Table of Contents

Sr.
Experiment Title Date Signature
No.
1 To Determine the Density and Specific Gravity

2 To Determine Viscosity of Various Liquids

3 To Show that the Free Surface of a Static Liquid is Horizontal

To Calibrate a Bourdon – Type Pressure Gauge using the
4
Dead Weight Pressure Gauge
To Use Water over Mercury ‘U’ Tube Manometer to
5 Determine the Pressure at a Point and compare the reading of
Manometer with a Bourdon Gauge
To measure discharge with the help of Triangular Weir or V –
6
Notch.
To acquaint with various components of a Hydraulic Bench
7
and to determine the flow rate.
To investigate the validity of Bernoulli’s Equation when
8
applied to the Steady Flow of Water in a tapered duct.
 Experiment No.: 01
To determine the Density and Specific Gravity
Objective:
 To study about Universal Hydrometer and Hydrometer Jars.
 To determine the density and specific gravity of different fluids.
Equipments:
 Universal Hydrometer & Hydrometer Jars
Theoretical Background:
Properties of Fluids:
Density:
Density of any fluid is defined as the mass per unit volume and is denoted by ‘ρ’.
Mass of Fluid M
ρ= = 3
Volume occupied by the Mass L

The SI units of Density are kg/m3 and field units are ppg (pounds per gallon) and pcf (pounds per
cubic feet).
Specific Gravity:
The specific gravity or relative density of a fluid is defined as the mass of a given volume of a
fluid divided by the mass of the same volume of water is denoted by ‘S’.
Specific gravity is also defined as the density of any fluid divided by the density of the reference
fluid. For liquids and gases, the reference fluids are water and air respectively.

Density of Liquid ρ
S= = L
Density of Water ρwater

Hydrometer:
The principle of the common hydrometer depends upon the fact that when a body floats in a
liquid, the gravitational force on the mass of the volume of liquid displaced is equal to the
gravitational force on the mass of the body.
A simple Hydrometer may be made from a piece of glass tube closed at one end and inside of
which is placed a paper scale. A small amount of lead shot, sand, or mercury should be placed in
the bottom of the tube as shown in the figure 1.1 below.
 Figure 1.1: Universal Hydrometer
Procedure:
Experimental Results:
Barometric Pressure = ______________ mmHg
Temperature = ____________

Liquids Specific Gravity (S)

Since,
ρL
S= =¿ ρ L=S∗ρwater
ρ water

Specific Densities
Liquids
Gravity Kg/m3 ppg pcf

Precautions:
1. Care should be taken in handling the hydrometer.
2. After taking readings from one liquid, the hydrometer should be clean completely.
Conclusions:
 Course Name & Code: _________________________ Experiment No.:_____ Date:_________________

Psychomotor Domain Assessment Rubric – Level P3

Skill Sets Extent of Achievement
0 1 2 3 4
Equipment Not able to Able to Able to identify Able to
Identification identify the identify the the equipment identify
Sensory skill to identify equipment equipment with some of its equipment as
equipment and/or its only components well as its
components for a lab components
work
Equipment Use Never Rarely able Occasionally Often able to Frequently
Sensory skills to describes the describe the describe the use describe the use able to
describe the use of the use of use of of equipment of equipment describe the
equipment for lab work equipment equipment use of
equipment
Procedural Skills Not able to Able to slightly Able to Able to Able to fully
Displays skills to act either learn or understand lab somewhat moderately understand
upon sequence of steps perform lab work understand lab understand lab lab work
in lab work. work procedure and work procedure work procedure procedure and
procedure perform lab and perform lab and perform lab perform lab
work work work work
Response Not able to Able to slightly Able to Able to Able to fully
Ability to imitate the imitate the lab imitate the lab somewhat moderately imitate the lab
lab work on his/her work work imitate the lab imitate the lab work
own work work
Observation’s Use Not able to use Able to slightly Able to Able to Able to fully
Displays skills to lab work use lab work somewhat use moderately use use lab work
perform mathematical observations observations lab work lab work observations
calculations using the into into observations observations into
observations from lab mathematical mathematical into into mathematical
work calculations calculations mathematical mathematical calculations
calculations calculations
Safety Adherence Doesn’t adhere Slightly Somewhat Moderately Completely
Adherence to safety to safety adheres to adheres to adheres to adheres to
procedures procedures safety safety safety safety
procedures procedures procedures procedures
Equipment Handling Doesn’t handle Rarely handles Occasionally Often handles Handles
Equipment care during equipment equipment handles equipment with equipment
the use with required with required equipment with required care with required
care care required care care
Group Work Never Rarely Occasionally Often Frequently
Contributes to a group participates participates participates participates and participates
based lab work contributes and
contributes