ABBREVIATIONS

All periods: phonetic terms
AssRound: Rounding by assimilation
to round context
B: Backing
C: Closing
Cent: Centralization
Diph vocal: Diphthongization
through vocalization of consonant
Diph epent: Diphthongization
trough epenthesis
F: Fronting
Length: Lengthening
L: Lowering
Monoph: Monophthongization
Monoph MAss:
Monophthongization through
mutual assimilation
NCh: No change
O: Opening
R: Rising
Old to Middle English chan Middle to Modern English changes
OSLL: 13th c. Open Syllable
Lengthening & Lowering
PCL: Late OE Pre-cluster
Lengthening
PCS: Pre-cluster Shortening
3S-S: Shortening in trisyllabic
words
3C-S: Shortening before 3
consonants
OSLL: Open Syllable Lengthening &
Lowering
PCL: Pre-cluster Lengthening
PCS: Pre-cluster Shortening
3S-S: Shortening in trisyllabic words
3C-S: Shortening before 3 cons.
GVS: Great Vowel Shift
Rvocal: Vocalization of /r/ to /ə/
RL: Loss of /r/
RLL: Loss of /r/ and compensatory
lengthening of vowel
17cPDS: 17th c. Pre-dental Shortening
18cPFL: 18th c. Pre-fricative Lengthening
18cDelab: 18th c. Delabialization (

1. OE sċip /ɪ/ > ME schip /_____/ > ModE ship /ɪ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change: :
_____.
2. OE wicu /ɪ/ > ME weke, week /e:/ > ModE week /_____/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: : _____.
3. OE ċild /ɪ/ > ME child /_____/ > ModE child /aɪ/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS.
4. OE ċildru /ɪ/ > ME childre, children /ɪ/ > ModE children /: _____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME
to ModE change: : _____.
5. OE wīs /i:/ > ME wise /i:/ > ModE wise /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change: :
_____.
6. OE wīsdōm /i:/ > ME wisdom /_____/ > ModE wisdom /ɪ/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: NCh.
7. OE wīr /i:/ > ME wire /i:/ > ModE wire /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change: :
_____, _____.
8. OF stīweard /i:w/ > ME steward /ɪu/ > ModE steward /: _____/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to
ModE change: : _____.
9. eOE ieldra /ie/ > lOE yldra /ü/ > ME elder /_____/ > ModE elder /e/. eOE to lOE: Monoph. OE
to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE change: : _____.
10. OE bedd /e/ > ME bed /_____/ > ModE bed /e/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE change: :
_____.
11. OE etan /e/ > ME eten, eeten /_____/ > ModE eat /_____/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: : GVS.
12. OE brecan /e/ > ME breken, breeke /_____/ > ModE break /ei/. OE to ME change: OSLL. ME to
ModE change: _____.
13. OE feld /e/ > ME felde, feeld /_____/ > ModE field /i:/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS.
14. OE mētan /e:/ > ME meten, meet /_____/ > ModE meet /i:/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS.
15. OE mētde, mētte /e:/ > ME mette /:_____/ > ModE met /e/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: : _____.
16. OE reġn /ej/ > ME rain /:_____/ > ModE rain /eɪ/. OE to ME change: : _____. ME to ModE
change: C.
17. OE efeta /ef/ > ME ewte /eu/ > ModE newt /:_____/. OE to ME change: Diph vocal. ME to ModE
change: : _____.
18. OE ēhta, ēahta) /e:x/ > ME eighte /ɛç/ > /ɛɪ/ > ModE eight /eɪ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME
to ModE change: _____.
19. OFr person /er/ > ME person /er/ > ModE person /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE
change: _____.
20. OFr person /er/ > ME person /_____/ > ModE parson /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: RLL.
21. OFr cler /e:r/, /ɛ:/ > ME clere /e:r/ > /ɛ:r/ > ModE clear /_____/. OFr to ME change: NCh. ME
to ModE change: _____.
22. OE hīeran, hēran /e:/ > ME heren, heer /e:r/ > /ɛ:r/ > ModE hear /_____/. OE to ME change: .
ME to ModE change: _____.
23. OFr entier, entir /e:r/, /i:r/ > ME entere, entier /e:r/, /i:r/ > ModE entire /_____/. OE to
ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change: _____.
24. OE beran /e/ > ME beer, beren /_____/ > ModE bear /ə:/-/ɛə/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to
ModE change: _____.
25. OE seofon /eo/ > ME seven, sefne /_____/ > ModE seven /e/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: NCh.
26. OE dēop /eo:/ > ME depe, deep /_____/ > ModE deep /i:/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS.
27. OE þēoft /eo:/ > ME þefte, theft /_____/ > /e/ > ModE theft /e/. OE to ME change: _____. ME
to ModE change: NCh.
28. OE dēofolas /eo:/ > ME deeveles, devles /e:/ > /e/ > ModE devil /_____/. OE to ME change:
_____. ME to ModE change: _____.
29. OE frēondsċype /eo:/ > ME frendship /_____/ > ModE friendship /e/. OE to ME change: _____. ME
to ModE change: .
30. OE blæc /æ/ > ME blak /_____/ > ModE black /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: _____.
31. OE fæder /æ/ > ME fader /a/ > ModE father /_____/. OE to ME change: LBO. ME to ModE change:
_____.
32. OE bær /æ/ > ME bare /_____/ > ModE bare /ə:/-/ɛə/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: _____.
33. OE clǣne /æ:/ > ME clene, cleen /_____/ > ModE clean /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to
ModE change: _____.
34. OE wǣpenas /æ:/ > ME wepenes, wepnes /ɛ:/ > /e/ > ModE weapon /_____/. OE to ME change:
_____. ME to ModE change: _____.
35. OE dæġ /æj/ > ME dai, day /_____/ > ModE day /eɪ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change:
_____.
36. OE sæh /æx/ > ME saw /au/ > ModE saw /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change:
_____.
37. OE cattu /a/ > ME catte /a/ > ModE cat /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change:
_____.
38. OE nama /a/ > ME name /a:/ > ModE name /eɪ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change: GVS.
39. OF passer /a/ > ME passen /a/ > ModE pass /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change:
_____.
40. OE hāliġ /a:/ > ME hooli /_____/ > ModE holy /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: _____.
41. OE hāliġdæġ /a:/ > ME holidai /ɔ:/ > /_____/ > ModE holiday /_____/. OE to ME change: _____.
ME to ModE change: _____.
42. OE ācsian, āscian /a:/ > ME asken /_____/ > ModE ask /a:/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: _____.
43. OE blāddre /a:/ > ME bladder /_____/ > ModE bladder /æ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: RFC.
44. OE rārian /a:/ > ME roore /_____/ > ModE roar /ɔ:/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: RL.
45. OE māra /a:/ > ME more /ɔ:r/ > ModE more /_____/. OE to ME change: BCR. ME to ModE change:
_____.
46. OE starian /a/ > ME staren /_____/ > ModE stare /ə:/-/ɛə/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: RL or Rvocal.
47. OE dragan /ag/ > ME drawen /_____/ > ModE draw /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: _____.
48. OE āgan /a:g/ > ME owen > /ɔ:w/ > /ou/ > ModE owe /_____/. OE to ME change: BCR, Diph vocal.
ME to ModE change: _____.
49. OE hafoc /af/ > ME hawk /_____/ > ModE hawk / ɔ:/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change:
Monoph MAss.
50. OE tāhte /a:x/ > ME taughte /au/ > ModE taught /_____/. OE to ME change: Diph epent. ME to
ModE change: Monoph MAss.
51. OE blāwan /a:w/ > ME blowen /ɔ:w/ > /ou/ > ModE blow /_____/. OE to ME change: BCR, Diph
vocal. ME to ModE change: Centr.
52. OFr dancer /an/ > ME daunce /aun/ > ModE dance /_____/. OE to ME change: Diph epent. ME to
ModE change: _____.
53. OFr lancer /an/ > ME launch /aun/ > ModE launch /_____/. OE to ME change: Diph epent. ME to
ModE change: _____.
54. OE eall /ea/ > ME all /a/ > ModE all /au/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: Monoph. ME to ModE
change: Diph epent, _____.
55. OE earm /ea/ > ME arm /ar/ > ModE arm /_____/. OE to ME change: Monoph. ME to ModE change:
_____.
56. OE wearm /ea/ > ME warm /ar/ > ModE warm /_____/. OE to ME change: Monoph. ME to ModE change:
_____.
57. OE lēaf /ea/ > ME leve, leef /_____/ > ModE leaf /e:/ > /i:/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to
ModE change: GVS.
58. OE grēat /ea/ > ME grete, greet /ɛ:/ > ModE great /e:/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: Monoph. ME
to ModE change: _____.
59. OE dēad /ea:/ > ME dede, deed /ɛ:/ > ModE dead /_____/. OE to ME change: Monoph. ME to ModE
change: _____.
60. OE ealu /ea/ > ME ale /a/ > /_____/ > ModE ale /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: _____.
61. OE dēaw /ea:w/ > ME dewe /_____/ > /eu/ > ModE dew /ju:/. OE to ME change: _____, Diph vocal.
ME to ModE change: C, Length.
62. OE hlot /o/ > ME lot /o/ > ModE lot /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change: _____.
63. ON froþa /o/ > ME frothe /o/ > ModE froth /o/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE
change: _____.
64. OFr coste /o/ > ME coste /o/ > ModE cost /o/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE
change: _____.
65. OE folc /o/ > ME folk /o/ > ModE folk /ol/ > /_____/ > /əu/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE
change: _____, Centr.
66. OE bord /o/ > ME boord /or/ > ModE board /_____/. OE to ME change: PCL. ME to ModE change:
_____.
67. OE gōs /o:/ > ME gose, goose /o:/ > ModE goose /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE
change: _____.
68. OE gōd /o:/ > ME gode, good /_____/ > ModE good /u:/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to
ModE change: GVS, _____.
69. OE flōd /o:/ > ME flode, flood /o:/ > ModE flood /u:/ > /_____/ > /_____/. OE to ME change:
NCh. ME to ModE change: GVS, _____, _____.
70. OE þrotu /o/ > ME þrote, þroot, throte /_____/ > ModE throat /_____/. OE to ME change: _____.
ME to ModE change: _____.
71. OE gōdspel /o:/ > ME godspelle /_____/ > ModE gospel /ɒ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: NCh.
72. OFr glorie /o:/ > ME glory /o:r/ > ModE glory /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE
change: _____.
73. OE sōfte /o:/ > ME soft /o/ > ModE soft /o/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: PCS. ME to ModE
change: _____.
74. OE bohte /ox/ > ME boughte /_____/ > ModE bought /ɔ:/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: Monoph.
75. OE brōhte /o:x/ > ME broughte /ou/ > ModE brought /_____/. OE to ME change: Diph epent. ME to
ModE change: _____.
76. OE bōga /o:g/ > ME bowe /ou/ > ModE bowe /_____/. OE to ME change: Diph vocal. ME to ModE
change: _____.
77. OE grōwan /o:w/ > ME growen /_____/ > ModE grow /əu/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: Central.
78. OE sunne /u/ > ME sun /u/ > ModE sun /u/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change:
_____.
79. OE pullian /u/ > ME pullen /u/ > ModE pull /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change:
_____.
80. OE hūs /u:/ > ME hous, house /u:/ > ModE house /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE
change: _____.
81. OE hūsbond /u:/ > ME husband /_____/ > ModE husband /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to
ModE change: _____.
82. OE sūþerne /u:/ > ME sutherne /_____/ > ModE southern /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to
ModE change: _____.
83. OE grund /u/ > ME ground /_____/ > ModE ground /_____/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: _____.
84. OE wund /u/ > ME wounde /u:/ > ModE wound /_____/. OE to ME change: PCL. ME to ModE change:
_____.
85. OE wudu /u/ > ME wode, wood /_____/ > ModE wood /u:/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS.
86. OE duru /u/ > ME dore, door /o:r/ > ModE door /_____/. OE to ME change: OSL. ME to ModE
change: _____.
87. lOE purse /u/ > ME purse /ur/ > ModE purse /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change:
_____.
88. OE sċūr /u/ > ME shoure /u:r/ > ModE shower /_____/. OE to ME change: NCh. ME to ModE change:
_____.
89. OE pyt /ü/ > ME pit /_____/ > ModE pit /ɪ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change: NCh.
90. OE hȳdan /ü:/ > ME hiden /i:/ > ModE hide /_____/. OE to ME change: F. ME to ModE change:
_____.
91. OE hȳdde /ü:/ > ME hidde /_____/ > ModE hid /ɪ/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change:
NCh.
92. OE fȳr /ü:/ > ME fire /i:r/ > ModE fire /_____/. OE to ME change: F. ME to ModE change:
_____.
93. OE desir /i:/ > ME desire /_____/ > ModE desire /aɪə/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS, Vocal.
94. OE lyft /ü/ > ME left /_____/ > ModE left /e/. OE to ME change: _____. ME to ModE change:
NCh.
95. OE lyst /ü/ > ME lust /u/ > ModE lust /u/ > /_____/. OE to ME change: B. ME to ModE change:
_____.
96. OE tyrnian /ü/ > ME turnen /ur/ > ModE turnen /_____/. OE to ME change: B. ME to ModE change:
_____.
97. OE mynd /ü/ > ME mind /ɪ/ > /_____/ > ModE mind /aɪ/. OE to ME change: F, _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS.
98. ON styrian /ü/ > ME stiren /ɪr/ > ModE stir /_____/. OE to ME change: F. ME to ModE change:
_____.
99. OE yfel /ü/ > ME evil /e/ > /_____/ > ModE evil /i:/. OE to ME change: FLO, _____. ME to ModE
change: GVS.