

GCNA should
should immediately
immediately begin the isolation of trimyristin on a laboratory laboratory scale
scale and
and
send out
out samples
samples to
to these
these different
different companies
companies shown
shown in in Appendix
Appendix 2. In addition,
addition, samples
samples
greater than 90%
90 % pure
pure should
should be
be sent
sent to
to companies
companies that sell trimyristin
trimyristin for research
research and
development purposes. This
development purposes. This would
would require
require access
access to to aagas
gaschromatography
chromatography (GC) (GC) machine
machine
to quote
quote the purity
purity of trimyristin.
trimyristin. AA GC GC would
would alsoalso bebe needed
needed to
to test
test the
the purity
purity of
of the
the
nutmeg and any products
nutmeg oil and products sold.
sold. AA price
price quote
quote forfor aaGCGC machine
machine from
from Perkin
Perkin Elmer
Elmer isis
listed in Appendix
Appendix 3. Appendix
Appendix 44 contains
contains aa list
list of
of companies
companies that offer trimyristin for sale
as a laboratory
laboratory reagent
reagent for
for research
research and
and development.
development.

(f) A pilot
pilot study
study must
must bebe conducted
conducted to to examine
examine thethe following
following conditions
conditions on
on aa commercial
commercial scale:
scale:
(a) the quantity
quantity of
of trimyristin
trimyristin that
that can
can be
be obtained
obtained onon aa commercial
commercial scale
scale from
from the
the remains
remains
of the "defective"
"defective" nulineg
nutmeg after
after steam
steam distillation;
distillation; (b) the quantity
quantity of trimyristin that can be
obtained from pure nutmeg,
obtained from nutmeg, sound
sound or defective;
defective; (c)
(c) the possible use of one equipment
possible use equipment to
allow
allow the extraction
extraction of oils
oils from otherother sources
sources such as coconut
coconut oil from copra;
copra; (d)
(d) the
the
optimum conditions
conditions of solvent
solvent toto nutmeg
nutmeg ratio
ratio and
and the
the best yield
yield possible;
possible; andand (e) the cost
of producing
producing trimyristin
trimyristin commercially
commercially under under the
the optimum
optimum conditions
conditions and and equipment
equipment
recommended. AAlist of prospective companies that sell equipment
list of prospective companies that sell equipment for the
the extraction of
extraction of fats
fats
and those who may may also
also undertake
undertake aa pilot
pilot study
study is
is available
available in
in Appendix
Appendix 5. 5.

The capacity of of the

the equipment
equipment recommended
recommended to to be used for the extraction of trimyristin on on
a commercial
commercial scale scale is
is capable
capable of
of consuming
consuming about 320,000 kilograms
kilograms of nutmeg per year.
year.
This was
was based
based on on the
the quantity
quantity of
of nutmeg
nutmeg that
that would
would be be consumed
consumed in in the
the production
production of
of
nutmeg oil and the expected
nutrneg expected remains
remains ofof nutmeg
nutmeg after
after the
the nutmeg
nutmegoiloilhas
hasbeen
beenremoved.
removed. This
would imply that the plant plant should
should produce 96,000 kilograms
kilograms of crude trimyristin per year year
if the
the yield
yield isis approximately
approximately 30% 30% by weight. At
by weight. At an estimated price of
estimated price of US
US $1.00 per
kilogram of trimyristin, the the annual
annual sales can conceivably
conceivably be be US
US $96,000.00.

An estimate
estimate for a pilot
pilot study
study to
to be
be conducted
conducted at Texas
Texas A A and
and M
M University
University along
along with
with aa
description of equipments necessary for
equipments necessary for the
the production of trimyristin on a commercial scale
and a price quote
quote provided by Crown
Crown Iron Works
Works is
is given
given in
in Appendix
Appendix 6.

24
 Endnotes

1. Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association, 7/12/93

2. 7112193
Association, 7/12/93
Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association,

3. Association, 7/12/93
Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association,

4. Office of Trade and

Office and Economic
Economic Analysis,
Analysis, US
US Department
Department of
of Commerce,
Commerce, International
International
Trade Administration

5. Office of Trade and

Office and Economic
Economic Analysis,
Analysis, US
US Department
Department of
of Commerce,
Commerce, International
International
Trade Administration
Administration

6. Office of Trade and

Office and Economic
Economic Analysis,
Analysis, US
US Department
Department of
of Commerce,
Commerce, International
International
Trade Administration
Administration

7. Eurostat, Monthly EEC External

External Trade, period
period 91-52
91-52 and
and 92-52
92-52

8. Journal of Commerce, 1991,

1991, September,
September, page 4

9. Caribbean-Update,
Caribbean-Update, 1993, March
March

10. Journal of Commerce, 1991,

1991, September,
September, page 4

11. Caribbean-Update, 1993, March

Caribbean-Update,

12. Caribbean-Update,
Caribbean-Update, 1991, July, pages
pages 16-17
16-17

13. Grenada Cooperative

Grenada Nutmeg Association;
Cooperative Nutmeg Association; Fax
Fax information,
information, 11/2/93
1112/93

14. Forrest, E. Janet

Janet and
and R. A.
A. Heacock.
Heacock. "Nutmeg
"Nutmegand
andMace,
Mace, the
thepsychotropic
psychotropic spices
spices from
from
myristica fragrans," Lloydia
Lloydia 35(4)
35(4) 1972,
1972, 440-449.
440-449.

15. Ibid.

16. Index, Eleventh

The Merck Index, Edition, 1989,
Eleventh Edition, 1989, 6749,
6749, Merck
Merck &
& Co Inc, NJ.
NJ.

17. Power, Frederick

Power, B. and
Frederick B. and Arthur
Arthur H.
H. Salway,
Salway, "The
"The constituents
constituents of the essential oil of
essential oil
nutmeg," Chemical Society Journal, 1907, 91, 2037-2058.
1907,91,2037-2058.

18. Power, Frederick B. and

Power, and Arthur
Arthur H.
H. Salway,
Salway, "The
"The constituents
constituents of the expressed
expressed oil of
nutmeg," Journal of
of the
the Chemical
Chemical Society, 1908, 83,
83, 1653-1659.
1653-1659.

19. Forest, E. Janet

Janet and
and R.
R. A.
A. Heacock.
Heacock. "Nutmeg
"Nutmeg and
and Mace,
Mace, the
the psychotropic
psychotropic spices from
spices from
Myristica fragrans,"
Myristica fragrans," Lloydia
Lloydia 35 (4)
(4) 1972,
1972, 440-449.
440-449.

20. Sarath-Kumara, Subaddarage

Sarath-Kumara, SubaddarageJ,J, Errol
Errol R.
R. Janisz
Janisz and Hearath M. Dharmadasa,
Hearath M. Dharmadasa, J. Sci.
Sci.
Food Agric., 1985,
1985, 36,
36, 93-100.
93-100.

21. Flavours,
Flavours, Jan/Feb. 1976.
1976. p.29.

25
22. "A Consumers Dictionary of Cosmetic
Cosmetic Ingredients"
Ingredients" Ruth
Ruth Winter.
Winter. Crown Publishers, Inc.
New York, 1989,
1989, 215.
215.

23. "Poucher's Perfumes Cosmetics and

Perfumes Cosmetics and Soaps:
Soaps: The
The Raw Material
Material of Perfumery." Vol
Vol 1,
1,
ninth edition
ninth edition W.A.
W.A. Poucher edited and
Poucher edited and revised
revised by
by A.
A. J. Jouchai
Jouchai Chapman
Chapman and Hall,
1991.
1991

24. Weil, Andrew

Weil, T. "Nutmeg
Andrew T. "Nutmeg as a narcotic,"
narcotic," Econ Botany,
Botany, 1965,
1965, 19 (3), 194-217.
194-217.

25. Product Alert, June 3, 1992.

1992.

26. Druggist, 1991,

Chemist and Druggist, 1991, November
November 2, Page
Page 744.
744.

27. 1991.
Product-Alert, September 2, 1991.

28. Chemical Abstract

Chemical Abstract 36: 759'2 (1942)
36: 759 (1942)

29. Chemical Abstract 49: 11091f

1109lf (1955)
(1955)

30. Chemical Abstract 69: 104131j

104131j (1968)
(1968)

31. Chemical Abstract 58: 14638h

14638h (1963)
(1963)

32. Chemical Abstract 55:

55: 17909f
17909f(1961)
(1961)

33. Kalbhen, Dieter A.

Kalbhen, Dieter A. "Nutmeg
"Nutmeg as
as aa narcotic,
narcotic, AAcontribution
contribution to
to the
the chemistry
chemistry and
and
pharmacology nutmeg," Angew.
pharmacology of nutmeg," Angew. Chern.
Chem. Int. Ed
Ed Engl,
Engl, 1971,
1971, 10(b)
lO(b) 370-374
370-374

34. Weil, Andrew

Weil, T. "Nutmeg
Andrew T. "Nutmeg as aa narcotic,"
narcotic," Econ
Econ Botany,
Botany, 1965,
1965, 19
19 (3),
(3), 194-217
194-217 and
and
Kalbhen, Dieter A
Kalbhen, Dieter A "Nutmeg
"Nutmeg asas aa narcotic,
narcotic, AAcontribution
contribution to
to the
the chemistry
chemistry and
and
pharmacology nutmeg," Angew.
pharmacology of nutmeg," Angew. Chern.
Chem. Int. Ed.
Ed. Engl,
Engl, 1971,
1971, 10(b)
lO(b) 370-374
370-374

35. The Merck Index

Index

36. Weil, Andrew T. "Nutmeg

Andrew T. "Nutmeg as
as a narcotic,"
narcotic," Econ Botany, 1965,
EconBotany, 19(3), 194-217.
1965,19(3),194-217.

37. "Summary
"Summary of of Trade
Trade and
and Tariff
Tariff Information
Information -- Fatty
Fatty Acids
Acids of
of Animal
Animal or
or Vegetable
Vegetable
Origin", United
United States
States International
International Trade Commission,
Commission, 1981, pg 4.

38. Ozilgen, S; C. Simoneau;

Ozilgen, S; J.B. German;
Simoneau; J.B. German; M.J. McCarthy;
McCarthy; D. S.S. Reid,
Reid, "Crystallization
"Crystallization
Kinetics of Emulsified
Kinetics Triglycerides" Journal
Emulsified Triglycerides" Journal of the
the Science
Science of Food and Agriculture,
1993 101-108.
1993 61(1); 101-108.

39. L. M.
Clifford, A. J.; L. M. Smith;
Smith; R.
R. K.
K. Crevelling;
Crevelling; C. L. Hamblin;
C. L. Hamblin; C.
C. K.
K. Clifford,
Clifford, "Effects
"Effects
of Dietary
Dietary Triglycerides
Triglycerides on Serum
Serum andand Liver
Liver Lipids
Lipids and
and Sterol
Sterol Excretion
Excretion ofof Rats"
Rats"
Journal of
of Nutrition,
Nutrition, 1986,
1986, 116(6),
116(6), 944-956.
944-956.

40. Fox, P.
P. L.;
L.;P.P.E.E.DiCorleto.
DiCorleto."Fish
"FishOil
OilInhibit
InhibitEndothelial
EndothelialCell
Cell Production
Production of
of Platelet-
Platelet-
derived Growth Factor-like Protein"
Protein" Science, 1988,
1988, 241
241 (4864),
(4864), 453-456.
453-456.

41. Chem Abstract, 73: 129752h

Chern 129752h (1970)
(1970)

42. Chern 75 18-22 : 121348b (1971)

Abstract 751822:121348b
Chem Abstract (1971) also
also 56:P11734f(1962)

26
43. Organic
Organic chemistry
chemistry laboratory
laboratory experiments
experiments 1976,
1976, Organic
Organic chemistry
chemistry faculty
faculty SUNY
SUNY --
Binghamton

44. Modem Experimental Organic

Modern Organic Chemistry,
Chemistry, Roberts,
Roberts, Royston
RoystonM.;
M.; John
John C.
C. Gilbert; Lynn
B. Rodewald and Alan S.
S. Wingrove, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub. 1985.
1985.

45. Fatty Acids

Acids in Industry: Processes,
Processes, Properties,
Properties, Derivatives
Derivatives and
and Applications
Applications edited
edited by
by
Robert W.
Robert W. Johnson
Johnson and
and Earle
Earle Fritz.
Fritz. Marcel
MarcelDekker,
Dekker,Inc
Inc New York, 1989
1989 page 23.
23.

46. Fatty acids and their industrial

industrial applications,
applications, edited
edited by
byScott
ScottE.
E. Pattison. Dekker,
Pattison, Marcel Dekker,
New York
Inc, New York 1968,
1968, page
page 25.
25.

47. Chem Mark Rep

Chern Rep Vol:
Vol: 237(8)
237(8) 1990 p. 22
1990 p.

48. Office of Trade and

Office and Economic
Economic Analysis,
Analysis, US Department
Department of Commerce,
Commerce, International
International
Trade Administration

49. International News

International News on
on Fats,
Fats, Oils and Related Materials, (Inform)
Related Materials, 1990, 1(12), 1034
(Inform) 1990, 1034

50. 1990, 1(12),

Inform, 1990, 1(12), 1034
1034

51. Inform, 1996, 1(12),

Inform, 1(12), 1034
1034

52. Inform, 1993, 4(2), 174

Inform, 174

53. Chemical Marketing

Chemical Marketing Reporter,
Reporter, 1993,
1993, November
November 1, V224

54. Summary of Trade

Summary Trade and Tariff Information.
Information. Fatty
Fatty acids
acids of
of animal
animal and
and vegetable
vegetable origin.
U.S. International
International Trade Commission.
Commission. 1981
1981

55. Chemical Marketing

Chemical Marketing Reporter,
Reporter, 1992,
1992, October
October 55

56. Inform, 1990, 1(12),

Inform, 1(12), 1034
1034

57. Inform, 1991, 2(12), 1062

Inform, 1062

58. Supplement to
Supplement to Summary
Summary of of Trade
Trade and
and Tariff Information on fatty
Information on fatty acids
acids of animal
animal or
vegetable origin, page 5, TS US Items 490.10-490.26
vegetable origin, page 5, TS US Items 490.10-490.26 US
US International
International Trade
Trade
Commission, 1982, and Summary
Commission, 1982, Summary of Trade
Trade and
and Tariff Information. Fatty acids
TariffInformation. acids of
animal and
animal vegetable origin.
and vegetable USInternational
origin. US International Trade
Trade Commission,
Commission, 1981
1981 pg
pg 27.
27.

59. 1(9) 774

Inform 1990, 1(9)

60. Inform 1993, 4(2) 175

175

61. 2(12) 1062

Inform 1991, 2(12) 1062

62. Inform 1992, 3(10) 1080

3(10) 1080

63. Inform 1992, 3(10) 1080

64. Inform 1993, 4(2) 174

174

65. Chem Mark Re

Chern RepR 1991,240
1991, 240 (17),
(17), 10

27
66. Manufacturing-Chemist, 1993, May, 43
Manufacturing-Chemist, 43

67. Cosmetics and Toiletries - Manufacturers

Cosmetics Manufacturers and
and Suppliers,
Suppliers, 1991, November, 9

68. Dermatology-Times, 1991, November,

Dermatology-Times, November, 76
76

69. CosmetChem
Soap, Cosmet ChernSpe_p_
Spec 1991,
1991, 67(10),
67(10), 91

70. Office of Trade

Trade and
and Economic
Economic Analysis,
Analysis, US
US Department
Department of
of Commerce,
Commerce, International
International
Administration
Trade Administration

71. Chern Mark Rep, 1993,

Chem 1993,244,
244, August 16
August 16

72. Chem
Chern Mark Rep, 1993, 244, September
1993,244, September 27
27

73. Chem Mark Rep,

Chern Rep, 1993,
1993, 244,
244, October
October 18
18

74. Chem
Chern Mark Rep, 1993,
1993, 244,
244, October
October 25
25

75. Chem
Chern Mark Rep, 1993,
1993, 244,
244, November
November 11

76. Chem
Chern Mark Rep, 1993, 244, November
1993,244, November 11

77. Summary of Trade and Tariff

Tariff Information. Fatty acids of Animal and Vegetable Origin.
US International Trade Commission,
Commission, 1981.
1981.

28
 Appendix 11

Structure and
Structure andPhysical
Physical Properties
Propertiesof
ofNutme,g
Nutmeg Oil Components

NAME STRUCTURE 8.P./M.F.

B.P'/M.P. DENSITY
°c
°C

d-Pinene
;;r; CH
CH33
b760
b 760 155-156
155-1 56 0.8591

Camphene
5:7
CH2
CH 2 CH CH 3
CH33 CH3
m.p.
m.p. 52
52 d5O O.8486
d5° 0.8486

Dipentene
b763
b763 0.8402
175.5-176.5
175.5-176.5

OH
I

d-Linalool (CH3)2C=CH(CH2)2C(CH3)
I
b760 1198-200
13760 98-200 0.8733
CH=CH2

d-8orneol
d-BorneoI
b760 212
b760 1.011

i-Terpinol b731 206-207

b731 206-207 0.9338

29
 NAME
NAME. STRUCTURE °c
B.P./M.P. °C
8.P.lM.P. DENSITY
DENSITY

CH OH
Geraniol bb751
751 229-230
229-230 0.8894
CH3 CH3

q
0\
H3C0
H3 CO O
I~ bb15
15 149.5 1.1437
Myristicin ~

CH 2 CH=CH 2
CH2CH=CH2

Safrole ¢? CH 2 CH=CH 2
CH2CH=CH2
b760 232-234
b760 1.096

Eugenol
qOCH,
OH
OCH3

b10760
760 225
225 1.0664
CH 2 CH=CH 2
CH2CH=CH2

iso-Eugenol bb760
760 266 1.080

CH=CHCH3

012
Sabinene b760 1.63 0.8468

614043
1
cH3

30
 Appendix 2

Manufacturers
Manufacturers and
and Suppliers
Suppliers of
ofMyristic
Myristic Acid
Acid and
and Myristyl
Myristyl Alcohol
Alcohol

Myristic· Acid
Myristic Humko Chemical Div.
WITCO Corp.
Procter and Gamble
Gamble Co.
Co. 755 Crossover Lane
1 Procter and
and Gamble Plaza
Gamble Plaza Memphis, TN
Memphis, TN 38117
38117
Cincinnati, OH
Cincinnati, OH 45202
45202 901-684-7000
Tel: 901-684-7000
Tel: 513-983-1100
513-983-1100 901-682-6531
Fax: 901-682-6531
Fax: 513-983-4500
513-983-4500
ACME Hardesty Co.
or Procter and Gamble
Gamble Co. 626 Benjamin Fox Pavillion
Pavillion
Industrial Chem. Div.
Industrial Chern. P.O. Box
Box 707
707
P.O. Box
Box 599
599 Jenkintown, PPA
Jenkintown, A 19046-0831
19046-0831
Cincinnati, OH
Cincinnati, OH 45201
45201 Tel: 215-885-3610
215-885-3610
Tel: 513-983-5607
513-983-5607 Fax: 215-886-2309
215-886-2309

Alnor Oil Co. Inc.

Inc. Henkel Corp, Emery
Emery Group
Group
70 East Sunrise
Sunrise Highway
Highway Suite
Suite 418
418 11501 Northlank Dr.
11501
Valley Stream, NY 11581
Valley Stream, NY 11581 Cincinnati, OH 45249
Cincinnati, OH 45249
516-561-6146
Tel: 516-561-6146 513-530-7300
Tel: 513-530-7300
Fax: 516-561-6123
516-561-6123 Fax: 513-530-7581
513-530-7581

Witco Corp. Unichemia North America

America
520 Madison Ave. 4650 S. Racine
Racine Avenue
Continental Illinois Bank Bldg. Chicago, IL 60609
Chicago, IL 60609
New York, NY 10022-4236
New York, 10022-4236 Tel: 312-376-9000
312-376-9000
Tel: 212-605-3800
212-605-3800 312-376-0095
Fax: 312-376-0095
Fax: 212-605-3660
Penta Manufacturing Co.
Quantum Chemical
Quantum Chemical Corp;
Corp; Emery Div. P.O. Box
Box 1448
1448
11501-T
11501-T Northlake Dr. Fairfield, NJ 07007
Fairfield, NJ 07007
Cincinnati, OH
Cincinnati, OH 45249
45249 201-740-2300
Tel: 201-740-2300
Tel:
Tel: 513-530-7300 201-740-1839
Fax: 201-740-1839
Fax: 513-530-7443
513-530-7443
Corp.
Spectrum Chemical Mfg. Corp.
or Quantum Chemical Corp.
Corp. 14422 S. San Pedro St.
14422 S. St.
99-T Park Ave. Gardena,
Gardena, CA 90348-9985
90348-9985
new york,
new york, NY
NY 10016
10016 310-516-8000
Tel: 310-516-8000
Tel:
Tel: 212-949-5000 310-516-7512
Fax: 310-516-7512

Ashland Chemical Inc. Inc.

Universal Preservachem, Inc.
Sub. of Ashland Oil Inc.
Sub. Inc. 297 N. 7th
7th St.
St.
Industrial Chemicals and Solvent
Solvent Div. Brooklyn, NY
Brooklyn, NY 11211
11211
P.O. Box
Box 2219 Tel: 718-782-7429
718-782-7429
Columbus,
Columbus, OHOH 43216
43216 718-782-8109
Fax: 718-782-8109
Tel: 614-889-3333
614-889-3333
614-889-3465
Fax: 614-889-3465

31
 Humko Chemical
Witco Corp. Hurnko Chemical Div.
Div. Myristyl Alcohol
P.O. Box
Box 125
125
Memphis,
Memphis, TNTN 38101
38101 Marketing Communications
Ethyl Corp. Marketing Communications
Tel: 901-684-7000
901-684-7000 451
451 Florida St.
901-761-1851
Fax: 901-761-1851 Baton Rouge,
Baton Rouge, LA
LA 70801
70801
Tel: 504-388-7040
504-388-7040
Mitsui and Co. (USA)
Mitsui (USA) Inc Fax: 504-388-7686
504-388-7686
Ave.
200 Park Ave.
New york, NY
New york, NY 10166
10166 R.W.
R. W. Greeff and
and Co.
Co. Inc
212-878-4000
Tel: 212-878-4000 777 W. Putnam
Putnam Ave.
Greenwich, CT 06830
Greenwich, CT 06830
Robeco Chemicals, Inc. Tel: 203-532-2900
203-532-2900
99 Park Ave.
Ave. Fax: 203-532-2980
203-532-2980
new York, NY
new York, NY 10016
10016
Tel: 212-986-6410
212-986-6410 Henkel Corp,
Henkel Corp, Emery
Emery Group, Cospha/CD
Cospha/CD
212-986-6419
Fax: 212-986-6419 Div.
M. Michel and
and Co, Inc.
Ruger Chemical Co. Inc.
Inc. 90 Broad St.
83
83 Cordier St. New York,
New York, NY
NY 10004
10004
Irvington, NJ
Irvington, NJ 07111
07111 Tel: 212-344-3878
212-344-3878
Tel: 201-926-0331
201-926-0331 Fax: 212-344-3880
212-344-3880
201-926-4921
Fax: 201-926-4921
Spectrum
Spectrum Chemical
Chemical Mfg.
Mfg. Corp.
AKZO Chemical Div. 14422 S.
14422 S. San Pedro St.
300 S. Riverside
Riverside Plaza Gardena, CA
Gardena, CA 90248-9985
90248-9985
Chicago, IL 60606
Chicago, IL 60606 310-516-8000
Tel: 310-516-8000
312-906-7500
Tel: 312-906-7500 310-516-7512
Fax: 310-516-7512
312-906-7680
Fax: 312-906-7680
Vista Chemical Co.
Chemical Products,
Berje Chemical Products, Inc. 900 Threadneedle
5 lawrence St.
St. P.O. Box
Box 19029
19029
Bloomfield, NJ 07003
Bloomfield, NJ 07003 Houston, TX
Houston, TX 77224
77224
201-748-8980
Tel: 201-748-8980 713-588-3000
Tel: 713-588-3000
201-680-9618
Fax: 201-680-9618

Filo Chemical Inc.

Broadway
50 Broadway
New York, NY
New York, NY 10004
10004
Tel: 212-514-9330
212-514-9330
212-514-9085
Fax: 212-514-9085

32
 Appendix 33

Price Quote for aa Gas

Gas Chromatograph
Chromatograph Machine
Machine

PERKIN ELMER
?ERKIN ELMEn

To:
To: DILON DANIEL Quotation No:
Quotation No: 9580/1
9580/1
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Page No:
No: 11
RIVERSIDE, CA
RIVERSIDE, CA 92521
92521
FAX:
FAX: (909)
(909) 787-4713 Date: 12/13/93
Issue Date: 12/13/93

Destination: GRE
Destination: GRE

Your Ref:
Ref: YDJB87
YDJB87 From:
From: Jeffrey Borins Phone: 714-458-7262
Phone: 714-458-7262
Ref: 601-1/TE/1/BOR/SDM
Our Ref: Irvine, CA 92718
Itm
Itm Qty Part-No Description Unit Total
Price Price

1
1 1
1 N611-9001 AUTOSYSTEM GAS CHROMATOGRAPH for
for 220
220 V,
V, 50/60
50/60
Hz. operation.
Hz. operation. 630.00 630.00

22 11 N6ll-0002
N611-0002 AutoSystem Gas
Gas Chromatograph.
Chromatograph. A A
microprocessor-controlled gas gas chromato-
chromato-
graph system -- GCGC fully
fully controlled
controlled from
from
instrument' keyboard.
instrument keyboard. include:
Features include:
- Four-step, three-ramp temperature
Four-step, three-ramp temperature pro-
gamming toto 450
450 degrees
degrees CC (oven
(oven maximum
maximum
software controlled).
controlled).
35-key color-coded keyboard entry
entry of all
parameters.
instrument parameters.
Two-line x 20 character vacuum fluores-
fluores-
cence display.
display.
Five method setup,
setup, storage,
storage, copy,
copy, and
generate.
Comprehensive hardware and software
software
protection.
thermal protection.
Continuous diagnostic monitoring of all
functions.
instrument functions.
Up analog outputs
Up to two simultaneous analog outputs
for integrator
for integrator oror recorder.
recorder.
Digital electronic pressure readout
Digital readout with
capillary injectors.
capillary injectors.
to 32
Up to 32 programmable
programmable timed
timed events.
events.
RS-232C Printer port for for hardcopy
hardcopy of of
methods, instrument configuration and
methods, instrument and
run log.
and run log.
computer communications
External computer communications allows
allows
full instrument
full instrument control
control plus
plus two
two simul-
simul-
taneous
taneous channels of of raw
raw data.
data.
background correction.
Dual-channel background correction. 8,040.00 8,040.00

33
 PERKIN ELMER
?EilKIN ELMEil
QUOTATION -
Quotation No:
No: 9580/1
9580/1
No: 22
Page No:

Itm Qty
Itm Part-No Description Unit Total
Total
Price Price

33 11 N6ll-l030
N611-1030 Channel AA -- Single
Channel Single capillary
capillary column
column in-
in-
jector pressure regulator && split
jector with pressure split
controls, digital
vent controls, digital column
column head
head pres-
pres-
sure readout, and automatic control of
readout, and of
solenoid valve.
split vent solenoid valve. 1,800.00
1,800.00 1,800.00
4
4 11 N6l1-2010
N611-2010 Channel AA -- Single
Channel Single flame-ionization
flame-ionization
amplifier && needle valve
detector with amplifier valve
control of air && H2 combustion gases.
control gases. 2,120.00 2,120.00

S
5 11 0332-8000
0332-8000 INSTALLATION KIT
INSTALLATION 400.00 400.00

6
6 11 NS4l-0301
N541-0301 MODEL 1022 GC+ SING
SING CHANNL INT 3,050.00
3,050.00 3,050.00
77 11 NS4l-0041
N541-0041 S/W KIT
S/W KIT 1020 LC PLUS V7.50
V7.S0 -NT 27S.00
275.00 275.00
PRICE INCLUDES INSTALLATION
INSTALLATION AND AA ONE
ONE (1)
(1)
YEAR WARRANTY.

FOB Norwalk,
Norwalk, CT 16,315.00

Quotation Validity : JANUARY

JANUARY 12,
12, 1994

Estimated Delivery : 4-S Weeks ARO

4-5

Terms : Orders subject to

: to credit
continued •••
continued...

,.

34
 PERKIN ELMER
?ErlKIN ELMEn
QUOTATION .. ··

Quotation No:
Quotation No: 9580/1
9580/1
Page No:
No: 3

approval. Payment due

approval. due
of invoice.
upon receipt of invoice.
Terms and conditions of
of sales,
sales, enclosed
enclosed
PLEASE ADD APPLICABLE SALES TAX AND SHIPPING
SHIPPING
COSTS.

~~
411
\ . .

''iJAriIlS

35
 TERMS AND CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS OF
OF SALES
SALES
1.
1. Deilvery oal..
DelIvery Dates
a. All
AI! deiivon:
df!l.·...'\,.f anaJna shipment
'Stlipmerlt dale!;.
dates indicated
Indicated on the face tace hereof ere apprrmrnate
are amt.:al/hate (V) Tne base
The bas'C warranty pet~. as set
warranty period. torthIninSUbsec:tll::~n
Setforth arx,,: os' ~.:~ :0
subsectionAAaDO".': eg
and subleot Setlerssa"rJ~atililly
svt"j'.'c.t Ie St,!'ler's a warnolityschedufe
schedule SellerSeDer vAN makereasnnabl~
WIN make reasonable eftonsefforts to
to ~'I\r.ety f90i da}S ttom
ritnely1901cLa)s from date 0' $."'I,pmer,tle1qBuyer
o sh.pmerit wl~nrespect
SuyerWith rf!s~t!ctto :laTa t·~ cess
tocata :'t':~ "'0
^c
meet Ir Q":lvl'rl'
meet tt'1f' oalelS'1
cr oatec quoted However. Seller will
S.1quoted not be
WIll not liable tor
be liable lorits fadure to
lISfailure If) equipment
~QlJlPlT1ent mciuding dat.l s!orage
<ncluCllng data s~orage oes.r.e
Oeo',i'r. e', processors.
processors. p1'f 1lel ~
Dirtier, !Ef-"'C
ter- na s':.
ineet
mut'l the ,~ ...... l,::~ ::e"vt:!fY
Hk' qu...erc dal~s.or
3c.iery dales orfor
torany
anydelay
delayinmperformance
pertormance hereunder
hereunder due due lo
10 Cf:.rrTlmunlCBlr(}fl tnlenaces
CornIllunk181Ktn interfaCesta~ °evesal"c
(lfI"'~S
tape arc,,"mular
sintilat :ll';h';Ct-S
de.rces
unfcreseen ..- rcumstances
unforeseen rccmSlancesor orsnonages,
ShOrtages.due dueto 10causes
causesbeyond
beyond its rts control.
control. oror duelo
due to
rts
rts Voluntary
voluntary ::;r Crmandatory
mandatory cornphance
compliance withwith arty governmental act. regulation,
any governmental regulation, or C,
C. Place Of Service.
Place of Except when
Service. Except whenotnerwlse provldcoinInSeiler
otnerwise provide° B,:lIer s,C..:lft"I"'
C:otprt "":- .:. --:.; t'
pfice list.
price Sel~ shall
liSt. Seller shall use itsliS bes?
best &tons
ef10ns te
ta perform
per10rm ml~i! warrarey
fla:~::trt'/ sic.
S~·. :3.,
request ,t;~ cvriti.ason
C.,. f.-;ason of Of such
suc.') circumstances,
CIrcumstances, Seilees Seller's supplies
supphes of the the equipment
eq.npmenl
~('ll;n'fare
CO"Breanerenv areignited.
IlITllted.Setter
Sellershall
shall have t91ttOtoProrate
proratethe avallab~SupfelY
SUpply hereunder
hereunder af al the
'I'\I? Buyer
Boyer ss factl:ty,
tacll:ty, as
as soon
soonas asmast-m.3oy
r(:ascnao ... eras! ~~.' :,-
c~;:a,,;! our " ••••.
coveree have thefIlEt
r tight theavailabte
among itslt~ T,,stOmers
:- .;siofT'ers ., sucn sucn manner
manneras asItd,rnmdo Itssole
SOlediscretion,
dlSCf81tOn,determines.
delernW1eS. notificationby
notification byIne Buyer0 1o,a aPOSSlbl~
MeBuyer possibie detect
defect provideg
prOvlde.j tX.~"':"JI
host,'" that ~~,
•• '-:;:' S.. •;.'
reserves rtgnl ro
reserves the right 10 require that tire
re~1Ife triar the Buyer
Buyer return
relutn the. ~"lO,...~r:: !.: i~ ":'--
the equbrren:
b. All orders are priced
pllceo and acknowledgedon
anO acknowledged onthe
thebasis
basisofoIan-esllmated shlpmenl
an-estrmated shipment proatiClion tacllity~
prOOUCllon facifny. transportalioo charges prepare,
transponaten charges prepalo. when
wnen necesear
necc.-S3.ar .. :.: ;'':'>l ee
.,,:r:
date w"~,n
Oate ",re,y(90)
Mein nrey Oaysof01the
(90idays Illedate
aaleototorder
Ofderacknowledgement
aCknowled!/8ment to the tile staled
staled proper warranty
warranty servIce,
service.
destination
oesl,nal,on Should
ShOulO Buyer request
requesl a change
change inin the
!heestenated
estinaled shipment
sh!plTlanl date
date or
or
otherwise causeOelay
olnerwlse cause delay"inaehvety
deem beyondbeyondninety
ninety(90)
/901 days
days from
from the
Ille date of
of order
order d.
cf. Refund
Refund of ofPurchase
PurchasePrice. heuofoftire
Pnce.Infr.lieu t!"leforegoing. Senermay
loregolng,Sener mayatatany: r-o:- e~.::!
ar.,.'! ree
aCknowledgemenl or
acknowleegemenl reQUesl that
or request lhat the
tile 900C/S
goods Debe slipped
shipped outs:d
outside country 01
the CO\.n1ry
.. Ih& of ui lIS
1I1 as sole
sole discrelton.
discretion,totodischarge
dischargeIts itswarranty
warrantybybyaccepting theret..r
acceptinglhe " ~sec.,
'eta- ...ei ... '::'"I
Oll91nal delivery. Ihe
original delivery, the pllces established by
prices established such acknowledgement
by such aCknow1edq&menl shall shall no
no longer
longer equipment aM
eqUIpment and relunOng anyportion
relaying any panlOnof01the Illepurchase
p..Chasepnce
pricepaid
palO by Buyer
by Buyer
apply. and
and S<'
Se ;er
terSs1'51
ist prices", effecl on
prices n effect ontlle actual date
the actual 01 shipment
dafe ol shrpmenl shall be used
used in
in e,
e. Softwareand
Software and Firmware
Fi.rmwareProducts.
Products.ThisThissOte
SOle and
and exclusiveYe'arranty
exclusive warrant:etc' a,c' car:::3::: 'e'?'
tJelerm1nlng t're ~nce
deteimininc Ini' price to be pilfd
pad lo software
to firmwareproducts
and firrnware
software and provlOecJ
produCtsprovioed byby torfor
Seller
Seller useusewnhWJ1h
aa PlCCE-55.·· ,', '"
D,CCESS.-
2. PackIngand
2. Packing and Lou o__In'nTranstL
LouororDamage TfMMII. Eq ..pmenlwill
Equipment will bebapacked
packedfor forshipment
shpmenlin in be as,foUOWS.
as follows. Seller
Seller warrants
warrantsthat
mat sucn software and
sucn software and trrmware we .:c.. ·.~.o-:- :....
firmware'lflil
a manner SUilaOIt1I.)
manner suite Diet.)t"l(' metnoaof
lo metnoo ofsnrpment ~hedby
stupmenlepecified Buyer, or
by Buyer, or to the method
method selected Seller
Seller'ss program manuals at the
Cllrent at
manuals merent lime of
tne time of shipment
shIPment lo to Buyer vrne- :-'~::~:'.',
8uyer 'Nne'"
Dy
by Seller In
in Ihe
the absence
absence 01 of inslrucllons othelWlSOindicated
Unlessotherwise
nstruchons Unless mdiCal&don onthe facehereof,
the face hereol. all
all installed on
Installed Seller does not
that processor Seller
on that not warrant
warrant that
that Me opet.1:'c!'" :~ ':'1t!
me operasce
sales hereunder
sales hefeunder are told.tOb. shipping
ShiPPing point
potnland aMrisk
andall riskofofloss
lossorOfdamage
damage to 8qUlpmenlll1
to equipment m soHware or trmware
processor or software Will be uninterrupted
hmware will untnterrcpled or Of e!TO(·free
error-free
tranSIt is
transrt is upon
upon Buyer.
Buyer. Payment
Paymenl willwill be
be made in'~
made in 'aecordance with with Paragraph
Pata!1ap/l5 below.
5 below. NO OTHEFI WARRANTY IS
OTHER WARRANTY EXPRESSED OR
IS EXPRESSED IMPLIED. SELLER
OR IMPLIED, SEllER EX-,
EX-
3. Paymenl
Psyment Due Due For ForPartial o.u-In.Seller
PartialDeliveries. SeItermay, rtssole
may.ininits so4ediscretion,
discretion. deliver
<leiver any PRESSLY
PRESSLY DISCLAIMS
DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED
IMPLIED WARRANTIES
WARRANTIES OF
OF MERCHANT-
MERCHANT-'
ponlon 01 lhe
portion of the equlpmenl
equipment or scpplres Ofdered.regardlessof
stipples ordered, regardfess.DIutility
utllrtyto10Buyer in the absence
8uyef in absence of01 ABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
FOR AA PARTICULAR
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
PURPOSE
Ille undelivereo
the undellvereo portion.
panlon. andand all
all such partialdeliveries
suchpartial delivenesshall
sllallbe
beaccepted
a<:eeptedand paidhp(
andpaid fOf in
in t. EXCLUSIVE
a. EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.THE
REMEDIES. THEREMEDIES
REMEDIESPROVIDED
PROVIDEDHEREIN AREBUYER'S
HEREIN ARE BUYER'S
accordance with
accordance wll~ metheterms Paragra~hs44and
lermsof01Paragraphs and55below. likewise.completion
balow.Likevirse. complellonof01any
any SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
REMEDIES. SELLER
SELLER SHALL
SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR
FOR ANY
installation ~erlJ,c.t=s snail
lnstallauor. services ~naU nol
not be a Condition Buyer's obhgation
condition to Buyer's obligation to remit payment.
to remit payment The
The DIRECT.
DIRECT, INDIRECT. SPECIAL,
SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL
INCIDENTAL OROR CONSEQUENTIAL
CONSEOUENTIAL DAHAGES
DAMAGES
maklOg or
making 01 aa gamo.
!Jan·a' geavely
::ellVert that.
1hat. lo any extent,
to any extent. is
is not
not in accordance with
1\ accordance with the contractof
thecontract of WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT. LEGAL THEORY A:::'~I~G
TORT. OR OTHER LEGAL
CONTRACT. TORT, A= SING
sale snait
sate snal! not a:re::!
Wren! !""Ie
ine Buyer's
Buyer's obligation hereunder to
obligation hereunder to ten'J1 payment.
rent payment. OUT. OF
OUT. OF THE
THE SALE.
SALE. INSTALLATION, SERVICE OR USE USE OF
OF ITS EQUIF~~ENT
ITS EQUIPMENT.
4. Inapectlon, AcC<tplanceand
Inspection, Acceptance ReturnofofGoode.
andReturn Gooda.Btryer
Buyershall inspectthe
shallkismet ~ent
!heequipment SELLER NEITHER
SELLER NEITHER ASSUMES
ASSUMES NOR
NOR AUTHORIZES ANY ANY OTHER
OTHER PERSON
PERSON TO
TO
Immedlale.y its .rr'Ya~
inunediateiy on ,Is arrivatandandshall
shallwllhln
withinfrve
five(5) days 01olds
(5)days dS arrival giveYo1i11en
arrivalg"'" writtin notice
notice 10
lolhe
the ASSUME FOR
ASSUME POR IT
IT ANY
ANY OTHER
OTHER LIABILITY
LIABILITY IN
IN CONNECTION
CONNECTION WITH
WITH THE
THE SALE.
SALE.
Seller o' any
Seller o! Cla,m tor
any claim s~ortage or
!or shortage or that
lhalille equipmentdona
the equipment ~not contorm with
nOI contour) with thetenns
llleterms01 01 INSTALLATION, SERVICE
INSTALLATION, SERVICE OR USE OF ITS EQUIPMENT,
EQUIPMENT.
Ihe contract
trie contlacl or sa e,. I!I!the
01 sa lheBuyer
Buyershallshallfail
failtotogive
givesuch
such&Mee,
li<itice.the
theequipment
equrpmenlshall shaHbeba 10. PalMI! IncIernftIty.Seter
Patent Indemnity. Seieragrees
agr&esto 10detend.
oelend. al
alliS own expense,
its own expense. any 5u'1 sutt or ~oa·
cr eiza'
deemed acccp!e~ are'
deemed acceptee aoO to 10 conlorm
conlorm withwrth the of thecontract
tile terms &Me contractot 01sale
sale and lhe
the Buyer shal
shall wrll~n may b~Bu>n6\J)~ .:,~t a-:-;v
proceeding wmcn may be brought against
be brought against Buyer allegtnginfringement
Buyeralieging Inlrlngementter iny
oe
be 00"00 !O san
boure tc pay trlerlee
loeequipment
equlpmenlln accordancewith
in accordance withthe terms of
!heterms 01 Paragraph
Paragraph 5 belowbelow Patent of
patent of the
the United
United Ststes.
States,bybyBuyer's
Buyer'suseo! theequipment
aseo?the equipmentSOld sOldhereunder
hereundertor tor1Sis·!"~er.cf}6
ntencec
Return 01
Rewrn or g000'
g000s cetective
o.'ec!lve or or orrierwise,
otherwise, will not be
will not be accepted
accepted by by Seller
Seller unless
untess they are purposes.
purposes, PfovJded
provided lhal that Buyer
Buyershall
shallgwe
giveSeller promptMitten
Sellerprompt writtennotice
noticeofofany
anyc·ar. can,''''.at
Inteat :r gr
snlppe~ I10
snipped ceS~lr a!lOP. treight
o b cestination. prepaid. and
freight prepaid. and with priOr written
with prior written authorization
authorization by by Seller.
Seller. Instltulion of suit
SUItororlegal
tegalproe&eding, andprovided
prOVidedthat Sellershall
thatSeller shallthen
thenhaws
ha-/etee. :r--:-¡zee
:':~ r!cr-t
institution of proceeding. and reire
when relum or
Whenreturn 01 nonconforming
nor.conlormmggoods goodShas hasbeen acceplea.conforming
beenaccepted. contormingshipment
shipmenlmay may bebe to control and conductcondud the defense andror
the defense sen~mentofofsuch
andlorsettlement suchctaim.
Claim,tnreat
tnreat$ee 7.1 .I;'~a,
s...·::r
",ace
meow 10
in accorear.ce Wllh Paragraph
accordance with abOveand
Paragraph II above andParagraph below without
Paragraph 88 below without further
further prOCeeding.
PrOCeeding,ettller meterinintile
the name
name 01 Selle< or Buyer
of Seller Buyer orOfboth.
both.andandBuyer
BuyerSnaX SO'.• r 5s
sna" ata!SetLier
I'abllity onon
hat:1110y Seller 5 oa~
Seiter s cartBuyer
Buyerwill beliable
willDe liable for
for reSlod<ing
resio5ddng cllarges in the
charges in evenlecplipment
the event equipmem IS requesl
request andand expense.
expense,provide
provide relevanllnlormallOn
relevant intormationand andreasonable
reasonablecooperat.."..
cooperator.Se,ie, Seiler
relurned to
returned 10 Me
1M Sese.r
SF.!!.r w",ch
wnch IS
is nOI defective and ts
not detective is in accordance with
W1Ih lhe
the terms 01
of Ihe
the shall pay an
shall pay all final)udgnents
final judgmentsand andallallcosts
costsand
andanorney's
anomey's lees
fees assesseo
assessee epeeS.ye' .rn
asarst .t'
contract of
contract sale
Of sale any such SUit suit orOf legal proceeding. provided Buyer
proceeding. provided Buyerhas
hascomplied
compliedwith Wilhthe
lheconcc-ons
conc"-¢,,: nereot "e'00'
5. Paymenl.nd
Payment and Credit CreditTines.
T....... Unlessotherwise
Unless otIIerWiseindicated
indicaledon onthe facehereof,
theface hafeol.Buyer
Buyer WIth respect to prompt
with respect ~ notIce notice and
and cooperation
cooperation In in connectIOn
connection With sac:, S.. ~ :!
with s~c~· z, 1t!:Ja'
ac;reesto
agrees r~:""·t :pa
to ren yrn eet n lull to the addless
p<h'!'!"'er.11fl provided on tne
address provided Useface
faceotSeIJer's
&Seller's invoteefor
invotce for all
all prOCeedIng
proceeding and giren exclUsive
and given exclusivecontrol thereoftotoSeller
controlttlereof SellerbutbutSeller
Seilersha not~ce.a:":f
1 j r,"jr
shai are et.,~Gr
~r.c:iJCir:9 shipments
srupmen!s :nclucing
snipments snJpmenlS of any portionporlJOn at
of the ~ulpment
equipmentordered.ordered,upon
won receipt
receipt ofof any attorney's
attomeys lees feesor ~tter legal expet"lses
orOther InCurreo by Buyer vomout
expenses incurrect "r" -A egge
WIthout tn~ ,rrr.k ~::'= ~~.:!
·r.I/OICe Tnis
rnvoice ch·,gai:onshad
T!'hS cti,gation sha~ notnotbe conHngent l4'OO,
be contingent on thethe completion'
cornpleborrot of any
any installation
IlStaUation pnor
prior wntten consentctcrSell
written consent Seier.
er. Seller
Seller Shall alSO have the nght.
sriaulalso at its own
right, allIS own eXDer.s.-:
expense :c !ea ~~;;; acf;
.? :.:~;
services flCUie .r
ser'''Jces :('\c.udec r tnetne purcnase
pl.6cnaseprice.
price. NoNocash
cashdiscounts
discounts will Will be granted.Account
begraMed Account the equipment
eqUipment clamed claimedtotoinfringe
.,tnngewith
wrthequally satisfactorynon-inter:icing
equallysatisfactory e-:-.I-'~~""
non-antnncinc ec,,r,rnen:,
oalar:ces not
balances nol paiepaitj .... accoroance with With this
this agreementeare
agreemenl;-are subtect subfect toto the
the maxirnum
maJtinum modify saidsaid equipmeol
equipment so sothalli
that rtbecomes
becomesnon',ntnngmg,
non.inliinging, or remove suC~
or remove suer)':~;".;"J:":
eee.e-e^t Jr,j ar d
prevailinglegal
prevailing legalle!ereSI
;rimiest rateralecalculated
calculaledfrom daleofofdelinquency.
fromdale deinquency.InInthe SeIerhods
eventSeller
!he°emit findsitit refund
refund Ille
the purchase
purchase proce price lhereol
thereof .
necessar( to
necessary :0 rete.r Ms matter to an
refer lrl1S an attorney
.norney or or an
an agent
agent for
fOf collection
coUection of delinquent
of delinquent The foregoing indemnity fully oelrnes
Indemnrly lully defines Seifer's
Seller's ObIlgahons
obligations lor
for palenl ,nfr'n~"' suce.
patentinfringement S"';'·.
accounlS. Buyer
accounts. Buter snall
snail pay pay all
allcosts
costsofofcolleCtion
collecbonIncluding reasooableattorney's
lOCIudingreasonst4e attorney'sfees.
lees. obilgallOns to defend and make paymenl
obligations payment shall specifically
specifIcally not
nOI apply
apply to
10
Buyer agrees
Buyer agrees tnatSeiter
lhal Seiler shall
shal retain
relain aa securrty
securlly interest
inlerestiHIIe
in the equfpmentaoldhGl'eunder
equipment sold hereunder 10 to
secureany
secure any portion
poMlon of 01 Ihe
the prIce
price notpaid
not paid onon deiMIt)'
delivery and
and WIll.
wit on request executeaa security
request execute S8Ct6rty (i) anan infringement clam resuhlng
Infnngement clam resulting from
fromadClrtloos
additionsororchanges
changes..-:ec·c to
iv !ne
!T'le
agreemenlln
agreement suchtorm
in such lormas asisISrequired
requiredby Seller,which,
bySeller, w11ich. atatSeller's
Selfer'5optiOn. maybe
option. may be filed
tjed with equlpmenl
equipment made by Buyer .Of
.or any
any Ihlrd
third party
party Of
or from use in comtlo'.al.cn wirri
1(1 combine:en wI!"
appropt/al.local
appropriate localandand state
Slale authorities. Seller reserves
authOrilles. Seller _ I h the e righ
right to
to change the credit terms
dIenge the oilier equ.pment
other equipment or
prOVided herein
provided hereon when. wilen. in In Seller's
Seller'sopinfon,
0p,nlOll.the filancialcondition
thefinancial conctdlOllorOfpnsvious peymenl
previouspayment
record ot
record 01 Buyer
Buye, so so warrants
warranlS Snould5nouldBuyer
Buyerbecome
becomedelinquent
clelinquen1in inthe
the paymeM
payment of of any
Bnf sum (iI) en InfrinQemenI
infringement dam whiCh isIS settled
bens whicn se11led without
wllhoullne consenl of
tire consent St-;.~,: 0'
oj Sei:e7 or
due riereunaer.
due hereunder. SellerSeller wil not nol be Obligated to
De obligated to continue
contnue performance.
pertormance.
(III) an
(ill) an infungment
tnfnngment Oar!)
Clain which
w11ich resutts
specofica1JOnS furnished by Buyer
specifications
resuns from
from compliance
compliance Py
0, Steer with
""'h Sei,,,
S. T
6. Taxes. Buyer IS
..... Buyer is responsi>le
responsble for Me the ultimate
u!1tmale payment
paymeit of of aQ
all taxes
taxes w11ich
which may
may De be
assessed or
assessed or :evied
:evled on or on account
account of 01 materials
maler.. ls sold
sokl hereunder
_10 Ille Buyer
to the Whetller
Buyer whether
termeo aa gross
termea gross recepts
recellls tax. use tax.
lax. use tax. property
propertytax,
tax. sales
sales tax
tax or otIlefWise. Where
or othenvise. Where Buyer
Buyer Tile total
The tOlalemount
amount ofof Seiler's
SeIer's obligations
obIlgallOnsand
andliability
fiaDlh1yunder
underthis
Ih,SSection
Sechonsnail
shaanct •• :eeolire
nelexceee 1M
Claims that
claims Ihal tres Ir~nsacllon IS
tn,s transaction nol tut:leaf
is not Subjeclto toany
anysuch tax. Mat
SUChtax, II1aI Buyer
Buyer is is exempt. thai
exempt. or that PfICe
price paid by
by Buyerlo SeIerfor
Buyer to Seim forthe
Illeequipment
equrpmentheld helOto10infringe.
InlrulOe.and
aMinrnno
noever.;
ever.;we s" .•se' ~'.'
K_ S?.. Le
Selle, IS not
Seller is nOI required
required to 10 collect
colecl such
suchlax.Lax.Buyer agreestotoProvide
Buyeragrees prO'lideSellev
Setter wIth any
wtth anY Ileld
held accounlable
accountable forfOf consequential
consequenlial damages
Clamagesunderunderthis
IhlSindemnity,
inoemnTty.such
suchas. tor exarric.,!:
as.tor e.am".~
documentalion
documentation necessary
necessary to to support such a clam
support such claim and to IJ10w
and 10 Seller to document
blow Seller _ its
its loss
loSSofOfbUSiness
businesspfohls
profitsOfOf
goodwill.
goodwill.Wilh
With respect10togoods
respect goodsmanutaclUfed
manufacture°rninWflOIe
vrhoiec'sisan
cart '0 to
deCISIonnot
decision nOlloto collect such taxIes).
tas(es). PIICes
Prices are
aresubjecltochlnge
subiect tOcherigetoreflect changes in
toreltect changes it any Buyers specifications. the
Buyers specilica1Jons. the Buyer 1M"
protect and
protect Indemnify Seller
and indemnify Seller against
agalnsl all Cla.,.,s far
all claims ror
slale laws taming
Federal or state laxng raw raw Of
or processed gcM!fIling workirg
proeessed materials or governing workrng horas
hours or01' damages or
darnageS profits ansng
Ofpro/ds l!Omrnfringement
anus; from rn'nngemenl of of patents.
palenls. designs,
delllgns. copynghts or traoemarks
copyngI\lSor """,,"'at!< s
compensation of
Compensation of labor
labOr 11. MODIFICATION
11. MODIFICATIONOF
OF TEAMS
TER..s - THIS DOCUMENT
DOCUMENT ISIS NOT
NOTAN
ANOFFEP.
OFFER TO
TO SELL.
SELL.
7. In.lallatlon
Installation and S~Preparation.
endSIM PnparMIon.Installation
InstaliatlOllservices
servicesaretnduded
are included In in the
the purchase
purchase ALL ORDERS
ALL ORDERS SUBMITTED
SUBMrTTED IN RESPONSE
RESPONSE TO
TO SELLER'S QUOTATION ARE
ARE SUBJECT
SUBJECT
pllce 01 tse
price of Ine equipment
equlpmenl sold hefeunder
hereunder Only only drf expressly
expresstySO sostated
staledon tile face
onthe face of Seler's
Selees ACCEPTANCE OR
TO ACCEPTANCE OR REJECTION
REJECTION AT AT SELLER'S
SELLER'S MAINMAINOFFICE
OFFICE ININNORWALK
'lORWALK
quoiallon or
quotation or in
In Seiler
Seller s most current
current priceprice list.
listFor
For equipment requinng installation
equlpmenl requirmg onstalabon by CONNECTICUT. SELLERS
CONNECTICUT. SElLER·S ACCEPTANCE
ACCEPTANCE OF OF AW ORDERISISEXPRESSLY
AfoffORDER EXPRESSLY SuBJECT
SUBJECT
Seller's
Seller's service
service persomel.
personnel.rtrt ISis tile responsbillly of·the
the responsbildy of- the Buyer
Buyer to prepare the
to pr",*e the site
site BUYER'S ASSENT
TO BUYER'S EACH AND
ASSENT TO EACH AND ALL
ALL OFOFTHE
THETERMS
TERMSAND ANDCONDITIONS
CONDITICNSSET SET
environmenlallyand
environmentally and provide
proVide the services; power. waler.
requwed serviCes:
!he required water. drai1.
dndn,U, bottled gases.
al, boI1Ied gases.
FORTH
FORTH fN SELLER'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
IN SELLER'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. AND AND BUYER'S
BUYER'S ASSENT
ASSENTTC TO THESE
THESE
permits, hceoses.
permrts. licenses, approvals.
approvals. etc
etc.... as wellas
aswell whateverisisrequired
aswhalever requiredtouncrate
touncrale and andmove
movethethe AND CONDITIONS
TERMS AND CONDITIONSSHALL
SHALLBEBECONCLUSIVELY
CONCLUSIVELYPRESUMED
PRESUMEDFROM FROMBUYER
BUYER SS
eqUipmenllo
equipment liS location
to its localion Failure
Failure to 10 do so will resat
do so restAl in service charge by Seier
in a8 service Seler to cover
RECEIPT
RECEIPT OF SEllER'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
OF SELLERS ACKNOWlEDGEMENT WITHOUT PROMPT PROMPT WRITTEN
WRITTEN
Ihe lost
the loslilme
time of01 rts service personnel. Because Seller's S8IVice
its SeMCe personnel may
service peraomef may bebe requited
required OBJECTIONTHEFIETO
OBJECTION THERETO OROR FROM
FROM BUYER'S
BUYER'S ACCEPTANCE
ACCEPTANCE OF OF ALL
ALLOR
OR ANY PART OF
AJ>N PART
THE GOODS
THE GOOOSOR SERVICES ORDERED NO
OR SERVICES NO ADDITION
ADDfTfONTO TOOR
ORMODIFICATION
MODIFICATIONOF C~SAID
SAID
10 enter
to enler upon
upon Buyer
Buyer·s premses for
s prenvses fOf the purposeofofproviding
the purpose semcetotothe
ptOVidmgservice equipmentsold
theequipment SOld
TERMS AND
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
CONDITIONSSHALL
SHALLBEBE BINCeNG
BINDING UPON
UPON SELLER
SELLER UNLESS SPEClFICALL
SPECJRCALLY Y
Ilereunder. Buyer
hereunder. """'rta~esto
Buyer hereby trelertakes mallllainits
tornamtain premiSeSininaasafe
dspremises Ale condition
conditlOlland andtoto
complywith
comply wilhall
allapphcable laws.statutes
applicable laws, staM",and andregulations governingworkpLace
regulalionsgchrerning health and
WOII<piacehearth and AGREED TO BY BY SELLER
SELlER IN WRITING,
WRITING. IF
IF BUYERS
BUYER'SPURCHASE
PURCHASE ORDER
ORDER OR OR OTHER
OTHER
salely. Seller's
safely. Seller's sales
sales and sennce
sefV1Ce personnel
personnel are are not aulhon.ted to enter into
not authorized into any
any indelmity
indemnity CORRESPONDENCE CONTAINS
CORRESPONDENCE CONTAINSTERMS
TERMSOR OR CONDITIONS CONTRARYTO
CONDITIONS CONTRARY TO OR
OR IN
IN
hold harmless
or hold harmless agreements
agreements onon behalf
behaH of of Seem.
Seller. Seller
Seier will nol. m any
not, 111 any event
event indemnify,
indemnify. ADDITION TO
ADDITION TO THE
THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN
CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN SELLER'S ACf('lOWL-
ACXNOWL-
EDGEMENT. ACCEPTANCE Of
EDGEMENT.AO.CEPTANCE OFANY· ORDERBY
AWORDER BYSELLER
SELLERSHALL
SHALLNOTNOT BE
BE CONSTRUED
CONSTRUED
~:~~~ or
defend ~~~!~er
herd Buyer harmess
harriess fromfromanyanyalsility
\'"btfitythat
thaIit dmay
mayincur
incurtotoSeller's
SeUer'ssalessatesand
and AS ASSENT TO SUCH CONTRARY
CONTRARY OR OR ADDITIONAL
ADDITIONAL TERMS ANO AND CONDITIONS
CONDlTIONS OR
service personnel.
CONSTITUTE
CONSTITUTE A WAIVER
WAIVER BY SELLER
SELLER OFOP ANY OF THE THE TERMS
TERMS AND
AND CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
8. Limited Warranty
Wamnty CONTAINED
CONTAINED IN SELLER'S
SElLER'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
ACKNOWlEDGEMENT. ANY REFERENCE TO BUYER'S
AW REFERENCE BUYER'S
PURCHASE ORDER NOTEDON
ORDERNDTED SELLERS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SHALL NOT ~.l'FECT
OHSELLER'SACKNOWLEDGEMENTSHALL AFFECT
a. BIIIC Warranty.
Basic Warranty.Except
Exceptas asothenvise prOV1<l!!dherein.
otherwiseprovioed herein.Seller
Seller warrants
warrants to to Buyer
Buyer ~~E~~~T
OR LIMIT THE
THE APPUCABIUTY
APPUCABILITY OFOF THE
THETERMS
TERMS ANOANDCONDITIONS
CONDITIONS CONTAINED
CO"'TAINED
Ihal the
that lhe equipment
equlpmenl soldsold hereunder
hereunder is, is. al
alille lme of
the firrie of shipment
shipmenl to Buyer
Buyer from THEREIN,
Seller. Iree
Seller, trom detects
tree from delects in in material
materialandandworkmanshp.
workmanst'<p.As AsBuyer's
Buyer'ssoleSOleand
and
exclUSIVeremedy
exclusive remedyunder
underPis
Iriswarranty.
warramy.Seller
Sellerapees
agreeseither
edherlo10repair
repairOr
orreplace,
replace al81 12. AUTHORITY
12. AUTHOAITYTO EXPORT.
TO EXPORT, ALLALL ORDERS
ORDERS ACCEPTEDFOR
ACCEPTF_D FOREXPORT
EXPORT 'ANDiOR
rAND.,OR
Seller's sole opllon.
Seller's option, any part
pert means
orpartsof01such
suchequipmere
eqUipmentwhch. whoch.under
underproper
properand and RE·EXPORT)
RE-EXPORT) ARE
LICENSE BY
ARE SUBJECT TO II
SUBJECT TO: ISSUANCE OF
fi ISSUANCE OFAN
ANEXPORT
ANO2)
EXPORT(FIE
BUYER ?RC
EX~O"'T.
rREEXPORT'.
normal condrtlons
normal conditions of use, preve(s)
01 use, prove(s) toto be
be detective
deledlva mein W11Imninety
ninety(90) daysfrom
(90)days from LICENSE BY THE
THE UNITED
UNITED STATES
STATESGOVERNMENT.
GOVERNMENT.AND 2) THE BUYER PRO.IDI'IG
ICING
Ine date
tse date of01 shipment
Shlpmenl to to Buyer
Buyer (except
(excepl when different warranty
when a• different warranty period
penoo isis ~~~f~~~H~~CUMENTATION
SELLER WITH ALL DOCUMENTATION NECESSARY FOR SHIPMENT
NECESSARY FOR SHIPMENTTO TO TI-IE
THE
SpeCllred rn
specified in Seller's
Seller's Cimini appliCableprice
anent applicable list.ininwhich
Pficeist whichevent
eventthe
Illespecihed
specihed DESTINATION COUNTRY.
pet/Cd shall
period S'>all conlroll.
control). Buyer shall
Shall promptly notlly SeIer
prompUy notify oIBnf
Safer of delect.Any
any such detect Any
realignment
reallgnmenl. readjustment
readjustmenl recleaning
recleaning or or recalexation,
recaibralion. provided
provided they do dO not
no! 1:1. Software
13. u..-.
SoIIw8re Unman and ~ Materiel
8fIdCopyrighted MalarIal
~erkin~Elmer provides T~terms
se.;~~~;o,~.!'~c;;:.':ieC:=f~=~
relate tos proven defect in material or workmanship, shall be performed only at
Seiler's then current retes for service. workmanship. shaI1 be perfonned only al
.. Perkin-Eimer
::::=.r~
cenaln software
prOVIdes certain
the license are avertable frornPerlon·Elrner
homPerkinEimer and
productsDy
sotrware products
andare
areaccepted
aicenseonly
by license
accepled byby
onlyTire
Buyer
te(msot0:
Oe Cel.very
BuyerOf' :'I.vOri 0'
the licensed software.
b. Exclusions and
Exclusions and Limitallons.
Limitations. (I) n
recognized that
(I) ft is recognized thai -some parts by
some parts by Mee
tIlelt
nal"f€ may
naLiro :o1ay not
nOllunctlOn Illefull
tunction the ful warranty
warrantyperiod.
perloo.Therefore.
TherelOfe. excluded Irom the
excluded from lhe OIherwise·specil1ed.
b. Unless otherwise *specified. Seller's
Seller's copyrrghled malerral !software
copyrighted material (soN .... ", -rrnivare
'''''«a'',
toregoing are chromatography
:cr,::,qolf1g warranty are ctromatography columns,
COlurms. filaments,
filaments. energy
energy sources.
so\J'ces. and printed doc.umentallon) may not
pnnted dOcumentatton) not be copteoexcept
be copied exceptlOr arcnl'l~
lorarcnve pu.':.C.S":S, tO
pu.1.-CSes. iO
;amos
18('10' power
po"'e' amplifier
ampmrertitxm,
llbeS.graphite
graphrtetubes,
lubes.sample
satrlllecells
cellsholders,
holders.burner
bUrnerand and replace defecl1Ye copy,
reptsce a defective copy. or for program
Of sor program error
error verdlcallon
verification by
by Buyer
Buyer
furnace
furnace chambers, nebulizers, and
chambers. nebuliZers. and other
olhef similar
smllar pans
parts referenced
referenced in in the
tile
appl1cao,9 operating
applicabe msrual.
operating manual. 14.M~
14. Misoeilaneoue
e. Applicable ThisCOntraCt
Laws.This
Applicable LAws. contract Shall
shall be conSlruedininaaccorOanco
De construed ccorda nce ....,... :ne
*I'M ISClaws
aws
liii
I ill . Tne loregoing
ine loregolng warranty
warrantyexcludes
excludescertain equipment
certain or a~s
equipment w11lch
ersscries which of the Slale of New
Slate 01 New York.
York.U.S.A
USA
are iaentified
are Iceol,loed on on applicable
applicablepecepncelists,
lists.quotations,
quolallOllS.order aCk~s.
orderacflnolwledgernents,
special
speCial promotional materials, or
prom01l0nai materials. or on
on Ille hereol. for
the face hereof. for w11ich
"Mich this
lIlis Imitad
Imrted b. Confidential
ConfidentialData Dataand andInfomation.
Information. H. connection
It in in conneC1rOO Wllh
with Illesale
the salepeecnase.
p_Tcnase.
warrar.t·/ may
warrant., may De be lurthef imiled. Included
further Imited. Included within
witt.n this
Ihis category are dents
rtems pro·
pro- use.
use, Of mall1lenance 01
or mamtenance tile equipment.
of the equlpmenl. Seller is requested.
requeSled. required
reQU,red CO'cr deems nrt
Quced ny
euted ~y third
third party
partymanufacturers
manufacturers(as (astotowhich SeIferpasses
w11ichSeller passestotoBuyer
Buyerthethe aOvisable to
acerisatee lo lunlISh
furnish dala
data Of or nlcrmahon w11lChit.it.ininAs
recrmation which rts sole
solediscretion.
dlscrellOn.cleems
oeerns pro-
prQ'
war ranI·, it" has been provided
warranty provided byDy Me manufacturerland
the manufacturer) and itenis
items which
w11ich are
are sold
SOld at prletary.
prietary, confidenlf31
confidential or both. Se!:er
of bOth, Shall not,
Seer shall not. in any event. SUDmIIsupine or De reGulr~o tc,
re require° 11.":
speCial,y
specie reauced prices
le reduced pricesWit
W!1hhreduced
reduced warranty pro1ection fin some such cases,
protection (in casee turnish such
furnish s:ucn data
data or r'lformahon unless
Of information uf'lless and until Buyer
and until Buyerenters rnoan
entersinto anapreernent
apreer-:odrH
eXleoc/X: warranty
eXtenCe.0 warrantyprolectlOl!
protectionmay
may bebe available
available at _e~ price).
an increased
atan price) concemrn9the
concerning nandlng.use,
tilenandling, use. copying.
copyrng. retention
relent,onand andretum
relumof01such
suchinformation,
If1fom'.al:or. the
Ihe
fOfm of
form 01 which
whiCh agreement
agreemenlls avallaDIe to
is available 10 Buyer
Buyer on on request.
request. Seller
Seller does IlOl
not agree
agree 10 to
(iiil Th.S
Tn,s warranty does not
warranty does not cover loss,loss. damage. or ~
damage. Of defects resuftlng
resulting from·
from' accepi anY
accept any prottnetary
pr()Pflelary or conf
confoenllal
dermal inlormalion
informahon of 01 Buyer
Buyer in Ihe
the abse<>Ce
absence 01 of suc~
such aa
transpMal;oo 10
transportation Ihe Buyer's
lo the Buyer's facility.
facility. improper
improperorOfinadequate
nadequale maintenance
mainlenance by wonen agreement SIgned
wntten signed by an authonzed
aulhonzed represenlalive
representative of Seller
Seller
Buy"' Buyer.supplied
Buyer Bvyer·supphed software
soHwere or or interfacing,
Inlerlacrng. unauthorized
unaulhon.ted modrticatlon
maldication oror
misuse. operation
misuse. operation outside
oulsldeof
01the
lhe environmental
environmenlalspecifications
SpecrtlC8lionsfor
IOfthe
Illeequipment.
equlpmenl. c. AssignmenlAny atlemptby
Anyattempt byBuyer
Buyertotoassign,
assign.transfer
transferor
ordelegate
dPte98tE- any (f, .r.e-
ar:¥ of

.
C. Assignment trie
or improper
or :mproper SIte preparatton and
site preparation 800 maintenance. fights. duties.
rights. warranties. or
duties. warranties. or obhgahons
heigations nereJn shat! be
neren shas ana vorn
null ano
be null v~

livl. No warranly
warranty rsIS made with respecllO
W!1h respect usedequipment,
to used eQUIpment. which
w11ich will
Will be so
be SO d. Non-waiver. Seuer's.taiure
Non-waiver. Seller's exercIseany
failure totoexercise anyofofns
11smerits shall rot
ngl'1ts shall rot cor.s! Cl ~
LIV or
cons: :_tt ce
maf<ed on
marked
_be_~~

I~e lace
on the lacehereof
Ilereoland,
and,unless
unlessotherwise
otherWiseinchcated
Indicaledon
onthe
Iheface
lacelinceo?.
hereof deemed aa waiver or forfeihre
waiver or fortell ..e04 such rrghls
of SuCh rights
shall be soldas is.
aret OYE
81910TE
1_~':09.J'::5 36 PERKIN ELMER
?EilKIN
761
761 Mam
ELMEil
Mein Avenue
^7,:rwa,, CE,"5.
 Appendix 4

Companies Presently
Companies Presently Selling
SellingTrimyristin
Trimyristin as
as aa Laboratory
Laboratory Reagent

Accurate Chemical &

& Scientific
Scientific Corp.
Corp. Tel: 800-526
800-526 3593
3593
300 Shames Drive
Westbury, NY 11590
Westbury, NY 11590
Tel: 800-645-6264
Tel: 800-645-6264

or Accurate Chemical & Scientific Corp.

614 Pennsylvania Ave.
Diego, CA
San Diego, CA 92103
92103
Tel: 800-255-9378
800-255-9378

Fluka Chemie Ac
Industriestrasse 25
CH-9470 Buchs Switzerland
08569511
085 6 9511

or Fluka
Fluka Chemical
Chemical Corp.
Corp.
980 South Second Street
RonkonKoma,
RonkonKoma, NY NY 11779
11779
516-467-0980
Tel: 516-467-0980
516-467-0663
Tel: 516-467-0663

Kodak Laboratory Chemicals

Chemicals
Company
Eastman Kodak Company
Building 701, 343
343 State
State Street
Street
Rochester,
Rochester, NY 14652-3512
14652-3512
Tel: 800-225-5352
800-225-5352

Pfaltz & Bauer, Inc.

Inc.
Division of Aceto Chemical Co.
172 E.
172 E. Aurora Street
Waterbury, CT
Waterbury, CT 06708
06708
Tel: 203-574-0075
203-574-0075
Tel: 800-225-5172
800-225-5172
203-574-3181
Fax: 203-574-3181

Indofine Chemical Company, Inc

Inc
P.O. Box
Box 473
473
Somerville, NJ
Somerville, NJ 08876
08876
Tel: 980-534-6522
980-534-6522
Fax: 980-534-5789
980-534-5789

Pharmacia Biotech Inc.

800 Centennial Ave.
Piscataway, NJ 08854
Piscataway, NJ 08854
908-457-8000
Tel: 908-457-8000

37
Extrasynthese S.
Extrasynthese S.A.
A. Chemicals
ACME Synthetic Chemicals
Zone Industrielle Lyon Nord 308, Veer Savarkar
Savarkar Marg
B.P. 62
B.P.62 Bombay, 400028
69730 Genay India
France Tel: 465127, 452706
Tel: 452706
Tel: 78.98.20.34
Tel:
Fax: 78.98.19.45
Fax: Interchin S
S.A
A.
213, Avenue Kennedy
Kennedy
Nacali Tesque, Inc.
Inc. B.P. 15
B.P.15
Nijyo Karasuma F-03103 Montlucon
Nakagyo-Ku France
Kyoto
Kyoto 604 Tel:
Tel: 70 03 88
88 55
55
Japan Fax: 70 03
03 82
82 60
60
Tel: 81-75-271-5631
81-75-271-5631
Fax: 81-75-371-5543
81-75-371-5543 Chemicals AB
Larodan Fine Chemicals AB
Limhamnsgardens
Limhamnsgardens Alle 9
ICN Biomedicals Inc. S-21616 Malmo
S-21616
K&K Rare & & Fine
Fine Chemicals
Chemicals Sweden
P.O. Box
Box 5023
5023 Tel: 46 40
40 164155
164155
Costa Mesa,
Costa Mesa, CA
CA 92626
92626 Fax: 46 40
40 155498
155498
Tel: 800-854-0530
Tel:
Fax: 741-557-4872
741-557-4872 Carl Roth Chbh & Co. Chemische
Carl Chemische Fabrik
Schoemperienstrabe 1-5
1-5
Research Plus Inc.
Research Postfach 211162
P.O. Box
Box 324
324 D-7500 Karlsruhe
Karisruhe 21
21
Bayonne, NJ
Bayonne, NJ 07002
07002 (BRD)
West Germany (BRD)
Tel:
Tel: 201-823-3592 56060
Tel: 0721 56060
Tel: 800-341-2296
800-341-2296 Fax: 0721 560649
Fax: 560649
Fax: 201-823-9590
Potential Large-Scale Buyers ofTrimyristin
Biosynth International
P.O. Box
Box 541
541 Geo Pfau's Sons
Geo Sons Company
Company Inc.
Skokie, IL
Skokie, IL 60077
60077 P.O. Box
Box 7
Tel:
Tel: 708-574-5160 Jeffersonville, IN 47131
Jeffersonville, IN 47131
708-674-8885
Fax: 708-674-8885 Tel: 800-PFAUOIL
800-PFAUOIL
812-283-0765
Fax: 812-283-0765
Fisher Scientific Company
711 Forbes Ave.
711 Welch,
Welch, Holme and Clark Co, Inc.
Inc.
Pittsburgh, PA 15219
Pittsburgh, PA 15219 7 Avenue L
Tel:
Tel: 412-562-8300 Newark, NJ
Newark, NJ 07105
07105
Tel:
Tel: 201-465-1200
Serdary Research Laboratories
Serdary Laboratories Inc. Fax: 201-465-7332
Fax:
1643
1643 Kathryn Drive
London, Ontario N6G 2R7
London, 2R7 Arista
Arista Industries Inc.
Canada 1082 Post Road
1082
Tel: 519-434-4419
519-434-4419 Darien, CT
Darien, CT 06820
06820
Fax: 519-434-4419
519-434-4419 Tel: 800-ALL OILS
Tel: OILS
Tel: 203-655-0881
203-655-0881
Fax: 203-656-0328
203-656-0328

38
 Appendix 5

Companies Selling
Companies Selling Oils
Oils and
and Fats
Fats Extraction Equipment

Crown Iron Works

Warks Construzioni Meccaniche Bernardini
Winster and Sanger Division C.M.B. Spa
Spa
P.O. Box
Box 1364
1364 via dei Castelli Romani,
Romani, 2L
Minneapolis, MN 55440-1365
Minneapolis, MN 55440-1365 00040 Pomezia (Rome) Italy
Italy
612-639-8900
Tel: 612-639-8900 (06) 9120251-2-3
Tel: (06) 9120251-2-3
612-639-8051
Fax: 612-639-8051 (06) 9106762
Fax: (06) 9106762

Otto R.
Otto H. York,
York, Co Inc EMI Corporation
42 Intervale Road 3166 Des Plaines Avenue
Avenue
P.O. Box
Box 3100
3100 Des Plaines, IL
Des Plaines, IL 60018
60018
Parsippany,
Parsippany, NJ 07054-0918
07054-0918 708-827-3164
Tel: 708-827-3164
Tel: 201-299-9200
201-299-9200 Fax: 708-803-8394
800-524-1543
Tel: 800-524-1543
Fax: 201-299-9401
201-299-9401

The French Oil

Oil Mill
Mill Machinery
Machinery Company
Company
P.O. Box
Box 920
920
Piqua,
Piqua, 011
OR 45356
45356
513-773-3420
Tel: 513-773-3420
Fax: 513-77303424
513-77303424

Extraction De Smet.
Boudewijulaan 265
Prins Boudewijulaan 265
B-2520 Edegem
Antwerp Belgium
Tel: 32/3/4494240
Tel:
Fax: 32/3/4494204

Masiero Industrial S.A.

Industrial S. A.
Jeu, Sao
Sao Paulo, 17200
17200
P.O. Box
Box 218
Brazil
Tel: Jau
Jau 55146,22
55146,22 2773
2773
Sao Paulo 55112853862

Group
Ballestra Group
via S.
via S. Fautoli
21117-20138
21/17-20138 Milano
Italy
Tel: (02)50831
(02)50831
Fax: 02 5066003
5066003

39
 Appendix 6

An Estimate for a Pilot

Pilot Study
Studv to
to be
be Conducted
Conducted atat Texas
Texas A
A and
and M
M University
Universitv and
and
Price Quotation for Equipments
Price Eguipments Necessary for the
Necessarv for the Production
Production of
of Trimvristin
Trimvristin on
on a
Commercial Scale, from
Commercial Scale, from Crown
Crown Iron Works
Works

.
4.-11. 1.z.
t.I

't. E 5T, 1878th

Estimated Costs, Two Days Testing, at Texas

Texas A
A&& M
M University
Nutmeg Extraction

ITEM AMOUNT COST

Facility IEquipment
Facility/Equipment Day 11 $2,000.00'
$2,000.00.

FacilityIEquipment
Facility/Equipment Day 2 $2,000 .00'
$2,000.00*

Set-up lh Day
ih Day $1,000.00

Clean-up lh Day
1/2 Day $1,000.00

Crown Iron Works

Airfare $900.00
Room/meals
Room/meaLs $190.00

Solids
Shipping ?
Disposal ?

Solvent (diethyl ether)

Fresh Feed negligible
Disposal ?

Analytical Check with

Check with local labs in
m
College Station, TX

'Costs need to be paid to Crown a minimum of 11 week in advance of the tests.

'Costs that need tests. Remaining
Remaining
costs to
costs to be paid within 30 days of billing.

41
 c3OWAt

Quotation #C93-281
#C93-281
FIE 5T. i
Page 11

We are pleased
We pleased to quote:
quote:

1. (2) rotary valves (RVs),

Two (2) (RVs), stacked
stacked toto form
form a vapor
vapor barrier, for
fOf feeding the solid material
material into
into
the extractor. AAslight
slightvacuum
vacuum will
will be
bedrawn
drawn form
form the
the space
space between
between the units to remove any
solvent vapors
solvent vapors that may escape
escape the extractor.
extractof. Units
Units are carbon
carbon steel
steel and
and come
come complete
complete with
with
drives and motors.
motors.

2. One (1) Crown, Series 2143B,

2143B, Model
Model IV
IV Extractor.
Extractor. Extractor
Extractor is
is completely
completely piped, and includes
includes
powerpack.
powerpack. SixSix (6)
(6) Hydraulic
Hydraulic drives
drives will
will be furnished.
furnished. Two
Two(2) (2)flowmeters
flowmeters will
will be
be furnished
furnished
for fresh solvent
solvent and full miscella.
miscella.

3. One (1) solvent preheater.

preheater. AAshell
shelland
andtube
tubetype
typeheat
heatexchanger
exchanger isis provided
provided for
fOf heating
heating solvent
solvent
before it enters the extractor. Vessel
Vesselhas
hasstainless
stainlesssteel
steel tubes
tubes and
and is
is designed
designed for 150
150 PSI steam.

4. One (1) hydroclone

hydroclone for
for clarifying
clarifying miscella.
miscella.

5. One (1) rotary valve

valve (RV)
(RV) for feeding
feeding the solid
solid material
material from the
the extractor DOwn Draft
extractor to the Dòwn Draft
Desolventizer (DDD) conveyor.
Desolventizer (DDD) conveyor. TheThe RV
RV isis used
used to
to provide
provide aa pressure
pressure barrier
barrier between
between the two
two
units. The RV
RV is
is carbon
carbon steel
steel and
and comes
comes complete
complete with a drive
drive and
and motor.
motor.

6. One (1) DDD conveyor.

conveyor. Special
Specialconveyor
conveyorfor
forcarrying
carrying spent
spent material
material from
from extractor
extractor to
to DDD.
DDD.
Unit is complete
complete with drive,
drive, less motor. Conveyor
Conveyorscrew
screwand
andhousing
housing isis carbon
carbon steel.
steel.

7. One (1) Down Draft Desolventizer for desolventizing of spent Material.

Material. Unit
Unitevaporates
evaporates solvent
solvent
from material by conveying
conveying itit over a series of steam chests.
chests. The
Theunit
unitisisconstructed
constructed of
ofcarbon
carbon
steel.

8. One (1)
One (1) Evaporator for
for removing
removing solvent
solvent from
from miscella
miscella leaving
leavingthe
thehydroclone.
hydroclone. This is a shell
and tube
and tube type, steam heated,
heated, heat exchanger. An Anentrainment
entrainmentseparator
separator mounts
mounts on
on top.
top. Shell
and dome
and dome are
are carbon
carbon steel.
steel. Tubes
Tubes are
are 304
304 stainless
stainless steel. Vapors
Vaporsgo
gofrom
from dome
dome to
to condenser
condenser
and miscella
and miscella flows
flows by
by gravity
gravity to stripper. Vessel
to oil stripper. Vessel operates under partial vacuum.

9. One (1) Luwa

One Luwa scrape
scrape surface
surface heat exchanger. The
heat exchanger. The viscous
viscous miscella from the
miscella from the evaporator
evaporator is
heated interior
sprayed onto the steam heated interior wall
wall of
of the
the vessel.
vessel. The
The fats
fats are
are continuously
continuously scraped from
the vessel wall when the remaining solvent has been
the been evaporated.
evaporated.

10. One (1) Evaporator Condenser for condensing

Condenser for condensing solvent
solvent vapors
vaporsfrom
from evaporator
evaporatorand
andLuwa.
Luwa. Vessel
Vessel
is a shell and tube type with 304 stainless
stainless steel
steel tubes.
tubes. Shell,
Shell, end
end caps
caps and
and tube
tube sheets are carbon
Vapors pass on shell side and chilled water
steel. Vapors water goes
goes through
through tubes.
tubes.

42
 Quotation #C93-281
#C93-281
878
Page 2

11. final product, solid

One (1) Slurry Pump for removing the final solid nutmeg fats, from
from the
the Luwa.
Luwa.

12. One (1)

(1) DDD
DDD Condenser
Condenser for
for condensing
condensing solvent
solventvapors.
vapors. The shell, end caps and tube sheets are
carbon steel.
carbon steel. Tubes
Tubes are
are 304
304 stainless
stainless steel.
steel. Vapors pass on shell
Vapors pass shell side and chilled water through
through
tubes.

13. One (1)

One (1) refrigeration unit for
refrigeration unit for chilling
chilling the cooling water, used
cooling water, used by the condensers,
condensers, to below
below the
the
solvent's boiling point.

14. One (1)

One (1) vacuum pump used
vacuum pump used to increase the efficiency
efficiency of the Evaporator Condenser.
Condenser.

15. One (1)

One (1) Vent Condenser
Condenser isis provided
provided for further
further condensing vent gases
condensing vent gases before they enter
enter the
the
solvent air separator
solvent air separator system.
system. Vessel
Vessel is shell and tube
tube type
type with
with 304
304 stainless
stainlesssteel
steeltubes.
tubes. Tube
sheets are
sheets are carbon
carbon steel.
steel. Vapors
Vapors pass
pass on
on shell
shell side
side and
and chilled water through tubes.
tubes.

16. One
One (1) solvent-air separator system.
solvent-air separator system. A A mineral
mineral oil
oil absorption
absorption system (MOS)
(MOS) isis provided
provided for
removing solvent from air before it is discharged to the atmosphere. The system includes
removing solvent from air before it is discharged to the atmosphere. The system includes an
absorption column packed
absorption column packed with
with saddles,
saddles, a steam jacketed,
jacketed, stripping column, mineral
mineral oiloil cooler
cooler
with stainless steel tubes
stainless steel tubes and
and centrifugal
centrifugal type
type cold oil pump
pump with explosion proof coupling and
base-~·
base, AAflowmeter
flowmeter forfor controlling
controlling flow
flow of mineral oil is
mineral oil is provided.
provided. An
An ejector
ejector for
for providing
providing
vacuum isis provided
partial vacuum providedfor forthe
thesystem.
system. AllAll piping,
piping, valves,
valves, regulators
regulators and
and traps
traps for
for water,
water, oil
oil
and steam
and steam are provided by others.

17. One (1)

One (1) decanter and solvent
decanter and solvent work
work tank.
tank. AA steel
steel tank
tank for
for decanting
decanting water
water from
from solvent
solvent and
solvent is provided. Tank
providing working storage for solvent Tankisishorizontal
horizontalvvith
with divider for separation.
separation.
A recycle pump
pump is furnished for pumping
furnished for pumping anyany water
water from
from working
working side
side to
to decanter
decanter side.
side. The
The
tank is vented
vented to
to condenser.
condenser.

18. All thermometers,

thermometers, manometers and pressure
manometers and pressure gauges
gauges necessary
necessaryforfor the
the proper
proper operation
operation of
of the
the
above equipment
above equipment are
are provided.
provided. No
No other
otherinstrumentation
instrumentation is
is required
required oror provided. Wiring is
provided. Wiring
NOT included.
included.

18. Forty-five (45) days of field engineering will be supplied

offield supplied to assistin
to assist inerection,
erection, inspection,
inspection, operator
training,
training, and start-up
start-up service.
service. Additional
Additional field engineering can
field engineering can be
be provided
provided upon
upon request.
request. The
per diem charge isis $550
$550 USUS dollars/day
dollars/day plus
plus all
all travel
travel and
and living
living expenses.
expenses.

43
 Quotation #C93-281
#C93-281
Page 3

NOT INCLUDED:

1. Wiring, conduit, starters

starters or
or push
push button
button stations for motors.
motors.
3. Solvent, oil or
or material
material storage.
storage.
4. Insulation.
5. Building structures or foundations.
foundations.
6. Equipment for preparation of material
material prior to extractor.
7. Conveying of material
material to extractor
extractor or
or from
from desolventizer.
desolventizer.
8. Erection labor or tools.
tools.
9. Final paint for equipment.
equipment.
10. Structural, electrical
electrical or
or civil
civil engineering.
engineering.

PRICES
PRICES &
& TERMS

PRICE: $335,700 FOB

FOB Manufacturer
Manufacturer

DELIVERY:
DELNERY: Six (6) to seven
seven (7)
(7) months
months

TERMS: 25 % down
25% down payment,
payment, balance
balance due
due upon
upon shipment.
shipment.

TAXES: The price herein quoted does not

quoted does not include
include any
any applicable
applicable city,
city, county,
county, state
state or
federal sales tax or import
sales tax import duty.
duty. Any
Any tax
tax or
or duty
duty levitxl
levied on this sale is to be borne
by the
the purchaser.
purchaser. Purchaser
Purchaser to furnish
furnish supplier
supplier with
with tax
tax exempt
exempt certificate
certificate if
if
applicable.

SAFETY:

The equipment to be furnished

equipment to furnished under
under this
this quotation will be
quotation will be designed and fabricated
designed and to the
fabricated to
standards for
industrial standards for solvent
solvent extraction
extractionsystems.
systems. When
When properly
properly installed,
installed, no
no modification
modification of
of
the Crown
Crown Solvent
Solvent Extraction
Extraction equipment
equipment should
should be necessary
necessary to comply with the the Occupational
Occupational
Standards Act
Safety and Health Standards Act as
as contained
containedininPart
Part 1910,
1910, including
including Change
Change 12,12, dated
dated April
April 5,
1976.

It is
is the
the customer's
customer's responsibility
responsibility to see
see that
that he
he or
or his
his agents
agents install
install the
the equipment
equipment properly
properly so
as to be be in
in compliance
compliance with all applicable laws and
applicable laws and regulations.
regulations. We request that the customer
customer
comply with National Fire Protection Association Standard #36, including reasonable and
comply with National Fire Protection Association Standard #36, including reasonable and
practical
practical upgrades
upgrades of existing systems or
existing systems procedures. All
or procedures. All safety
safety requirements
requirements should
should be

44
 01,01v4,
.

MP
Quotation #C93-281
EST.11378,
Page 4

the customers
coordinated with the customers insurance
insurance company
company and other Authorities
Authorities Having
Having Jurisdiction as
defined in the Standard
Standard.

FORCE MAJEURE AND DELAY:

DELAY:

Crown Iron Works Company

Company shall
shall not be responsible for loss
responsible for loss of workage
workage arising
arising from
from delays
delays
caused by inability to procure
procure required
required materials,
materials, strikes, lockouts, acts
acts of
of God
God or
or other
other causes
causes
beyond the seller's
seller's control.
control. In case
case of such
such delay,
delay, the seller shall have
have an extension
extension of time for
performance equal
equal to
to the
thedelay
delaycaused
caused thereby.
thereby.

GUARANTEES ON EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT NOT
NOT MANUFACTURED
MANUFACTURED BY CROWN:

Crown Iron Works

Works Company
Company is is responsible
responsible for items supplied, but
but not
not manufactured
manufactured by them
them
only to the
the extent
extent of
ofthe
the original
original manufacturer's
manufacturer's warranty.
warranty.

GUARANTEES ON EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURED
MANUFACTURED BY CROWN:

Warranty shall
shall be one
one year from start-up of equipment.
from start-up equipment. Equipment
Equipment shall
shall be
be warranted against
warranted against
defects in workmanship and material when operated
material when operatedunder
under normal
normal use
use and.service.
and service. New
New parts
parts
will be furnished to replace such defective partsfree
defective parts freeof
ofcharge
chargef.o.h.
f.o.b. point of manufacture.
manufacture. The
The
purchaser shall give immediate
purchaser shall noticeof
immediate notice of such
such defective
defectiveparts
parts and
and return
return them
them to
to seller,
seller, if
requested by seller.
requested

Crown reserves the right

right to
to add
add to,
to, modify,
modify, delete
delete or
or change
change equipment
equipment ififwe
we feel
feel such
such changes
changes
are advantageous to the operation
operation of the plant. Customer
Customershall
shallbe
benotified
notifiedof
ofany
anysuch
such changes.
changes.

PRICE VALIDITY:

This quotation
quotation is firm
firm for
for aa period
period of
of sixty
sixty (60)
(60) days,
days, after
after which
which time
time the
the price
price is
is subject
subject to
change.

Best regards,

t-:.~~M Gilbert
Kevin D. Gilbert
Product Manager -- Sales
Sales

45
 Exhaust
tExhaust
Lig
Liq I MOS
Crown Iron
CrOl\71l Iroll Works,
'Vorl{s, Co.
CO.
16 P.O. Box 1364
Minn. 55440
Mpls, lVIinn.
V vapor
Work
Tank
T ank Liq
Li r - 15
15
17
11 Vent Condenser
i
a.cuum
vapor
vapor Pump
vapor
A
Feed
12 .1rap orator
Lig
DD Condense Condens er
,1::0.
1 RV
0\
vapor
Solids with Sol
Extractor 2
X
RV
DDD 71
vapor
vapor
vapor
V Liq
I 8 9
Finish
pap orator it
Hydro clone

Solid
S olid Pro
!
Product
duct
Luwa
~

Liq
Lig
Solids
Solids
11
Product
Pro duct Slurry
Oleoresin
Oleoresin f's. Pump

RAW
RAW 11/12/93
11/12/93
 REPORT
REPORT No.
No.22

Nutmeg, Mace
Mace and
and their
their By-Products
By-Products
a Market Overview
Overview
prepared by

Trade Information Service

Division of Product and Market
Market Development
Development
International
International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT
UNCTAD/GATT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS

Page

List of
of Abbreviations
Abbreviations 50

List of ACP and

and LDCs
LDCs 51

1. Nutmeg and Mace -- World

W orId Overview
Overview 53

2. Nutmeg and Mace -- European

European Union
Union Overview
Overview 59

3. Nutmeg and Mace - USA

USA 65

4. Nutmeg and Mace - Japan

Japan 69

5. Nutmeg and Mace - India

India 71

6. Derivatives of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace
Mace -- Market
Market Overview
Overview 75

TABLES

Table 1:
1: Minimum
Minimum Export Prices Agreed to by Indonesian
Indonesian and Grenadian
Producers Under 'Marketing
'Marketing Agreement'
Agreement' in
in 1987
1987 54

Table 2: MNS Prices for Nutmegs

Nutmegs and Mace as on
on 29
29 April
April 1994
1994 56

Table 3: Customs Tariffs in the EU for Imports

Customs Tariffs Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace
Mace 60

Table 4: Customs Charges

Customs Charges in USA for Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace 66

Table 5: Main Suppliers

Suppliers of Nutmeg Oil to
Nutmeg Oil to the US Market 76

APPENDICES

1: Statistical Annex
Appendix 1: 83

Appendix 2: List of
of Importers
Importers 97

49
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS

ITC International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT

International
FAO United Nations Food
Food and
and Agriculture
Agriculture Organization
Organization
ACP African, Caribbean
Caribbean and
and Pacific
Pacific
LDC L,east Developed
Least Developed Country
Country (or less developed develeloping country)
ISO International Organization
Organization for Standardization
Standardization
EU European Union
EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European
Statistical European Communities,
Communities, Luxembourg
Luxembourg
ASPIN Asosiasi Pala Indonesia
Indonesia
GCNA Grenada Cooperative
Cooperative Nutmeg
Nutmeg Association
Association
USDA United States
States Department
Department ofof Agriculture
Agriculture
FDA United States Food and Drug
Drug Administration
Administration
FEMA Flavor and
and Extract
Extract Manufacturers
Manufacturers Association
Association of the United
United States
States
JETRO Japan External Trade Organization
Organization
MNS ITC's Market
lTC's Market News
News Service
Service - provides
provides price
price information
information toto subscribers
subscribers on
on a
regular basis.
basis.

MFN Most Favoured Nation

Nation
GSP Generalized System of
of Preferences
Preferences

BS British Standards
NF Norme
Norme Française
Fran<;aise (French
(French standards)
standards)
ASTA American Spice Trade Association
Association
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
Standards

FOB Free on Board

Board
CIF Cost, Insurance, Freight
Cost,
C&F Cost && Freight
VAT Value-added tax

SUNS Sound unsorted nutmegs

GUNS Grenada unsorted nutmegs
nutmegs
BWP Broken, wormy and punky
Broken,
ABCD trading term indicating
Indonesian trading indicating an assortment
assortment of sizes
sizes of high quality
quality whole
whole
nutmegs.
BIA/ETEZ Code letters designating volatile oil-content
BSL/AZWI Code letters designating volatile oil-content

FAQ Fair average

average quality
quality

Product description
description -- trade
tradeclassification
classification systems
systems used:

HS Harmonized System (harmonised commodity description

description and
and coding
coding system
system of
of the
the
Customs Cooperation Council)
Council)
SITC Standard International
Standard International Trade
Trade Classification;
Classification; SITC(3)
SITC(3) isis the
the third
third revision of the
classification system.
CN Combined Nomenclature
Combined Nomenclature -- 8-digit
8-digit classification
classification system
system of of the
the European Union
which is based on thethe 6-digit
6-digit Harmonized
Harmonized System plus 2 digits.
digits.
HSTUSA Harmonized System
Harmonized System Tariff
Tariff USA
USA - 10-digit
lO-digit classification system of
classification system of the United
United
States which is based on the
States the 6-digit
6-digit Harmonized
Harmonized System plus 4 digits. digits.

50
 List of African, Caribbean
Caribbean and
and Pacific
Pacific States
States (ACP)
(ACP)

Angola Gambia Kitts and Nevis

Saint Kitts
Antigua and
and Barbuda
Barbuda Ghana Saint Lucia
Bahamas Grenada Saint Vincent
Barbados Guinea Sao Tomé
Tome and Principe
Principe
Belize Guinea-Bissau Senegal
Benin Guyana Seychelles
Botswana Haiti Sierra Leone
Leone
Burkina Faso Jamaica Solomon Islands
Burundi Kenya Somalia
Cameroon Kiribati Sudan
Cape Verde Lesotho Suriname
Central African Republic
Republic Liberia Swaziland
Chad Madagascar Tanzania
Tanzania UR
Comoros Malawi Togo
Congo Mali Tonga
Côte d'Ivoire
Cote Mauritania Trinidad and Tobago
Djibouti Mauritius Tuvalu
Dominica Mozambique Uganda
Dominican Republic Namibia Vanuatu
Equatorial Guinea Niger Western Samoa
Ethiopia Nigeria Zaire
Fiji Papua New Guinea Zambia
Gabon Rwanda Zimbabwe

of Less
List of Less Developed
Developed Developing
Developing Countries
Countries (LDCs)
(LDCs)

Afghanistan Guinea Rwanda

Bangladesh Bissau
Guinea Bissau Samoa
Benin Haiti Sao Tome
Sao Tomé and Principe
Bhutan Kiribati Sierra Leone
Botswana Lao PDR Solomon Islands
Burkina Faso Lesotho Somalia
Burundi Liberia Sudan
Cambodia Madagascar Tanzania
Cape Verde
Verde Malawi Togo
Central African Republic
Republic Maldives Tuvalu
Chad Mali Uganda
Comoros Mauritania Vanuatu
Djibouti Mozambique Yemen
Equatorial Guinea
Guinea Myanmar Zambia
Ethiopia Nepal Zaire
Gambia Niger

51
 NUTMEG, MACE AND
NUTl\1EG, THEIR BY-PRODUCTS
AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS

1. NUTMEG
NUTMEG AND MACE -- WORLD
WORLD OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW

Product Description
Description

The nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, isis indigenous

Myristicajragrans, indigenous toto the
the Moluccas
Moluccas in in Indonesia
Indonesia but
but has
has
been successfully grown in
successfully grown in other Asian countries
countries and and in the Caribbean,
Caribbean, namely
namely Grenada.
Grenada. A
range of commercial products derive
commercial products derive from
from the
the nutmeg
nutmeg tree
tree of which
which the spices
spices - nutmeg
nutmeg and
and
mace - are the most commonly known and widely
widely traded; other products are their essential oils,
extracted oleoresins and
extracted oleoresins and nutmeg
nutmeg butter.
butter. Other
Other nutmeg
nutmeg tree species
species include
include the M. M. argentea
argentea
which produces
produces 'Papuan' nutmegs
nutmegs from Irian Jaya
Jaya and Papua
Papua NewNew Guinea,
Guinea, and
and M.M. malabarica
malabarica
which produces 'Bombay'
which produces 'Bombay' nutmegs from India;
nutmegs from India; both
both are
are used
used asas adulterants
adulterants of of M.
M. jragrans
fragrans
products. This
products. This report
report focuses on world
focuses on world trade
trade in the the spices
spices which
which are
are classified
classified under
under the
the
codes:
following codes:

HS 0908.10 Nutmeg
HS 0908.20 Mace
SITC(3) 075.25
SITC(3) Nutmeg, mace and
and cardamoms
cardamoms

The
The spices
spices in their
their ground
ground form
form are
are mainly
mainly used
used in
in the
thefood
foodprocessing
processing industry,
industry,
principally in the seasoning of meat products; they are alsoalso used in soups,
soups, sauces,
sauces, baked
baked goods
goods
and spice mixes
mixes such as curry powder in in Japan.
Japan. Both
Both spices
spices have similar taste qualities; mace
is more popular because of its light orange colour in light coloured
coloured foods.
foods. Nutmeg,
Nutmeg, in general,
tends
tends to be
be sweeter
sweeter and
and more
more delicate.
delicate. These
These products
products are also
also used inin the
the perfumery
perfumery and
and
pharmaceutical industries.
pharmaceutical industries. A
A possible,
possible, future
future use
use for
for nutmeg
nutmeg isis as
as a natural control for insects
insects
that infest stored cereal grains.
grains.

Production and Trade

Production

World production of nutmegs

nutmegs is estimated to average between 10,000 and 12,000
estimated to 12,000 tons
tons
per year with
with annual world
world demand
demand estimated
estimated at 9,000 tons; production
production of
of mace isis estimated
estimated at
1,500 to 2,000 tons. Indonesia
Indonesia and
and Grenada
Grenada dominate
dominate production and
and exports
exports of both products
with a world
with world market
market share
share of
of75%
75%andand20%
20%respectively.
respectively. Other
Otherproducers
producers include
include India,
India,
Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka, and
Malaysia, and other Caribbean
Caribbean islands such as St. Vincent.
Vincent.
The principal import markets
markets are the European Community,
Community, thethe United
United States,
States, Japan
Japan and
and India
India
(see statistical
(see statistical annex
annex for
for import data). Singapore
Singapore and the Netherlands
Netherlands are major
major re-exporters.
re-eXPorters.

The East Indian islands

islands of Siauw,
Siauw, Sangihe,
Sangihe, Ternate, Ambon,
Ambon, Banda
Banda and
and Papua
Papua (Irian
(Irian
Jaya) produce
produce nutmegs
nutmegs which are highly
highly aromatic.
aromatic. Grenada
Grenada produces the West
West Indian
Indian variety
variety
which is milder in flavor and
and lighter
lighter in
in colour.
colour. International trade in nutmegs
International trade nutmegs is either of the
East Indian variety
variety or the
the West
West Indian
Indian variety,
variety, with
with aa negligible
negligible quantity
quantity of wild
wild 'Bombay'
'Bombay'
nutmegs
nutmegs imported by the United
United States.
States.

Market Profile
Profile

International trade
International trade in
in spices
spices as
as aa whole,
whole, valued
valued at
at an
an estimated US$ 1.5
estimated US$ 1.5 billion
billion for
for a
volume of
volume of 400,000
400,000 tons,
tons, has
has experienced
experienced substantial growth in
substantial growth in demand
demand over
over the
the last two
two
decades, particularly for major spices
decades, spices such
such as
as pepper.
pepper.

53
 Demand for
Demand for nutmeg and mace
nutmeg and mace grew
grew in the 1970s
1970s but has been relatively
relatively stable despite
despite
significant decline in
a significant in prices
prices due
due totooversupply
oversupply (production
(production and
andstocks11)
stocks.!!) from
from the
the two main
producers, Indonesia
Indonesia and Grenada in the 1980s. Prices are crucial for the the decision to plant, and
since the spices
since the spices come from a tree
come from tree and
and are
are harvested
harvested 7-9
7-9 years
years after
after plantation
plantation with the tree
reaching its
reaching its peak after 20 years, investment
investment in this sector is a long
long term
term venture.
venture.

In 1986, the
the world
world price for
for higher
higher grades
grades ofof nutmeg
nutmeg was approximately US$ 1,000 per
approximately US$
ton which did not ensure adequate
which did returns to
adequate returns to exporters.
exporters. This
This led
led to
to a decision by Grenada
decision by Grenada and
and
Indonesia
Indonesia toto negotiate
negotiate a marketing
marketing arrangement.
arrangement. In In 1987,
1987, aa 'Marketing
'Marketing Agreement'
Agreement' was was
concluded between
concluded between the
the Indonesian
Indonesian producers
producers group,
group, Asosiasi
Asosiasi Pala
Pala Indonesia
Indonesia or
or ASPIN
ASPIN formed
formed
in 1985,
1985, and
and the
the Grenada
Grenada Cooperative
Cooperative Nutrneg
Nutmeg Association (GCNA) with
Association (GCNA) with the
the objectives
objectives of
controlling export volumes of nutmeg and mace to to ensure
ensure price
price stability and
and of setting
setting minimum
price levels.
levels. Under
Under the
the agreement
agreement creating
creating the
the cartel,
cartel, Indonesian
Indonesian andand Grenadian
Grenadian producers
producers
agreed to the following
following minimum
minimum export prices:

Table 1: Minimum
Table 1: Minimum Export
Export Prices
Prices Agreed
Agreed to
to by
by Indonesian
Indonesian and Grenadian Producers
Under 'Marketing
'Marketing Agreement'
Agreement' in
in 1987
1987

US$/ton Indonesia Grenada

High quality
quality nutmeg
nutmeg 6,800 - 7,000
7,000 6,650
Low quality nutmeg
nutmeg 1,000 - 1,200
1,200 5,575
High quality mace 13,500 11,750
Low quality mace 6,000 5,750
Source: Financial
Source: Times, 19 June 1992
Financial Times,

Prices
Prices and revenues
revenues increased for both
increased for both countries
countries but
but in
in 1989,
1989, the cartel collapsed
collapsed as
Indonesian producers
Indonesian producersbegan
beganselling
sellingbelow
belowthethe minimum
minimumpriceprice levels,
levels, followed
followed by by the
the
Grenadians. Despite efforts to reestablish
Grenadians. reestablish the cartel, the
the subsequent
subsequent economic
economic liberalization
liberalization of
in 1990
the Indonesian economy in 1990 effectively
effectively ended
ended the
the Agreement.
Agreement.

1992, efforts
In 1992, efforts were
were made
made by Grenada to recreate the cartel given the low world prices
commanded
commanded by by nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace;
mace; it should
should be
be noted
noted that
that Grenada
Grenada earnsearns up up to
to 40
40% % of its
its total
total
foreign exchange
exchange earnings
earnings from
from exports
exports of
of nutmeg
nutmegandandmace
maceandand itit isis therefore
therefore in
in the
the country's
country's
interests to keep prices high.
interests to high. An
An hnportant
important feature
feature of
of these
these negotiations
negotiations was was the attempt
attempt to to
eliminate intermediaries or commodity
eliminate intermediaries brokers from
commodity brokers from the market~/. As
the market2i. As aa result
result of negotiations
negotiations

111/ Both Indonesia

Both Indonesia and
and Grenada
Grenada usually
usuallykeep
keepone
oneyear's
year's supply
supply in
in stock;
stock; however,
however, lowlow prices
prices led
to stockpiling and the subsequent agreement
agreement to destroy an
an estimated
estimated 300
300 tons
tons each
each of
of low
low quality
nutmeg. In
nutmeg. In 1993, Indonesia and Grenada
Indonesia and Grenada reportedly
reportedlyheld
held5,000
5,000tons
tons and
and4,000
4,000 tons
tons in
in stock
respectively.

~/
2/ In April 1992,
1992, the
the Indonesian state trading
Indonesian state trading company,
company, Berdikari,
Berdikari, and
and the
the Dutch
Dutch company,
company, Catz
Catz
International, formed aa joint
joint venture
venture (BerCatz
(BerCatz BY)
BV) to buy Indonesian nutmeg and mace and trade
it on international
international markets.
markets. According
According to their own
own estimates,
estimates, BerCatz
BerCatz controls
controls almost
almost all
all the
the
nutmeg and mace exported from Indonesia. Marketing agents for GrenadaGrenada are
are JHB
JHB International
International
in Belgium.

54
in May 1993,
1993, both
both Indonesia
Indonesia and Grenada agreed
agreed to destroy
destroy a percentage
percentage of their stocks in an
effort to bolster world
world prices
prices which
which rose by
by up
up to 40 %following
to 40% following the
the announcement.
announcement.

In 1994, Grenada's
Grenada's nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace output
output are
are expected
expected to be below average due to bad
weather; average
weather; average annual production isis between
annual production between 2,700
2,700 tons
tons and
and 3,000
3,000 tons
tons of nutmeg and 275
tons
tons of mace.
mace. Forecasts
Forecasts for 1994
1994 are at at 2,000
2,000 -- 2,200
2,200 tons
tons of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg and
and 120
120 tons
tons of
of mace.
mace.
Forecasts not available.
Forecasts for Indonesia were not available.

Prices

ITC's Market
lTC's Market News
News Service
Service (MNS)
(MNS) issues
issues weekly prices on a subscription
weekly prices SUbscription basis for
for
twenty-one spices,
twenty-one spices, spice
spice seeds
seeds and
and herbs,
herbs, covering:
covering: USA,
USA, Japan,
Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and and
selected
selected European
European and
and Middle
Middle Eastern
Eastern markets.
markets. Extracts
Extracts of MNS
MNS prices
prices for
for nutmeg and mace
on 29 April 1994
1994 are given
given in Table
Table 2.

Quality Standards

Nutmegs and mace are classified by origin (East

Nutmegs (East or West
West Indian)
Indian) and
and by
by grade.
grade.

(a) Nutmegs

Whole nutmegs are grouped

grouped under three
three broad
broad quality
quality classifications:
classifications:

Sound: nutmegs
Sound: nutmegs which
which are
are mainly
mainly used
used for
for grinding
grinding and
and to
to aa lesser
lesser extent for
oleoresin extraction;

Substandard: nutmegs
Substandard: nutmegs which
which are
are used
used for grinding,
grinding, oleoresin
oleoresin extraction
extraction and
and
essential oil distillation
essential

Distilling: quality nutmegs used for essential

Distilling: poor quality essential oil
oil distillation.
distillation.

Indonesia High quality

quality or sound whole nutmegs are traded
nutmegs are traded in grades
grades which
which refer
refer to their
size in numbers of nutmegs
nutmegs per pound:
pound: 80s, 110s
110s and 130s
130s (110 to 287 nuts
nuts per
per
kg), or `ABCD'
'ABCD' which
which isis an
anassortment
assortment of
of various
various sizes.
sizes.

Substandard nutmegs
Substandard nutmegs are
are traded
traded asas 'sound,
'sound, shrivelled'
shrivelled' which
which in
in general
general have a
higher volatile oil content than mature sound nutmegs and are used for for grinding,
grinding,
oleoresin extraction and
and oil distillation;
distillation; and 'BWP' (broken, wormy and
and 13WP' and punky)
punky)
which are mainly
which mainly used
used for grinding
grinding as as volatile
volatile oil
oil content
content generally
generally does
does not
not
exceed 8%.

Distilling grades
Distilling grades of
of nutmegs
nutmegsareare of
of poorer
poorer quality:
quality: 'BIA'
`BIA'or
or 'ETEZ'
'ETEZ' with
with aa
volatile oil content
volatile oil content of
of 8%
8% to
to 10%;
10%; and 13SL'
'BSL' or `AZWI'
'AZWI' which
which has less
less shell
shell
12 % to 13%.
material and a volatile oil content of 12% 13 %.

Grenada Sound
Sound nutmegs are sold as sound unassorted which corresponds
corresponds to
to the
the Indonesian
Indonesian
grade `ABCD'.
grade 'ABCD'. In
In Grenada,
Grenada, determining
determining whether
whether a nutmeg
nutmeg is
is of
ofsound
sound quality
quality
is carried
is carried out
out by aa water
water test
test where
where nutmegs
nutmegs are
are placed
placed in aa basket
basket partly
partly
submerged in water:
submerged water: sound nutmegs sink whereas unsound float.
whereas the unsound

55
 Substandard nutmegs
Substandard nutmegs are classified
classifiedasas 'floats',
'floats', and
and as
as 'defectives',
'defectives', the
the latter
latter is
is
similar to the Indonesian BWP grade but considered of of higher
higher quality.
quality.

Distilling grades
grades of nutmegs are primarily
nutmegs are exported to
primarily exported to the
the USA and consist
USA and consist of
'floats'.
'floats' .

Table 2: MNS
Table 2: Prices for Nutmegs and Mace as on
MNS Prices on 29
29 April
April 1994
1994

Origin / Destination
Origin Destination Nutmegs - Grade
Grade US$/ton
US$lton CIF
elF
SUNS 2,000
GUNS 1,800
Grenada / main
main European
European port
80's 3,200
60/65's 3,350
110's 2,950
BWP 1,425
BWP spot 1,385 (June-July)
Indonesia / Netherlands
Netherlands
Shrivels 1,825 (June-July)
ABCD spot
ABeD 1,700 (June-July)
Indonesia / Germany
Germany Shrivels 1,600 (June-July)
ABeD
ABCD 1,700 (June-July)
BWP 1,675 (June-July)
Indonesia / United
United Kingdom
Kingdom SUNS 1,875 (June-July)
Papua New Guinea
Guinea / Netherlands
Netherlands BWP 1,425
ABeD
ABCD 1,950
West Indies
Indies / USA
USA Whole spot 2,205
East Indies / USA
USA Whole spot 1,765 (September)
Indonesia
Indonesia / Japan 110's spot
spot 2,100
110's 2,500 (June-July)
(June-July)
Indonesia / Saudi
Saudi Arabia
Arabia FAQ 1,600
Sri Lanka / Bahrain
Bahrain 110's 1,170
Sri Lanka / Kuwait
Kuwait 110's FAQ 1,035
Origin / Destination
Destination Mace -- Grade
Grade elF
US$/ton CIF
Grenada / main
main European
European port Mace 11 8,500 (August)
Mace 3 1,600
Netherlands
Indonesia / Netherlands Broken 2 3,000 (June-July)
Whole 3,100 (June-July)
(June-July)
Siauw
Siauw / USA
USA Siftings 2 spot 2,645
Source: Market
Source: Market News
News Service,
Service, "Spice
"Spice World",
World", N°
N° 21/94, 8 June
June 1994
1994

56
(b) Mace

The same applies

applies to mace which is classified
classified as
as whole pale mace,
whole pale mace, Nol
No1 broken
broken mace,
mace,
unassorted or
selected, unassorted siftings (Indonesia),
or siftings (Indonesia), and
and as whole, broken
as whole, broken blades
bladesor siftings (Grenada).
orsiftings (Grenada).

However,
However, the standards
standards are not
not well
well defined
defined and
and the
the preference
preference for
for aaspecific
specific quality
quality
depends a lot on
on the
the preference
preference and
and experience
experience of
of the
the buyer.
buyer.

The international standards applicable

international standards applicable for
for trade
trade in spices
spices of nutmeg
nutmeg and mace
mace are
are ISO
ISO
6577:1990 (Nutmeg, whole or broken,
(Nutmeg, whole broken, and mace, whole
whole or
or in
in pieces
pieces --Specifications).
Specifications).

Distribution Channels
Channels

In principle,
principle, the distribution channels for
distribution channels for nutmeg
nutmeg and
andmace
maceare are the
the same
same as
as for
for other
spices which, since
since the 1980's,
1980's, have
haveseen
seen aa shift
shifttowards
towards direct
direct sales
sales to
to end-users
end-users by
by producers;
producers;
this has also
also led
led to
to aa reduced
reduced role
role of
ofmajor
majortrading/entrepôt
trading/entrepot centres
centres such
such as
as Singapore
Singapore inin the
the
case of
of nutmeg
nutmeg andand mace.
mace.

The distribution network is naturally influenced by the monopoly

monopoly Indonesia
Indonesia and
and Grenada
Grenada
have on the nutmeg
nutmeg and mace trade and their efforts to decrease the role of
of intermediaries. The
The
establishment of the Grenada Cooperative Nutmeg Association in 1947 had already significantly
decreased
decreased the role ofof Grenadian
Grenadian dealers
dealers in the
the distribution
distribution chain. This
This was
was further
further intensified
intensified
with the subsequent
subsequent appointment by GCNA
GCN A of JHB International as their marketing agents; and and
with the creation
creation of
of ASPIN
ASPIN and
and the
the joint
joint venture between
between the Indonesian state trading company,
Berdikari, and the
Berdikari, the Dutch
Dutch company,
company, Catz
Catz International,
International, to form
form BerCatz
BerCatz BY
BV which
which markets
markets
virtually all Indonesian
Indonesian exports of nutmeg
nutmeg and mace.
mace.

Packaging

Nutmegs are usually packed in double-layered linen, jute, sisalsisal or

or woven
woven polythene
polythene bags.
bags.
If other packing is used, care must be taken to avoid materials
If which might
materials which might lead
leadto
to 'sweating'
'sweating'
and the development of of mould. Spices
Spices must be thoroughly dried before shipment. They can can then
then
be transported
transported inin containers
containers in
in conventional
conventional vessels.
vessels. Packaging
Packaging should be such that maximum
maximum
weight loss
loss is
is 10%, (e.g.
(e.g. 20
20 kgkg declared
declared weight
weight should be at least 18 kg
kg upon
upon arrival
arrival at port).

Environmental regulations
Environmental regulationsregarding
regardingpackaging
packagingwill
willbe
be of
of increasing
increasing importance.
importance. A
A
source of
of information
information on
on this
this isis Duales
Duales System
System Deutschland
Deutschland GmbH (see Useful addresses).

Useful addresses

Tariff
Tariff information
information Environmental packaging

Worldtariff
W orldtariff Ltd Duales System Deutschland GmbH
220 Montgomery Suite ## 432
Montgomery St., Suite 432 Abtielung Vergabe "Griiner
"Gruner Punkt"
Punkt"
Francisco, CA 94104-3410, USA
San Francisco, Postfach 1324
Tel: (415)
Tel: (415) 391
391 7501
7501 RochusstraBe
RochusstraBe 2-6
Fax: (415)
(415) 391
391 7537
7537 D-W-5300 Bonn
Bonn 11
Germany
International Customs Tariff Bureau
Bureau
38, rue de
de l'association
l'association Tel: (228) 97 920
Tel: 920
1000 Brussels, Belgium Fax: (228)
(228) 979
979 2198
2198

57
2. NUTMEG AND MACE
MACE -- EUROPEAN
EUROPEAN UNION
UNION OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW

Product Description
Description

CN 0908.10-10 Nutmegs for industrial

Nutmegs manufacture of essential
industrial manufacture essential oils
oils or resinoids
CN 0908.10-90 Crushed or ground
ground nutmeg
CN 0908.20-10 Mace, excluding
excluding crushed or ground
ground
CN 0908.20-90 Crushed or ground
ground mace

Imports
Imports of
ofNutmeg
Nutmegand
andMace
Mace(aggregates
(aggregates in
inmetric
metric tons)
tons)

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000 - - - - Nutmeg

4000 o Mace
- D - - Mace

3000

2000

1000

0o
1989 1990
1990 1991 1992
1992

Source: EUROSTAT

The major importers

importers within
within the
the European
European Union
Union (EU)
(EU) are:
are:

Nutmegs
Nutmegs imported for industrial use: Germany,
industrial use: Germany, France, United
United Kingdom,
Kingdom, Denmark;
Crushed or ground
ground nutmeg:
nutmeg: Netherlands,
Netherlands, Germany;
Germany;
Mace, excluding
excluding crushed or
or ground:
ground: Germany,
Germany, Netherlands,
Netherlands, Belgium-Luxembourg;
Belgium-Luxembourg;
Crushed or ground mace:
mace: Netherlands,
Netherlands, Belgium-Luxembourg,
Belgium-Luxembourg, United
United Kingdom, France.
France.

Details are provided

provided in
in the
the statistical
statistical annex.
annex.

Market Profile

The
The EU is
is the
the largest
largest import
import market
market for
for nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace.
mace. However,
However, demand
demand for
for
nutmegs is not very price-sensitive and the falling
falling prices
prices have
have not
not led
led to
to increased
increased imports.
imports. This
is due to the
the fact
fact that
that demand
demand in
in traditional
traditional end-use
end-use sectors
sectors has not grown.
grown.

In general,
general, importers
importers prefer
prefer whole
whole nutmegs
nutmegs and mace
mace of
of the
the East
EastIndian
Indianvariety.
variety.
However, because of
of historical
historical reasons,
reasons, the
the West
West Indian
Indian varieties
varieties have held a strong
strong position
position

59
in the United Kingdom.
Kingdom. Much of the imports to the Netherlands are re-exported,
Netherlands are re-exported, partly to the
United States
States but mostly within the European Union.
Union.

Market
Market Access
Access

Imports of nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace are subject
subject to the
the following
following customs tariffs in the
the EU:
EU:

Table 3: Customs
Table 3: Customs Tariffs
Tariffs in
in the EU for Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace
Mace

Tariff heading Duty - MFN

MFN rate
rate
0908.10-10 Free
0908.10-90 5%
0908.20-10 Free
0908.20-90 4%
I Source: Worldtariff Ltd
Source:

Imports
Imports from less
less developed
developed developing
developing countries
countries (LDCs)
(LDCs) are exempt
exempt from
from customs
customs
duties.

The following value-added tax (VAT)

value-added tax (VAT) rates
rates are
are levied
levied on imports
imports of food products:
products:

Belgium 6.0% Italy 99.0%

.0%
Denmark 25.0% Luxembourg 3.0%
Luxembourg 3.0 %
France 5.5% Netherlands 17.5%
Germany 7.0% Spain Zero-rated
Greece 18.0% UK Zero-rated
Ireland Zero-rated

(Rates for
(Rates for Portugal were not available.)

of prime importance for importers of

High quality is of of nutmeg and mace. Separate
Separate national
national
standards
standards have been issued to obtain
obtain the
the desired
desired level
level of
ofquality:
quality:

Netherlands: Spices
Spices Decree
United Kingdom: BS 7087:14
France: NF V32-125
1VF V32-125

However, most
most European
Europeantraders
tradersprefer
preferthe ASTA (American
theASTA (American Spice
Spice Trade
Trade Association)
Association)
Cleanliness Specifications
Specifications which
whichare
areregarded
regarded as
as stricter
stricter than
thanother
othernational
nationalstandards.
standards. The
The most
most
common complaints
common complaints on on imports
imports ofof nutmeg
nutmeg concerns aflatoxin in
concerns aflatoxin in the
the Netherlands
Netherlands and
and in
in
Germany, andand salmonella
salmonella in the
the United
United Kingdom.
Kingdom. Recently,
Recently, much attention has been given to
the irradiation of spices. Although
Although no regulations
regulations exist, customers
customers prefer non-irradiated spices.
spices.
Likewise, the use ofof environmentally
environmentally friendly methods for cultivating the spices is becoming a
niche market.

60
Distribution Channels

Main dealers
dealers are located
located in Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, London and Hamburg. DealersDealers in
in
the Netherlands are to a large extent
extent processors and re-exporters to the United States and within
the European Union.
Union.

For retail
retail trade
trade of
ofnutmeg
nutmeg in
inthe
theNetherlands,
Netherlands, the
the whole
whole nutmeg
nutmeg must
must be limed, i.i.e.e.
belimed,
coated with chalk;
coated chalk; this is
is almost
almost entirely
entirely carried
carried out
out by
by importers.
importers.

Packaging

Recommended
Recommended packaging
packaging isis described
described under
under World
World Overview.
Overview. For labelling
labelling in the EU
market, the
the following
following requirements
requirements need
need to
to be
be fulfilled:
fulfilled:

name of the product

name name of the manufacturer or distributor
distributor
any care conditions
conditions special
special storage conditions
country of origin
country metric requirements
instructions
instructions for use

is advisable
It is advisable to write
write labels
labels in
in atat least
least two
two official
official languages
languages of
ofthe
the European
European Union.
Union.

Commercial Practices

Initial
Initial contacts are usually
contacts are usually made
made by
by fax
fax or telex.
telex. Samples
Samples of the spice
spice are sent
sent and,
and,
subsequent to acceptance, an agreement between buyer and seller can can be
be settled
settled using aa standard
standard
contract.
contract. In the
the Netherlands
Netherlands the contract
contract is issued
issued by the Dutch Spice
Spice Association,
Association, and in the
United Kingdom the contract terms are settled by the International General Produce
Produce Association.
Association.
Whether traded
traded on an FOB or CIF
elF basis
basis is
is subject
subject to
to negotiation.
negotiation.

Sales Promotion

Marketing missions and

and promotional materials are the most common means of promotion.
In addition,
addition, advertisements can be placed
advertisements can placed in
in specialised
specialised magazines such as
magazines such as "Perfumer
"Perfumer &
&
"Meat Industry" and "Foodnews".
Flavorist", "Meat "Foodnews". Trade
Trade fairs
fairsof
ofinterest
interestare·Slavakto, Horecava and
are lavakto, Horecava
FIE in the Netherlands,
Netherlands, Anuga
Anuga in
in Germany,
Germany, and
and SIAL
SIAL inin France
France (see
(see Useful
Useful addresses).
addresses).

Market Prospects
Prospects

The prospects for the trade of nutmeg

prospects for nutmeg and mace
mace in the EU areare not
not promising
promising for for new
new
than Indonesia and Grenada.
suppliers from countries other than Grenada. An increase in the use of of oleoresins
oleoresins
does
does not seem
seem likely
likely because
because ofof the
the relatively
relatively conservative attitude of
conservative attitude of the European
European food food
processing industry.
processing industry. The British industry
industry differs
differs on
on this
this point
point which
which could
could lead
lead to
to aa rise
rise in
in the
the
consumption in the United Kingdom.
Kingdom.

61
 Useful addresses

1. Associations

Spice
Spice Trade && Seasoning Syndicat
Syndicat National
National des
des Triturateurs-
Manufacturers Association Conditionneurs de
Conditionneurs de Poivres et Epices
Epices
6 Catherine Street 8, rue d'Isly
8,
London WC2B 5JJ 75008 Paris
United Kingdom France
Tel: (071)
(071) 836
836 2460 Tel: (1)
(1) 45 22 28
28 15
15
Tel: (071)
(071) 836
836 0580 Fax: (1)
(1) 43 87 85 40
40

Nederlandse Zuidvruchten Waren-Verein

Waren-Verein der Hamburger Börse
Borse
vereniging Plan 55
Bezuidenhoutseweg 82 2000 Hamburg 11
822594 AX
822594 AX Den Haag Germany
Netherlands Tel: (040)
(040) 326 414
Tel: (70)
(70) 383
383 3011
3011 Fax: (040)
Fax: (040) 322 639
Fax: (70)
(70) 347
347 5253
5253

2. Standards

International Organization for Codex

Codex Alimentarius
Alimentarius Commission
Conunission
Standardization (ISO) Via delle Terne di Caracalla
Via delle Terme di Caracalla
1, rue de
de Varembé
Varembe 00100 Rome
1211 Geneva 10
1211 10 Italy
Switzerland Tel: (6) 57
Tel: 57 971
971
Tel: 0111
Tel: (022) 749 0111 Fax:
Fax: (6) 5797 3152
Fax: (022) 733 3430
Fax: 3430

3. Import Promotion Offices

Offices (assist
(assist exporters
exporters in
in developing
developing countries)
countries)

DeCTA Pro-Trade/GTZ GmbH

Bank House Dag Hammarskjöldsweg
Hammarskj61dsweg 1-5
1-5
Sutton Court Road 6236 Eschbom
Eschborn
Sutton, Surrey SM1
Sutton, SMI 4SP Germany
United Kingdom Tel: (6196)
(6196) 790
Tel: (081) 643
Tel: 643 3311
3311 Fax:(6196) 797 414
Fax: (081) 643 8030

Promex-PMA CBI
10, Avenue
10, d'Iéna
Avenue d'Iena P.O. Box
Box 30009
30009
75016 Paris 3001 DA Rotterdam
France Netherlands
Tel:
Tel: (1) 40 73 30 67
67 Tel: (010)
(010) 201 3434
Fax:
Fax: (1) 40 73 39 69 Fax:
Fax: (010) 411 4081

62
4. Trade fairs
Trade

Netherlands

Slavakto (meat
(meat industry)
industry) Horecava (catering
(catering industry)
industry)
The Royal Netherlands
Netherlands Industries
Industries RAI gebouw
Fairs Europaplein 8
Jaarbeursplein
Jaarbeursplein 1078 GZ Amsterdam
Amsterdam
P.O. Box
Box 8500
8500 The Netherlands
3505 RM Utrecht Tel: (20)
(20) 549
549 1212
1212
Tel: (30)
(30) 955
955 911
911 Fax: (20)
(20) 4644
4644 6910
6910
Fax: (30)
(30) 940
940 379
379

FIE (Unground
(Unground products for foodstuff
industry)
Expoconsult Maarsen
Industrieweg 54
P.O. Box
Box 200
2600 AE Maarsen
Tel: (3465) 73 777
Tel:
Fax: (3465)
(3465) 73 811
811

Germany France

Anuga - Central Marketing SIAL - Salon

Salon International de
Gesellschaft de Deutschen l'Alimentation
l' Alimentation
Agrar Wirtschaft 39, rue
rue de
de la
la Bien
Bien Naissance
Naissance
Koblenzerstrasse 148
148 75008 Paris
5300 Bonn-bad Godesberg Tel: (1)
(1) 42 8989 46
46 87
87
Tel: (228) 8470
Tel: Fax: (1) 42 89 89 46 94
94
Fax: (228)
(228) 847202

63
3. NUTMEG AND MACE -- USA
USA

Product Description
Description

HSTUSA 0908.10-0000 Nutmegs

HSTUSA 0908.20-2000 Mace, 'bombay'
Mace, tombay' or
orwild,
wild, ground
ground
HSTUSA 0908.20-4000 Mace nes

hnports of
Imports ofNutmeg
Nutmegand
andMace
Mace(aggregates
(aggregates in
inmetric
metric tons)
tons)

2000T
2000
1800
T
,
----------------------------------------------.
1600
1400
1200 --II - Nutmeg
1000
---0----- Mace
800
600
400
200
oO+I--------~--------~--------~
1989 1990 1991 1992

Market Profile

The USA is thethe largest

largest individual
individual market for wholewhole nutmegs.
nutmegs. Importers of of the
the United
United
States prefer the East Indian variety of deep-brown, aromatic nutmegs
States nutmegs and and orange-red
orange-red mace
mace in
form. Indonesia
their whole form. Indonesia has has traditionally
traditionally been
been the
the principal
principal supplier
supplier ofof nutmegs
nutmegs and
and mace
mace
to
to the US market, accounting on average for 65 %
US market, accounting on average for 65% total US imports of nutmegs per year in
of total US imports of nutmegs per year in
terms
terms of volume.
volume. It It isis also
also the
themain
mainsupplier
supplier of
ofmace.
mace. (See
(Seestatistical
statistical annex
annex for
for details
details.))
Following talks between ASPIN
Following talks ASPIN and and GCNA
GCNA in 1993,
1993, Indonesia
Indonesia has agreed to allowallow Grenada
Grenada
greater access
greater access to
to the US market. The The outcome,
outcome, however, depends
depends on the processors' reaction
reaction
on the US side and thethe Grenadian
Grenadian producers' ability
ability to
to satisfy
satisfy market
market requirements.
requirements.

The
The US
US food
food and
and beverage industryisis one
beverage industry one of
of the
the largest in the
largest in the world
world with
with aa
correspondingly high consumption
correspondingly consumption of
of spices
spices and
and their
their oleoresins
oleoresins and
and essential
essential oils.
oils. One of the
the
in the manufacture of
uses of nutmeg oil is in of soft drinks, specifically
specifically Coca-Cola. The
The USUS food
food and
and
drink market is also one of the most highly developed
developed inin terms
terms of innovation
innovation in
in flavourings,
flavourings, fast
fast
foods and the ethnic foods
foods foods sector.
sector.

65
Market Access
Market Access

Imports of
of nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace are
are subject
subject to
to the
the following
following customs
customs charges:
charges:

Table 4:
Table 4: Customs
Customs Charges
Charges in USA
USA for
for Imports of
of Nutmeg and Mace
Mace

Tariff heading MFN GSP

0908.10-0000 Nutmegs
Nutmegs Free Free
0908.20-2000 Mace,
0908.20-2000 Mace, 'Bombay'
'Bombay' or wild,
wild, ground
ground 16.5C/kg **
16.5¢/kg Free
0908.20-4000 Mace nes Free Free
Source: Worldtariff
Source: W orldtariff Ltd
I ** The MFN rate
rate was
was lowered
lowered to
to 12.4G
12.4¢ per kg
kg (31
(31 December
December 1993).
1993).

Other
Other charges
charges include
include a Merchandise ProcessingFee
Merchandise Processing Fee (0.19%
(0.19% ofof FOB
FOB value)
value) and
and a
Harbour Maintenance
Harbour Maintenance Fee
Fee (0.125%
(0.125% of FOB
FOB value).
value). In addition,
addition, general
general sale
sale and
and use
use taxes
taxes are
are
levied at the state level (rates
levied (rates differ
differ from
from state
state to
to state).
state).

The American
American Spice
Spice Trade
Trade Association
Association issues ASTA Cleanliness
issues ASTA Cleanliness Specifications
Specifications which
which set
set
the quality
quality requirements necessary to
requirements necessary to enter
enter the
the US
US market.
market. The major complaints
complaints on the part
of US importers has been
been the
the presence
presence of
of insect
insect fragments
fragments in shipments nutmegs. As in the
shipments of nutmegs.
EU, non-irradiated
non-irradiated spices are preferred.
preferred.

Distribution Channels

The main brokers and dealers in spices

spices are
are located
located in
in New
New York;
York; the
the main
main ports
ports of
of entry
entry
are New York, Baltimore,
Baltimore, Los
Los Angeles
Angeles and
and San
San Francisco.
Francisco.

Up to the
Up the 1980s,
1980s, the
the traditional
traditional distribution chain for
distribution chain for spices
spices was
was from
from exporter to
exporter to
importer via a US
US agent.
agent. At
Atthe
thenational
national level
level the
the distribution
distribution channel
channel was:
was:

Importer - broker
Importer --> broker--->
- grinder/processor - (i) wholesaler,
grinder/processor -->
(ii) retailer,
(iii) food processor.

Since then, direct purchase from source has reduced the number of intermediaries in the
chain.

Exporters should
Exporters should note
note that
that official ASTA contracts
official ASTA contractsare
areused.
used. US
US dealers
dealers prefer
prefer C&F
quotations, in general.
quotations, general.

Market Prospects

Consumer trends for health foods,

foods, ethnic cuisine and fast
cuisine and fast foods,
foods, in addition to
to the need
for constant
constant innovation in the food
food industry,
industry, all
all indicate
indicate that consumption
consumption of spices and spicespice
oleoresins,
oleoresins, in general, will
will continue
continue to grow. This is reflected in the fact that the food industry
and institutional outlets consume upup to
to 65
65%% of imported spices asas opposed toto 40
40%% a decade ago.

66
 implies a growing 'prepared
This implies 'prepared foods'
foods' market
marketand
and increased
increased demand
demand from
from the
the restaurant
restaurant and
and
catering
catering sector.
sector. Therefore
Therefore anyany growth
growth in these
these two sectors
sectors will
will have
have aa direct
direct influence
influence on
on
imports of spices, and to
to aa lesser
lesser extent
extent of
of nutmegs
nutmegs and
and mace.
mace.

Useful
Useful addresses

Association
American Spice Trade Association Extract Manufacturers
Flavour and Extract Manufacturers
(ASTA) Inc. Association of the United States
Association
580 Sylvan
Sylvan Avenue
Avenue 1620 II St., NW, Suite
1620 Suite 925
925
P.O. Box
Box 1267
1267 Washington
Washington D. C. 20006
D.C.
Englewood Cliffs, NJNJ 07632
07632 (202) 293-5800
Tel: (202) 293-5800
Tel: (201)
(201) 568-2163
568-2163 (202) 463-8998
Fax: (202) 463-8998
(201) 568-7318
Fax: (201) 568-7318

United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA)
Agricultural Marketing Service
Washington,
Washington, D.C. 20250
20250
Tel: (202)
(202) 720-4276
720-4276
Fax: (202)
(202) 720-8477
720-8477

67
4. NUTMEG AND
NUTMEG JAPAN
AND MACE - JAPAN

Product
Product Description
Description

JHS 0908.10-100 Nutmeg

Nutmeg put up in containers
containers for retail
retail sale
sale
JHS 0908.10-210 not put
Nutmeg, neither crushed or ground, not put up in containers for retail
retail sale
sale
JHS 0908.10-220
JHS Nutmeg, crushed or ground,
ground, not put up in in containers
containers for retail sale
sale
JHS 0908.20-210 Mace, neither
neither crushed
crushed or ground,
ground, not put up in in containers
containers for retail sale
JHS 0908.20-220
JHS Mace, crushed or ground,
ground, not
not put up
up inin containers
containers for retail
retail sale
sale

Imports
hnports of
ofNutmeg
Nutmeg and
andMace
Mace(aggregates
(aggregates in
in metric
metric tons)
tons)

Main suppliers
600

1
500.'~~~~~--II.~
500
Japan's
Japan's major supplier
supplier of nutmegs
and mace is Indonesia, accounting on
400 t ~. _______________• average for 93%
average for 93 % ofof total
total imports.
imports.
300
- - - - Nutmeg I Other
Other suppliers
suppliers include
include Malaysia,
Malaysia,
--0-- Mace India
India and
and Singapore.
Singapore. See
See statistical
statistical
200 annex for details.
armex details.
100
Source:
Source: Japan
Japan Exports
Exports &
& Imports,
Imports,
o0+1--------~----------~------~ Commodity by
Commodity by Country, Japan Tariff
1989 1990 1991 1992
1992
Association

Market Profile
Profile

spices is the largest

The Japanese import market for spices largest in
in the
the Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific region; but
but per
per
capita consumption
capita consumption isis lower
lower than
than in
in Europe
Europe or or in
in the
the United
United States.
States. However,
However, with
with the
the
tremendous growth
tremendous growth in popularity of spicy
spicy foods,
foods, specifically
specifically Indian, consumption
consumption is expected
expected
to increase. Nutmegs
Nutmegs and
and mace
mace are used
used inin the
the manufacture
manufacture of curry powder.
powder.

The
The main
main end-user
end-user is the
the food
food processing
processing industry.
industry. Nutmegs and mace
Nutmegs and mace and
and their
their
oleoresins and essential
oleoresins and essential oils
oils are
are used
used in the preparation
preparation of meat products,
products, soups,
soups, sauces
sauces and
An interesting
baked goods. An interesting feature of
of the Japanese market is
is the
the growth
growth in
in the
the 'instant' and
and fast
fast
food sectors.

For spices
spices in general, imports havehave increased
increased over
over the
the last
last ten
ten years,
years, mainly
mainly for
for use
use in
in
the food processing industry, but but aa non-traditional
non-traditional spice such as nutmeg has has not benefited from
this trend. Whole
Whole mace,
mace, on on the
the other
otherhand,
hand, has
hasbeen
beenimported
imported in inincreasing
increasing quantities,
quantities, partly
partly
due to its
its greater
greater use
use in
in the
the manufacture
manufacture ofof curry
curry powder.
powder.

Market Access
Market Access

Whole nutmegs
Whole nutmegs andand mace
mace are
are imported
imported free
free of
of charge
charge into
into Japan.
Japan. Products
Products put
put up in
containers
containers for retail sale are subject
subject to a tariff
tariff of 4.2 %.
of 4.2%.

The Quarantine
Quarantine System
System and Plant Protection
Protection Law and the Food Sanitation
Sanitation Act set the
quality standards
standards for nutmeg and mace. The
The main
main complaint
complaint concerning
concerning imported
imported nutmegs hashas

69
been the aflatoxin content. Spices
Spices may
may not be irradiated nor is it permissible use ethylene oxide
gas to disinfect spices.

Distribution Channels

Importers supply
Importers supply food
food processors,
processors, grinders/processors
grinders/processors and essential
essential oil and
and oleoresin
oleoresin
manufacturers. These in turn supply the different end-use sectors
manufacturers. sectors such
such as
as curry manufacturers.

Packaging and Labelling

Packaging

The Japanese customer is very demanding packaging, particularly concerning

demanding regarding packaging,
environmental protection.
protection. Lettering size is
is prescribed
prescribed for
for labels
labels which
which must
must include:
include:

name of the
the product
product net contents
name and address
address of the date of
of manufacture
manufacture
manufacturer or seller

Market Prospects
Prospects

The Japanese market is a promising one for spices

Japanese market spices given the changing lifestyles.
lifestyles. More
women are
women are working
working in Japan
Japan today
today which
which increases
increasesthe
theneed
needfor
for 'instant'
'instant' and
and 'oven toto table'
table'
type meals. Greater
Greater demand
demand for
for non-traditional
non-traditional spices such
such nutmeg
as nutmeg and mace is probable in
is probable in
the food and drink sector with the consumer trend towards
consumer trend towards French, Italian
Italianand
and Indian
Indiancuisine.
cuisine.

To increase household consumption,

To consumption, "user-friendly"
"user-friendly" spices,
spices, spice mixes and
and attractive
attractive
retail packaging
retail packaging are necessary. Exporters should coordinate
necessary. Exporters should coordinate with Japanese
Japanese distributors and
distributors
retailers in this area. Furthermore, aa growing
growing interest for international foods,
foods, trade liberalisation
and
and a stronger yen could have favourable implications
yen could have favourable implications for imports of nutmegs
imports of nutmegs and
and mace.
mace.

Useful addresses
Useful

All Nippon
Nippon Spice
Spice Association
Association Japan External Trade
Trade Organization
Organization (JETRO)
(JETRO)
Boeki Bldg., 4F
Boeki Bldg., Toranomon 2-chome
2-5, Toranomon 2-chome
123
123 Higashi-machi Minato-ku
Chuo-ku 105
Tokyo 105
Kobe 651-01
651-01 Tel: (03)
(03) 3582
3582 5173
5173
Tel: 321 8431
Tel: (078) 321 8431 Fax: (03)
(03) 3585
3585 5027
5027
Fax: (078)
(078) 321
321 8460
8460

70
5. NUTMEG AND MACE - INDIA

in India extends from April to March. Data for March 1991

The fiscal year in 1991 to April 1992
1992
are reported as "1991"
"1991" in
in the
the figure
figure below.
below.

hnports of
Imports of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
andMace
Mace(aggregates
(aggregates in
in metric
metric tons)
tons)

350

300
/)1
250 ///
200
// Nutmeg
------ Nulmeg

- 0 - - - Mace
Mace
150

~
100

50
o
o

1988 1989 1990

1990 1991
1991

Source:
Source: Statistics of the Foreign
Foreign Trade
Trade of
ofIndia
India by
by Country.
Country.
For details, see
see statistical
statistical annex.
annex.

Main Suppliers

The principal suppliers to the Indian market for for nutmegs

nutmegs and
and mace
mace are
are Indonesia,
Indonesia, Singa-
Singa-
pore and Sri Lanka;
Lanka; over
over the
the years
years their
their relative
relative positions
positions have
have changed.
changed.

Market Profile
Profile

India's domestic
India's production of
domestic production of nutmegs
nutmegs isis insufficient
insufficienttoto meet
meet local
local demand
demand and
and is
is
therefore supplemented
therefore by imports.
supplemented by imports. East Indian
Indian nutmegs
nutmegs and mace
mace areare traditionally
traditionally preferred
preferred
because of geographic proximity and their particular flavouring qualities which are more suitable
for Indian foods.

Market Access
Market Access

The recent trade liberalization

liberalization reforms
reforms in India have
have to a great
great extent
extent reduced
reduced customs
customs
duties and virtually eliminated non-ad valorem
valorem charges
charges on
on imports.
imports. Nevertheless, duties remain
remain
high - imports
high imports of nutmegs
nutmegs and
and mace
mace are subject to an ad
subject to ad valorem
valorem tax
tax of 65 %. However,
of 65%. However,
preferences are
preferences are accorded
accorded onon an
an item by item
item basis,
basis, specifically for industries
specifically for industries which
which are
are of
particular importance such as food andand beverages.
beverages.

71
 Shipments of nutmegs and mace should be accompanied
accompanied byby aa general
general sanitary certificate.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) can provide details
details on
on specifications
specifications for
for the
the Indian
Indian market
market
(see Useful addresses); minimum
minimum standards
standards comply
comply with those issued by ISO.

Distribution Channels

As India is one of the major producers

producers and
and exporters
exporters of spices
spices inin general,
general, exporters
exporters and
food processors usually
usually act
act as
as importers
importers when
when local
local production
production is
is insufficient
insufficient to
to meet
meet domestic
domestic
demand.

Exporters are advised to appoint agents

agents either on an exclusive
exclusive or non-exclusive
non-exclusive basis
basis to
to
handle
handle all matters dealing
dealing with the marketing,
marketing, including sales promotion,
including sales promotion, and
and distribution
distribution ofof
goods
goods within the
the country.
country. The major market centres are Bombay,
centres are Calcutta, Madras
Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and
and New
Delhi.

Packaging and Labelling

Labelling

India's principal ports are located

located in the central and southern parts
parts of country. Packaging
should
should therefore
therefore take into
into account
account climatic conditions and protect
conditions and protect the
the goods from dampness,
heat, exposure
exposure to sun
sun and
and rain,
rain, insects,
insects, fungus
fungus and
and mold.
mold. Labelling
Labelling should
should be in
in English
English and
and
a minimum lettering size
minimum lettering size of 2 millimetres should be
millimetres should be used
used for
for the
the country
country of origin.
origin. Labels
Labels
should indicate:
indicate:

country/place of production or the name and

and address of
of the
the manufacturer,
manufacturer,
whether the goods were partly or wholly
wholly produced/processed in more than one country.
the names
names of both
both countries
countries where
where the goods
goods were produced
produced in one
one country
country and
and the
the
another.
packaging made in another.

In addition, there
there are
are standards
standards in
in effect
effect for
for marking
marking and
and labelling
labelling related to
to weights
weights and
and
imports packaged
measures for imports packaged for
for retail
retail sale.
sale.

Commercial Practices

Indian importers are required to to obtain

obtain a Code Number, issued by the Regional Licensing
Authority, Chief Controller
Authority, Controller of Imports
Imports & & Exports.
Exports. Import
Import licenses
licenses are
are issued
issued on
on aa CIF basis,
issued in duplicates
duplicates andand valid
valid for
for a period of 18 to 24 months. Payment should be made made in the
form
form of aa letter
letter of
ofcredit,
credit, payable
payable in
infavour
favour of
ofthe
thesupplier
supplieragainst
against presentation
presentation of shipping
shipping
documents through
documents through the
the importer's bank.

Market Prospects
Prospects

The Indian market is considered to be one of the top ten emerging markets in the world
and as such
such presents
presents very
very positive
positive prospects for imports
prospects for imports in general.
general. This
This combined
combined with aa
growing middle class, estimated at 200 million people
people with
with aa substantial
substantial purchasing
purchasing power,
power, and
a corresponding demand growth in in the food and drink sector, should all positively affect demand
for spices
spices in general.
general. In
In addition,
addition, the
the food
food processing
processing industry has been declared
industry has declared a priority
priority
domestic economic sector.

72
 Useful addresses

Bureau of Indian
Indian Standards
Standards (BIS)
(BIS)
9, Bahadur
Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
Marg
NEW DELHI 110 110 002
002
Tel: (11)
(11) 331
331 0131
0131
Tlx: 031-65870
031-65870
Fax: (11)
(11) 331
331 4062
4062

Ministry of
of Commerce
Commerce
Bhawan
Udyog Bhawan
Maulana Azad Road
NEW DELHI 110 110 001
001
Tel: (11)
(11) 301
301 1938
1938

Indian Trade Promotion

Promotion Organization
Organization
(ITP0)
(ITPO)
Bhawan
Pragati Bhawan
Pragati Maidan
Lal Bahadur Shastri Marg
NEW DELHI 110 001
110001
Tel: (11) 332 8239
Tel: 8239
Fax: (11) 331 8142
8142

73
6. DERIVATIVES
DERIVATIVES OF NUTMEG AND MACE - MARKET OVERVIEW
OVERVIEW

Product
Product Description
Description

1. Essential oils

(seed), nutmeg,
The dry kernel (seed), nutmeg, typically
typically contains between 8%
contains between 8% and 15% of essential oil
obtained by steam distillation.
distillation. The chief constituents
constituents of the aromatic
aromatic oil are terpenes,
terpenes, mainly
mainly
B-pinene but
sabinene and 13-pinene butthe
theimportant
importantfragrance
fragrance and
and flavour
flavour constituents
constituents or aromatic ethers,
which are found in the small oxygenated portion, are myristicin which
which are found in the small oxygenated portion, are myristicin which can bebe produced
produced
synthetically, safrole, elemicin
elemicin and
and iso-elemicin.
iso-elemicin.

Nutmeg
Nutmeg oil oil is
is a colourless, pale yellow
colourless, pale yellow oror pale
pale green
green liquid
liquid with
with anan odour
odour and and taste
taste of
of
the spice. The
The market
market makes
makes aa distinction
distinction between the East Indian, West West Indian
Indian and
and SriSri Lankan
Lankan
nutmeg
nutmeg oil oil where
where the East Indian oil is regarded
regarded to be the the superior
superior in in flavour
flavour andand odour.
odour. A A
further difference
difference is their degree of solubility in alcohol (1 in for
solubility in alcohol (1 in 3 for the East Indian and 1 in 4
for the
the West
West Indian;
Indian; unknown
unknown for SriSri Lankan).
Lankan). Nutmeg
Nutmeg oiloil isis mainly
mainly used
used ininflavourings,
flavourings,
especially for soft drinks (colas
especially general, such
(colas in general, as Coca-Cola)
such as Coca-Cola) andand meat
meat products.
products. It It is
is used
used inin
cosmetics and
cosmetics and toiletries
toiletries because
because of its aromatic properties, especially
aromatic properties, especially in men's fragrances,
fragrances, as as
well
well asas in
inthe
themanufacture
manufacture ofofpharmaceuticals
pharmaceuticals (such
(such as
as Vicks
Vicks Vaporub)
Vaporub) and and inin flavouring
flavouring
tobacco.

Mace oil possesses almost identical physiochemical and organoleptic

organoleptic properties as nutmeg
oil. For
For mace
mace oil
oil the
the same
same distinction
distinction isis made
made between
between the
the East
East and
and West
West Indian
Indian varieties.
varieties. Mace
Mace
oil is
is also
also used
used in
in perfumes
perfumes and
and flavourings.
flavourings.

2. Spice oleoresins

Nutmeg oleoresins,
Nutmeg oleoresins, obtained
obtained by
by solvent
solvent extraction
extraction from
from the
the dried
dried spice
spice of nutmeg,
nutmeg, are
used in
in colourings
colourings and flavourings
flavourings in the food industry. The
The extracted spice oleoresin is
is a direct
competitor of the dry spice.
spice.

3. Nutmeg
Nutmeg butter

Nutmegs contain between

Nutmegs contain between2525%% and and4040%
% ofof fixed
fixed oil
oil which
which can
can be
be obtained
obtained by
by
expression. The
The nutmeg
nutmeg butter
butter obtained
obtained isis aa highly aromatic, orange-coloured
orange-coloured fat.
fat. ItItisis composed
composed
of 70% toto 85%
85% of trimyristin and
oftrimyristin and other
other material
material including myristicin. Poor quality nutmegs are
including myristicin.
used for
for nutmeg
nutmeg butter
butter production.
production.

4. Others

Both nutmeg ingredient myristicin

nutmeg and mace contain the active ingredient myristicin which
which isis a narcotic;
narcotic; it is
the major constituent
constituent in mace.
mace. Myristicin,
Myristicin, whether
whether or not derived
derived from nutmeg,
nutmeg, is also found
in crop-control
crop-control insecticides
insecticides and in flavourings used in tobacco
flavourings used products. East Indian oils have
tobacco products.
a higher
higher concentration
concentration of myristicin (up to
myristicin (up to 13.5%)
13.5%) than
than West
West Indian
Indian oils
oils (below
(below 1%).
1 %). This
This
combined with a higher safrole
safrole content
content is probably responsible for the stronger
stronger nutmeg
nutmeg flavour
flavour
in the East
East Indian
Indian variety.
variety. Myristicin
Myristicin can
can be
be synthesized
synthesized from pine oil.

Myristic acid or
Myristic tetradecanoic acid,
or tetradecanoic acid,aaC14
C 14 fatty acid, is is the
the predominant
predominant fatty
fatty acid
acid of
of the
the
nutmeg family, comprising
nutineg comprising between
between 70%
70 % and 90 %of
and 90% of the
the glycerides
glycerides ofofnutmeg
nutmeg butter (Myristica
butter (Myristica
jragrans) and
fragrans) andisisobtained
obtainedbybyfractional distillation. ItIt isis an
fractional distillation. an oily,
oily, white
white crystalline
crystalline solid,
solid, soluble
soluble

75
in alcohol and ether. ItIt isis an
alcohol and anintermediate
intermediate in
in the
the preparation
preparation of
of myristyl
myristyl alcohol,
alcohol, myristoyl
myristoyl
chloride and related compounds.
compounds.

Myristic acid is commercially available as a fractionally 90 % purity.

fractionally distilled product of 90% purity.
It is used
used in
in the
the preparation
preparation of
ofsoaps,
soaps, liquid
liquid detergents,
detergents, shampoos,
shampoos, shaving
shaving creams,
creams, perfumes;
perfumes;
in the production
production of plastics;
plastics; in compounding rubber, paints
compounding rubber, paints and
and greases;
greases; in the synthesis
synthesis of
ester for flavours
flavours and
and perfumes;
perfumes; and
and as
as aacomponent
component ofof food-grade
food-grade additives.
additives.

Trimyristin
Trimyristin isis aa triglyceride
triglyceride of myristic
myristic acid,
acid, and
and is a white to yellowish-gray
yellowish-gray solid.

Principal Import Markets

The main irnporter

importer of nutmeg oil is the United States,
States, accounting
accounting for around 50
50%% of total
global imports, followed
followed by
by the
the United
United Kingdom
Kingdom with
with approximately
approximately 10%.
10%.

Indonesia dominates
Indonesia dominates the
the US
US market
market as
as the
the main
main supplier
supplier of nutmeg
nutmeg oil as shown in the
table below.

Table 5:
Table 5: Main Suppliers of Nutmeg
Nutmeg Oil
Oil to
to the US
US Market

V:
V: US$ '000 1990 1991 1992 (a)
1993 (a)
Q: Metric
Metric tons
tons
vV Q
Q v
V Q
Q vV Q
Q vV Q
Q
Total 1,685 105.8 1,333 132.6 2,077 192.0 935.6 109.5
Indonesia 1,452 96.7 1,275 128.3 1,861 178.2 832.8 101.8
France 75 4.0 0 0 19 1.5 66.2 6.2
Mexico 0 0 33 0.6 57 1.7 14.0 0.4
UK 15 0 0 0 48 2.7 13.9 0.9
India 2 0 24 1.1 89 7.9 0 0
Source:
Source: US Department of Commerce,
Commerce, Bureau of the
the Census
Census

FOB country
1993 values are FOB
(a) 1993 country of
of origin;
origin; 1990-1992
1990-1992 values are CIF.
CIF.

In the European Union, import data for nutmeg and mace oil are not available; however,
data on nutmegs imported for the industrial manufacture of essential
essential oils
oils and
and resinoids
resinoids are given
in the statistical annex. Traded
statistical annex. Traded volumes
volumes ofof mace
mace oil
oil are
are very
very small.
small. The
The main importer
importer is
is the
United States, which accounts for approximately 75 % of total
75% total global
global imports.
imports. In the EU market,
Germany
Germany is importing country.
is the major importing country.

Market Characteristics
Characteristics

Nutmeg and mace

Nutmeg and mace oils
oils and
and oleoresins
oleoresins used
used to
to be
be almost
almost exclusively
exclusively produced
produced inin
importing countries,
importing countries, where
where end-users required higher
end-users required higher quality
quality and
and stricter
stricter control
control during
during
production. However, Indonesia is now the main world supplier
production. nutmeg and
supplier of nutmeg and mace
mace oil, with

76
over a 90% share
share of
of the
the US
US market. Other
Other suppliers
suppliers are Sri Lanka and Grenada.
Grenada. The supply
supply of
West Indian oil,
West oil, however,
however, is considered to be more
considered to more irregular than that of the East Indian oil.

While the main end-user of the spice spice oleoresins is the food industry, recent
recent trends
trends may
may
revive the fragrance sector, particularly the use of essential oils in aromatherapy and
oils aromatherapy and the "home the "home
fragrances" market
fragrances" marketniche.
niche.InIn aa 1987
1987 study
study (Warren
(Warrenetet al.),
al.), it was
was reported
reported that
that the main
main
constituents of
constituents of nutmeg
nutmeg andand mace,
mace, myristicin,
myristicin, elemicin
elemicin and
and iso-elemicin,
iso-elemicin, whenwhen presented
presented in
aroma form
fonn acted
acted as
as stress
stress relievers.
relievers. In
InJapan,
Japan, many
many companies
companies are are diffusing
diffusing aromas
aromas through
through
systems to
air ventilation systems to improve
improve the
the work
work environment
environment asas well
well asas the
the quality
qualityof
of air.
air. The
The same
same
principle is
is now
now available
available for the
the home
home in in different
different forms,
forms, such
such asas scented
scented candles,
candles, potpourris,
potpourris,
atomizers, and
atomizers, and other aroma products. According
aroma products. According toto aa recent
recent report,
report, the
the US
US market for home
fragrancing is valued at US$
fragrancing US$ 500
500 million
million (Chemical
(Chemical Marketing Reporter, May May 16 16 1994).
1994).

apparent consumption of all natural fatty acids, including tall

According to trade sources, apparent
oil fatty acids, in the USA
USA is
is an
an estimated
estimated 1.8 million pounds per year, ofof which
which approximately
approximately
12 million
12 million pounds
pounds of myristic
myristic and lauric acid.
acid. In
In Western
Western Europe,
Europe, apparent
apparent consumption
consumption is is
expected to reach 840
840 thousand
thousand metric tons
tons in
in 1995.
1995. Japanese
Japanese apparent
apparent consumption
consumption isis estimated
estimated
at over 300 thousand
thousand tons per year.
year.

Nutmeg butter as a source

source for myristic
myristic acid isis not
not widely
widely used and information
infonnation was not
available from major processors the fatty acid.
available from major processors of the fatty acid. The main sources
main sources for commercial myristic
commercial myristic
acid
acid and ofof C8-C14 fattyacids
Cg-C 14 fatty acidsiningeneral,
general, are
are coconut
coconut oil
oil and
and palm
palm kernel
kernel oil which
which contain
contain
approximately 18
approximately % of
18% of myristic
myristic acid.
acid. The
The percentage
percentageusedused of
of these
these oils
oils in
in the
the production
production ofof
myristic acid is not known, but approximately
myristic approximately 50% 50% of the
the 4.3 million metric
metric tons
tons produced
produced ofof
both oils is used
used for
for the
the production
production of
of lauric
lauric acid
acid which
which has
has similar
similar chemical
chemical properties and
properties and
industrial applications
industrial applications asas myristic
myristic acid,
acid, according sources. It is a bulk
according to trade sources. bulk chemical
chemical and
and
in ample supply, particularly
particularly from
from Malaysia
Malaysia (palm
(palm kernel oil)
oil) and
and the
the Philippines
Philippines (coconut
(coconut oil)
oil)
where the
where the main
main USUS andand European
European producers
producers of fatty
fatty acids
acids have
have plants
plants or or joint
joint venture
venture
agreements.
agreements. Malaysia is the principal source for Japanese imports of fatty acids.
principal source for Japanese imports of fatty acids.

Market Access
Market Access

Imports ofof nutmeg and mace oil into the European Union are exempt from customs duties
when
when originating
originating in ACP or or less
less developed
developed developing countries (LDCs).
developing countries (LDCs). Within
Within the
the EU,
EU, aa
value-added tax (VAT) rate is applied to imports; this rate varies
value-added tax (VAT) rate is applied to imports; this rate varies from country country.
country to country.
Imports ofof nutmeg andand mace oil from allall origins
origins into
into the United
United States
States are exempt
exempt from
from customs
customs
duties. The
The same
same applies
applies to
to Japan
Japan for
for essential
essential oils originating in in developing countries; however,
however,
a list of
of authorized
authorized import
import volumes
volumes is issued
issued annually.
annually. In thethe case
case of
of the
the European
European Union
Union and
and
accompanied by a certificate of origin. For the European Union, they
Japan, shipments must be accompanied by a certificate of origin. For the European Union, they
should also
should also be
be shipped
shipped direct
direct from
from the
the country
country of origin.
origin.

ISO and BS standards applicable

applicable to nutmeg
nutmeg and mace oils are:

7355 - 1985
ISO 7355 1985 Nutmeg and Sassafras Oil
Oil
BS
BS 2999/37 :: 1971
1971 East Indian Nutmeg Oil
BS
BS 2999/38 : 1971
1971 West Indian Nutmeg Oil
ISO 4734 - 1981
1981 Mace Oil

on essential oils
EU regulations on oils set
set limits on the types of end uses in which each essential
oil can be used. The
The relatively
relatively restrictive EU rules and, in in particular,
particular, the
the listing
listing of
of prohibited
prohibited
ingredients render market access more difficult
ingredients difficult for new
new suppliers.
suppliers.

77
 The Japanese Food Sanitation
Sanitation Law regulates essential oils used in the food and beverages
beverages
industries.
industries. Details can be
be obtained
obtained from JETRO
JETRO (see
(see Nutmeg
Nutmeg and Mace: Japan).
Japan).

In the case of
of aroma
aroma chemicals, the United States issues
issues a list of flavour substances
substances that
are classified as "Generally Recognized
as "Generally Recognized as
as Safe
Safe (GRAS)"
(GRAS)".. This list is compiled by the Flavour
Extracts
Extracts Manufacturers
Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and
Association (FEMA) and isis acknowledged
acknowledgedby by the
the US
US Food
Food and
and Drug
Administration (FDA).

Lists of
of permitted
permitted and
and prohibited
prohibited ingredients
ingredients are
are also
also issued
issued for
for cosmetics
cosmetics and
and toiletries.
toiletries.

Tariffs on
on imports
imports of
of myristic
myristic acid
acid are
are as
as follows:
follows:

EU 7.1 % (MFN
7.1% (MFN rate)
rate)
USA
USA Free
Free(GSP
(GSPscheme)
scheme)
Japan Free
Japan Free(GSP
(GSP scheme)
scheme)

A certificate of
of origin
origin is
is required
required to
to benefit
benefit from
from preferential
preferential tariff
tariff regimes.
regimes.

Prices

Supplies of nutmeg and mace oils are

Supplies are directly
directly dependent
dependent on thethe availability
availability of
of the
the raw
raw
materials for processing. Given
Given the
the current
current supply
supply situation
situation for nutmegs,
nutmegs, supplies
supplies of
of the
the oils
oils are
are
low. In 1988
1988 spot
spot prices
prices in
in the
the United States for East Indian
United States Indian nutmeg oil, which generally is less
expensive than
expensive than West
West Indian
Indian oil,
oil, were
were reported at around
around US$
US$ 32/kg.
32/kg. In
In 1991
1991 corresponding
corresponding
prices were at
at US$
US$ 11/kg.
111kg. Since
Since then
then prices
prices have
have showed
showed a small
small increase
increase and in 19931993 spot
spot
prices were quoted
quoted at
at US$
US$ 13.5/kg.
13.5/kg. Current
Current spot
spot prices
prices for
for Indonesian
Indonesian distilled nutmeg
nutmeg oil oil in
drums range from US$ 6 to US$ 6.50 per per pound
pound (Chemical Marketing Reporter,
(Chemical Marketing Reporter, June 6 1994).
1994).

Prices for myristic

myristic acid were quoted
quoted at US$ 1.15 and US$ 1.23 per pound
pound (truckload)
(truckload)
from the same source.
source.

Packaging

Low
Low volume
volume oils such as
as nutmeg
nutmeg and
and mace
mace can
can be
be shipped
shipped in
in drums
drums with
withcapacities
capacities
ranging between 25 litres and 100 litres. Exporters should
should ensure that drums used for the storage
storage
and transportation of the essential oils are:

impermeable to minimize loss through evaporation or oxidation,

thoroughly cleaned to remove all traces of
of impurities which could alter the olfactory and
taste characteristics
characteristics of the oils,
correctly sealed and have adequate air space between the
the surface
surface of the oil
oil and
and the
the top
top
of the container.
container.

During storage and transportation,

transportation, the oils should be protected from light and stored at
protected from
temperature not exceeding
a temperature exceeding 25 C.
25 C. 0

Myristic acid is packed

packed in bags.
bags.

78
Market Prospects
Prospects

The flavourings sector is a growth market despite increasing regulation on food additives
and permitted ingredients.
ingredients.

the current low prices for nutmegs

Given the nutmegs in particular for low quality nutmegs
nutmegs used
used for
for
essential oil distillation,
essential distillation, supply
supply of nutmeg and mace
nutmeg and mace oil is limited
limited as farmers
farmers switch
switch over
over to
to
more profitable
more crops. This has
profitable crops. has resulted
resulted in firmer prices
prices for both
both nutmeg
nutmeg and mace oils but
direct supply
direct supply is
is unlikely
unlikely to
to increase
increase substantially
substantially in 1994.
1994. Stocks
Stocks held
held of these
these oils
oils will
will
probably keep the market stable in the immediate
immediate to short term.

Myristicin has received

Myristicin received negative
negative publicity
publicity recently with
with findings
findings that the consumption
consumption ofof
cola drinks
cola drinks caused
caused genetic material to
genetic material to be
be damaged
damaged in in the
the liver of
of mice.
mice. Studies
Studies would
would bebe
necessary to determine whether
necessary health could
whether human health could be
be affected
affected by
by the
the presence
presence of myristicin
myristicin
in food and drink
drink products,
products, eventhough
eventhough it is
is unlikely.
unlikely.

According to
According to available
available data,
data, US
US imports
imports of all natural fatty
fatty acids
acids are
are limited as
as the US
is a major
major producer.
producer.

Consumptionof
Consumption of fatty
fatty acids
acids in
in general
general is
is in decline
decline in the
the European
European Union.
Union. This
This isis
attributed to the loss markets Eastern Europe, and changes in the use fatty acids in
attributed to the loss of markets in Eastern Europe, and changes in the use of fatty acids
industrial applications, specifically the detergent sector. This decline is expected to continue
continue in
the short term.
term. No
No specific
specific information
information was
was available
available concerning myristic acid
concerning myristic acid or lauric acid.
acid.

The Japanese
Japanese market for fatty acids has been increasing
increasing since the mid-1980s, importing
since the
over 12 thousand metric
metric tons
tons of myristic,
myristic, lauric and capric
capric acid
acid in 1992,
1992, up
up from an estimated
estimated
1,000 metric tons in 1983.
1983.

There could, therefore,

therefore, be
be aa potential
potential market for myristic acid from nutmeg butter given
the wide industrial
industrial applications
applications of the fatty acid. However,
However, withwith the
the monopoly
monopoly Indonesia
Indonesia and
Grenada have on nutmeg production for spices spices and,
and, to
to a lesser
lesser extent,
extent, for
for essential
essential oils,
oils, it would
seem that little
seem little research
research oror investment
investment hashas gone
gone into
into exploring
exploring other
other commercial
commercial usesuses for
for
nutmegs despite
nutmegs despite the the fact
fact that poor quality
quality or rejected
rejected nutmegs are used
nutmegs are used for the production
production of
nutmeg butter. It It should
should be noted
noted that
that the
the major
major producers
producers ofof myristic
myristic acid
acid and
and derivatives
derivatives are
are
multinational enterprises with production facilities for coconut and palm kernel oil in in South East
Asia, such
Asia, such as as Akzo
Akzo Chemicals
Chemicals (Netherlands),
(Netherlands), Rhône-Poulenc (France), Procter
Rh6ne-Poulenc (France), Procter & & Gamble
Gamble
Corporation (USA)
(USA), Witco Corporation (USA) andand Unichema
Unichema (Unilever Group).

Useful addresses

1. International
International organizations
organizations

International Federation of
of Essential
Essential International
International Organization
Organization ofof the
Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEAT)
(IFEAT) Flavour Industry
Industry (IOFI)
(IOFI)
16/16 Dufferin Street
Street 8, me
rue Charles-Humbert
Charles-Humbert
London EC EC1lYY 8PD
8PD 1205 Geneva
United Kingdom Switzerland
Tel: (071)
(071) 253
253 9421
9421 Tel: (022) 321 3548
Tel: (022) 3548
Fax: (071)
(071) 250
250 0965
0965 (022) 781 1860
Fax: (022) 1860
(Also the seat of the
(Also the the International
Fragrance
Fragrance Association
Association -- IFRA)
IFRA)

79
2. European Union
Union

Office of Consumer
Consumer Protection
Protection Industry Association
Industry Association for
for Personal Care
10, nie
10, rue Guimard
Guimard and Laundry Products
1040 Brussels Industrieverband fUr Koerperpjlege
far Koerpeipflege
Belgium und Waschmittel
Waschmittel (IKW)
(IKW)
Karlstrasse
Karlstrasse 21
Cosmetic, Toiletry & Perfumery
Cosmetic, Perfumery 6000 Frankfurt/Main 11
6000
Association Germany
35 Dover Street Tel: (069) 255 6323
Tel: 6323
W1X 3RA
London WIX Tlx: 414299
Tlx: 414299 vcif d
United Kingdom
Tel: (071)
(071) 491
491 8891
8891 Association of Fatty
European Association
Fax: (071)
(071) 493 8061
8061 Acid Producers
Association europeenne
Association européenne des
Producteurs d'acides
Producteurs d'acidesgras
gras(APAG)
(APA G)
avenue Louise
250, avenue Louise
Bte. 111
111
1050 Brussels
Belgium
Tel: (2) 648 8290
Tel:
Fax: (2) 640 1981
Fax: 1981

3. USA

Flavour Extracts Manufacturers

Manufacturers Essential
Essential Oil Association of USA Inc
Association (FEMA) (EOA)
Suite 700 60 East
60 East 42nd Street
900 17th Street NW New York, NY 10017
New 10017
Washington, DC 20006
Washington,

Food && Drug Administration

Administration (FDA)
200 C Street SW
Washington,
Washington, DC 20204
20204
(Catalog of Information
(Catalog of Information Materials for
the Food & Cosmetics Industries)
& Cosmetics Industries)

4. Japan

The Japanese Standards of

Japanese Standards Japan Flavor & Fragrance
Cosmetic Ingredients Manufacturers
Manufacturers Association
Yakuji
Yakuji Nippo Ltd N omura Building
Nomura
1-11
1-11 Kanda Izumicho 14-14 Nibonbashi
Chiyoda-ku Kodenmacho,
Kodenmacho, Chuo-ku
Tokyo 101
101 103
Tokyo 103

Japan Perfumery && Flavoring

Flavoring
Association
Nitta Building
Building
8-2-1 Ginza, Chuo-ku
8-2-1 Chuo-ku
102
Tokyo 102

80
 Price information

The Public Ledger Chemical Marketing Reporter

12-13
12-13 Clerkenwell
Clerkenwell Green 80 Broad Street
London EC1R ODP ODP New York, NY NY 10004-2203
10004-2203
United Kingdom USA
Tel: (071) 490 1969
Tel: 1969 Tel: (212) 248 4177
Tel: 4177
Fax: (071) 490 0859
Fax: (212) 248
Fax: (212) 4903
248 4903
Weekly
Weeklyaverage
average prices
prices for essential Weekly average prices
Weekly average prices for
for essentail oils
i. a., in UK
oils, i.a., UK and major European and myristic acid in
in the
the USA
USA
markets

The following
The brokers/agents, among
following brokers/agents, among others,
others, provide
provide price
price and
and market
market information to their
information to their
clients:

Beacon Ltd Fuerst Day

Day Lawson
Lawson Limited
Limited
70 Flora11
Florall Avenue St. Clare House
St.
Murray Hill, NJ
Murray NJ 07974-1511
07974-1511 30-33
30-33 Minories
USA London EC3N 1LN 1LN
Tel: (908) 464 5800
Tel: Kingdom
United Kingdom
Fax: (908) 464 0002 Tel: (071) 488 0777
Tel: 0777
Fax: (071)
(071) 488
488 9927
9927
George Uhe Co.
George Uhe Co. Inc.
12
12 Route
Route 17 N John Kelly's Limited
Limited
Paramus, NJ 07653
Paramus, Prescot House
USA Prescot Street
Tel:
Tel: (201) 843 4000 London E1
London El 8BB
8BB
Fax: (201)
Fax: (201) 843 7517
7517 United Kingdom
Tel: (071) 481 2110
Tel:
Fax: (071) 480 5030
5030

81
 Appendix 11

STATISTICAL ANNEXES

European Community:
European Community. Imports
Imports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Industrial Manufacture of
Industrial Manufacture of Essential
Essential Oils
Oils or
or
Resinoids, Nutmeg
Resinoids, Excluding Crushed or Ground Nutmeg

European Community:
European Community: Exports
Exports of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Industrial Manufactureof
Industrial Manufacture of Essential
Essential Oils
Oils or
or
Resinoids, Excluding Crushed or Ground Nutmeg
Resinoids, Nutmeg

European Community:
European Community: Suppliers
Suppliers of
of Nutmeg
Nutmeg for
for Industrial Manufacture of
Industrial Manufacture of Essential
Essential Oils
Oils or
Resinoids, Excluding Crushed or Ground
Ground Nutmeg
Nutmeg

European Community:
Community: Imports of Crushed or Ground
Ground Nutmeg
Nutmeg

European Community:
Community: Exports of Crushed or
or Ground
Ground Nutmeg
Nutmeg

Community: Suppliers
European Community: Suppliers of Crushed or Ground
Ground Nutmeg

Community: Imports
European Community: Imports of Mace, excluding
excluding Crushed
Crushed or Ground

Community: Exports
European Community: Exports of Mace, excluding
excluding Crushed or Ground

European Community. excluding Crushed or Ground

Community: Suppliers of Mace, excluding Ground

Community: Imports of Crushed or Ground

European Community: Ground Mace
Mace

Community: Exports of Crushed or

European Community: or Ground
Ground Mace
Mace

European Community: Suppliers of Crushed or Ground

Community: Suppliers Ground Mace

European Community: Imports of

of Nutmeg
Nutmeg and
and Mace,
Mace, January-October
January-October 1993
1993

European Community: Suppliers of Nutmeg and Mace, January-October

Community: Non-EC Suppliers January-October 1993
1993

of Nutmegs
USA: Imports of Nutmegs

USA: Imports
USA: Imports of Mace, nes
nes

India: Imports of Nutmeg

India: Nutmeg

India:
India: Imports of Mace

Japan: Nutmeg Put Up

Japan: Imports of Nutmeg Up in
in Containers
Containers for
for Retail
Retail Sale
Sale

Japan: Imports
Japan: Imports of Nutmeg, neither Crushed nor Ground,
Ground, not Put Up
Up in
in Containers
Containers for
for Retail
Retail
Sale

Japan: Imports
Japan: Imports of Nutmeg, Crushed or Ground, not Put Up
Up in
in Containers
Containers for Retail
Retail Sale
Sale

Japan: Imports of Mace, neither

Japan: neither Crushed
Crushed nor Ground,
Ground, not
not Put
Put Up
Up in
in Containers
Containers for
for Retail
Retail Sale
Sale

Japan: Imports of Mace, Crushed

Japan: Crushed or Ground,
Ground, not
not Put
Put Up
Up in
in Containers
Containers for
for Retail
Retail Sale
Sale

83
 European Community: Imports of
Community: Imports of nutmeg
nutmeg for industrial manufacture
for industrial manufacture
of essential oils or resinoids,
resinoids, excluding crushed or ground nutmeg
CN 0908.10-10
'000
V: ECU '000
V:
Q: Metric tons
Q: tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V
V Q V Q V Q V Q V 'Q

TOTAL EC 244 71 154 31 192 64 58 35 39 33

FR GERMANY 163 31 98 20 81 22 46 26 24 15
15
FRANCE 10 24 14
14 3 22 14 00 0
0 88 8
UNITED KINGDOM 21 66 0 00 44 2 44 6
6 33 55
DENMARK 31 77 11 0
0 66 66 0 00 3
3 55
SPAIN 2
2 0
0 0 0 28 7 0 0 11 0
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 77 11 22 11 6
6 2
2 11 1
1 0 0
NETHERLANDS 0
0 0
0 14 3 11 5 00 0
0 0
0 00
ITALY 55 11 00 0
0 31 5 00 00 0
0 0
IRELAND 0
0 0
0 00 00 00 0 7 2
2 0
0 0
GREECE 33 11 25 44 33 11 00 00 0
0 0
0
PORTUGAL 2 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0

European
European ConmlUnity:
Community: Exports
Exports of
of nutmeg
nutmeg for
for industrial
industrial manufacture
manufacture
00
A resinoids, excluding crushed or ground nutmeg
of essential oils or resinoids,
CN 0908.10-10
V:
V: ECU '000
'000
Q:
Q: Metric tons
tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q

TOTAL EC 224 36 100

100 22 237 63 208 110 65 22
FR GERMANY 84 15 6
6 11 100 25 114 78 28 5
5
SPAIN 8 0 6
6 11 9
9 11 99 11 12 1
1
NETHERLANDS 70 13 14
14 3 0
0 00 23 12 10 55
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 62 88 53 12 22 3 11 2
2 66 33
UNITED KINGDOM 00 00 00 0
0 102 33 51 17 5 6
6
FRANCE 00 00 2
2 0
0 0
0 00 00 0
0 4
4 2
ITALY 00 00 16
16 5 4
4 11 00 0 0 00
PORTUGAL 00 00 3
3 0
0 0
0 00 00 0
0 0 00
Ireland, Denmark and Greece declared no exports for the period 1988-1992.
Ireland, 1988-1992.

Source: Statistical Office of the European Communities,

Source: Communities, Luxembourg,
Luxembourg, CD/ROM Supplement 1-1993
 European Community: Suppliers
European Community: Suppliers of
of nutmeg
nutmeg for
for industrial
industrial manufacture
of essential
of oils or
essential oils resinoids, excluding
or resinoids, excluding crushed or ground nutmeg
CN 0908.10-10

V: ECU
V: '000
'000
Q: tons
Q: Metric tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q
Q V Q
Q V
V Q
Q V Q
Q V Q
0
WORLD
w0 R L D 244 71 154 31 192 64 58 35 39 33
EXTRJ\-EC TRADE
EXTRA-EC 'I'RJ\DE 203 42 106
106 21 118 47 30 15 23 20
INTRA-EC TRADE 42 29 48 10 74 17 28 20 17 13

NETHERLANDS 12 22 20 5 46 8 17 12 16 13
GHENl\Dl\
GRENADA 67 12
12 27 55 36 7
7 0
0 0 10
10 5
5
INDONESIl\
INDONESIA 125 26 65 13 61 31 30 15 6
6 5
5
INDIl\
INDIA 0
0 00 00 00 20 9
9 00 0 3
3 5
5
SRI LANKA
SRI LANKA 11 44 0 0 0 0
0 0 00 3 5
5
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 5 1 24 4
4 0 0
0 0 0
0 11 0
0
w
00
cil
(J\ FRANCE 1
1 0
0 3 0 3 1
1 0 0 0 0
0
FR
FR GERMl\NY
GERMANY 15 33 00 0 8 3
3 44 66 0 0
0
ITJ\LY
ITALY 0 0
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
UNITED KINGDOM 0
0 0
0 2
2 11 17 5 77 2 0 0
SPAIN 9
9 24 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Source: Statistical
Source: Statistical Office of
of the European Communities,
Communities, Luxembourg,
Luxembourg, CD/ROM
CD/ROM Supplement
Supplement 1-1993
1-1993
 European
European Conwunity:
Community: Imports
Imports of
of crushed
crushed or
or ground
ground nutmeg
CN 0908.10-90
V: ECU '000
V: '000
Q: tons
Q: Metric tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q
Q V Q
Q V Q
Q V Q
Q V Q

TOTA[' EC
TOTAL EC 29,749 6,092 33,282 7,019 19,582 7,181 13,078 8,497 9,031 6,940
NETHERLANDS 11,262 2,466 12,450 2,683 7,553 2,869 5,325 3,723 3,279 3,094
FR
FR GERMANY 7,455 1,399 7,848 1,509 5,786 1,984 3,779 2,179 2,901 1,872
FRANCE 2,874 663 4,735 1,076 1,475 695 773 708 649 605
ITALY 1,701 301 1,789 322 1,166 322 653 296 598 318
UNITED KINGDOM 1,805 327 1,852 469 1,272 429 655 377 505 318
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 2,867 623 2,659 598
598 1,157 509 1,060 865 426 381
SPAIN 1,215 210 1,177
1,177 203 671 215 535 238 403 224
GREECE 132 21
21 356 61 181 48 143 54 125 61
PORTUGAL 186 33 135 23 120 35 77 30 85 43
DENMARK 163 31 184 43 163 62 47 19 56 24
IRELAND 89 18 97 32 38 13 31 8
8 4
4 0
0

European
European Co@nunity:
Community: Exports
Exports of
of crushed
crushed or ground nutmeg
CN
CN 0908.10-90
V: ECU '000
V: '000
Q: Metric tons
Q: tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
1992
00
0'1 V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q

EC
TOTAL EC 15,773 2,995 16,763 3,053 9,376 2,918 6,622 3,189 4,762 2,968
NETHERLANDS 10,334 1,981 12,024 2,174 6,594 2,195 5,018 2,564 3,443 2,364
FR GERMANY 1,106 196 977 177 1,008 258 575 217 611 240
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 1,807 375 1,017 227 550 194 397 256 308 254
FRANCE 2,020 362 2,170 399
399 688 181 210 79 107 41
SPAIN 81 7
7 124 10 110
110 9 122 8
8 102 8
UNITED KINGDOM 221 41 236 33 226 41 164 38 94
94 26
ITALY 132 20 113 14
14 122
122 22 96 21 90 33
GREECE 00 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 55 11 3
3 11
5 11 9 1 11 11 3 0
PORTUGAL
DENMARK
IREI,AND
66
11
11
1
9
93
0
1
18
18
0
67
00
17
0
29
66
0
3
22
0
f
f
0
1
1
0
IRELAND 1 0 0 0 0

Statistical Office
SOlln:p: SICltisti.cCll
Sonrcn: Office of the European
of the European Communities, TJuxembourg, CD/ROM Supplement
Communities, Luxembourg, SllppJement 1-1993
1-1993
 Conununity: Suppliers of crushed or ground nutmeg
European Community: nutmeg
CN 0908.10-90
V: '000
V: ECU '000
Q: tons
Q: Metric tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q

WORLD
W0 R L D 29,749 6,092 33,282 7,019 19,582 7,181 13,078 8,497
7,044
9,031
6,566
6,940
EXTRA-EC TRADE 22,936 4,783 26,662 5,721 14,428
14,428 5,608 10,123 .5,457
5,457
INTRA-EC
INTRA-EC TRADE 6,810 1,311 6,623 1,298 5,155 1,573 2,955 1,454 2,465 1,483
.1,483

INDONESIA 14,998 3,183 18,660 3,963 9,799 3,943 7,340 5,474 4,602 4,168
GRENADA 6,001 1,148 3,939 743 2,263 768 2,140 1,149 1,623 1,094
NETHERLANDS 3,715 731 4,079 764 3,027 974 1,804 949 1,616 1,042
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 1,300 271 833 185 509 197 317 205 294 247
FR GERMANY 819 159 1,120 242 1,073 302 496 237 263 130
FRANCE 804 117 406 63 286 41 190 29 175
175 32
ST
ST VINCENT 319 62 203 41 206 54 66 32 79 38
SINGAPORE 218 47 578 120 419 174 75 76 79 75
ITALY 35 5
5 44 66 41 8 41 12
12 65 18
oo
00
-4
-l SRI
SRI LANKA 178 52 423 205 63 45 34 23 48 23
UNITED KINGDOM 106 21 135 41 197 45 98 25 39 7
MALAYSIA 627 144 2,403 525 1,375 533 187 129 39 25
INDIA 132 52 225 77 85 42 119 60 26 12
TRINIDAD && TOBAGO 84 17 94 19 102 30 43 23 20 99
USA 187 35 65 14 16 1
1 29 7 16
16 11
SPAIN 8
8 11 11 0
0 16 33 88 11 14 77
ALBANIA 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 00 00 0 0 11 11
CHINA 47 10 11 11 00 0 30 50 88 0
0
SWITZERLAND 13 3
3 3
3 11 22 11 18 6
6 55 2
2
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 79 18 4
4 11 5 11 00 0
0 5 5
5
MADAGASCAR 0
0 0
0 12 2
2 78 14 26 77 11 2
2
IRELAND 21 66 0
0 0
0 00 00 00 0
0 0
0 0

f)ol1rr:p-: Statistical Office of the

Source: l.he European Communities,
Communities, Luxembourg,
Luxembourg, CD/ROM Supplement
Supplp-lIlp-nt 1-1993
1-1993
 European Community:
European Imports of
Community: Imports of mace,
mace, excluding crushed or ground
CN 0908.20-10
'000
V: ECU '000
V:
Q: Metric tons
Q: tons 1988 1989 1990 1991
1991 1992
V Q V
-17 Q V Q V Q V Q

TOTAL EC
EC 10,308 1,043 JO,243
10,243 1,098 5,326 1,111 3,694 1,476 2,784 1,231
1,231
FR GERMANY 4,215 416 3,670 382 1,815 394 1,546 650 1,200
1,200 544
NETHERLANDS 3,055 320 3,291 348 2,448 443 1,523 524 1,151 448
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 1,197 118
118 1,288 135 122 56 265 130 201 117
UNITED KINGDOM 977 103 784 79 420 93 185 75 130 57
FRANCE 192 21 734 108 334 79 52 35 30 21
DENMARK 270 27 95 10 71 15 43 20 29 14
ITALY 301 28 296 27 83 22 52 27 26 18
SPAIN 95 99 84 9
9 33 9
9 28 15
15 15 12
GREECE 22 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 22 00
IRELAND 44 11 0 00 00 00 0
0 00 00 0
PORTUGAL 0
0 0
0 11 0 00 0 0
0 00 00 00

European Community:
Community: Exports of mace,
mace, excluding crushed or ground
CN 0908.20-10
'000
V: ECU '000
V:
00
00
00 Q:
Q: Metric tons
tons 1988
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V
V Q
Q V
V Q
Q V
V Q
Q V
V Q
Q V
V Q
TOTAL EC 1,582 154
154 1,344 137 1,008 210 474 194 279 115
NETHERLANDS 1,033 96 824 83 716 154 362 153 220 96
ITALY 17 22 21 2
2 9
9 1
1 1
1 00 29 12
FR GERMANY 152 14 234 23 73 12 60 19 18
18 3
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 180 18
18 69 99 122 24 41 18
18 99 4
4
SPAIN 0 00 00 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 33 00
FRANCE 169
169 17 172 16 47 11 33 11 00 0
0
UNI'l'ED
UNItED KINGDOM 27 66 21 44 34 77 77 3
3 0
0 0
0
DENMARK 4
4 11 33 0
0 7
7 1
1 00 0
0 00 0

Ireland, Denmark and Greece

Ireland, Greece declared
declared no
no export
export for
for the
the period 1988-1992.
period 1988-1992.

Source:
Source: Statistical Office of the European Communities,
Communities, Luxembourg,
Luxembourg, CD/ROM Supplement 1-1993
1-1993
 European Community:
Community: Suppliers of
of mace,
mace, excluding crushed
crushed or
or ground
ground
CN 0908.20-10
V: '000
V: ECU '000
Q: Metric tons
Q: tons 1988
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q
Q It
V Q
Q V
IT Q
Q vV Q
Q v
V Q
Q

WORLD
W0 R L D 10,308 1,043 10,243 1,098 5,326 1,111 3,694 1,476 2,784 1,231
1,231
EXTRA-EC TRADE 9,366 937 9,411 986 4,806 991 3,385 1,347 2,617 1,146
IN'l'RA-EC
INTRA-EC TRADE 941 107
107 832 112 522 121 308 131 169 85

INDONESIA 6,402 643 6,129 674 3,311 690 2,274 993 1,827 851
GRENADA 2,104 200 1,761 148 807 134 717 199 612 178
NETHERLANDS 608 59 577 61 329 87 216 93 119 66
SINGAPORE 344 36 884 93 469 120 225 81 73 49
FR GERMANY 106 10 165 17 98 14 48 25 36 15
SRI
SRI LANKA 28 22 18 3 6
6 1
1 00 0 35
35 22
PAPUA NEW GUINEA 26 7
7 135 15 40 17 43 27 33
33 25
MALAYSIA 148 20 328 36 42 10 32 21 24 15
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 144 14 58 7 78 18 25 12 7
7 33
ST VINCENT
srf 66 8
8 92 10 46 55 13 4
4 66 -1
4
00
00 COSTA RICA 0
0 0
0 0 00 00 00 0 0 44 1i
vn
\0
UNITED
UNITED KINGDOM 25 66 17 3 11 18
6 11 3
3 0
0
FRANCE 13 11 6
6 11 00 00 0 0
0 2
2 0
INDIA 27 6
6 39
39 77 53 99 99 2
2 22 11

Source:
Source: Statistical Office of the European Communities, Luxembourg, CD/ROM Supplement 1-1993
Communities, Luxembourg, 1-1993
 European Community: crushed or
Community: Imports of crushed or ground mace
CN 0908.20-90
0908.Z0-90
V: '000
V: ECU '000
Q: tons
Q: Metric tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q V
V Q V Q V
V Q V Q

EC
TOTAL EC 1,055 112 802 96 993 204 522 190 357 143
NETHERLANDS 399 36 190 20 237 41 109 32 82 29
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 171 15 158 19 150 24 186 76 75 25
UNITED KINGDOM 22 0
0 73 88 294 47 56 24 52 30
FRANCE 133 14 67 88 68 19 38 18 50 29
FR
FR GERMANY 142 15 143 17 134 45 59 20 37 88
DENMARK 43 5
5 '17
17 22 22 4
4 22 4
4 28
28 10
ITALY 81 13 104 18 53 19
19 13 55 25 11
PORTUGAL 21 2
2 33 00 5 0
0 10 11 66 11
IRELAND 44 8
8 33 33 26 4
4 13 22 11 00
SPAIN 55 11 14
14 11 4
4 11 2
2 11 11 00
GREECE 14 3
3 0 0
0 0 0
0 14 77 00 00

Community: Exports of
European Community: of crushed
crushed or
or ground mace
CN 0908.20-90
\0 V: '000
V: ECU '000
0
Q: Metric tons
Q: tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q
Q V Q
Q V Q V Q V Q

EC
TOTAL EC 1,107 107 978 107 972 180 626 202 478 185
FR GERMANY 244 20 281 27 261 36 206 49 173 40
NETHERLANDS 211 21 312 29 275 60 251 95 152 55
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 536 52 245 27 291 54 130 43 121 48
UNITED KINGDOM 36 77 42 13 36 8
8 30 12 13 3
FRANCE 67 6
6 67 88 93 15 66 2 10 37
ITALY 0
0 0
0 00 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 5
5 11
DENMARK 10 11 22 2
2 3 0
0 0
0 00 44 11
IRELAND 00 0
0 9 11 13 7
7 0
0 00 00 0
0
PORTUGAL 11 0
0 0 00 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 00 0
SPAIN 22 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 3
3 11 0 0

no exports
Greece declared no exports for
for the
the period
period 1988-1992.
1988-1992.

SOl1rr.e:
Snurco: Statistical Office of the Communities, Luxembourg,
the European Communities, Luxembourg, CD/ROM
CD/HOM Supplement 1-1993
1-1993
 European Community:
Community: Suppliers
Suppliers of crushed or ground mace
CN 0908.20-90
V: ECU
V: ECU '000
'000
Q:
Q: Metric tons
tons 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
V Q V Q V Q V Q V Q

WORLD
W0 R L D 1,055 112 802 96 993 204 522 190 357 143
INTRA-EC TRADE 886 93 626 75 652 140
140 452 160 271 106
EXTRA-EC TRADE 168 17 174 22 343 64 69 30 86 36
NETHERLANDS 176 13 223 20 281 70 248 102 111 41
41
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 551 60 247 33 273 53 118 37 101 41
SWITZERLAND 99 0
0 19 1
1 0
0 0
0 7
7 1
1 38 16
FRANCE 11 00 99 2
2 18 3
3 25 4
4 25 9
9
INDONESIA 138 14 72 8
8 53 13 15 7
7 23 7
7
GRENADA 15 1
1 49 6
6 258 43 34 16
16 16 13
FR GERMANY 65 8
8 80 10 36 5
5 19 7
7 15 5
5
ITALY 0 00 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 9
9 1
1 99 55
UNITED KINGDOM 91 13 57 9
9 41 9
9 30 9
9 9 4
vz
\C
.....
)-, INDIA 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2 22 3 0 66 a
0
SPAIN 1 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 4 1
1 33 00
USA 3 11 2
2 0
0 6
6 3
3 3 00 22 00
LANKA
SRI LANKA 00 0
0 10 2 0
0 0
0 00 00 11 00

Source:
Sdurce: Statistical
Statistical Office
Office of the European Communities,
Communities, Luxembourg,
Luxembourg, CD/ROM Supplement
SUpplAIIII.=mt. 1-1993
1-1993
European
European Community: Imports of
Community: Imports nutmeg &
of nutmeg & mace, 1993
mace, January-October 1993
V: ECU '000
V: '000
Q:
Q: Metric tons
1) E~tra-EC
1) trade
Extra-EC trade 0908.10-10 0908.10-90 0908.20-10 0908.20-90
V Q V Q V Q V Q
Q

TOTAL EC 68 63 4,510
63 4,510 4,414
4,414 1,641 836 86 37
BELGIUM-LUXEMBOURG 0
0 00 230 281 59 33 6
6 5
5
GERMANY 4
4 4 1,222 993 608 359 16 3
3
IRELAND 0
0 00 0
0 00 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
DENMARK 00 0
0 21 17 3
3 2
2 0
0 0
0
GREECE 0
0 0
0 71 54 0 0 0
0 00

2) Intra+Extra-EC 0908.10-10 0908.10-90 0908.20-10 0908.20-90

trade V
1.7 Q
Q V
V Q V Q
Q V Q
FRANCE 17
17 33 207 123 11 6
6 50 32
NETHERL1UIDS
NETHERLANDS 00 2,438
0 2,424 2,438 866 369 90
90 31
ITALY 7
7 4 529 310 20 17 0
0 0
0
UNITED KINGDOM 118 91 362 332 87 60 39 19
PORTUGAL 2
2 11 49 27 00 0 11 0
SPAIN 2
2 2
2 255 144 0
0 0 11 0

NOTE: As of 11 January
NOTE: January 1993
1993 with
with the
the creation
creation of
of the
the Single
Single Market,
Market,
aa new statistical procedure
procedure (INTRASTAT)
(INTRASTAT) was introduced
introduced toto collect
collect
statistical data
s:tatistical flows between member countries
data on trade flows countries ofof the
Union.
European Union. The compilation
compilation of 1993 annual time series series has
delayed.
thus been delayed. However, data on trade with
However, with non-EC
non-EC partners
partners is
is
available
available for the period January-October 1993 for the following following
countries/groups: Belgium-Luxembourg, Germany, Ireland,
Ireland, Denmark,
Denmark,
and Greece;
and trade.. with
Greece; data on trade wi th EC
EC and
and non-EC
non-EC partners
partners isis available
available
for
for the
the following countries: France,
France, Netherlands, Italy,
Italy, Portugal,
Portugal,
and Spain
United Kingdom and Spain for
for the
the same
same period.
period.

Source: Statistical Office of

Source: of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Luxembourg
CD/ROM 5-1994
5-1994

92
92
European Community:
European and mace
Community: non-EC suppliers of nutmeg and mace
for
for the
the period 1993
period January-October 1993
V: ECU
V: ECU '000
1000
Q: Metric tons
Q:
0908.10-10 V
V Q

EXTRA-EC 68 63
GRENADA 57 52
TRINIDAD &
TRINIDAD & TOBAGO 6
6 88
SRI LANKA 2
2 44
INDIA 11 0

0908.10-90 V Q

EXTRA-EC 4,510 4,414

INDONESIA 2,840 2,879
GRENADA 1,349 1,170
SINGAPORE 223 290
SRI LANKA
SRI 25 40
USA 23 4
4
INDIA 21 10
COMOROS 12
12 8
ST
ST VINCENT 7
7 5
POLAND 6
6 5
SWITZERLAND 4
4 22
SLOVENIA 11 0
ISRAEL 11 0

0908.20-10
0908.20-10 V
V Q

EXTRA-EC 1,641 836

INDONESIA 1,229 660
GRENADA 326 124
SINGAPORE 43 27
PAPUA
PAPUA NEW
NEW GUINEA 16 12
ST VINCENT 11 3
3
SRI
SRI LANKA 99 66
COMOROS 44 11
INDIA 33 0
0

0908.20-90 V
V Q

EXTRA-EC 86 37
INDONESIA 61 27
SWITZERLAND 12 2
2
GRENADA 10 7
7
USA 22 0
0
TURKEY 11 0
0

Source:
Source: Statistical Office of
of the
the European
European Communities,
Communities,
CD/ROM 5-1994
Luxembourg, CD/ROM 5-1994

93
93
 USA:
USA: Imports of nutmegs
HSTUSA 0908.10-0000

V: '000
V: US$ '000 1990 1991 1992 (a)
1993 (a)
Q: Metric tons
Q: tons V Q V Q V Q V Q

TOTAL 5,330 1,711 3,237 1,858 2,518 1,685 2,446 1,846

Indonesia 3,757 1,.076
1,076 2,292 1 / 285
1,285 1 / 828
1,828 1,200 11,557
/ 557 11,149
/ 149
Singapore 954 490 614 425 418 324 596 471
Grenada 338 61 140 29 99 56 137 106
India 96 26 0
0 0
0 77 2
2 16 15
Madagascar 0
0 00 0 0
0 66 2
2 14 10
Germany 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 13 99
Canada 0
0 00 00 0
0 3
3 11 9
9 5
5
France 120 27 30 17 0
0 0
0 2
2 00
Netherlands 53 26 140
140 93 149 100 0
0 00

(a) 1993
(a) 1990-1992 CIF.
value; 1990-1992
1993 customs value; elF.

USA: mace, nes

USA: Imports of mace, nes
\0
0908.20-4000
HSTUSA 0908.20-4000
,J::...

V: US$
V: '000
US$ '000 1990 1991 1992 1993 (a)
(a)
Q: tons
Q: Metric tons V Q V Q V Q V Q

TOTAL 1,735 296 462 179 505 220 351 226

Indonesia 925 139 409 159 334 145 321 212
Singapore 472 117 37 16 41 18
18 16
16 9
9
Germany 0
0 0
0 0 00 00 00 8
8 4
4
United Kingdom 196 20 0
0 00 00 0
0 2
2 00
Netherlands 98 10 0 0 97 39 00 0
Egypt 0
0 0
0 0
0 0 20 7
7 00 0
Peru 0
0 0
0 0 0 77 99 0
0 0
0
India 21 5
5 11 11 3 11 00 00
France 21 5 8 3 2
2 0
0 00 00

(a) 1993
(a) 1990-1992 CIF.
value; 1990-1992
1993 customs value; ClF.
 India:
India: I.l1ports
Imports ofof :1ubIeg
nutmeg

V: Rs '000
V: Rs '000
" . :1etric
.">.
to::s
voic tnn.,, 1989/90
1989/90 1990/91
1990/91 1991/92
1991/92 19n(93
1992/93
:J Q
Q VV Q
Q V
V
r\
Ii
Q VV "
Ii

rCrr.L
TOTAL 7,~~1
7,441
,
1--
153
";,,J
, 13,123
13,123 323
323 1,500
1,500 52
52 2,732
2,732 10~
104
Singapore
Singapore 2,597
2,697 .1"
.:l
45 4,292
4,292 104
104 858
858 30
30 1,405
1,405
1"
,::l
45
bdonesia
Indonesia 2,742
2,742
.,~

Ij
73 7,128
7,128 163
163 220
220 5
5 820
820 29
70

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka 2,003
2,003 35
35 1,703
1,703 55
55 421
421
)'
_0
26 507
507 31
31

India: I~ports of mace

India: Imports of lace

1989/90
1989/90 1990/91
1990/91 1991/92
1991/92 1992/93
1992/93
V
V QQ V
V Q
Q V
V Q
Q V
V Q

TOTAL
TOTAL 9,997
9,997 132
132 16,336
16,336 206
206 1,711
1,711 30
30 2,081
2,081 51
51

Indonesia
Indonesia 6,140
6,140 77
77 14,586
14,586 182
182 0
0 0
0 590
590 17
17

Singapore!
Singapore 3,329
3,329 46
46 1,084
1,584 24
24 1,711
1,711 30
30 768
768 21
21

Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka 527
527 9
9 66
66 1
1 0
0 0
0 723
723 13
13

Source: St3tistics
Statistics of ron~i·;r; Trade
of the Foreign I!1cia by
Trade of India by countries,
countries, :.iidstrl'
Ministry of Coneree
of Commerce

95
95
 Japan: Imports of
Japan: Imports of nutmeg
nutmeg put
put up
up in
in containers
containers
for retail
for retail sale
sale (0908.10-100)
(0908.10-100)
Yen '000
V: Yen '000
V:
Kg
Q: Kg
Q:
1988
1988 1989
1989 1990
1990 1991
1991 1992
1992
V
1/ Q
Q V
if Q
Q V
li Q
Q V
li Q
Q V
v Q
Q

USA
USA 0
0 0o 0
0 00 1,144
1,144 491
491 462
462 201
201 1,307
1,307 685
685

Japan: Imports of
Japan: Imports of nutmeg,
nutmeg, neither
neither crushed nor ground,
crushed nor ground,
not put
not put up
up in
in containers
containers for retail sale
for retail (0908.10-210)
sale (0908.10-210)

1988
1988 1989
1989 1990
1990 1991
1991 1992
1992
V Q V Q
Q V Q V Q V Q

TOTAL
TOTAL 331,441 369,368 445,121
331,441 369,368 491,749 348,045
445,121 491,749 499,525 134,692
348,045 499,525 373,771 135,236
134,692 373,771 135,236 393,406
393,406
Indonesia
Indonesia 324,387 361,368 444,641
324,387 361,368 490,751 346,471
444,641 490,751 346,471 496,525
496,525 118,747 333,776 125,993
118,747 333,776 125,993 362,765
362,765
Malaysia
Malaysia 0
0 00 480
480 998 1,574
998 1,574 3,000
3,000 00 0 6,427
0 6,427 20,641
20,641
India
India 00 00 0
0 00 0
0 0
0 00 0 2,816
0 2,816 10,000
10,000
Singapore
Singapore 7,054
7,054 8,000
8,000 0
0 0
0 0
0 00 14,367
14,367 36,100
36,100 00 0
0

Hong Kong
Hong Kong 0 0 0
0 0
0 00 00 0 1,578
0 1,578 3,895
3,895 00 0
0

Japan: Imports of nutmeg, crushed or ground, not put

Japan: Imports of nutmeg, crushed or ground, not put
up
up in
in containers for retail
containers for retail sale
sale (0908.10-220)
(0908.10-220)

1988
1988 1989
1989 1990
1990 1991
1991 1992
1992
V Q V QQ V Q vV Q V Q

TOTAL
TOTAL 0
0 0
0 9,720
9,720 7,266
7,266 2,007
2,007 1,520
1,520 00 00 652
652 1,200
1,200
Malaysia
Malaysia 0
0 00 4,262
4,262 3,200
3,200 0
0 00 0
0 00 652
652 1,200
1,200
Indonesia
Indonesia 0
0 0
0 5,458
5,458 4,066
4,066 2,007
2,007 1,520
1,520 0
0 00 00 00

Japan: Imports
Japan: Imports of
of mace,
mace, neither
neither crushed
crushed nor
nor ground,
ground,
not put up in containers for retail sale (0908.20-210)
not put up in containers for retail sale (0908.20-210)

1988
1988 1989
1989 1990
1990 1991
1991 1992
1992
V
V Q
Q vV Q V Q V Q V Q

TOTAL
TOTAL 44,630 27,326
44,630 27,326 69,443 43,227
69,443 43,227 55,504
55,504 52,590
52,590 9,636 23,533
9,636 23,533 21,960 64,618
21,960 64,618
Indonesia
Indonesia 43,026
43,026 26,326
26,326 69,443 43,227 38,679
69,443 43,227 38,679 34,546
34,546 7,941
7,941 19,476
19,476 20,270 59,522
20,270 59,522
Singapore
Singapore 1,604
1,604 1,000
1,000 00 3,714 3,024
00 3,714 3,024 699
699 1,500
1,500 00 0
0
Papua New
Papua New Guinea
Guinea 00 00 0
0 00 13,111
13,111 15,020
15,020 00 0
O 00 00
India
India 0
0 0
0 00 00 00 0
0 203
203 40
40 448 1,000
448 1,000
Malaysia
Malaysia 00 00 00 00 0
0 0
0 793
793 2,517 1,242
2,517 1,242 4,096
4,096

Japan: Imports of mace, crushed or ground, not put

japan: Imports of mace, crushed or ground, not put
up in
up containers for
in containers for retail
retail sale (0908.20-220)
sale (0908.20-220)

1988
1988 1989
1989 1990
1990 1991
1991 1992
1992
V
V Q
Q V
V Q Q V
ti Q
Q V
li QQ V
ii Q
Q

Indonesia
Indonesia 0
0 00 0
o 0
0 1,286
1,286 2,995
2,995 1,075
1,075 2,986
2,986 396
396 900
900

96
96

Source: Japan Exports &Imports, Commodity by Country, Japan Tariff Association

Source: Japan Exports & Imports, Commodity by Country, Japan Tariff Association
 Appendix 2

LIST OF IMPORTERS
IMPORTERS

United Kingdom

France

Germany

the Netherlands

Belgium

Spain

USA

Japan

India

97
 List of
List of importers
importers of
of spices
spices
(non-exhaustive)

Untted Kingdom
United F.R. BENSON & PARTNERS LTD
F.R. BENSON LTD
CROSSROADS HOUSE
CROSSROADS
HP
H P Foods Limited
Limited 165 THE PARADE
165 THE
Abbey Street
Street WATFORD, HERTS
WATFORD, HERTS WD1
WD1 1 NJ
NJ
MARKET HARBOROUGH
HARSOROUGH Tel: (0923)
(0923) 240560
LEICESTERSHIRE Fax: (0923) 240569
Fax:
Tel
Tel:: (858)
(858) 64771
64771 22677
Tlx: 22677
Tlx: 34350
Tlx:
V. BERG
BERG & SONS
SONS LTD
LTD
AB
AS TRADING LTD LTD 112 UNION STREET
112 UNION
MERIDIAN HOUSEHOUSE LONDON FE1 FE1 ONL
ONL
ROYAL HILL HILL Tel: (071) 928
928 9000
9000
LONDON SE10 Fax: (071)
Fax: (071) 928 0920
Tel: (081)
(081) 305
305 2226 Tlx: 887949
887949
Fax : (081)
Fax: (081) 305
305 1782
1782
Tlx
Tlx:: 9312131304
9312131304 AB G BRITISH PEPPER
BRITISH PEPPER && SPICE CO. LTD
LTD
RHOSIL1 ROAD
RHOSILl ROAD BRACKMILLS
BRACKMILLS
ATHOLFORCE LTD OLD NORTHAMPTON,
OLD NORTHAMPTON, NORTS NN4 NN4
426 ALEXANDRA AVENUE Tel: (0604)
(0604) 66461
66461
HARROW, MIDDX
MIDDX HA2
HA2 9TVV
9TW Tlx: 312472
312472
Tel: (01)
(01) 8681228
8681228
BUCKLEY AROMATICS LTD
BUCKLEY LTD
ATLANTIC OCEAN FOOD FOOD 22, HIGH STREET
PRODUCTS LTD ALTON,
ALTON, HAMPSHIRE GU34 1BN1SN
SUITE 114, PREMIER HOUSEHOUSE Tel: (0420) 541307
541307
10 GREYCOAT PLACE PLACE Tlx: 858004 HRMCS GG
LONDON SW1P
LONDON SW1 P 1BB
1BS
Tel: (071)
(071) 222
222 4344
4344 BUSH
BUSH BOAKE ALLEN LTD LTD
Tix
Tlx :: 9413609
9413609 BLACKHORSE LANE
LONDON
LONDON E17 5QP 50P
AVAGO LTDLTD Tel: (081)
(081) 531
531 4211
4211
3 ALEXANDRIA ROAD Fax: (081)
Fax: (081) 527 2360
WEST EALING
EALING Tlx: 897809
897809
LONDON W13 W13 9NG
9NG
Tel: (081) 8404016
Tel: 8404016 CARBUTT & & CO. (1928)
(1928) LTD
LTD
Tlx: 936203
Tlx: 936203 AAVAGO
VAGO G WILSHIRE ROAD
DAIRYCOATES TRADING
DAIRYCOATES TRADING ESTATE
B. E.
S. E. INTERNATIONAL FOODS LTD
LTD HULL, HUMSERSIDE
HULL, HUMBERSIDE HU4 6PQ 6PO
GRAFTON HOUSE Tel: (0482) 561151
Tel: 561151
STOCKINGSWATER
STOCKI NGSWATER ROAD Tlx: 597582
Tlx: CARBUT G
597582 CARSUT
ENSFIELD MIDDX EM3 7JZ
ENSFIELD
Tel
Tel:: (01)
(01) 804
804 8788
8788
Fax: (01) 8041006
Fax: 8041006

98
98
BENDER AND
BENDER AND CASSEL JAMES
JAMES DALTON (SEASONING &
&
BLACKHORSE ROAD
BLACKHORSE SPICES)
SPICES) LTD
LTD
LETCHWORTH, HERTS
LETCHWORTH, HERTS SG6 1HL
1HL PENNINE RANGE MILLS
PENNINE
(0462) 686971
Tel: (0462) 686971 CAMWEL ROAD,ROAD, STARBECK
Fax:
Fax: (0462) 670214 HARROGATE,
HARROGATE, HG1 HG 1 4PY
Tel:
Tel: (0423) 885 255
255
CHAMBER
CHAMBER & KNIGHT
KNIGHT LTD
LTD Fax:
Fax: (0423) 880
880 611
611
THAMES HOUSE
HOUSE
18 PARK STREET
18 DHIKSHANA ENTERPRISE LTD
LTD
LONDON SE1
LONDON SE1 9DL 27, BLASHFOLD,
27,
(071) 357
Tel: (071) 357 7821
7821 ADELAIDE ROAD
ADELA-IDE
Fax: (071) 378 8582
Fax: 8582 LONDON NW3
LONDON NW3 3RX
Tlx: 885334
885334 Tel: (071) 586
Tel: 586 6951
6951

CHOITHRAM
CHOITHRAM & SONS (STORES)
(STORES) LTD
LTD EVANS
EVANS GRAY & HOOD HOOD CO
CO LTD
LTD
CHOITHRAM HOUSE,HOUSE, EAST CROSS CENTRE
CENTRE WATERDEN
WA TERDEN
LANCELOT ROAD
LA-NCELOT ROAD STRATFORD
WEMBLEY, MIDDXMIDDX HAO
HAO 2BG LONDON E15 2MN 2MN
Tel: (01)
(01) 903
903 8311
8311 Tel: (081)
Tel: (081) 986 3202
9863202
Fax: (01) 903 6982
Fax: Tlx:
Tlx: 927694
TN: 924784
Tlx: 924784
FELTON
FELTON WORLDWIDE LTD LTD
COLES
COLES TRADITIONAL BAKERY LTD
LTD BILTON
BILTON ROAD
STATION
STATION APPROACH,
APPROACH, LONDON
LONDON ROAD
ROAD BLETCHLEY,
BLETCHLEY, MILTON KEYNES
KEYNES
CHESTERFORD MK1 1HP
MK1 1HP
SAFFRON WALDEN, ESSEX C810
SAFFRON WALDEN, CB10 1PG
1PG Tel: (0908)
(0908) 270270
270270
Tei:
Tel: (0799)
(0799) 31053
31053 Fax: (0908) 270271
Fax: 270271
Tlx: 825533
825533
COTSWOLD
COTSWOLD COMMODITIES LTD LTD
ORIEL HOUSE
HOUSE FOOKS
FOOKS & FRENCH LTD
52 COOMBEROAD
52 19 EARL ST
19
MALDEN, SURREY KT3 4QW
NEW MALDEN, LONDON
LONDON EC2A 2AL
Tel: (081)
(081) 942
942 3262
3262 Tel: (081) 3379295
Tel:
Fax: (081) 942 6330
Fax: 6330 Tlx: 885334
Tlx: 885334 ENERGY G
Tlx: 295808-9
295808-9 NUTETC G
G
GROCERS
GROCERS SUPPLY LTD LTD
DALOON FOODS UK LTD
DALOON FOODS LTD 34 ASHFORD COURT
BRUNEL DRIVE, NORTHERN
NORTHERN ROAD,
ROAD, ASHFORD ROAD
ASHFORD
INDUSTRIAL ESTATE LONDON NW2
LONDON NW2 6SW
68W
NEWARK, NOTTS NG24 2EG
NEWARK, 2EG Tel: (081) 2080755
Tel:
Tel:
Tel: (0636) 701000 Fax: (081)
Fax: (081) 4526212
Fax: (0636)
(0636) 72581
72581 Tlx:
Tlx: 938047 GRSPLY
GRSPLY G
G
Tlx; 377775
Tlx:-377775

99
INDO-MEDITERRANEAN COMMODIT1ES
INDO-MEDITERRANEAN COMMODITIES MCCORMICK STANGE
LTD ROSSMORE ROAD ROAD
MAYCRETE
MA YCRETE HOUSE HOUSE ELLESMERE PORT,
BRENTFORD,
BRENTFORD, M1DDX MIDDX TVV8
TW8 9JQ SOUTH WrRRAL
SOUTH WIRRAL WA7 3DA
3DA
Tel: (01)
(01) 568
568 6561
6561 Tel: (051)
Tel: (051) 355 5011
5011
Fax: (01)
(01) 847
847 2093
2093 Fax: (051) 356 0469
Fax: (051) 0469
Tlx:
Tlx: 628351
R M JONES FOODS
R FOODS LTD
LTD
THREXTON INDUSTRIAL
INDUSTRIAL ESTATE
ESTATE GERARD MCDONALD
GERARD MCDONALD CO., LTD
LTD
THREXTON ROAD ROAD 1, ST,
1, ST. ANDREVV'S
ANDREWS HILL
WATTON, NORFOLK
NORFOLK IP25
IP25 6BR
6BR LONDON EC4V 5H8
LONDON
Tel: (0953) 882991
Te!: (0953) 882991 3695
Tel: (071) 236 3695
Fax: (0603)
(0603) 861362
861362 TN:
TIx: 8812098
8812098 GERMAC G
Tlx: 975569
975569 SPEED G G
MIDLAND HERBS
MIDLAND HERBS & & SPICES LTD
LTD
JOHN KELLY'S
KELLY'S (LONDON)
(LONDON) LTD
LTD lA FORMANS
1A FORMANS TRADING
TRADING ESTATE
ESTATE
PRECOT HOUSE,
HOUSE, PRESCOT STREET PENTOS DRIVE
PENTOS DRIVE SPARKHILL
LONDON E1N
LONDON ElN 8BB
8BB BIRMINGHAM
BIRMINGHAM B11 B11 3TA
Tel: (071)
(071) 481
481 2110
2110 Tel: (021) 778
Tel: 778 5771
5771
Fax: (071) 480
Fax: 480 5030
5030 Fax: (021)
Fax: (021) 777 1348
1348
Tlx: 884659 ERGON G
884659 ERGON G TIx: 335540
Tlx:

TRUST1N-KERWOOD
TRUSTIN-KERWOOD LTD B. RAMBHAI
B. RAMBHAI & COMPANY
CHASE ROAD
ROAD NORTHERN WAY SPICE HOUSE
HOUSE
BURY ST. EDMUNDS
EDMUNDS 15A, WILLOWS
15A, WILLOWS LANE
SUFFOLK IP32 6NT BOLTON, LANCS
BOLTON, LANCS BL3 4AA
Tel: (0284)
(0284) 66265
66265 Tel: (0204) 62113
Tel:
TIx:
Tlx: 81117
81117 TRUSTIN G
G
J. H. RAYNER
RAYNER (MINCING
(MINCING LANE)
LANE) LTD
LTD
KIRBY COMMODITY
COMMODITY PACKERS AND BERISFORD WING
SUPPLIERS 1 PRESCOTT STREET
PARK LANELANE LONDON E1
LONDON El 8AY
8AY
ABRAM, WIGAN
WIGAN WN2WN2 5XJ
5XJ Tel: (071)
(0('1) 481 9144
9144
Tel: (0942)
(0942) 861316
861316 Fax:
Fax: (071)
(071) 488 4352
4352
Fax: (0942)
(0942) 864668
864668 Tlx:
Tlx: 883461
883461 RAYMAR
RA YMAR G
Tlx: 67368
67368
SIBER HEGNER LTD
SIBER
THE L1ONMARK
L10NMARK GROUP MACKENZIE HOUSE,
HOUSE, 221-241
221-241
ASTMOOR BECKENHAM
BECKENHAM ROAD
RUNCORN,
RUNCORN, CHESHIRE WA7 1PE
1PE SELBY, KENT BR3 4UF
SELBY,
Tel: (0928)
(0928) 565221
565221 Tel: (01)
Tel: (01) 659 2345
Fax: (0928)
(0928) 561172
561172 Fax:
Fax: (01)
(01) 659 1292
1292
Tlx: 628343
628343 L1ONMH
L10NMH G Tlx:
Tlx: 946651SIBER G G

100
UNION MERCHANTS OVERSEAS
OVERSEAS LTD
LTD COYNE OLIVIER
COYNE
ST CLARE HOUSE
HOUSE 21, RUE
21, RUE DU
DU REV.
REV. PERE
PERE CORENTIN
CORENTIN
30-33 MINORIES
MINORfES BP 4343
LONDON EC3N 1LN
LONDON 1 LN 92270
92270 BOIS-COLOMBES
Tel:
Tel: (071)
(071) 488 0777
0777 Tel:
Tel: 42426844
Fax: (071)
Fax: (071) 488 9927 Tlx: 620113
Tlx: 620113 EMARDIN
Tix:
Tlx: 8814769
8814769
ETS
ETS DUCROS
DUCROS ET FILS
FILS
France Z1 LE TERRADOU
ZI LE TERRADOU
B.F.
B.P. 142
142
DARAS
DARAS S.A.
S.A (GEORGES S.)
S.) 84200 CARP ENTRAS
CARPENTRAS
14, RUE FORT1A
FORTIA Tel: (90) 671425
Tel:
BP 1878
1878 Tlx:
T!x: 431184 FF
13222 MARSEILLE CEDEX 01
13222 01
Tel: (91) 549168
Tel: EUROBROKER SA
Fax:
Fax: (91) 556236 12, RUE
12, RUE DE
DE L'ISLY
L'ISL Y
75008
75008 PARIS
SAINTE LUCIE SA Tel:
Tel: (1) 42949394
53, RUE
53, CORBIER THIEBAUT
RUE CORBIER Fax:
Fax: (1) 43872774
60270 GOUV1EUX
GOUVIEUX Tlx:
T!x: 648658
648658 EUBKR
Tel: (44) 585757
Tel:
Fax: (44)
(44) 580649
580649 STE S. MIZRAK1
MIZRAKI & CIE
CIE
BP 14
BP
ALFRED
ALFRED L. WOLFF (FRANCE)
(FRANCE) 13351 MARSEILLE
13351 MARSEILLE CEDEX 5
RUE DE
15, RUE DE L'ARSENAL Tel: (91)
(91) 476288
476288
75004 PARIS Tlx:
Tlx: 440 950 SOLY
SOLY
Tel: (1)
(1) 4272
4272 9231
9231
Fax: (1)
Fax: 4272 1199
(1) 42721199 TRADIMPEX
11/13 RUE
11/13 RUE GUSTAVE EIFFEL,
EIFFEL.
BALDACCI JACQUES SARL
BALDACCI ZI SAINT NICOLAS
NICOLAS
RUE JJ A
RUE A FRESNEL BP 23
ZA
ZA. LARNOUZETTE
LARNOUZETTE 94510 LA LA QUEUE EN BRIE
BRIE
11000 CARCASSONNE
11000 CARCASSONNE Tel: (1)
(1) 4593
4593 0232
0232
Tel: (68)
(68) 472400
472400 Tix: (042) 262210
Tlx:
Fax:
Fax: (68) 476287
Germany
CHRISTIAN
CHRISTIAN GAYMARD
GA YMARD
AGENT COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL HENRY LAMOTTE-BREMEN
HENRY
10, BD
10, BD GENERAL DE GAULLE POSTFACH 103849
POSTFACH
BP 44
BP 28038
28038 BREMEN
06530 PEYME1NADE
PEYMEINADE Tel:
Tel: (0421)
(0421) 547 060
Te~: (93)
Tel-: (93) 663785 Fax: (0421) 547 0699
Fax: 0699
Tlx: 470028
470028
LEO
LEO SAVELSBERG
POSTFACH 13801380
52410
52410 JÜRICH
JORICH
Tel: (02461) 52045
Tel:
Fax: (02461)
Fax: (02461) 58
58 856

101
101
UNIVERSAL TRADING
TRADING GMBH
GMBH PETERSEN
PETERSEN & PAULSEN
PAULSEN GMBH
GMBH
SPALDINGSTR. 210 210 MARIENTHALERSTR. 20
2000 HAMBURG
2000 HAMBURG 11 2000 HAMBURG 26
2000 26
Tel: (040)
(040) 234744
234744 Tel: (040) 254015
Tel: 254015
Fax: (040) 234754
Fax: 234754 Fax:
Fax: (040) 254017
254017
Tlx: 2165576 UNIT
UNIT D
D Tlx: 212388

CORNEHLS & & BOSSE

BOSSE GMBH
GMBH RUNKEL & & FRISCHEN
FRISCHEN GMBH
GMBH
KAISER-WILHELM-STR.115 HANS
HANS BREDOW STR.
STR. 36
2000 HAMBURG 36
2000 36 2800
2800 BREMEN 44 44
Tel: (040)
(040) 351345
351345 Tel: (0421) 486950
Tel:
Fax:
Fax: (040) 346347
346347 Tlx:
Tlx: 244125
244125 UBENA D D
Tlx: 212342
212342
H.
H. GITAB MBH
MBH
J VON
VON ENGELBRECHTEN
ENGELBRECHTEN GMBH
GMBH AM WALL 73
AM 73
BALLINDAMM
BALllNOAMM 99 2800 BREMEN 11
2000 HAMBURG
2000 HAMBURG 11 Tel: (0421) 14386
Tel: 14386
Tei: (040) 331747-49
Tel: 331747-49 Fax:
Fax: (0421)
(0421) 18735
18735
Fax:
Fax: (040) 338914
338914 Tlx: 245558
Tlx: 245558 HGTAB DD
-flx:
fix: 2161914
JOH. GOTTFRIED SCHUTTE &
JOH. & CO
CO
KRONE LEBENSMITTEL-IMPORT
LEBENSMITTEL-IMPORT UND
UNO BORNSTR 16/1716/17
HANDELSGESELLSCHAFT
HANOELSGESELLSCHAFT 2800 BREMEN 11
MESSBERGHOF PUMPEN 17
MESSBERGHOFPUMPEN17 Tel: (0421) 30420
Tel: 30420
2000 HAMBURG 11
2000 Fax: (0421)
(0421) 3042285
3042285
Tel: (040) 330608
Tel: 330608
Tlx: 13725
Tlx: SOFRAL IMPORT EXPORT MBH
MBH
UPPER BORG
BORG 6565
ORBIS IMPORT
IMPORT EXPORT
EXPORT 2800 BREMEN 33 33
HANDELS
HANOELS GMBHGMBH Tel: (0421)
(0421) 270393
270393
DEICHSTR. 11
OEICHSTR. 11 Fax: (0421) 486 9511
Fax: 9511
POSTFACH 110889
POSTF ACH 110889
2000 HAMBURG 11 11 Netherlands
Tel: (040) 362577
Tel: 362577
Fax: (040) 363637
Fax: EERSTE EURO
EERSTE EURO GRAAN BV
BV
Tlx: 216164 ORB
Tlx: ORB BORNHOLMSTRAAT 4
9723 AX GRONINGEN
9723
ALBERT PANZER Tel: (050)
(050) 133344
133344
KASPAR OHM WEG WEG 88 Fax:
Fax: (050) 146304
146304
2000 HAMBURG 65 65
Tel: (040)
(040) 5367678
5367678 DAARNHO
DAARNHOVER VER & CO'S
Tlx: 2162131
2162131 HANDELSMIJ. BV
HANOELSMIJ.
HARENGRACHT 223-225
223-225
WALTHER PAUSEN
PAUSEN GMBH
GMBH 1016 BG
1016 BG AMSTERDAM
VIRCHOWSTR. 15 15 Tel: (020) 624
Tel: 4113
6244113
2000 HAMBURG 50 50 Fax: (020)
Fax: (020) 626 0977
Tel: (040)
(040) 38021705
38021705
Fax:
Fax: (040) 38021760
38021760

102
CATZ
CA TZ INTERNATIONAL
iNTERNATIONAL BV HUIJBREGTS' SPECERIJEN
HUIJBREGTS'
BLAAK 22 HELMOND BV
HELMOND
30111
30111 TA ROTTERDAM ACHTERDIJK 15-16
15-16
Tel: (010)
(010) 411
411 3440
3440 PO BOX 165
PO 165
Fax: (010)
Fax: (010) 404 5406 5705 CB
5705 CB HELMOND
Tel:
Tei: (04920) 41415
KARSTEN STADSKANAAL BV
KARSTEN Fax: (04920)
Fax: (04920) 50540
TRANSISTORWEG 3
9503
9503 GT STADSKANAAL INTER SPECIAL
INTER
Tel: (05990) 21000 MIDDELWEG 33
Fax: (05990)
Fax: (05990) 21744 PO BOX 40
PO
MOCK- MOLENHOEK
MOOK-MOLENHOEK
ALANHERI PRODUKTEN
ALANHERI PRODUKTEN BV Tel: (080) 582838
Tel: 582838
MOLENEIND 22 Fax:
Fax: (080)
(080) 585580
PO BOX 107
PO 107
4260 AC MEEUWEN KILSDONK, HANS VAN
KILSDONK,
Tel: (04165)
(04165) 2582 ROZENSTRAAT
ROZENSTRAA T 55
Tlx: 30462130468
30462130468 3353
3353 VHVH PAPENDRECHT
Tel:
Tel: (078) 150770
150770
BARIMPEX BV
BARIMPEX Tlx: 20512
TN:
VAN BOSHU1ZENSTRAAT
BOSHUIZENSTRAAT 537
1082
1082 A AV
V AMSTERDAM KNOOP, BV
KNOOP, BV V/H
V/H K.
K. VD
Tel: (020)
(020) 646
646 4521
4521 RUBENSLAAN 20
Fax: (020)
Fax: (020) 642 1935
1935 3136
3136 SCHIEDAM
Tel:
Tel: (010)
(010) 474 6715
4746715
BUTTNER EN
BUTTNER EN CO,
CO, G. Tlx: 23257
Tlx:
DE KORF 54 54
P. O.
P. 0. BOX
BOX 100
100 LUCULLUS, BV
LUCULLUS,
2920
2920 ACAC KRIMPEN
KRIMPEN A/D
AID IJSSEL LIJNBAAN 4-5
LlJNBAAN
Tel: (01807)
(01807) 50055 POSTBUS 100
POSTBUS
Fax: (01807) 50432 2350
2350 ACAC LEIDERDORP
Tel:
Tel: (071) 416153
416153
DIJK INTERNATIONAL BV Fax:
Fax: (071)
(071) 415655
ADMIRALITEITSKADE
ADMIRALlTEITSKADE 60
PO BOX 698698 MAN-PRODUCTEN BV
MAN-PRODUCTEN
3000
3000 ARAR ROTTERDAM VAN VOLLENHOVENSTRAAT 33
VAN
Tel: (010)
(010) 453 1122
1122 POSTBUS 253
Fax: (010)453 0709
0709 3000 AG
3000 AG ROTTERDAM
Tel:
Tel: (010) 436 1877
1877
EHMEX BV BV Fax: (010)
Fax: (010) 436 2108
2108
UTRECTSEWEG 115 115 Tlx: 211971
Tlx: 21197/ 21116
6871 RENKUM
68('1
Tel: (0837)
Tel: (0837) 318373 R&C
R&C NEDERLAND BV
Tlx: 45365
Tlx: 45365 VADA NL POSTBUS 14
POSTBUS
3740
3740 AAAA BAARN
Tel: (02154) 28911
Tel: 28911
Fax:
Fax: (02154)
(02154) 21136
Tlx: 43940
Tlx: 43940 RECON
RECON NL

103
SILLEVOLDT BV, C.M.
C.M. VAN
VAN EUROSAN INTER PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION NV
NV
KETELWEG 34 34 PAPENBOSKANT 85 (WOLVERTEM)
POSTBUS 34 34 1861 MEISE
1861
3353 VH
3353 VH PAPENDRECHT Tel: (052)
(052) 300988
300988
Tel: (078)
Te!: (078) 151755
151755 Tlx: 24617
24617
Tlx: 29252
T!x:
HARTO INTERNATIONAL NV
VERSTEGEN INTL BV
VERSTEGEN VLAAMSE KAAI KAAI 11
11
GIESSENWEG 62 2000 ANTWERPEN
ANTWERP EN
POSTBUS 11190
11190 Tel: (03)
(03) 216
2162910
2910
3004
3004 ED ROTTERDAM Fax: (03) 238 4646
4646
Tel: (010)
Tel: (010) 437 8587
8587 Tlx: 31495 / 31649
31495/31649
Tlx: 23008
Tlx: 23008 PICOL NL
NL
HONIG FOODS (BELGIUM)
HON!G (BELGIUM) NV
NV
WOLDIJK GRONINGEN BV BV LEUVENSESTEENWEG 605 605
WESTERKADE 18 18 1930 ZAVENTEM
ZA VENTEM
POSTBUS 54 54 Te!:
Tel: (02) 759 4838
9700
9700 AB
AB GRONINGEN
GRONINGEN Fax: (02)
(02) 759
759 2212
2212
Tel:
Tet: (050) 133344
133344 Tlx: 61365
61365
Tlx:
Tlx: 53100 WLDYK NLNL
NIL SA NVNV
Belgium QUAI DES USINES 155
QUAI 155 69
B9
1210
1210 BRUSSELS
INTERNATIONAL SPICE AND Tel: (02)
(02) 216
216 3526
3526
FOOD IMPORT (ISFI) SPRL
FOOD Fax: (02)
(02) 216 2948
2948
PARC INDUSTRIEL DE LA
PARC LA
VALLÉ
VALLE DU HAIN
HAl N NOORDAM NV
1420 BRAINE L'ALLEND
1420 INDUSTRIESTRAAT
INDUSTRIESTRAAT 99
Tel: (02)
(02) 384
384 6077
6077 LlER
2500 LIER
Fax:
Fax: (02) 384 5147
5147 Tel: (03) 480
480 9523
9523
Tlx: 64904
64904 Fax: (03)
(03) 489
489 9478
9478

BLEUZE NV
BLEUZE INDIA SPECERIJEN BV B8A
A
STATIONSSTRAAT 23
STAT1ONSSTRAAT 23 WIJNGAARDSTRAAT 11
(GROOT-BIJGAARDEN)
(GROOT-BIJGAARDEN) (WESTMALLE)
1702 DIL8EEK
1702 DILBEEK 2390 MALLE
Tel: (02)
(02) 466 1500
1500 (03) 311
Tel: (03) 311 5448
5448
Fax: (02)
Fax: (02) 466 0037 Fax: (03)
(03) 311
311 7311
7311
Tlx: 25233
Tlx:
SPECICO NV NV
CALDIC-F000
CALDIC-FOOD NV
NV GROENESTRAAT
GROENESTRAAT 330 330
TERIOCHTWEG
TERl0CHTWEG 11 8930 MENEN
2620 HEMIKSEM Tel: (056) 518595
Tel:
Tel: (03)
(03) 887
887 9001
9001 TN: 86417
Tlx:
Fax: (03)
Fax: (03) 887 9020
9020
Tlx: 31681
31681

104
J VAN
VAN ASCH NV NV
SINT-ROCHUSSTRAAT
SINT-ROCHUSSTRAAT 142-144
142-144
2100 ANTWERPEN
2100 ANTWERP EN
Tel:
Tel: (03)
(03) 321
321 6255
6255
Tlx: 25224

Spain
S pain

ANGEL JOBAL, SA
ANGEL
C.
C. PRINCESA 38 38
APARTADO POSTAL 08003
APARTADO
BARCELONA
Tel: (03)
Tel: (03) 197802
Tlx: 93377

MATENCIO
MA TENCIO LOPEZ SA
CAMINO
CAMINO VIEJO DE DE
MONTEAGUDO NO. NO. 38
38
APARTADO POSTAL
POSTAL 4051
4051
MURCIA
Tel: (968) 232325
Tel:
Tlx: 235390

105
USA

SCHIFF FOOD
SCHIFF FOOD PRODUCTS CO.,
CO., INC.
INC. GEL SPICE CO., INC.INC.
190 BERRY ST. 48 HOOK RD.RD.
BROOKLYN, NY
BROOKLYN, NY 11211
11211 BAYONNE,
BAYONNE, NJ NJ 07002
07002
Tel:
Tel: (718)
(718) 782
782 4353
4353 (201) 339 0700
Tel: (201)
Fax: (718)
Fax: (718) 782
782 4731
4731 Fax: (201)
Fax: (201) 339
339 0072
0072

WICKS TRADING (NUTMEG & MACE)

& MACE) INGREDIENT RESOURCES, INC.
INC.
9005 NILES
NILES CENTER
CENTERRD.
RD. 160 EILEEN \NAY
WAY
SKOKIE, IL 60076-1513
SKOKIE, 60076-1513 SYOSSET, NY 11791
SYOSSET, 11791
Tel:
Tel: (708)
(708) 677
677 6839
6839 (516) 496 2500
Tel: (516)
Fax: (516)
Fax: (516) 496
496 2516
2516
ABCO
ABCO LABORATORIES, INC.
INC.
2377
2377 STANWELL DR.
DR. MAX VAN
MAX VAN PELS, INC.
INC.
CONCORD, CA
CONCORD, CA 94520
94520 111 N.
111 N. CENTRAL AVE.
Tel:
Tel: (510)
(510) 685
685 1212
1212 HARTSDALE, NY
HARTSDALE, NY 10530
10530
Fax: (510)
Fax: (510) 682
682 7241
7241 (914) 761
Tel: (914) 761 3390
Fax: (914)
Fax: (914) 761
761 3288
3288
ACCtJRATE
ACCURATE INGREDIENTS CO.,
CO., INC.
INC.
160 EILEEN
160 EILEEN WAY MCCORMICK & CO., CO., INC.
INC.
SYOSSET,
SYOSSET, NY 11791 11791 11350 MCCORMICK RD.
11350 MCCORMICK RD.
Tel:
Tel: (516)
(516) 496
496 2500
2500 HUNT VALLEY,
HUNT VALLEY, MD MD 21031
21031
Fax: (516)
Fax: (516) 496 2516 (410) 771
Tel: (410) 771 7301
Fax:
Fax: (410)
(410) 771
771 7462
7462
ALLIED EXPORT, INC.
ALLIED EXPORT,
11436 CRONHILL DR.
11436 DR. MINCING TRADING CORP.
MINCING CORP.
OWINGS MILLS, MD
OWINGS MILLS, MD 21117
21117 582
582 FERRY ST. ST.
Tel:
Tel: (410)
(410) 363
363 0066
0066 NEWARK,
NEWARK, NJ NJ 07105
07105
Fax: (410)
Fax: (410) 363 0735 (201) 465 0066
Tel: (201)
Fax:
Fax: (201)
(201) 465
465 6755
6755
BALTIMORE SPICE,
BALTIMORE SPICE, INC.
9740
9740 REISTERSTOWN RD. RD. SAUER
SAUER CO.,CO., C. F.
F.
Garrison, MD
Garrison, MD 21055
21055 2000 W.
2000 W. BROAD ST. ST.
Tel:
Tel: (410)
(410) 363
363 1700
1700 RICHMOND, VA
RICHMOND, VA 23220
23220
Fax: (410)
Fax: (410) 363
363 6619 Tel: (804)
Tel: (804) 359
359 5786
5786
Fax: (804)
Fax: (804) 358
358 4396
4396
CRESCENT FOODS,
CRESCENT FOODS, INC.
21612 88TH AVE., S.
21612 88TH S. SEVEN
SEVEN BROTHERS TRADING,
TRADING, INC.
INC.
KENT, WA
KENT, WA 98031
98031 1470 S.
1470 S. VALLEY
VALLEY VISTA DR., STE.
STE. 250
250
(206) 395
Tel: (206) 395 9400 DIAMOND BAR,
DIAMOND BAR, CA 91765
91765
(909) 396
Tel: (909) 396 8888
FRANKLIN TRADING
FRANKLIN TRADING CO., INC.
INC. Fax: (909)
Fax: (909) 396
396 8383
8383
990 FRANKLIN
990 FRANKLIN AVE.
GARDENCITY,
GARDEN CITY, NY
NY 11530
11530
(516) 2946520
Tel: (516) 294 6520
Fax: (516)
Fax: (516) 294 6307
2946307

106
Japan

ASHOKA CO.,CO., LTD

LTD ATAKA PRODUCE
PRODUCE CO., LTD
LTD
3-17,
3-17, MIZUKI 5-CHOME
5-CHOME 3-1- MINAMI AOYAMA
DAZAIFU CITY, 818-01
OAZAIFU 818-01 MINATO-KU, TOKYO
TOKYO 105
105
Tel: (092)
(092) 923
923 5822
5822 Tel: (03) 478 9128
Tel: 9128
Fax: (092)
Fax: (092) 923 5823 Tlx: 22568
22568

NINO PHARMACEUTICAL CO.,

HINO CO., LTD
LTD MORII
MORI! TRADING CO.,CO., LTD
LTD
3-15,
3-15, DOSHMACHI
OOSHMACHI 2-CHOME
2-CHOME MORII BLDG. (SPICES)
MORII (SPICES)
CHUO-KU, OSAKA
OSAKA 541
541 4-10, AWAJIMACHI,
4-10, AWAJIMACHI, 1-CHOME
Tel: (06) 231
231 5847
5847 CHUO-KU, OSAKA
OSAKA 541
541
Fax: (06)
Fax: (06) 231
231 7309 Tel: (06)
(06) 222
222 3774
3774
Tlx: 522
Tlx: 2002 EMORII J
5222002

SAN-Al
SAN-AI TRADING CORP CORP UNION SPICE FOODSFOODS CO.
CO. LTD
LTD
174-2
174-2 IKESHITA OBATA 10-14, KUZUHARA
10-14, KUZUHARA 1-CHOME
MORIYAMA,KU, NAGOYA
MORIYAMA,.KU, NAGOYA 463
463 KOKORAM-KU,
KOKORAM-KLI, KITAKUYSHU
K!TAKUYSHU 800-02
800-02
Tel: (052) 791 1888
1888 Tel: (093)
(093) 471
471 8747
8747
Fax: (052) 791
Fax: 791 1889
1889 Fax:
Fax: (093) 471
471 8747
8747

India

BAJAJ BROTHERS
BROTHERS PRIVATE
PRIVATE LTD
LTD
ROUND BUILDING KALBADEVI
KALBADEVI RD
RO
BOMBAY 400 002
400002
Tel: (22) 312
Tel: 312 881
881
Cable:
Cable: PRITPAL

INDO COTTAGE IMPORT & EXPORT

INDO
STATION RD RD
MORADABAD 244 244 011
011
Fax: (22) 262 2003
Fax:

MS EXPORTS PVT LTD

MS LTD
113 LILY
113 LILY MAKER CHAMBERS
CHAMBERS NO2
N02
BOMBAY 400 400 021
021
Tel: (22) 202 0644
Tel:
Tlx: 011-4677 MJAY

107
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